only lesser Rivers and Fountains froze up but the Sea it self became passable being covered with an unusual but solid bridge of Ice King Charles was too prudent to let slip any opportunities which made way to his greatness Not a night passed wherein he did not send his Spies into the Island and his Scouts to discover the firmness of the congealed Waters which being at length reported to be strong enough save only a small but long rent of scarce five foot broad he gave orders to march commanding great quantity of planks posts hurds and the like materials to make a bridge over the said breach to be first brought thither and laid Two troops of Waldechs Regiment fell in the Ice breaking and several other single troopers were drowned which forced the Army to rush on with more vigour being too far ingaged to retire and the danger behind them being greater than that in their front The Danes made some though no great opposition for being bravely charged they were easily broke routed and slain scarce two hundred of them escaping the King pursued them that fled so close that he overtook Guldenlewe who was sick in his Coach not far from Odensea in which town the chief of the Island he also surprised five Danish Senators and several other fugitives so that he became absolute Master of this wealthy Province and the whole power of the Enemy in it which consisted of well with 5000. Souldiers and armed Boores sixty pieces of Cannon and great Magazines of all sorts of military provisions 'T is not unworthy the remembring that this adventrous march over the Frozen Seas was the resolve of the King himself at a Councel of War against the sense of his chief Officers who censured it of too much temerity And since it prospered well 't is due to the honour of that Kings Name which had it otherwise succeeded would have aspersed his memory The news of the losse of Funen being arrived at Coppenhagen carried so much the more of terrour and apprehension with it because besides the loss of so important an Isle the like Bridge which had let the Swede over the little Belt into Funen might serve to pass him over the great Belt into Zeland Hereupon the King of Denmark sends for Mr. Meadowe desiring him to set a Treaty on foot with all possible expedition which he did Feb. 3. by writing to the King of Sweden the purport whereof was to this effect That the King of Denmark had authorised the Lord Joackim Gersdorff and Christian Sckeel both Senatours of his Kingdom his Plenepotentiaries and Commissioners to meet treat and conclude with the like Commissioners of his at such time and place as his Majesty should please to appoint which he also desired at the instance and intervention of England and that his Majesty would be further pleased to deliver out safe conducts in due form both for him the Mediatour and for the Danish Commissioners and in the mean time suspend all future Hostilities This being dispatched with extraordinary diligence Feb. 5. the Messenger returned with his Answer Dated at Newburg in Funen where he left the King whereof the substance is That he thanked him for his care and dexterity in promoting the concerns of a peace which the Dane had hitherto so obstinately opposed How he was willing to enter presently upon a Treaty under the respective Mediatours of France and England and being it was left to him to appoint the place he gave the King of Denmark the choice either of the Isle of Spro or of Ruakoping in Langland for the Commissioners of both sides to meet in within eight daies That together with the present Letter he had sent safe conducts as desired And that the business required the greater haste forasmuch as he could promise no security to himself in a suspension of Arms. This was a clear answer and concession as to the desired treaty but he would not be complemented our of his advantages by a cessation of Arms knowing well that nothing more facilitates a conquest than a pannick terror incussed by the suddenness of an invasion and that the only way to profit upon it is to give no respite for recollecting those Spirits which the first impressions of fear had dissipated The Swedish King marches incessantly His nearest way to Zeland had been over the great Belt from Newbourg to Corsâ—ur about 16. English miles But he takes that of Langland so to Laland then to Falster which though much the further yet was the safer because the traject from Island to Island was no where so broad as that in the great Belt And he would secure all behind him They were not idle this while at Coppenhagen The Swedish safe conducts being delivered the Danish Commissioners together with the English Mediatour journeyed with what diligence they could towards Rydcoping They had travelled little more than sixty miles English when not far from Wardenburg or Warburg the last town upon Zeland from Coppenhagen they met with the Swedish scouts by whom they were advertised that their King was newly entred upon Zeland and not far behind And soon after they met the King himself in a Sledge at the head of 200 Finnish Horse This incredible diligence was altogether surprizing to the Danish Commissioners All alighting out of their Sledges the manner of travelling in the Northern Countrys to salute him His Majesty did the same and willing them to pass on to the neighbouring town and that he would speedily be with them For that he was going only to take view of a ground where he might most conveniently draw his Army into battalia To Warburg they went and there the Treaty first began where they also met the Chevalier Terlon Ambassadour of France who came in company with the Swedish King The Commissioners on the part of Sweden were Count Ulefelt a discontented Dane who had a long time refuged himself in the Court of Sweden and Steno Bielke a Senatour of Sweden The King of Sweden staid no longer at Warburg than was necessary for drawing over his Army and then ranging them in Batralia in a large extended Front in view of the Danes to make them appear more numerous at last marched off in the direct way to Coppenhagen 'T was uncomfortable treating whilst the King was marching and the Mediatours and Commissioners not being willing to be left behind adjourned the Treaty and breaking up thence overtook the King at Keuk four leagues from Coppenhagen who the next morning drew up in Battalia again and then drew off as before in an orderly march towards Coppenhagen The number of the Swedish Army was about 7000. Horse and Foot and some few Field-pieces with which he took up his quarters within two leagues of the City of which he would often sportingly say she was a fair Bride and deserved dancing for and not without reason neither for had he won Coppenhagen as he woo'd her she had brought him for her Dower all Denmark
and Norway and then without the tedious enumeration of his particular principalities he might for his imperial style and title have wrote himself King of the North. The Mediatours and Commissioners went to a near adjoyning Village called Tostrup there to draw up the abstract or minutes of the Treaty which when mutually agreed on all hostility was immediately to cease In the mean time it will not be impertinent to take a short view of the posture and condition of Coppenhagen The Fortifications of the City were much decay'd partly through security not having seen an Enemy in an hundred years partly through Parsimony to avoid an expence supposed needless Besides that great trading Towns are not over willing to be fettered with Walls and Bastions And perhaps the Danish Nobility were as to this case less willing than they of Coppenhagen for fear the strength of the City should make the Burgers heady The walls being of Earth only had been much crumbled down with the frost and time and were scaleable without Ladders neither could they use the Spade at that time the earth being so petrified with the cold There were no Cannon upon the Walls when the Commissioners parted from Coppenhagen but by this time good store were drawn from the Ships and mounted upon Ship carriage The truth is the City was full of men the Burgers and such as fled out of the Country besides five or six hundred Horse and some Foot which were drawn from Schonen but they wanted provisions and forrage to hold out a long siege But nothing dismay'd the Dane more than that none of their Confederates was in a capacity to help them For the Pole and Brandenburger were too remote and the Ice which was a Bridge to the Sweed was a Bar to the Hollander Add to this the temper of the people some murmuring against their Governours others crying out they were betrayed and all affrighted and irresolved Only this testimony is justly due to the person of the King that he comported himself with a magnanimous constancy amidst all adventures Some think if the King of Sweden had been truely informed of the condition of the Town he would have attempted the taking of it But though he knew all was not well with the Dane he did not know the worst and it may be he thought the hazard too great to attack so great a City with so little an Army Perhaps he would tempt Fortune no further but esteemed it a prudent choice rather to close with present and certain advantages than to catch at things future and contingent especially such as depend upon the issues of War than which no humane thing is more subject to vicissitude The Minutes of the Treaty were in few daies concluded at Tostrup upon which a cessation of Arms followed and from thence the Mediatours and Commissioners removed to Rotschild there to digest them more at leisure into the body of a Treaty which being done Feb. 26. 