resolved to encounter with the Enemy by Sea hoping by a new Victory to abolish the Infamy of the overthrow lately received in Greece The Navy being committed to the charge of Hannibal the Battel was fought But neither were the Asian Souldiers comparable to the Romans nor their Ships to theirs which were armed with brass on their sterns howsoever the overthrow was the less by the policy of the General The report of the Victory had not as yet arrived at Rome and the City was therefore in suspence concerning the creating of Consuls But who could be a better Commander against Hannibal then the brother of Africanus it being the business of the Scipio's to overcome the Carthaginians Lucius Scipio therefore was created Consul and his brother Africanus was given as Legate to him that Antiochus might understand that he placed not a greater confidence in conquered Hannibal then they did in the conquering Scipio's The Scipio's being busie in the transporting of their Army into Asia it was reported to them that the War was everywhere already brought to a period and accordingly they found Antiochus overcome in a fight by Land and Hannibal in a fight by Sea Therefore at their first arrival Antiochus sent Ambassadors to them to desire peace and as a peculiar gift to Africanus they brought him his Son whom Antiochus had taken as he was transporting himself in a small Bark into Asia But Africanus returned answer that private benefit ought to be distinguished from publick and that the offices due unto him as a Father were of one Nature and the Offices due unto his Countrey were of another which ought to be preferred not only above children but also above life it self Howsoever he declared that he very thankfully accepted the gift and out of his own Fortunes would answer the munificence of the King As for that which belonged either to Peace or War he made answer that he could contribute nothing by way of thankfulness neither could he fall in any punctilio from the rights of his Countrey for his son being taken he never treated with the King concerning his ransom nor suffered the Senate to make mention of it but as it was worthy of the Majesty of his resolution he professed that he would recover him by arms After this the Articles of the Agreement were drawn up That Asia should be surrendred to the Romans and Antiochus be contented only with the Kingdom of Syria that he should deliver to the Romans all his Ships Prisoners and Renegadoes and give full satisfaction to the Romans for their Charges in the VVar. VVhich when it was reported to Antiochus he made answer that he was not so overcome as to be content to be dispoyled of his Kingdom and alledged that what the Romans had propounded to him were rather provocations to war then any inducements unto peace Great preparations therefore were made for war on both sides the Romans having invaded Asia and entred into Ilium there was a mutual gratulation between the Inhabitants of Ilium and them the inhabitants of Ilium declared that Aeneas and other of their Captains proceeded from them and the Romans acknowledged that they received their Original of them Such â—o general was the joy as after a long absence is accustomed to be seen betwixt Fathers and Children It delighted the Inhabitants of Ilium that their Nephews having overcome Africa and the VVest did challenge Asia as their Hereditary Kingdom and they said the ruine of Troy was not to be lamented which was revived again in a happy race of such Noble successors On the other side the Romans with an unsatisfied desire did behold the Houshold Gods and the Cradles of their Ancestors and the Temples and Images of the Gods The Romans being departed from Ilium King Eumenes did march with Auxiliaries to them And not long after the Battel was fought with Antiochus when in the right wing a Roman Legion being beaten did fly back to the Camp with more disgrace then danger one of the Tribunes of the Souldiers Marcus Aemilius by name being left for the defence of the Camp commanded his Soldiers immediately to buckle on their Arms which being done he did lead them out of the works and with drawn swords did threaten those that fled back and declared that there should not a man of them be left alive unless they returned to the Battel and that their own Tents should be more fatall to them then their Enemies swords The Legion being amazed at so great a danger the Soldiers Armed by the Tribune accompanying them they returned into the Battel and having made a great slaughter of their Enemies it was the beginning of the Victory There were fifty thousand of the Enemies slain and eleven thousand taken Antiochus again desiring peace there was nothing added to the former conditions Africanus declared that the Romans did neither abate their courage being overcome neither grew they insolent with the success of Victory They divided the Cities they had taken amongst their Associates judging glory more proper for the Romans then possessions For the glory of the Victory was to be owned by the Roman Name and the luxury of wealth was left to their Associates THE Two and thirtieth BOOK OF IVSTINE ANtiochus being overcome the Aetolians who inforced him to make wars against the Romans remained alone being unequal to them in strength and destitute of all help And not long after being overcome they lost their liberty which they alone amongst so many Cities of Greece had preserved unviolate against the Dominations of the Lacedemonians and Athenians which condition was so much the more afflicting as it arrived the more late unto them They computing with themselves those times in which with their own strength they resisted such numerous Forces of the Persians and those when in the Delphian war they brake the violence of the Gaules terrible both to Asia and Italy which glorious commemoration did the more increase the desire of their liberty As these things were in action in the mean time there arose first a contention and afterwards a war betwixt the Messenians and Achaians concerning the honor of preheminence in which Philopemenes the Noble General of the Achaians was taken not that in the fight he spared his life but that as he called back his Soldiers to the Battel being thrown from his horse as he leaped a ditch he was invironned and oppressed by the multitude of his Enemies As he lay on the ground the Messenians durst not kill him either through the fear of his courage or the consciousness of his dignity Therefore as they had dispatched all the war in him alone they did lead him Captive round about Greece in the way of Triumph the People thronging in multitudes to behold him as if he was their own and not the General of their Enemies approached Neither did ever the Achaians with a more greedy eye behold him being a Conqueror then the Messenians did now being conquered Therefore they
of Alexander when the Provinces were divided amongst his Successors the most fierce of all the Nations were assigned to him as the most valiant of them all so much he did exceed the rest by the approbation of them all But before the war was carryed on betwixt Ptolomy and his Associates against Antigonus Seleucus marched down from Asia the greater being a new Enemy unto him famous also was the vertue of Seleucus and his Original admirable for his mother Laodice being married to Antiochus a great Commander in the Army of Philip did seem in her sleep to have conceived with child by Apollo and to have received a Ring from him the reward for the use of her body In this Ring there was a Gem and an Anchor engraven on it which she dreamed she was commanded at her delivery to give to her Son for a gift This apparition was truly wonderful for on the next day the Ring with the Anchor engraven on it was found in the bed and the figure of an Anchor was apparently to be seen on the thigh of Seleucus when he was born Seleucus going afterwards into the Persian war with Alexander the Great Laodice did give that Ring unto him having first taught him the original of his pedigree After the death of Alexander having possessed himself of the Kingdom of the East he did build a City and consecrated it to the memory of the Gem of his original for he called the City Antiochia after the memory of Antiochus his Father and consecrated to Apollo the Fields adjoyning to it The argument of his original did remain to his posterity for his Sons and Grandsonâ— had all of them the impression of an Anchor on their thighs as a natural mark oâ— their Family He made many wars in the East after the division of the Macedonian Empire betwixt him and his Companions In the first place he surprized Babylon anâ— having encreased his strength by the victory he overcame the Bactrians and marched into India which after the death of Alexander haâ— killed his Lieutenants and shaken off from their necks the yoak of servitude Sandrocottuâ— was the Author of this liberty which afterwards he turned into slavery for having possessed himself of the Kingdom he by tyranny oppressed the people whom he haâ— delivered from sorraign domination He was born of ignoble parentage but enforced to take upon him the Government of thiâ— Kingdom by the Majesty and providence of God For having offended Alexander by his petulance and being commanded to be killed he purchased his safety by the swiftness of his feet And being drousie and weary by the length of his travel a Lyon of a great bigness did approach unto him in his sleep and with his tongue wiped away the sweat which did run down his face and did gently leave him being awakned Being by this prodigy advanced to the hope of the Kingdom he sollicited the Indians to rebellion having drawn a company of Thieves to his assistance In the beginning of the war against the Lieutenants of Alexander an Elephant of an infinite bulk did of his own accord draw neer unto him and as if he had been tame by discipline did receive him on his back Sandrocottus became afterwards a great Leader and a famous master of the war and having thus gained the Kingdom he had possessed himself of all India at that time when Seleucus did lay the foundations of his future greatness who having made peace with Sandrocottus and settled his affairs in the East did march down to the war against Antigonus And the Armies of all the Associates being united the battel was fought in which Antigonus was slain and Demetrius his Son put to flight But the Associates the war with Antigonus being ended did again turn their arms upon themselves and not agreeing upon the booty were divided again into Factions Seleucus was joyned with Demetrius and Ptolomy with Lysimachus and Cassander being dead his Son Philip did succeed him and thus new wars did arise in Macedonia THE Sixteenth BOOK OF IVSTINE AFfter the death of King Cassander and his Son Philip Queen Thessalonica the wife of Cassander was slain not long afterwards by her Son Antipater she having besought and conjured him by her breasts that gave him suck to spare her life The cause of the Parricide was that after the death of her Husband she seemed to be more inclined to Alexander in the division of the Kingdom amongst the brothers This wicked act appeared to all men to be so much the more grievous there being not the lest evidence of any deceit in the Mother although in parricide no cause can be pretended to be just enough to defend the wickedness Alexander resolving to make war with his brother in the revenge of his Mothers death desired ayd of Demetrius and Demetrius in hope to obtain the Kingdom made nâ— delay to advance to his assistance and Lysimachus fearing his coming did perswade his Son-in-law Antipater to be reconciled to his brother and not permit the Enemy of his Father to enter into Macedonia when Demetrius had understood that there was an agreement made betwixt the brothers he killed Alexander by treacheries and having possessed himself of the Kingdom of Macedonia he called the Army to an Assembly to excuse the murther He alledged that Alexander had first of all a design upon him and that for his own part he rather prevented then committed treachery As for the Kingdom of Macedonia he said it was more due to him both for the experience of his age and for other considerations for his Father was Companion to King Philip and to Alexander the Great in all their wars and he was afterwards Governor of the children of Alexander and a General in their wars to prosecute those who revolted from them On the other side Antipater the Grandfather of these young men was alwayes a more inexorable minister of the Kingdom then the Kings themselves and Cassander their Father was the destroyer of the Royal Family who put to death both the wives and children of Alexander and ceased not till he had utterly destroyed the whole Progeny of him and because he could not light upon Cassander the revenge of these horrid murders was translated to his Sons for which cause Philip and Alexander if the spirits of the departed have any sense had rather that their Revengers then the Murderers of them and their Posterity should enjoy the Kingdom of Macedonia The people being pacified with these words he was saluted King of Macedonia But Lysimachus when he was oppressed with the war of Dromiches King of the Thracians least at the same time also he might be enforced to fight with Demetrius he made a peace with him having delivered to him the other part of Macedonia which belonged to his Son-in-law Antipater Therefore Demetrius being possessed with all the strength of the Kingdom of Macedonia did resolve to seize upon Asia when Ptolomy Seleucus and Lysimachus having made a proof before