1657 58 they were Signed and Sealed by the Mediatours and Commissioners on both sides and afterwards ratified by both Kings together with the Seals and Subscriptions of the Senatours of both Kingdoms The Sum of the Articles were 1. That there be an eternal Peace Amity and Amnistie betwixt both Crowns Kingdoms c. 2. That both Kings renounce and forsake all former contracts and alliances made with any other Princes Kings Common-wealths c. to the prejudice or hurt of either party nor make none such for the future 3. That both parties shall endeavour to their power to exclude all forreign hostile men of War out of the Sound and Baltick Sea 4. That all Swedish ships whatsoever shall in the Sound and Belt be free and exempted from all Customs Inquisition Visitation Arrest or other Molestation whatsoever c. producing only a right sea-pass in the King of Denmarks Custom-houses of Elzineur and Newburg 5.6.7.8.9.10.11 That the King of Denmark should in consideration of the restitution of the places taken and possessed by the Swedes as also for a recompence oâ— the damages caused by this War give and grant to His Majesty of Sweden and His Heirs for ever the Provinces of Haland Belking Schonen and Bornholm The Castles Towns and Territories of Bahuys and Druntheim in Norway and that secular and Ecclesiastick jurisdiction which the King of Denmark hath over some places in the Isle of Reugen all places whatsoever taken from the Swedes during this War As also three Swedish ships taken in the Sound with their lading upon the first breaking out of these differences 12.13 In consideration hereof the King of Sweden shall restore to the King and Kingdom of Denmark all these places he now possesses jure belli as Sealand Laland c. as soon as the 2000. Horse which the King of Denmark promised to the King of Sweden were delivered renounce all pretences to the Earldom of Delmenhorst and Ditmarsen and disclaim all rights to those Noblemens goods in Holstein notwithstanding their dependance upon the Dutchy of Bremen The following 6. Articles relate to the evacuation of places 19. That all Prisoners be released without Ransom 20. That all inhabitants of any the delivered Countrys may remove their habitations whither they will 21. That all former alliances betwixt the two Crowns continue of force 22.23 That the King of Denmark shall give equitable satisfaction to the Duke of Holstein Gottorp and forget all differences and unkindnesses which this War may have produced betwixt them 24. That Count Ulefeld be placed in his estates and honours 25. That such Princes c. that desire to be included in this Peace shall seek it with both Kings 26. That the Danish manifest be recalled 27.28 And that all as above be inviolably observed on both sides c. Thus this pacification was concluded and Signed which divested King Frederick of the best Provinces of his Kingdom which would have cost much blood and many years to have conquered of great part of his Army to be employed ere long against himself and of his reputation the best jewel of Princes which he will yet recover when he is out of the apprentiship of his Nobles and reduced to that extremity that nothing but his own magnanimity can support him But on the other side If the King of Denmark were a great loser by what he quitted it may be well said he was a great saver if we consider what he kept For he who had lost all in the Field could not reasonably expect to regain it upon the Carpet And though some of his principal branches were lopt off which through time may grow again yet the root was preserved for had that been lost all had gone without resourse So that I esteem it only as an expression of kindness towards his King and Country that of the Danish Ryxhoffmaster a person of eminent merit who immediately before he was to Sign the Treaty whispered into the ear of one near him those words of the Roman Emperour
of the Kingdom as it really is was judged worthy his best thoughts He therefore sent one Benfield thither and joyning one Bruno and Bilde in Commission with him seriously recommended the conservation of that important place to thâ—â—r valour and fidelity Necessity and Despair those two powerful movers obliged the Danes to these unusual preparations for war but the distrust they had of their own affairs made them wish for peace for their City was not well fortified the succours they were to expect were far off their Gaâ—â—son did not exceed twelve hundred effective soldiers and the Citizens as it is usual in such encounters however numerous were but few in force and resolution For these reasons Magnus Hoeg Aug. 8. and Christian Skiâ—l two Senators of the Kingdom were dispatched in Embassie to the King of Sweden the same day he arrived with instructions to divert him if it were possible from his present expedition or delay him from his more active prosecution of it The day following they met him at Ringstead but being it was late they were not admitted to audience before next morning and that then not without much difficulty 10. Being introduced into the Kings presence they told him in a long speech whereof this is the sum that the wars betwixt the two Kings had not only been composed and ended by the peace of Rotschkild but what ever had been acted in the same forgot and forgiven by a solemn act of oblivion on both sides But being some doubts and difficulties were risen concerning the true sense of the Articles of the said Pacification there had been another Treaty held at Coppenhagen for explication of the first wherein all the aforesaid difficulties had been removed and every thing else so agreed upon that there seemed nothing more to be desired These things being thus the King their Master could not choose but wonder especially being he had on his part performed every thing he had promised to see himself and his dominions and that without any denunciation of war at all invaded in a hostile manner Lastly having extolled their Princes desire for Peace they added they had been sent to his Majesty for that purpose and to remove and obstacles or mis-understandings that might occasion a new breach They therefore desired Commissioners might be appointed to treat with them not doubting but to be able to demonstrate abundantly that their King was not only a stranger to all thoughts of war but extremely desirous of peace and concord which he would also if it might be always maintain and cherish The King but little moved with what he heard with patience having repeated what had happened in the former wars and former times added that he had been more then sufficiently provoked to continue this by the continual injuries he and his Crown had received from Denmark which did not cease to endeavour his and his subjects â—uine by their daily practises against them This he said sufficiently appeared out of their intercepted letters by their disturbing of the liberty of Commerce in the Sound by their various obstructing delaying of the execution of the treaty of Rotschkild whereby they had hindred the prosecution of his other more weighty designs and by their refusing to deliver Carloff who had robbed him in Guinea into his hands He farther complained of their ill using of his father in law the Duke of Holstein of their refusing to enter into a nearer confederation with Sweden and their denâ—ing to lend him ten ships at his request For these and other causes he had resolved being also advised to â—t by his Councel to continue the war for so he termed it urging that a war could not be said to be ended before the execution of the Treaty that concluded it was completed and leave the issue of it to God and his good fortune The Danish Ministers protesting their innocency in all things replied that it was not they being they had performed what ever they were obliged to by the late Treaty who were the cause of these delays so much complained of but the Swedes who had not made good their promisâ—s They desired those letters so much spoke of might be produced being they knew nothing of them and urged that the business of the Guiney controversie was concluded with his Embassadour Coyet before he had left Coppenhagen As for the Duke of Holstein he had obtained by the Swedish interposition all he could reasonably desire and as for themselves their Kingdom was so exhâ—usted that it was impossible for them either to furnish the desired ships or to engage themselves in a more active confederation They hoped therefore that his Majesty would not refuse an equitable â—â—eaty beseeching him as they had done before to appoâ—nt Commissioners to treat with them whereby the remaining differences if there were any might be removed and the flames of a new war which could not prove but ruinous to both sides be exâ—inguished before they broke out to further violence The King made no great return to these passionate expressions of the Embassadours though mingled with tears but demanded them whether they for their particular did desire his protection which they refusing it was told them they had their last answer The Embassadours seeing the King inexorable took leave of him and returned to their lodgings where they were followed by Marshal oxenstern and the Count of slippenbach by order from the King who asked them whether they had any thing more to propose besides what they had said to his Majesty from whom they were sent to them to know their farther desires The Danes having repeated in substance what they had delivered to the King were answered by Slippenbach in his Majesties sense adding moreover that the Danes had by their delays occasioned not only the increase of the Pole Muscovite and Brandenburg's powers but the precipitate election of the Roman Emperor as also the confederations of those Princes against Sweden It was well known how precious a thing time was not to be recalled by the Gods themselves and being Denmarks fall seemed now inevitable and at hand they should choose the best means to save themselves The King of Sweden was Master of the field and would suddenly be of their fortresses and towns too they should therefore have recourse to their soveraign remedy What could it signifie to subjects how their Prince was called or of what use was the sound of a few syllables it was therefore equal to them whether Charles or Frederick were their King There was one God who was the disposer of Empires and it seemed Denmark's fatal hour was now drawing near He would notwithstanding pray to the King of Kings that so noble a City as Coppenhagen was might not be destroyed and so many thousands of persons involved in it's ruines The Swedes when they had conquered and taken possession of the whole Kingdom would abundantly manifest the justice of their proceedings to all men The Embassadors being dismissed
Prince their Ally and maintaining the Peace of the Empire march with their conjoyned Forces towards Denmark The true reasons of this arming was the apprehensions they had of the unexpected successes of this great Prince and lest Sweden grown powerful with the accession of the Danish Crown might prove no less ambitious than formidable Upon this account they conclude a League betwixt themselves and resolve with their United strength to endeavour the succouring of King Frederick by Land as the Dutch did by water The Imperialists commanded by Montecuculi were esteemed eleven thousand Czerneski and his Poles six thousand all Horse and the Brandenburgers at least twelve thousand strong The Elector himself a warlike Prince and heightened with the glory his valour had gained him in the famous Battle of Warsow was General of this vast Army Sept. 17. 