of the Conqueror but to plead for her besides the Laws of war there was also the contiguitie of blood she being her own sister against whom so bloodily she raged and his own cosen German and the mother of children betwixt them to this neer relation of consanguinitie he added the superstition of the Temple to which she fled to protect her self and that the gods were so much the more religiously to be worshipped as they were more propitious and favourable to him in his conquest besides she being slain nothing was diminished of the strength and power of Cyricaenus But by how much Gryphus was the more unwilling by so much her sister was inflamed with a female pertinatiousness conceiving those words of his proceeded from love and not from pittie Therefore having called the Souldiers to her she sent them her self to kill her sister who entering into the Temple when they could not drag her out of it they cut off her hands holding fast on the Image of the goddess and in her last words having cursed the Author of the Parricide the gods besides being violated she died but to revenge her self for not long after another battaile being fought and Cyricaenus Conquerour he took Gryphina the wife of Gryphus prisoner who killed her sister and by her death did parentate to the Ghosts of his wife But Cleopatra in Egypt when she was offended that her Son Ptolomy was her companion in the Kingdom she excited the people against him and having taken from him his Wife Seleuce and so much the more unworthily because he had two children by her she compelled him to live a banished life having sent for her younger Son Alexander and crowned him King in the place of his Brother and being not content to have banished him out of the Kingdom she prosecuted a War against him in Cyprus and having driven him from thence also she killed the General of her own Army because he permitted him to escape alive out of his hands although Ptolomy being no wayes inferior to him in strength did willingly depart out of the Iland that he might not be engaged in a War against his own Mother Alexander being terrified with this cruelty of his Mother did also himself forsake her preferring a safe and quiet life above a dangerous Kingdom But Cleopatra fearing that her eldest Son Ptolomy should be assisted by Cyricaenus to be by him restored into Egypt did send great Ayds to Gryphus and Seleuce to be his wife who must now be espoused to the Enemy of her former husband and by Ambassadors called back Alexander her Son into the Kingdom whose life when by treachery she contrived to take away being prevented by him she was killed herself and yielded up her spirit not by fate but parricide Worthy she was of this infamy of death who drove her own Mother from the bed of her husband and possessed her room in it and successively made her two Daughters Widows after their alternate marriage with their own Brothers who banished one of them afterwards made war against him and having taken the Kingdom also from the other did endeavor to put him to death by treachery But Alexander had the leisure to repent of this horrible act for when ever it was known that the Mother was slain by the violence of the Son he was forced into banishment by the people and Ptolomy being called back the Kingdom was restored to him who would neither make War with his Mother nor take away by Arms from his brother what he himself did first possess Whiles these things were thus carryed his brother begotten on a Concubine to whom his Father in his Will did leave the Kingdom of Cyrene did decease having made the people of Rome his Heir for now the fortune of Rome being not content with the bounds of Italy did begin to extend it self to the Kingdoms of the East Therefore that part of Lybia was made a Province and afterwards Crete and Cilicia being subdued in the Piratick War were reduced into the form of a Province by which meanes the Kingdoms of Syria and Egypt being streightned by the Roman neighbourhood and accustomed heretofore to raise advantages to themselves by Wars with those who were next unto them the power of wandring abroad being taken away they turned their own strength into their own bowels insomuch that consuming themselves with daily encounters they grew into contempt with their neighbors and became a prey to the Nation of the Arabians but weak and contemptible before whose King Herotimus in the confidence of six hundred Sons begotten on divers Concubines with divided Armies did sometimes invade and plunder Egypt and sometimes Syria and advanced the name of the Arabians making it great by the weakness of the neighbouring Princes THE Fortyeth BOOK OF IVSTINE THe mutual hatreds of the Brothers and not long afterwards the enmity of the Sons succeeding the hatred of their Parents when both the Kings and Kingdom of Syria was consumed by an inexpiable War the people were enforced to seek forraign Ayd and began to look upon the Kings that were strangers to them Therefore when one part of them were of opinion that Mithridates should be sent for out of Pontus and another part thought that Ptolomy should be sent for out of Egypt it being advertised that Mithridates was involved in the Roman War and that Ptolomy was an Enemy unto Syria they all agreed upon Tigranes King of Armenia who was supplyed besides his own strength with the Society of the Parthians and the affinity of Mithridates Tigranes being therefore sent for into the Kingdom of Syria for the space of eighteen years most peaceably enjoyed the Kingdom neither did he provoke any by War neither being provoked did he conceive it necessary to make war against any other But as Syria was safe from the in vasion of Enemies so it was made desolate by an Earthquake in which one hundred and seventy thousand persons and many Cities were destroyed The South-sayers being consulted did make answer that this Prodigie did portend the change of affairs in the Kingdoms of the East Tigranes therefore being overcome by Lucullus Antiochus the Son of Cyricaenus was made King of Syria by him But what Lucullus gave Pompey afterwards did take away for he demanding the Kingdom of him he made answer That he would not make him King of Syria either desiring or refusing it having for the space of eighteen years during which Tigranes possessed Syria dishonourably concealed himself in a corner of Cilicia but Tigranes being overcome he now desired of the Romans the reward of another mans labour Therefore as he did not dispossess him of the Kingdom when he had it so because he gave way to Tigranes he would not grant him that which he could not defend least he should render Syria again obnoxious to the robberies of the Arabians and the Jewes He therefore reduced it into the form of a Province and thus by the discord of the
make sure work of it though the sword should pass even thorough his own body but fortune so disposing he was preserved and Magus slain The Magi being destroyed great was the glory which these Princes did obtain for the Kingdome restored but greater far was their glory in this that when they were in debate on a Successor they did so well agree upon it for they were so equal in vertue and nobility that the equality could hardly give an advantage to the people in the Election They therefore of themselves found out a way by which they might commit a triall of themselves both to Religion and to Fortune They did all agree that on an appointed morning they should on the break of day come every one on horseback before the Court and he whose horse was first heard to neigh before the rising of the Sun he should be King For the Persians do believe the Sun to be the only God and that horses are consecrated to him Darius the son of Hystaspes was one of their Associates who being desirous of the Kingdom the master of his horse assured him that if that were all which made the victory doubtful he should take no more care for it therefore on the night before the appointed day he brought a Mare to the same place and did let loose the horse unto her conceiving by eagerness to the Venereal pleasure that it would so fall