1658. And now their divided Forces being met they resolve to march into Holstein where the Swedes had hitherto lorded without resistance Being advanced as far as the Borders the Elector commanded publick Proclamation to be made How that the King of Denmark having signified to the Emperor and himself in what manner the King of Sweden had broken the Peace made in February last invaded Denmark without any denunciation of War besieged Cronenburg and Coppenhagen and designed the Conquest of the whole Kingdom had also desired him to joyn his forces with the Emperours and come with all possible speed to his relief He therefore declared that moved with the just demands of a Prince he was in League with he was hastening to his assistance to deliver him rom his oppressors and procure a firm and equitable Peace Lastly he desired all men to contribute their endeavours to so just a work especially in Victualling his Army promising in case they did to protect the Inhabitants from all violence and disorder of the Souldiery The Swedes unable to resist so powerful an Enemy thought it safest to withdraw betimes but lest they might not prejudice their Adversaries in their very retreat they destroyed all the forrage they met with burnt all the Villages and Houses in their way and ruined what ever they thought might be of use to their pursuers Having past the River Egder on a Bridge of Boats they broke it after them and retiring into Jutland with their General the Prince of Sulsbach encamped their wearied forces at Fredericks-ode a Sea Town of the lesser Belt and well fortified with Bulwork and a strong Garison The Elector followed the sad track of this flying Enemy Sept. 25. and being come to Gottorp the Dukes Residence commanded a Battery to be raised against the Castle threatning its ruine in case of resistance The Duke of Holstein who had retired betimes to Tonningen a strong Fortress lying on the North Sea having notice of this summons sends an Envoy to the Prince Elector to desire a Neutrality which was granted him upon condition that he should deliver his Castle to the Confederates as a gage of his future good behaviour and pay sixty thousand Ryxdollers as a present ransom Gottorp being surrendred the Army marched to Alsen a little Island separated from the Continent by a small Arm of the Sea which they passed in Boats under favour of their Cannon and over-powring the Enemy in numbers forced them to retire Collonel Aschenberg commanded in the Island with three Regiments of Horse and some few Foot but being shut up in Sunderburg and seeing no hopes of relief he silently conveyed himself and his Souldiers by favour of the night into some Ships that arrived there some hours before and so escaped the danger The following day discovered the Enemies flight but all then baggage fifteen hundred Horses and twenty four pieces of Canon fell into the Conquerours hands who in pursuit of their Victory marched immediately to Nordburg another Fort in the Island which they likewise took without resistance and in it Collonel Knust with his Regiment who were forced to deliver up themselves and the place to the power of the Confederates Dec. 15. The Island being thus cleered Czerneski marched towards Jutland and falling upon a party of the Swedes at Colding beat them and forcing the Kings Pallace put the whole Garison to the sword reserving only the Governour and his Lieutenant to publish his victory and their own misfortune The Confederate Army drawing near Fredericks-Ode met with a party of two hundred and fifty Swedes Horse who had been sent to discover their Forces These falling unwarily upon the Prince of Anhalts Troops were beaten and routed many of them slain and Lieutenant Collonel Strekihurst that commanded them with some other Officers of note taken prisoners The Prince heightened with this success draws near the Town but finding the Garison strong and resolved contented himself with the advantage he had already got The Winter was too much advanced and the Weather too wet to undertake a Siege so full of difficulty as this was like to prove The Army was therefore sent into Winter quarters and divided by Regiments into the several Provinces of Holsteyn and Jutland in expectation of a milder season The Winter being past both parties prepare a fresh for War the Swedes had suffered much within the Town and lost many of their men poysoned with stenches and other calamities Nov 165 Marshal Wrangel had taken this place by Assault the year before and the dead bodies having been thrown by heaps into holes and but ill covered broke out again insomuch that the streets ran with the gore and matter which issued from those dis-interred carkasses This so infected the Air that the Swedes resolved to quit the place besides that the greatness of the Works containing seven capacious Bulworks required more men for their defence than they could well spare Having therefore demolished the Fortifications and burnt the Town they transported their Troops over into Funen leaving only a Garrison in the Cittadel which was presently besieged by the Confederates and indeed taken but empty for the Swedes unable to resist the Enemies violence stole away by night with most of their Cannon and Provisions over into Funen They left some iron Guns behind them but nailed up and having destroyed what the former flames had spared mined their own Bulworks and filling the Cavities with Powder laid a train which might give it fire The next morning the Confederates seeing the Enemy gone rush carelesly into the Castle and unmindful of what might happen were most of them that had entred by the sudden taking of the Mines blown up and buried in the ruines of their destroyed Conquest The Confederates having forced the Swedes out of the Continent resolved to pursue them into their very retirements Jun. 1. Hereupon they attack the small Isle of Fenoe seated betwixt Jutland and Funen The fight was sharp until the Swedes were forced to flye and save themselves in Funen having left behind them one Colonel three Captains several other lesser Officers six Field-pieces
Denmark had scarce order to mention to endeavour to remove what ever there was of any moment that might cherish those heats and jealousies which were betwixt them and to renew those Leagues of Amity which they had formerly so much esteemed and which the King would if they pleased alwayes keep inviolably He further propounded that Commissioners might be ordered to treat with him which was granted although they moved not so quick as he desired the main business being referred by the States to their Plenipotentiaries then in Denmark The King of Denmark hearing of Coyet's being in Holland resolved least his affairs there might suffer to oppose him in kind He therefore sent the Lords Otto Krage and Gotske Bockwalt Jan. 9. two Senators his Embassadours extraordinary to the Hague who were received with more appearance and realities of kindness than the Swede Amongst other things they told the States that the time designed to make the Peace in was expired and consequently that that the Hagues Agreement and Conventions did cease of course They therefore besought them to continue their assistance according to the reiterate Leagues betwixt them and that until Denmark were delivered from the oppression of their Enemies They further demanded that they might not at all be tied to the Treaty of Rotschild which the Swedes had broken but that the said Swedes might be obliged not only to render what they had usurped but also to restore Schonen a dangerous neighbour to Coppenhagen in compensation of the manifold losses which they had suffered by their violence Lastly they desired a Peace but would have it general as securest both for their Commerce and their Allies Some time after they required that the Dutch Militia in Denmark might be made up six thousand effective men that the States would furnish them with 24 thousand Crowns every moneth and lend them thirty Ships of War as soon as the Ice was broken to be at the Kings command In lieu of all this they offered the States Drontheym in Norway Malmuyen or Lanskrown in Schonen when they were taken or Gluckstat in Holsteyn as pledges and security for their moneys But the English opposed these Propositions of the Danes not willing to suffer that either the Elbe the Sound or the Northern Navigation should run the hazard of more interruptions so that this was no further insisted upon especially being the English Resident had desired in Writing from the States that they would not accept of any Cities Havens Forts or other places whatsoever before his Superiours had been first acquainted with it The States answer to the Danes except in this particular was very favourable for having sent a great quantity of all manner of Provisions to Coppenhagen they further declared that they would not be wanting in assisting their Confederates It will not be impertinent to add a Catalogue of the Provisions which were to compose a Magazin for the Citizens at Coppenhagen and to be sold to them at reasonable Rates the particulars and prises were 500000 Weight of Cheese cost 29160 Livers or Guilders 300 Tun of Herrings at 40500 Guild 400000 Weight of Stockfish at 28000 Guild 120 Tun of Grout 24840 Guild 120 Tun of Pease at 29160 Guild 135 Tun of Salt at 14610 Guild 800 Firkins of Butter 59200 Guild 400 Hogsheads of Brandy 34080 Guild 500 Hogsheads of Vinegar 10075 Guild 400000 Pound of Bacon at 72000 Guild 100 Ship pound of Hops 4300 Guild 200 Tua of Malt at 23240 Guild 200 Quarts of Train-Oyl 6300 Guild 4000 Pound of Horse-Radish 340 Guild 200 Ames of Rape Oyl 7800 Guild 300 Tun of Beef salied 16600 Guild 10000 Pounds of Candles 3000 Guild 20000 Pound of Tobacco 4000 Guild 200 Tun of Oats at 14000 Guild The whole Sum is 474045 Guild In English moneys 47404 l. 10 s. 00 d. The States also answered Coyets expostulatory speech accusing the Swedes as the causers of the breach of those Leagues and that friendship they so much complained of First they put him in mind how Queen Christina had not only refused them those Succours during the English War which the Crown of Sweden was obliged to send them but had also hindred the transport of the Cannon which they had then bought in Sweden for their use and imprisoned some of their Merchants upon unjust and frivolous pretences They further declared that their usage had not been better since the comming of Charles Gustave the present King to the Crown for that when a Catalogue of those Princes and States which were esteemed Friends and Confederates to the Kingdom of Sweden had been openly read in the Assembly of States they were omitted and wholly left out nay that this King had as Christina had done before when he was pressed to renew the ancient Alliances betwixt the two States declared under pretext of their League with Denmark that he was not at all obliged to observe them They also complained how the Kings Fleet had exacted extraordinary Imposts from their Subjects in the Baltick Sea and how their Embassadours had been detained at Lowenburg against their wills As for the Treaty of Elbing they acknowledged they had demanded a necessary Elucidation not Elusion of some of its Articles the which not being concluded and the Swedes having declared the former Treaties betwixt them not to be obligatory it seemed but reasonable in them to look to their own affairs and to send a Fleet and Souldiers to Dansick as well to secure their Trade as to insure a City which was their Friend and Confederate They added that they were not ignorant with how much industry both Queen Christina and King Charles had not only endeavoured to ruine the good intelligence which was betwixt King Frederick and their State but had also laboured by the accession and assistance of Denmark to exclude them out of the Baltick Sea But being they could not compass it it was no wonder if the States General did assist a Prince who was their Confederate and Friend And yet they professed that when the Peace betwixt the two Northern Crowns was once made they would omit nothing which might conduce to renew and re-establish the ancient Alliances and friendships betwixt the Crown of Sweden and their United Provinces During these transactions the Imperialists and Brandenburgers made havock of all in Pomerania uncontrouled under pretext of diverting the Swedes in their proceedings in Denmark The War in Norway was also carried on with much eagerness but with more variety of success but being these Contests happened out of Denmark however relating to the subject in hand though at a distance I thought good to omit them as well to avoid prolixity as to ease my self especially being the knowledge I had of them was but at second hand I must not however omit to say somewhat of the death of King Charles he having been the only Author of the Siege we mention although prevented by his untimely end from finishing that which he had so vigorously undertaken
both Kings 27 6 May June in the Year MDCLX I. FIrst Let there be a firm perpetual and irrevocable Peace between the two Kings and their Successours the Kingdomes Countreys Councellors Ministers Subjects and Inhabitants of Denmark Norway and Sweden so that all suspicions ill-will diffidence discord enmity and Wars be forgot and taken away on both sides as also whatever happened in or before the War be buried by a general Amnisty in oblivion But on the contrary let there be restored and conserved a perpetual Friendship mutual Benevolence Concord and â—â—al good Neighbourhood so that the one shall both by word and actions promote and defend the good and welfare of the other as his own and also avert and impede for as much as in him lies what ever may be prejudicial and hurtful to the Person Government Kingdoms Countreys and Subjects of the other II. And that these things may the better be done and a mutual confidence be cherished and conserved betwixt the two Kings and their Kingdoms of Sweden and Denmark let all considerations made with any Powers Kings Princes States and Commonwealths whatsoever in prejudice of each other be taken away and rejected on both sides so that also neither shall make any League against the other for the future nor succour or assist the Enemies of each other under any pretext whatsoever III. It is also agreed and concluded that all Ships whether armed or unarmed whether great or small with what Merchandise or Lading soever belonging to the King of Sweden or his Subjects to the inhabitants of Sweden or Provinces Countreys or Cities subject to it shall not only be free in the Sound and Belt from all Taxes Tolls Inquisitions and Visitings whatsoever but also shall not need to have or shew any Certificates of their Ladings provided they only exhibit and shew their lawful Sea-passes at his Majesty of Denmark's Toll-houses at Elzineur or Newburg As for those goods without Merchandise which belong or appertain to the King of Sweden or his successors his subjects the Inhabitants of Sweden as also those that dwell in other Provinces Regions or Cities subject to it but carried in forraign Bottoms the Order appointed in the Treaty of Bremsbro as to their Certificates shall be observed in that sense that if they but show their lawful Certificates they shall then be suffered to pass through the Sound or Belt without impediment detension interdiction or any exaction of Toll whatsoever But Swedish goods carried in Forreign Bottoms that can produce no lawful Certificates shall be obnoxious to examination and pay Toll in the Sound or Belt IV. As the Castle and Government of Bahuys as also the Provinces of Schonen Bleking and Halland together with all their appurtenances Cities and Castles Islands Rocks with the Island of Ween surrendred afterwards with all other Superiorities Preheminences Regalities Jurisdictions as well Ecclesiastical as Secular goods rents tolls rights as well by Sea as Land by what name soever they come as the Kings of Denmark and Norway have formerly possessed them have by the Peace of Rotschild concluded in the year 1658 on the 26 of February betwixt the King and Kingdom of Denmark and the King of Sweden been yielded and given over to be joyned and incorporated to the Kingdom of Sweden for an everlasting and undisturbed possession as it appears by peculiar Acts and Letters of Cession dated â—t Coppenhagen the 24 of February 1658 and signed and subscribed by the King and Senators of Denmark So the Concession of the said Provinces Countreys and Governments are by these presents confirmed and strengthened in such sort that the said Provinces Countreys and Governments with all the Cities Forts Castles Islands Rocks Superiorities Preheminences Jurisdictions and Rights as is above mentioned shall remain now and for ever in the perpetual and uninterrupted possession of the King of Sweden his successors and Kingdom V. And being it was judged fit to insert the Agreement about the Isle of Bornholm in a separate Instrument It is therefore concluded that the said Act shall be of the same vigour and force as if it were comprehended verbatim amongst these Articles And that it be ratified and observed by both Kings equal with the other Agreements and Conventions VI. Whereas the Nocturnal Fires which are instituted and kept betwixt Schagen and Falsterbo to the great commodity of such as sail those wayes are some of them situated within the Dominions of the King of Denmark and maintained upon His Majesties charges and others of them situated within the Dominions of Sweden and ought to be nourished and maintained by His Majesty of Sweden The King of Denmark only exacting Toll of such Ships as sail through the Sound under pretext of such fires It is agreed that the King of Denmark shall pay yearly to the King of Sweden in consideration of the charges and expences in nourishing the said fires the sum of 3500 Ryxdollers payable half thereof every six moneths to His Majesty of Swedens publick Minister at Elzeneur or Elzenburg it being further to be understood that neither the King nor Kingdom of Sweden shall either upon that or any other pretext whatsoever pretend to demand or exact any Toll or Tribute within the Sound VII It is also agreed that as oft as one or more Swedish Ships of War whether great or little do pass the Sound that they shall salute the Castle by shooting off their Guns according to the Swedish manner and also receive the same honour from the said Castle according to the manner of Denmark And also the Danish Ship or Ships of War passing through the said Streight shall likewise salute the Castle of Elzenburg by shooting their Guns according to the Danish signal and shall also be re-saluted from the Castle with the Swedish signal again But if it happen that the Dane and Swedish Ships do meet at Sea or in any Havens what number soever the one or the other may be of neither party shall be obliged to strike but only to salute each other with their usual civility mutually and amicably VIII When ever it happens that either of the two Kings sends any Military Forces or Ships of War whose numbers may breed suspicion out of the Ocean into the Baltick Sea or out of the Baltick into the Ocean It is agreed and concluded that if the Military Forces exceed twelve hundred or the Ships five in number it shall then be notified three Weeks at least before hand by His Majesty of Denmark at Elzenburg only and by His Majesty of Sweden at Elzeneur or Newburg when they pass the Belt without any other ceremony IX The King of Denmark doth also for Himself and his Successours resign unto the King of Sweden His Successouts and the Kingdom of Sweden all jurisdiction as well Ecclesiastick as Secular that he hath or doth pretend upon some goods seated in the Island of Rugen X. In like manner it is agreed that the remainder of the sum
which was to be payed for the Salt wherewith the three Ships detained in the Sound about the beginning of the former War were loaden shall be paid according to the liquidation made at Coppenhagen and it is therefore agreed that His Majesty of Denmark shall cause the said remainder to be paid within one year and a day unto such Merchants at Hamborough as His Majesty of Sweden shall appoint to receive the same XI Moreover all the Nobles who possess goods and inhabit in the surrendred Provinces Lands and Governments shall be obliged to do homage and take an Oath of fidelity to the King his Successours and Kingdom of Sweden and be further bound to a due obedience and allegeance and services as they formerly were to the Kings of Denmark In like manner all the other Inhabitants of the said places as well Ecclesiastical as Civil Citizens and Country people shall from this day and for ever be bound to His Majesty his Successours and Kingdom of Sweden and all Super-intendents and Priests shall follow that Bishop Super-intendent and Consistory to whom His Majesty shall commit and injoyn them XII On the other side His Majesty and the Kingdom of Sweden do promise that all persons Nobles or Ignoble whether Ecclesiastick or Seculars whether Citizens or Country people dwelling in the Provinces or places surrendred by this Treaty ought to retain their goods and proprieties whether Inheritances Emptions Changes Morgages Grants c. And that in such manner that they shall have power for the future of possessing using enjoying and retaining the said goods and proprieties as they formerly did in like manner they shall retain their usual Rights Lawes Jurisdictions Priviledges and Immunities such as are those Biâ—â—ae vitae ac manus ut Patronatus according to the Lawes and Constitutions of the Province without all impediment or let so far forth as they do not contradict or oppugne the fundamental Lawes of the Kingdom of Sweden wherewith these surrendred Provinces and places shall hereafter be eternally united What ever shall be determined and decided by Law Justice or Judgement or any other lawful way within those surrendred Provinces that same shall hereafter continue so altogether unchanged and unmoved That it may also appear that His Majesty of Sweden out of His singular grace and indulgence had rather better than diminish the condition of His Subjects it is promised That all the Nobles that will wholly subject themselves to the King and Kingdom of Sweden as for their persons they shall enjoy all those Prerogatives and Priviledges that the Subjects and Nobles of Sweden do enjoy to wit they shall be capable of being received and admitted into the Order of Knighthood of the Nobles of Sweden and may enjoy equally with them the right of Voting according to the first constitution of the Court of Knighthood and that also so that as many of the Nobles who can prove that themselves or their Ancestours did enjoy the Office of a Senatour in the Kingdom of Denmark may also be assured to be honoured with the Prerogative of being received into the second Classis of the Knightly Order of Sweden The rest also may be received according to the Ordinance of the Court of Knighthood and shall absolutely be demeed for Nobles of Sweden and shall provided they render themselves capable enjoy the same access and admission to Benefices and Honours as the other Nobles of Sweden His Majesty of