out as indeed it did On the next day when they all met on the prefixed hour the horse of Darius the place being known unto him did presently neigh aloud out of his desire to the Mare and the other horses being dull and heavy did give a happy auspication to his Master So great was the moderation of the rest of the Nobility that this auspication being heard they rather leaped then alighted from their horses and saluted Darius King The people also following the approbation of the Princes did constitute him King Thus the Kingdom of the Persians being recovered by the vertue of seven of the most noble of the Princes in so short a space was conferred into the power of one It is altogether incredible to consider with what a pious gallantry this was done insomuch that they refused not to dye themselves to pluck the Kingdom from the Magi howsoever Darius besides his personableness and his vertue worthy of the Empire was of neer relation in blood to the ancient Kings therefore in the beginning of his Reign to confirm it with royal Nuptials he took to wife the daughter of Cyrus that so the Kingdom might not seem to be translated to a stranger but to be returned into the Family of Cyrus In process of time when the Assyrians revolced and had possessed themselves of Babylon and the King being in a passion by reason of the difficulty of the Siege Zopyrus one of the seven Confederates gave command that his body at his own house should be torn all over with rods and that his nose lips and ears should be cut off and in this posture he unexpectedly presented himself to the King Darius being amazed and demanding the cause of so foul and deformed a violence he softly informed him to what purpose it was done and prepar'd with counsel for the design he made haste to Babylon under the Title of a Renegado There he shewed unto the people his dismembred body He complained of the cruelty of the King by whom he was over-reach'd in his share of the Kingdom not by vertue but by auspice not by the judgment of men but by the neighing of a horse he adviseth them to take an example from his friends what his enemies must expect he exhorts them not to trust unto their wals more then to their arms and that they would suffer themselves to mannage the common war with fresh and doubled resolutions The nobility and vertue of the man was known to them all neither did they doubt of his fidelity having the wounds on his body and those marks of injury as the pledges of it He was therefore made Captain by the consent of all and once and again the Persians on purpose giving back he made with a small party successful encounters At last when the whole Army was committed to his charge he betrayed it to the King and reduced the whole City into his power After this Darius made war against the Scythians which shall be declared in the following volume The Second Book OF IVSTINE IN this relation of the atchievements of the Scythians which were of large extent and magnificence we must derive their Pedigree from their first original for they had beginnings as illustrious as was their Empire and were no less famous under the government of women then of men for the men did found the Kingdom of the Parthians and the Bactrians and the women did erect the kingdom of the Amazons if you consider the deeds done both by the men and women it will be uncertain to determine which of their Sexes were most famous The Nation of the Scythians was always esteemed to be of all most antient although for a long time there was a contention betwixt the Scythians and Egyptians concerning the Antiquity of their Nations The Egyptians alleadging that in the beginning of all things when other Lands did burn with the immoderate heat of the Sun or were frozen with the extremity of the cold so that they were not onely incapable to produce men but could neither receive or entertain any adventitious before habiliments for their bodies were found out to defend them from the violence of the heat or cold or the intractableness of the places were made more tolerable by remedies procured by Art Egypt was always so temperate that neither the heat of the Summer nor the cold of the Winter did oppress her inhabitants The soil was also so fruitful that no place did more abound with nourishment for the use of mankinde therefore it in reason may appear that men were first born there where they could most easily be brought up On the other side the Scythians conceived the temper of the Heavens to be an Argument of no force to prove Antiquity for when Nature did first distribute the beginings either of heat or cold unto Countries she straight way not onely produced creatures to endure the constitution of that Clime but divers kinds of Fruits and Trees aptly qualified and suitable to the condition of the Countries And by how much the Climate of the Scythians is more sharp then the Egyptians by so much their bodies and their understandings are more solid But if the world was ever entire in one piece as it is now divided into many or if in the beginning of things the deluge of waters did overwhelm the earth or if the fire which begot the world did possess all things the Scythians in every respect were most antient in their original for if the fire first possessed all things which by degrees being extinguished gave place unto the earth
there was no place that was sooner severed from the fire then the North by reason of the cold as to this day it is to be seen that no Clime is more stiffe with Winter but Egypt and all the East received long afterwards their temper seeing it doth still burn with the violent heat of the Sun On the other side if all Lands were heretofore drowned in the Deeps no doubt but every highest part the waters flowing down was first uncovered and that the water stayed for a long time in the lower Countries and the sooner that any part of the earth became dry before the other the sooner it began to bring forth creatures But Scythia is so high in her situation above all other Lands that all Rivers which have their beginnings there do flow down first unto the Maeotick then into the Pontick and afterwards into the Egyptian Sea but Egypt whose fences have been made at the care and charges of such great Kings and so many ages and provided with so many Banks against the force of the falling Rivers and cut into so many Ditches that when the waters are drayned from one place they are received into another and yet for all this cannot be inhabited unless Nilus too be excluded cannot appear to pretend to any antiquity which both by the exaggeration either of her Kings and of Nilus drawing so much mud after it doth seem of all Lands to be the last inhabited The Egyptians being overcome with these Arguments the Scythians were always esteemed the more Antient. Scythia being stretch'd forwards towards the East is inclos'd on one side with Pontus and on the other with the Riphaean mountains on the back of us with Asia and the River Phaesis The men have no limits to their possessions they Till not the ground nor have any house or shelter or place of residence being accustomed to wander through waste and unfrequented places as they drive and feed their Cattel they carry their wives and children with them in Waggons Which being covered with the Hides of Beasts to defend them from the showers and tempests they do use in the stead of houses The Justice of the Nation is more beautified by the simplicity of their conversation then by their Laws There is no crime amongst them more capitall then theft for having flocks and droves without any house or fence what would be safe amongst them if it were lawful for them to steal they despise gold and silver as much as other men do covet it They feed on milk and honey The use of Wool and of Apparel is unknown unto them and because they are pinched with continual cold they are cloathed with the skins of wild beasts great and smal This their continence hath endued them with such a righteousness of conversation that they covet not any thing which is their neighbours for there is the desire of riches where is the use of it and it were to be wished that in other men there were the like moderation and abstinence surely not so many wars should be continued through all Ages almost over all Lands neither should the sword devour more men then the natural condition of Fate It is wonderful indeed that Nature hath granted that to these which the Grecians could not attain unto by the repeated Instructions of their wise men and the Precepts of their Philosophers and that their refined Manners should stoop in the comparison to unrefined Barbarism so much the ignorance of vices hath profited more in them then doth in others the knowledge of vertue The Scythians thrice attempted the chief command of Asia they themselves did always remain either untouched or unconquered by the forces of others by a shamefull flight they removed from Scythia Darius King of the Persians They destroyed Cyrus with all his Army and in the same manner they overthrew Zopyron one of the Commanders of Alexander the Great with all his power They heard of but not felt the arms of the Romans They erected the Parthian and Bactrian Kingdoms a Nation proud of war and labor The strength of their bodies is great they lay up nothing which they are afraid to lose and where they are Conquerors they desire nothing but glory Vexores King of Aegypt was the first that made war upon the Scythians having first by Ambassadors sent a Summons to them to obey him But the Scythians being before advertised by their Neighbours of the coming of the King made answer We wonder that the Commander of so rich a People should so foolishly make war against poor men having more reason to look to his affairs at home for here the event of the war is uncertain the rewards of the Conquest are none and the losses are apparent therefore they would not attend till he should come to them when in so great and rich an enemy there was more by them to be expected and therefore of their own accord they were resolved to meet him Their deeds did jump and overtake their words and the King understanding that they marched towards him with so much speed he turned his back upon them and his Army with all the Bag and Baggage being left behind he timorously escaped into his Kingdom The Marshes did hinder the Scythians from the pursuit Being returned from thence they subdued Asia and made it tributary a small tribute being imposed rather to shew their titular Command then for any reward of their victory Having stayed fifteen yeers in establishing the affairs of Asia they were called back by the importunity of their wives it being assured them by their Ambassadors that unless they did return with more speed they would seek for issue from their Neighbours nor ever suffer through their default that the Nations of the Scythians should have no name in posterity Asia was tributary to the Scythians for the space of one thousand and five hundred yeers Ninus King of the Assyrians did put a period to the tribute But in this interval of time two young men of royall blood amongst the Scythians Plinos and Scolopythus being driven from their own Countrey by the faction of the Nobility did draw with them a gallant and numerous train of young men and sitting down in the coast of Cappadocia neer unto the River of Thermodoon they did inhabite the Themiscyrian Plains which they had conquered to obedience Being unaccustomed there for the space of many yeers to plunder their Neighbours they were at last slain through treachery by the conspiracy of the people Their wives when they observed their punishment to be without children to be added to their banishment did put on arms and first by removing and afterwards by commencing wars they did defend their own Territories They also did forbear the desire of marriage with their Neighbours calling iâ— slavery not Matrimony a singular example to Posterity They did increase their Common-wealth without men at the same time when they did desend themselves with the contempt of them And lest some
for that they sought to increase their own power not by the strength but by the weakening of their Associates Being dismissed to Athens he was received by the Citizens as if Sparta had been triumphed over After this the Spartans that their Army might not be corrupted with sloth and to revenge the War which the Persians had made on their City and on Greece did of their own accord make incursions into and plundred the Confines of Persia They chose Pausanias to be General both for their own Army and the Army of their Associates who for his Conduct affected the whole Kingdom of Greece and contracted with Xerxes for the marriage of his daughter a reward of his treachery to which purpose he restored the prisoners that by some benefit he might oblige to him the belief of the King He also wrote to Xerxes that whatsoever Messengers he sent unto him he should put them to death lest the negotiation betwixt them should be betrayed by their tongues but Aristides the Captain of the Athenians being chosen his Companion in the War by crossing the designs of his Colleague and wisely providing for the imminent danger did find out the Treason and not long after Pausanias being accused was condemned Xerxes when he found the plot discovered made War again upon the Grecians who elected for their Captain Cimon the Athenian the Son of Miltiades a young Gentleman the example of whose piety did declare his greatness to come for to give him Funerall Rites he redeemed the body of his Father out of prison where he dyed being accused to have purloined from the publike Treasury and took the Bonds upon himself neither did he deceive in war the expectation of his Friends for being not inferiour to the valour of his Father he enforced Xerxes to fly back with fear into his Kingdom being overcome both by Sea and Land THE THIRD BOOK OF IVSTINE XErxes the King of the Persians the terror before of the Nations the wars being unfortunately mannaged abroad began at last to be despised at home for the Majesty of the King daily diminishing his Lieutenant Artabanus having flattered himself with the hope of the Kingdom did come in an evening with seven sons he had into the Court which by the interest of friendship lay always open to him where having slain the King he by policy did attempt to take away his sons who opposed his desire and not mistrusting Artaxerxes being very young he reported that the King was