Sweden doth likewise promise that he will be no less careful in conserving the conditions priviledges liberties of the others Orders in these surrendred Provinces and provided they persevere in their duty to His Majesty of Sweden they may entertain an assured hope of bettering their conditons and enjoying the same Rights as the Natives of Sweden for the acquiring of Offices and Advancement XIII That all the Inhabitants of what quality soever none excepted whether in Schonen or in Denmark or in Norway who have goods and properties in Schonen Halland Bleking Bahuys and the rest of the surrendred Provinces and Towns may enjoy them again and retain them together with all the moveables or immoveables which are found there and that they take possession of them the next Feast of St. John together with all the priviledges proprieties and rights in like manner as had been agreed upon and concluded in the Treaty of Rotschild and afterwards encreased and bettered by His Majesty of Sweaen and all without any revenge or loss for any thing done by any whatsoever in the late War provided notwithstanding that wary and moderate Commissioners be constituted on both sides who may deal amicably betwixt both parties evenning and liquidating their accounts to the full satisfaction of each one the better to prevent all differences in their beginnings which might obstruct this wished for Peace XIV It is likewise consented to on both sides that when the Fortresses are delivered to the King of Sweden's Commissioners then also all the Documents and Instructions concerning the Condition Revenues Rents Borders Shores and Limits and also those writings which concern the Administration of Justice Books of Accompts and others which may relate to the knowledge of these things shall be delivered in case any such be found which are not as yet given over This done two or three Plenipotentiaries shall be appointed on both sides with power to separate review direct and ordain all the limits and borders betwixt the surrendred and their neighbouring Provinces and Governments where they are not as yet reviewed separated directed and ordained whereby all controversies and differences may be the better declined and every one enjoy that which is his in peace and quietness XV. On the other side the King his Successors and Kingdom of Sweden do yield to the King his successors and the kingdom of Denmark all those rights and pretensions which his Majesty of Sweden may have upon all the Fortresses Fortifications Isles Provinces Cities and Territories which he mastered by force of his armes namely Zeland Laland Falster Meun with all the Castles and Fortlesses in them as Nykoping Naskow Cooster Corseur Keuk and Cronenburg as also all other Cities Castles Forts Governments Gentlemens Houses and Territories whatsoever which are not expresly excepted in this transaction or not surrendred by former Covenants And after they shall be rendered and restored with all their appurtenances and rights according to the tenour of this Treaty they shall follow and belong to the King his Successors and Kingdom of Denmark without any impediment whatsoever XVI And for the better establishing of mutual confidence and Amity betwixt these two Kingdoms His Majesty and Kingdom of Sweden will have no refusion for his expences in those Fortifications which he raised in Denmark but wil at the time of their evacuation take care that they be all delivered intire and in the state they are now in to His Majesty and the Kingdom of Denmark XVII In like manner at the instance of the Mediators and
for the love of Peace the Pallace and Government of Drontheym or together with all its subject Cities Towns Castles and Fortresses as also all their Ecclesiastical and Secular goods Governments and appurtenances as they were delivered to His Majesty of Sweden by the Treaty of Rotschild shall be restored to the King Kingdom and Crown of Denmark to be re-annexed to the Kingdom of Norway for ever without any reserve of pretension upon the same to the King his Successors and Kingdom of Sweden to which end the King of Denmark's Letters of Cession made according to the sixt Article of the Treaty of Rotschild shall be restored and cancelled XVIII In like manner the Kings Majesty surrenders for Himself His Successors and the Kingdom of Sweden all the rights and pretensions that he had or shall have as Duke of Bremen upon the County of Delmenhorst and Ditmarsh and transfers those his rights over to His Majesty of Denmark his Successors and the Dukes of Holsteyn of the Royal and Gottorp's Line so that His Majesty of Sweden and his Successors neither will nor ought either de jure or de facto ever to pretend any thing more upon these Countries If also His Majesty of Sweden obtained any pretension as Duke of Bremen heretofore upon some Noblemens goods in Holsteyn that also is remitted by vertue of this Treaty and promise made that the documents which are to be found and pertain hereunto shall be delivered to the King of Denmark and the House of Holsteyn of the Royal and Gottorp Line XIX And that this renewed Friendship may be laid upon a more firm foundation the King and Kingdom of Sweden will let fall and remit as they do hereby let fall and remit that Right which His Majesty or any of his subjects pretend upon the four Tun of Gold for the Guiney business so that henceforward nothing shall be demanded or required for that sum but the King and kingdom of Denmark shall remain wholly acquitted and free from any payment or least pretence thereof XX. As also the Fortresses as well those which have been taken in this War as those which are surrendred by this Pacification shall be delivered without Cannon Carriages or warlike Ammunition on both sides except the Castle of Cronenburg where according to agreement those Cannon which were not brought thither by the Swedes or have no Swedish Armes or Inscriptions upon them shall be retained So it is likewise agreed that the Country people of those Governments where those Fortresses are seated shall be obliged to carry the Cannon and munitions of War to the Shore where they may be most commodiously shipped and transported XXI It is also concluded and promised that in those Fortresses which are to be surrendred on either side there shall be a certain time determined wherein he who so surrenders a fortified place shall conserve and keep his Ammunition of War which is at present there until he may commodiously transport it elsewhere XXII All Captives of what condition soever shall immediately be set at liberty without Ransom But as for their Diet they shall satisfie that according to equity In like manner all Danish subjects which the King and kingdom of Sweden caused to be transported into other places of their obedience whatsoever may have free and unhindred liberty to return again into their Native Countries Such Prisoners who have taken up Arms under the Danes shall have liberty to return to their former Militia as also such who are in the Swedes service if they please provided it be done within three Months after the Ratification of this Peace XXIII It is also agreed that the places taken by either King since the Peace of Rotschild ought by force of this Treaty be restored to that party whose they were or ought to have been by the Treaty of Rotschild and all the Swedish forces Horse and Foot shall be withdrawn out of all the Kingdoms Provinces Dutchies and Lands belonging to the King of Denmark within 14 dayes at most after the ratification of this Treaty which ought to be within a Month after the conclusion of the Peace in this manner that as soon as the Peace is subscribed and the same day that it is published the Siege before Coppenhagen shall be raised so that the Camp shall be evacuated within the four following dayes and Nycâ—ping Falster and Meun within the four next dayes after And on the contrary the Siege of Tonninger shall be raised and all Eydeâ—stadt and Husum evacuated Eight dayes after Nascow shall be surrendred to the Danes and about that time as soon as Shipping is ready and at hand the withdrawing of the Forces shall Commence eight dayes after this Koeg or Keuk shall be surrendred and the Souldiers drawn out of it as soon as the Ratifications are exchanged within the Month after the signing of the Peace and that the shipping for transporting the souldiery are ready within the four following dayes Corseur shall be delivered up and the Souldiery begin to be imbarked and transported and at the same time the Duke of Holsteyn's Country shall be freed from all His Majestie of Denmark's souldiers Shortly after the forces which remain Horse and Foot shall imbark in convenient Havens and likewise be withdrawn from Cronenburg so that that Fortress shall be wholly evacuated and surrendred the 15 day after the exchange of the Ratifications or when the six Weeks after the conclusion of the Peace are expired and at that very time all Zeland shall be delivered and cleared from the Swedish souldiers XXIV And that no force or injury be done during the said term to the inhabitants in the changes of Fortresses and withdrawing of souldiers out of the Cities and Provinces but that all things may be done in order Commissioners from both sides shall be present who shall both in the Towns and Ports take special care that no force direption of goods or injuries be done to the Subjects or any other unlawful thing imposed upon them under pain of punishment to be inflicted upon the transgressour And as it is necessary that provisions be made for the sustentation of the Swedish forces during their stay in the Country but so that after the day of concluding the Peace nothing more shall be demanded from the subjects under pretext of Redemption or any other burthens whatsoever but only what is needful for their subsistence whilest they stay in this Kingdom and which shall be adjudged such according to an appointment made by the Commissioners of both sides and that the evacuation may the sooner and better be effected His Majesty of Denmark shall forthwith command in all convenient Havens in every Province that Ships Vessels and Boats with their necessaries Men Mariners and implements be gathered together and in a readiness as His Majesty will also command whereby the transport of the souldiery and the evacuation of places may be hastened and not impeded unless by contrary Winds And all the Ships together