slain by his own Son Darius that he might the sooner enjoy the Kingdom He perswaded Artaxerxes by Parricide to revenge Parricide and coming to the house of Darius being asleep they killed him as if being guilty he had counâ—erâ—eâ—ted sleep on purpose After this when Artabanus saw that one of the Royall Issue was yet remaining and did out-live his villany and withall feared the contention of the Nobility concerning the possession of the Kingdom he assumed Baccabassus to be a partner of his coâ—nsells who being contented with his present condition did reveal to Artaxerxes how his Father was slain and his Brother murdered upon a false suspicion of Parricide and that Treason was plotted against himself This being understood Artaxerxes fearring the number of the sons of Artabanus did command that his Army should be mustered on the next day that he might take into his observation the number of his souldiers and their particular industry and experience in their exercise of Arms Therefore when amongst the rest Artabanus was present and in Arms the King dissembled that his Coat of Mayl was not fit for him and desired Artabanus to make an exchange who being busie to disarm himself and unprepared for defence the King did run him through with his sword After this he commanded the sons of Artabanus to be apprehended and at once this excellent young man did revenge the slaughter of his Father the death of his Brother and delivered himself from treachery Whiles these things were thus carried in Persia all Greece being divided into two parts by the Lacedemonians and Athenians they from Forraign Wars did convert their Swords into their own bowels Therefore of one people there were constituted two bodies and men heretofore of one and the same Camp were now divided into two hostile Armies The Lacedemonians did draw to their party the common Auxiliaries heretofore of both Cities but the Athenians being as renowned for their Antiquity as their Acts did trust in their own strength and so these two most powerful people of Greece equal by the Institutions of Solon and the Laws of Lycurgus did throw themselves into a War through the emulation of greatness Lycurgus when he succeeded his brother Polybites King of Sparta and could challenge the Kingdom for himself did with great fidelity restore it to his son Charilaus born after his Fathers death when he came unto age to give an example to Posterity how much the Rights of Piety amongst all good men should prevail above the temptation of riches therefore in the Parenthesis of time whiles the Infant grew up he being his protector made Laws for the Spartans Laws not more famous for their justice then for the example of the Law-giver for he ordained nothing in any Law for others of which he first of all had not made a rule of it in himself He confirmed the people in their obedience to their Governors and the Governors to Justice in the execution of their places of Command He perswaded parsimony to all believing that the labors of the war would be more easie by the daily exercise of frugality he commanded all things to be bought not with money but with exchange of wares he took away the use of Gold and Silver as the occasion of all wickedness he divided the administration of the Common-wealth by orders he gave to their Kings the power of the Wars to the Magistrates the Seats of Judgement and annuall Successions to the Senate the Custody of the Laws to the People the substituting of the Senate and the power of creating such Magistrates whom they pleased he made an equal division of Land to all that their Patrimonies being alike no man might be made more powerful then his Neighbour he commanded all men to keep their feasts in publike that no mans riches or his luxury should be concealed It was permitted to young men to wear but one suit of Apparel during the space of one whole year and that no man should be clothed better then another nor feast more voluptuously lest the imitation should be turned into luxury He instituted that the boys at fourteen years of age should not be brought up in the City but in the field that they might lay forth their first yeers not in riot but in labour They were permitted neither bed nor pillows to lie upon nor to eat any warm things nor to return into the City untill they were at mans estate He ordained that the Virgins should be married without portions He
Successor who being taken away by an untimely death did make Europus a little child his Heir At this time the Macedonians had daily wars with the Thracians and Illyrians by whose Armes being hardned as with a daily exercise they became a terror to their neighbours by the glory of their atchievements The Illyrians contemning the Infancy of their King did make war upon the Macedons who being overcome in the battel the little Infant their King was brought forth in his Cradle and placed in the front of their Army whereupon they renewed the encounter with greater violence for they were beaten they conceived before because in the fight they had not with them the auspicious presence of their King and should now overcome because out of a superstition they were possessed with a confidence that they should be Conquerors the compassion also on their Infant Prince did leave an impression on them whom if they were overcome they should make him of a King a Captive The battels therefore being joyned with a great slaughter they overthrew the Illyrians and made it apparent to their Enemies that in the former encounter the Macedons wanted not courage but a King Amyntas succeeded him famous by his own vertue but more renowned by the excellent endowments of Alexander his Son in whose nature the ornaments of all vertues were so extant that in the various exercisâ— of sports he contended at the Olympian Games In the mean time Darius King of the Persians being routed and making haste out of Scythia in a dishonourable flight least he should grow every-where contemptible by his loss he sent Megabazus with a part of his Army to subdue Thrace and the other Kingdoms adjacent to it in which number was Macedonia a place then accounted so poor that it was hardly worth looking after In obedience to the Kings command Megabazus not long after sent Ambassadors to Amyntas King of the Macedons demanding that pledges might be given to him as an earnest of the peace to come The Ambassadors being bountifully entertained in the height of the banquet and of wine required of Amyntas that to the magnificence of the Feast they would add the priviledges of Familiarity and send for their sons their wives and daughters which amongst the Persians is the pledge and assurance of entertainment Who when they came the Persians handling the Ladies with too petulant a wantonness Alexander the son of Amyntas desired his Father in respect of his age and gravity that he would be pleased to depart from the Feast promising that he would try the jests and frolicks of his Guests His father being gone he not long after called all the women from the Banquet in a pretence to dress them finer and to return them more acceptable to them In their places he brings in young men disguised in the apparrel of Matrons and commands them to chastise the wantonness of the Ambassadors with the swords which they carried under their garments And thus all of them being slain Megabazus being ignorant of the event and seeing they returned not did command Bubaris thither with a part of his Army onely as into a poor and easie war scorning to go himself least he should be dishonoured to make war in his own person with so contemptible a Nation But Bubaris before the war being inflamed with the love of the daughter of Amyntas instead of making wars did make a marriage and all hostility being layd aside he entred into the obligations of affinity After the departure of Bubaris from Macedonia Amyntas the King deceased to whose son and Successor Alexander the consanguinity with Bubaris not onely procured peace in the time of Darius but confirmed Xerxes to him insomuch that he endued him with the command of the whole Countrey between the Hills of Olympus and Haemus when like a Tempest he invaded Greece But Amyntas increased his Kingdom as well by his own valour as by the liberality of the Persians By order of succession the Kingdom of Macedonia came afterwards to Amyntas the son of his brother Menelaus he also was famous for his industry and accomplished with all royal vertues He begat three sons of his first wife Eurydice Alexander Perdicas and Philip the Father of Alexander the Great and a daughter called Euryone and on his second wife Cygaea Archelaus Aridaeus and Menelaus He made great war first with the Olynthians and afterwards with the Illyrians and had lost his life by the treason of his wife Eurydice who contracting a marriage with her son in-law had undertaken to kill her husband and to deliver the Kingdom unto her adulteror which had taken effect if her daughter had not betrayed the loosness of the Mother and the counsels of her wickedness The old man deliverd from so many dangers deceased the Kingdom being left to Alexander the eldest of his Sons Alexander in the beginning of his reign bought his peace of the Illyrians a sum of moneys being agreed upon and his Brother Philip being given them as a pledge in the process of time he made peace with the Thebans having given the same pledge unto them which conduced much to the growing fortunes of Philip by the advantage of his education for being three yeers a pledge at Thebes he received the first rudiments of his youth in a City of ancient severity and in the house of Epaminondas who was as great a Philosopher as a General Not long after Alexander being assaulted by the treason of his Mother Euridice was slain his Father had pardoned her before being guilty of contriving his death in relation to the children he had by her not thinking she would prove so pernicious unto them His brother Perdicas did also lose his life being killed by the treasonable plotting of his mother A most unworthy thing it was that the children should be deprived of their lives by their mother for her lust the consideration of whom had before protected her from the punishment due unto her for her wickedness This murther of Perdicas seemed the more grievous because the little son whom he left could not prevail upon her cruelty to take compassion of him Philip a long time did deport himself not as a King but as a Guardian to the Infant But when great wars did threaten the Kingdom and that the help would be too late in the expectation of the Infant he took upon him the Government of the Kingdom being compell'd unto it by the people In the beginning of his reign the hopes were great that were conceived of him both for his wit which promised him to prove a great man and for the ancient fates of Macedon which sang that one of the sons of Amyntas being King the state of that Kingdom should be most flourishing And this was the man who was preserved from the wickedness of his mother to make good the hopes of the people and to justifie the Oracle When on one side the most unworthy murder of his brothers on the other side the
of sacriledge in a hostile manner he seized upon those Cities of which but immediately before he was Protector those Cities which sought under his conduct those Cities which gratulated both him and themselves for the victory they had obtained he in a scornful manner sold not long afterward both the wives and children of them all he spared not the Temples nor the consecrated houses nor the publick nor the private gods whom not long before he adored Insomuch that he seemed not to be the Revenger of sacriledge but to grant a liberty for sacriledges After this as if he had done admirably well he marched into Cappadocia where having mannaged the war with the like perfidiousness and the neighbouring Kings being taken and slain by treachery he joyned the whole Country of Cappadocia to the Kingdom of the Macedons After this to take away the infamy of envie with which at that present he laboured above other men he sent several persons through several Kingdoms and most flourishing Cities to plant a belief that King Philip had laid up a great bank of money for the erecting of new walls through the Cities and for the building of Fanes and Temples and made Proclamations by Heralds to the end that work-men might come in to undertake the building who when they came to Macedonia being frustrated by long delayes they departed home in silence fearing the anger of the King After this he invaded the Olynthians who after his slaughter of one of his brothers did in compassion entertain the two other whom Philip resolved to put to death pretending they desired to partake with him in the Kingdom being the children of his mother-in-law for this onely cause he utterly destroyed this ancient and noble City and his brothers being delivered to their destined destruction he enjoyed a great booty together with the desires of his paricide After this as if all things were lawful which he had a mind to do he seized upon the golden Mines in Thessaly and on the silver Mines in Thrace and that he might leave nothing inviolated he at last resolved to exercise Pyracies on the Seas These things in this manner mannaged it came to pass that the two brothers of the King of Thrace did make choyce of him as an Arbitrator of their differences not out of any contemplation of his justice but both of them fearing least by his assistance he should add more strength and quite over-ballance the cause and power of the other But Philip according to the versatilness of his wit did come with a gallant Army the two brothers unsuspecting it not as an Arbitrator but a General and deprived them both of the Kingdom by force not like a Judge but as a Theif and a plunderer While those thing were in agitation the Athenians sent Ambassadors to him to desire a peace who having had audience he sent himself Ambassadors to Athens with the condition of it and a peace was concluded for the advantage of them both There came also Ambassadors from the other Cities of Greece not so much for the love of peace as for the sears of war for the fire of their rage being not to be extinguished but by blood the Thebans and Boetians did desire that he would vouchsafe to profess himself to be the General of Greece against the Phocensians being possessed with so great a hatred against the Phocensians that forgetful of their own ruine they