with their Marriners and men and what ever else shall be provided by Denmark for the said evacuation shall as soon as the transport is done be released without any let or hinderance XXV It shall also be free for all the subjects and inhabitants of the surrendred Regions and Provinces to transport themselves into any other Cities or place to dwell there provided it be done according to the Statutes of the Provinces and priviledges of the Cities out of which they will transmigrate what concerns the goods which in the time of War were carried into Cities for their security the Masters and Owners thereof may redemand them without contradiction and impediment XXVI The former transactions and Covenants to wit those of Stetin Siôder Bromsbro and Rotschild excepting the third Article which is plainly excluded here made betwixt these Noble Kingdoms shall retain their force and vigour in all their Articles and shall be confirmed as they were before the beginning of this War and as if they were inserted word for word in this Treaty unless in as much as they are expresly changed in this XXVII Whereas it is provided by the 22 Article of the Treaty of Rotschild that His Majesty of Denmark shall be obliged according to equity to satisfie his Highness the Prince of Sleswick the Duke of Holsteyn Gottorp after that the Commissioners of both parts as well of the King of Denmark's as of his said Highness have treated transacted and concluded of the matter in difference at Coppenhagen the 22 of May 16â—8 it is agreed by these that all those Covenants and transactions shall be exactly observed and faithfully performed in every particular XXVIII Moreover if any thing should have happened in this or the former War that might breed any enmities or diffidence betwixt the King and kingdom of Denmark and the Duke of Holsteyn Gottorp as well betwixt themselves as their Ministers servants and subjects all that as well out of consideration of their mutual consanguinity and especially of Her Majesty the Queen of Sweden as betwixt the two Royal and Ducal House of Holsteyn Gottorp shall from this day by vertue of this Treaty be composed and wholly forgot and on the contrary a perfect solid and perpetual friendship be established betwixt them His Majesty of Denmark will also when the evacuation is made in Denmark withdraw his Army and forces out of his Highness Countries Fortresses and Cities and also use his utmost endeavour to perswade the Confederates to evacuate such of his Highness Forts and Towns which they possess without any delay XXIX What Kings Commonwealths Powers and Princes soever shall desire to be comprehended in this Peace must require it of both Kings But the Emperour the King of Poland and the Elector of Brandenburg together with their Kingdoms Electorships Dutchies and Provinces are expresly included herein So that His Majesty and Kingdom of Sweden will seek no pretence under no pretext whatsoever against the aforementioned Emperour King of Poland and Electour of Brandenburg because of the ayd given by them this War against the Kingdom of Sweden and its Confederats XXX The Lord Anthony Gunther Earl of Oldenburg and Delmenhorst c. his Successors Feudals and Free-holders together with their Countries Dynasties Lands Goods Jurisdictions and Appurtenances shall be included in this Pacification wherein also John Prince of Anhalt of the Line of Zervest because of the Dynasty of Jeveren and the Lord the Earl Anthony of Oldenburg Lord in Varel and Kniphawsen with his Dynasties Lordships Goods and Rights shall be also comprehended XXXI It is further agreed that all the Cities comprehended in the Hanse League none excepted are likewise included in this so that they may enjoy a free and undisturbed Commerce in both Kingdoms both by Sea and Land and if any thing have happened in this War that might offend either party that also is forgot and buried in eternal Oblivion XXXII And whereas certain secret Articles were concluded about the time of the Rotschild Pacification which are not reiterated in this all such shall be of force as if they were inserted word for word in this Treaty Moreover what Writings soever have been published during this War on either side tending to the prejudice or scandal of the other are hereby wholly taken away and shall be cashiered and prohibited and be no more divulged or reprinted within these Kingdoms XXXIII But that all these things as they are set down as well in word as in deed may be observed and fulfilled now and for the future with all firmness fidelity and sincerity it is mutually promised that these our Covenants shall be amicably confirmed by both Kings Frederick the third King of Denmark and Charles King of Sweden with the subscriptions of their Hands and impression of their Seals and for greater security they shall be signed and sealed by the Senatours of both Kingdoms XXXIV It is also concluded and promised that a Senator and Secretary of both sides shall about the 24 of June next following meet at Elzeneur and bring with them and exchange the Ratification of this Treaty confirmed with the Subscriptions and Signatures of both parties Where also the Swedes shall have with them the Letters of Cession for the Government of Drontheym and deliver them at the same time to the Danish Commissioners as a testimony of the force firmness and observance of the concluded Peace This Treaty being thus Concluded Subscribed and Sealed by the Commissioners of both sides the Embassadours Commissioners and Plenipotentiary Deputies of the most Christian King of France of the Commonwealth of England and of the High and Mighty Lords of the United Provinces did promise in the Names of their Principals and oblige themselves by a reciprocal Caution and Garranty as well general of the three States together as special of each State apart as they do hereby tie themselves in the best Form by a most ample secure and mutual Obligation as Sureties Cautions and Avengers of what is transacted and cause effectually that these covenants be fully carefully religiously performed and observed for ever And that they will also procure the Ratifications of their respective Principals hereupon So that they have been further entreated by the Commissioners of both Kings not only as Mediators but as Sureties Pledges and Avengers of these transactions for greater confirmation and certain assurance of all to Subscribe and Sign these Articles and Treaty together with them dated betwixt Coppenhagen and the Camp the 27 of May Anno 1660. Hugues de Terlon LS. Al. Sidney LS. Rob. Honniwood LS. G. Van Slingland LS. Pet. Vogelsang LS. P. de Huybert LS. W. Haren LS. Olaus Gasberg LS. Axelius Urup LS. Pet. Rees LS. Sch. Rosenhaen LS. Steno Bielke LS. WHilest this Work was in the Press the following Papers came accidentally to hand Which containing a Summary Accompt of things conducing to the illustration of much of the Political part of the foregoing History whose Author chiefly intended
shall be in Amity with those Confederates or either of them 8 That all the Ports Rivers Roads Harbours and Countryes of Sweden shall be free and open for the English Ships and men to come into reside in and go forth of from time to time as there shall be occasion without any molestation and shall be assisted and furnished with provisions and other necessaries at the same rates that the People â—nd Subjects of the King of Sweden are â— That all reasonable endeavours shall be used by these Confederates â—o withdraw the Elector of Brandenburg and all other Princes â—â—d States from any conjunction with the House of Austria and to Unite them against the said House â— That the said Fleet set out by His Highness as aforesaid shall be continued forth for the purposes aforesaid for so long time as the present season of the year shall permit with respect to the safety of the Fleet and no longer â—he English Admiral was bound up not to admit of any alteraâ—â—â— in the Treaty and the King of Sweden how great soever his â—eed of Englands help was yet immoveably persisted in refusing to sign the Treaty upon these Points First that he could not admit the English the Priviledges in Sweden that all Swedes have because he alledged some sort of Ships were built there in a form particular to be useful in his Wars and for lading Salt also in consideration whereof they had special immunities But he offered to make them equall with the rest of the Nation 2 That he could not exclude their Enemies out of the Baltick Sea For it was not possible for the English alone to suffice for the Commerce of it and if they could yet it was giving them to much advantage in Trade upon his own people and all the bordering Nations upon the Baltick Sea to make them Monopolizers thereof Whilest these things are in discoursing in the Sound the change of Government happened in England and the English Fleet thereby taken off from the prosecution of its first design was made to wait the new directions of the Power then in possession whose Interest differing from the former seemed to espouse that of Holland by undervaluing the Swedes to their very great prejudice But however affairs went in Denmark the struglings at the Hague were no less remarkable which ended at length in a League betwixt the three States to wit England France and the United Provinces Whereby they resolved to perswade or enforce the warring Kings and that against their wills or without consulting with them to a Reconciliation and Peace The Articles of this Convention wherein its Authours shewed they no less minded their own than their Neighbours interest were in all nine The first was May 22 11. 1659. that a Peace should be made betwixt the two Kings upon the foundation of the Rotschild Treaty 2 That the second Article of the said Treaty by which all Forreign hostile Fleets were prohibited to pass the Sound should be wholly exploded and left out or so couched that no Vessels or shipping whatsoever belonging to any of the three States should be comprehended in that restriction but that on the contrary they should be permitted to pass the said Streight at pleasure without any let or interruption 3 That the English Fleet should not joyn it self to either of the two Kings Fleets nor affist nor offend either of them for the space of three whole Weeks counting from the day that notice hereof was given to the Commander in chief of the said Fleet And likewise that the Dutch Fleet which was to be sent for Denmark should observe the same and not joyn with Opdams Fleet who was also to act nothing in prejudice of the Swedes for the said three Months time and that the Fleet to be sent thither should not go to Coppenhagen nor enter the Baltick Sea either by the Sound or by either of the two Belts 4 That the said three States should withdraw all manner of ayd and succours from that King who should refuse equitable terms of Peace and continue so to do until he had declared the contrary 5 That the three States should stand bound for ever for the executing and keeping of the made peace 6 That all Ships whatsoever belonging to the Subjects of the three States as also their Merchandise and lading should be free and exempted in the Sound and both the Belts from any new Impositions or Tolls 7 That England and France should undertake to remove all diffidences and mis-understandings arisen betwixt the King of Sweden and the States General and cause the Treaty of Elbing with its elucidations to be ratified 8 That the three States should use their utmost endeavours to compose the War with Poland as also the difference betwixt the Elector of Brandenburg and the Swedes 9 Lastly that the Articles of this Treaty should be ratified and duly observed by the three States And thus this Treaty notwithstanding the main opposition of the Emperor the Danes and the Brandenburgers Ministers was agreed upon by the three States But being those of England and France did refuse to sign it at present under pretence of waiting further and more plenary Orders from their Principals the States General dispatched an Express to the King of Denmark assuring him that their Fleet. notwithstanding the arrival of Forreign Fleets in the Sound April 29. should follow with the forty Companies designed for his assistance with all possible speed and that they would omit nothing whereby they might remove that oppression that his Kingdom did at present groan under There was no industry omitted for the hastening out of the Dutch Fleet all forreign Commerce and traffick by Sea being forbidden and wholly prohibited until the same were furnished with Marriners This unusual Embargo did extreamly trouble the Merchants especially the Green-land Farers for the season to fish for Whales drew nigh and the loss would be as well great as irrecoverable if it were neglected Seeing therefore that Seamen came but slowly in as unwilling to engage in a War where nothing was to be expected but blows and that they would not be prest as inconsistent with the freedom they pretend they were forced to hire them at excessive rates the price heightening even to forty Guilders a man every moneth At last though with much ado they levied twelve hundred Seamen which were dispersed amongst the Navy which by this time was ready consisting of forty brave Ships of War And now their Land-forces being likewise embarked May 10 3â— they set sail towards Denmark The Danish Agents which resided in Holland had hired several Fluyts and Galliots to carry provisions to Coppenhagen and to transport the Confederate Armies out of Jutland into the Islands but wanting both monies and credit they were stayed behind to the prejudice and dis-reputation of them who were concerned Michael de Ruyter Vice-Admiral of Amsterdam had the present Command of this Fleet for Opdam was absent and
plausible enough as appears by the Swedish Manifest and the Kings own speeches in the ensuing narration But the Danes accused Charls his boundless ambition and cried out plainly and not without probability that he had already devoured the dominion of the East sea in his thoughts which was not to be compassed but by the preceding conquest of Denmark They further affirmed that he had therefore been perswaded at Gottenburg to prosecute the enlargement of the Swedish Empire by new acquisitions The conflict would be easie and as the first was bloodless He should but go and overcome and by the accession of his future victories open a passage to his farther greatness Add to these the tried difficulties of the Polish war the quiet but armed condition of Germany the peaceful inclinations of France at that time but above all a warlike Prince and as he pretended provoked and injured environed with a victorious Army and it will not seem strange that the fury of the threatning tempest fell upon Denmark But whatever the causes were the war was easier begun than ended whilest the Danes serve for a memorable example to posterity how valid despair is and that there is nothing proof against an enforced necessity The Swedes were obliged as is already observed by the Treaty of Rotschkild to withdraw all their forces out of all the Provinces of Denmark by the first of May which they did not only not do for Holstein Jutland Funen and the Dukedom of Sleswick were still in their power but took also new councils to invade and conquer the rest of that divided Kingdom The King then being resolved to renew the war prepared all that was judged necessary for so great an expedition and that with no less secrecy than prudence and truly it was no wonder that the Danes were surprised being by several Embassies letters and messages lull'd into so ruinous a security when as the Ministers of divers Princes who then followed the Court were so far from penetrating into its designes that they had not the least suspicion of a second invasion upon Denmark Aug. 5. 1658. The fleet and land forces met at Kiel in Holstein and now all things being in a readiness the Army and provision for a longer journey than was intended were imbarcked The King being under fail with eleven men of war and near sixty great and lesser Vessels whilest some thought him gone towards Prussia others towards Pomeranta and others towards other places but none towards Denmark secured as it was thought by the late Peace he steered his course towards Zealand Aug. 8. Being arrived at Corsieur a sea town on the West side of the Island he landed his Army greater in reputation than numbers for it did not exceed 1200 horse and 4000 foot without any opposition or resistance These few guards that were on the coasts fled at first sight of the fleet before they knew whether they were enemies or not and the Towns men dissembleing what they durst not seem to fear were forced to receive these new guests as friends whilest they and the country as the Army passed along were made believe as the Swedes gave it out that they intended no hostility to any but were come to assist the King of Denmark against the designs of some of his rebellious Nobles King Charls his chief care upon his landing was to keep his soldiers from plundering and by quick sending out of parties of horse to suppress the Danish troops which were quartered up and down the Island or at least to hinder their retreat into Coppenhagen Count Toâ—te Lieutenant-General of the horse led the Van but the King himself I know not by what fatality did not stir till the day following and however his main hopes of victory consisted in the quickness of his motion he marched but slowly fearing peradventure ambushes in an unknown Country or least he might be obliged in the absence of his Naval forces to bear the brunt of the war alone The noise therefore of this invasion sled to Coppenhagen before him and filled the Court and City with the terrour of so imminent a danger All was full of fear and confusion and the people then at divine service for it was upon the Sabbath day in the morning struck with the apprehensions of their approaching ruine which they look'd upon as infallible if the enemies made that hast they might and assaulted the City then destitute of order or forces to withstand them The slight of the country-people who came slocking into the town magnifying the number and progress of the enemy according as their fears suggested redoubled the terrour in so much that all dreading their destruction as unavoidable bethought how best to secure themselves Some hid their best moveables where they best could whilest others searched about whither they might best slye and hide themselves Many preferring their personal security to that of their Country cried out for peace and a recourse to the conquerours clemency but the wisest and they were but few perswaded a vigorous resistance and exhort the rest rather to commit their common safety to God and a just defence than to the arbitration of a cruel and insulting enemy Neither were the disorders and apprehensions at Court inferiour to these until the King himself having rejected the advice of those who would have perswaded him to preserve himself for better times by a timely retreat into Norway or Holland had declared with a magnanimity truly royal That he would live and dye in his Nest and not survive the sate and glory of his Country The following letter though not signed fell as was informed into his hands the which as being of an extraordinary nature merits to be inserted it was as followeth Sir Notwithstanding my being engaged in the service of your mortal Enemy I am a very affectionate well-wisher to your Majesty I am very confident that the King of Sweden designs to take Zeland from you and consequently yuur crown I humbly desire your Majesty to save your Royal person the Queen and the Princes your children by a quick retreat into Norway or elsewhere until this tempest be over and some happier opportunity present it self for the recovery of your kingdom Save your self Sir that you may not fall into his hands preserve your self for better times and believe the counsel of him who is your Majesties most humble servant I will leave the disquisition of the author the contriver and the intrigue of this letter to the curious and only add that if he had followed the advice of most part of his Councel he had hearkened to that of his kind enemy and lost his kingdom into the bargain But he being more generously resolved did by his example raise the drooping spirits of them about him which quickly appeared in their countenances and expressions Shame and emulation and a desire of revenge had mastered those weaker passions their fear had begot in them before so that at present there was
it was found that the Current ran so violently and uncertainly and differently in every small space of distance and the breadth of the water was so little that if the Dutch Fleet had come and he been obliged to fight the place was such as no Pilot knew how to work a Ship in And the other Station a breast of the Koll was good Sea-room and a steady Current for in that place is discernable no tide at all but if the Wind blow from the Ocean the Current runs into the Sound and if it blow out of the Baltick then the Current runs out The English Fleet thus posted and having obtained the consent of the King of Sweden to the Rotschild Treaty the Admiral again enforces the English Mediation upon the King of Denmark who being bound up and over-ruled by his Allies refuses the Terms of the Mediation whereupon the English Admiral according to his Instructions offers a Treaty of Assistance from England to the Swede which I thought fit to insert here WHereas there is a new and unhappy War broken out betwixt his Majesty the King of Sweden and the King of Denmark and that since the said Rupture the King of Sweden hath by his Arms got possession of the Town of Elzineur and Castle of Cronenburg in the Isle of Zeland and obtained thereby the Command of the Sound and hath also beleaguered the City of Coppenhagen yet with this mind and desire to make and conclude with the King of Denmark a good and secure Peace And whereas upon pretence of giving assistance to his Majesty the King of Denmark there is a great and powerful Army consisting chiefly of the Forces of the King of Hungary now Emperour of Germany and of the King of Poland already marched into Holstein and Jutland whereof they have already possession designing also to possess themselves of Funen and Zeland and the strength therein which should they be able to effect it would in all humane probability prove the ruine and loss of the Protestant Interest in those parts and endanger the subversion thereof in all Europe and also be to the destruction of Navigation and Commerce in the Baltick Sea and the King of Denmark himself whose assistance they pretend captivated into the hands of those whose interest obliges them to make a prey of him and his said Majesty the King of Sweden having upon these grounds and to the ends before expressed and in this exigency of affairs in pursuance of a Treaty made at London betwixt the two States on the seventh of July Old stile in the year of our Lord 1656 whereby it is in the first Article thereof among other things agreed that it shall be lawful for either of the said Confederates within the Kingdoms and Countries of the other to hire Ships as well Men of War as Merchant men upon the Terms and Conditions therein expressed desired the Assistance and ayd of his Highness the Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England Scotland and Ireland and the dominions and Territories thereunto belonging and for the further setling the Trade and Commerce betwixt the two States 1 It is agreed on either part that for the affording of Ayd and Succour to His Majesty and Kingdom of Sweden His most Serene Highness the Lord Protector shall be obliged to send forthwith towards the Sound a Fleet of Ships of War 2 That the said Fleet or Navy shall at the Charge of his said Highness and Commonwealth of England c. be equipped and fitted forth sufficiently with all things necessary for such an expedition and shall be also from time to time supplied for the keeping and maintenance of them in those Seas until the twenty ninth of September next 3 The said Fleet being come into those Seas they shall ayd and assist His Majesty the King of Sweden in a Defensive way that is to say First they shall do their endeavours to hinder any Forraign Ships of War to joyn themselves with the Fleet of Denmark under what Plag soever it be attempted or on what pretence soever Secondly for the hindering the transportation of any Souldiers or Forces belonging to the Confederate Army under the Command of the Elector of Brandenburg into Coppenhagen or any Islands of Denmark Thirdly for preventing of the carrying any Relief or Succour of Money Victuals Souldiers or other provision of War into Coppenhagen Fourthly for the defence of the Swedish Fleet in case they shall be assaulted at Sea or blockt up in Harbour by the Dane or any other in Conjunction with him or separately from him 4 Forasmuch as His Highness and the Commonwealth of England will be at excessive charge in setting forth and managing the foresaid Navy for the attaining the ends aforesaid Therefore by way of Recompence and satisfaction of the charges expended and to be expended And in respect of the other hazards and dangers which may ensue to this Commonwealth by reason of this Assistance It is agreed that the People and Subjects of this Commonwealth from time to time Sailing and Trading coming and going through the Sound or Belt shall not at any time be obliged to pay any Tribute Tolle or Custom Duty or other Charge whatsoever for either Ships or Merchandizes to the King or Kingdom of Sweden or any of his Officers or Ministers whatsoever but shall in their said Passage and Navigation through the said places be treated in manner following 5 That upon the coming of any of the Ships of His Highness and this Commonwealth and the People and Subjects thereof into those parts and at their passage through the Sound or Belt producing their Legal and Authentick Certificates to the Officers of the King of Sweden and to such Officer or Officers as shall be appointed by His Highness to reside at Cronenburg or such other place thereabouts as His Highness shall desire the Commanders Masters and other Officers of such Ships of this Commonwealth as shall so pass shall on such Certificates pay to the Officer or Officers so to be appointed by His Highness such Tolle and Duty as His said Highness shall think fit to appoint which Tolle and Duty shall be for the sole benefit of His Highness and this Commonwealth in recompence of the said Charge and Hazards aforesaid And upon payment of such Tolle or Duty such English Ships shall be suffered to pass without any stop or molestation â— â—hat the People and Subjects of this Commonwealth shall in the â—â—â—ntreys and Dominions of the King of Sweden which either 〈◊〉 are in His possession or hereafter shall come into His possession pay no higher or greater Custom or Duty than the Subjects of Sweden at this time do and be used in all other things as the Subjects of Sweden at this time are â— That His Majesty of Sweden shall shut up the Sound as also the Great and Little Belt and all other Passages into the Baltick Sea and prohibit all Commerce and Navigation through the same to all such who
and Brandenburger In Sweden there was no subsistence for them to transport them into Pomeren and there take the Field he could not for the Imperial Army was much superiour to his in strength and had already seized the principal Passes of the Country and was absolutely Master of the Campagne And to have put them into Garisons which above two parts in three consisted of Horse the want of forage had ruined them in few days So that now the King of Sweden holds close to Denmark First as a quarter to his Troops Secondly as a place of refuge and security putting himself upon the Defensive as it were intrenched within those Islands not having strength sufficient to appear before his Enemy upon the Terra firma Thirdly as a Gage or Pledge for the restitution of what he had lost in Pomeren And I have reason to believe that as things now stand the War betwixt Denmark and Sweden will hardly be accommodated but by a general Peace In the mean time I humbly conceive that England in the management of this business hath departed from their proper Interest and that upon these following grounds I. We have wholly dis-obliged the Swede who is Englands counterpoise against the Dane and Hollander The Hollander is sure that the Dane will alwayes side with him against England witness the Arrest of our Merchant-men in the Sound in 1653. We ought to be as sure of the Swede and though not to assist him in the conquest of Denmark yet so to have managed the business of a Peace as to have firmly engaged him in our Interests II. We have lost our reputation It had been honourable for England to have maintained the Rotschild Treaty in which we were Mediators But to equip a mighty Fleet of forty of our best men of War and to keep them out at Sea six Months together to the amazement of all our Neighbouring States without effecting any thing failing of our End and Design is wholly inglorious III. We have lost our Expences The King of Sweden never supposed that England would be at all those vast charges without expecting any return from him but freely propounded several advantages in point of Trade and Commerce by way of recompence and amongst others propounded that the Pitch and Tar and the whole growth and production of Sweden which is for the apparel and equipage of Shipping should be sold at a regulated price to English Merchants only by which means London might have become the Staple of those Commodities But we on the contrary have barr'd our selves from accepting any thing of priviledge or advantage though it be only ratione oneris upon the accompt of our expences and so to be considered as a re-imbursement For by the Agreement of the Hague of the fourth of July England is to compel the King of Sweden to admit the States General to the Treaty at Elbing And by the express letter of the Treaty of Elbing the King of Sweden is obliged to admit the people of the United Netherlands to the same priviledges and advantages which he either hath or shall hereafter grant to any other Forraign Nation whatsoever IV. We oblige cour selves to force the King of Sweden to admit the States General to the Elbing Treaty notwithstanding that by that Treaty the former Treaties made betwixt Queen Christina and the States General one at Stockholm 1640 and the other at Suderacre 1645 are expresly renewed and re-confirmed Both which are Treaties of mutual Defence and by vertue of which in case England become hereafter engaged in a War against Holland the King of Sweden will be obliged to assist Holland against us with four thousand men at his own charges V. We have lost our Opportunity of making the Peace England was once in a manner Arbitrator of this whole affair England propounds the Rotschild Treaty as the Medium of the Peace Holland though very unwilling yet is necessitated to assent thereto For to think that Holland who was in actual War with Portugal and Sweden would at the same time break with England when back'd with France especially his most confident Ally the Dane being reduced to that extremity as to become instead of a help a charge and burthen is to suppose that which is Morally and Politically impossible But as the case now stands England is the least in this business all that we pretend to is to be included in the States Generals Treaty of Elbing wherein they are Principals and we but Accessories VI. We play advantages into the hands of the Hollander our Rival State and that only which stands in the eye and aym of England's greatness For besides the Treaty of Elbing which we engage to obtain for him The Hollander obliges us also to see Drontheym restored to the Dane In which the Hollander consults his own utility for Schonen is the Country which the King of Denmark would have restored but the Hollander profits more by Drontheym when in the King of Denmark's hands than the King of Denmark himself both in point of Trade and in Levies of Men For during the late War betwixt England and Holland the Dutch had seldome less than two or three thousand of those Norwegians in the service of their Fleets Besides that the greatest part or the whole of the Revenue of Drontheym is oppignorated to the Merchants of Amsterdam for debt And indeed the whole Kingdom of Denmark is become so obnoxious upon the accompt of vast Debts that it is in a manner at the disposition of Holland The States General have steered an even and direct course to their Interest They have maintained their Ally they have not only secured Denmark from the power of Sweden but secured it to themselves And being secure of Denmark are now assuring Sweden to themselves also having already weakened the near Amity and correspondence which was betwixt England and Sweden Whereas we after all our Expences are so far from being sure of the friendship of either of the Kings that we are sure of the ill-will of both Of the Dane for appearing with an armed Fleet in the Interests of Sweden of the Swede for no sooner appearing but deserting him They have also obtained their Treaty at Elbing which in rigour of justice they could not pretend to for they themselves formerly refused to ratifie it in due time And to crown all they have heightened their reputation by rendring themselves Masters of their Design We on the contrary have lost our Friend lost our Expences lost our Business lost our Reputation From whence I conclude that in the management of this Affair we in England have departed from Our proper Interest FINIS A Catalogue of Books Printed for and are to be Sold by Thomas Basset at the George in Fleet-street near Cliffords-Inn Folio ' s. 1. COsmography in four Books containing the Chorography and History of the whole World and all the principal Kingdoms and Provinces Seas and Isles thereof By P. Heylin Printed 1669