desired rather to perish themselves then not to destroy them and to endure the known cruelty of Philip then to pardon their Enemies The Ambassadors of the Phocensians on the other side the Lacedemonians and Athenians being joyned with them did crave that the war might not proceed this being the third time that they bought with moneys a forbearance of it A vile thing it was and shameful to behold that Greece being at that time the mistress of the world both in strength and dignity and alwaies the Conqueress of Kings and Nations and at that time the Commandress of so many Cities should humble her self at the doors of a stranger and either craving or deprecating war should put all her hope in the assistance of another The Revengers of the world were brought so low by their own discords and by civil wars that of their own accord they flattered a sordid part not long before of their own clientry and this especially was done by the Thebans and the Lacedemonians before emulous which of them both should enjoy the absolute command of Greece as Greece at this present would have the command of them Philip in these dissentions for the ostentation of his glory did ride as it were in triumph over the tops of so great Cities and did deliberate with himself which part was most worthy of him Having given audience in private to the Ambassadors on both sides to the one side he did promise the forbearance of the war having obliged them by an Oath not to divulge his answer unto the others he gave assurance that he suddenly and powerfully would assist them he commanded both either to prepare for war or to fear it and thus with a double answer both sides being secure he seized upon the straights of Thermophylae Then the Phocensians finding themselves circumvented by the treachery of Philip had their recourse to Arms but they had not the leisure to prepare an Army nor to draw unto them any Auxiliaries and Philip threatned utterly to destroy them if they would not surrender themselves unto him But there was no more trust in his composition then there was in his promise that the war should be forborn They were therefore everywhere put to slaughter and violated the Children were pluck'd from their Parents the Wives from their Husbands and the Images of the gods were not safe nor left in their own Temples This was all the miserable comfort that they enjoyed that when Philip had defrauded his Associates in the distribution of the booty and ingrossed it all to himself they could finde nothing of their own goods amongst their Enemies Being returned into his Kingdom he drove Cities and People as Shepherds do their Flocks sometimes into their Summer and sometimes into their Winter Pastures He translated every place according to his own pleasure as he would have them peopled or left desolate lamentable was the face of all things and like unto an utter ruine There was no fear of any invasion of the Enemy no running about of the Souldiers in the streets no tumult of Arms no plundering of goods nor forcing men into Captivity but a silent grief and sadness did possess them and a fear that even the very tears in their eyes should be censur'd for delinquency Their griefs did increase in their counterfeiting and in their concealing of them sinking so much the deeper by how much they were the less seen to express them Sometimes they revolved in their mindes the Sepulchers of their Anceâ—â—â—rs sometimes their old houshold gods sometimes their own houses in
which they begot their children and in which they were begot themselves Sometimes they lamented their own misfortune that they lived to see that day sometimes the misfortune of their children that they were not born after it Philip in the mean time did remove some of them into the frontier Garrisons and set them before the faces of their Enemies others he did dispose of into the farthest bounds of his Kingdom Some whom he had taken Prisoners in the war he reserved at home to supply his Cities and so out of many Countreys and Nations he constituted one Kingdom and People The affairs of Macedonia being set in order he became master of the Dardanians and other neighbouring places taken by deceit neither did he abstain from those who were most neer unto him for he determined to drive Arymbas out of his Kingdom who was King of Epirus and in the neerest consanguinity obliged to his wife Olympias and for this purpose he sent for Alexander the brother of his wife Olympias a boy of a sweet and lovely countenance to come in his sisters name to Macedonia and with all his art having sollicited him into the hope of his Fathers Kingdom dissembling his lust he enforced him to grant him the unlawful use of his body thinking that he would be more obsequious to him either through this familiarity of unlawful love or through the benefit of the Kingdom therefore when he arrived to the age of twenty yeers he took the Kingdom from Arymbas and gave it unto him being unrighteous in both for that he observed not the rights of consanguinity in him f om whom he took the Kingdom and that he made him his prostitute before he made him a King unto whom he gave it THE NINTH BOOK OF IVSTINE WHen Philip had advanced into Greece sollicited by the plundering of a few Cities and finding by their riches how great was the wealth of them all he intended to make war upon all Greece and thinking that if he could be master of Bizantium a famous Sea-Town iâ— would much conduce to his affairs it being a gallant reserve both by Sea and Land he layd a fiege unto it shutting her Gates against him This City was first builded by Pausanias King of the Sparians and possessed by him for thâ— space of seven yeers Afterwards by the several inclinations of Victory it was sometimes in the power of the Lacedemonians and sometimes of the Athenians which uncertain possession was the cause that neither of them either helping it or owning it as their own she did more constantly maintain her liberty Philip therefore being weary and his stock exhausted with the long delay of the siege made use of Piracy for the purchase of moneys and having taken one hundred and seventy ships he refreshed his Army distracted and languishing through want And that so great a power might not be held in a Leagueâ— before one Town taking with him the most valiant of them he besieâ—ed many Cities of the Châ—â—sonesians and sent for his son Alexander being then eighteen yeers of age to come unto him that he might learn under him the first rudiments of the War He marched also into Scythia to see what plunder he could get there and like a Merchant he maintained one war by the profits of another At that time Matthaeas was King of the Scythians who being oppressed by the war of the I strians did desire the assistance of Philip by the Apollonians promising to adopt him into the succession of the Kingdom of Scythia In the mean time the King of the I strians dying delivered the Scythians both from the fear of the war and the need of assistance Therefore Matthaeas having dismissed the Macedonians commanded them to acquaint Philip that he neither desired his ayd nor did intend his adoption for the Scythians he said did not need the revenge of the Macedonians being better men then themselves neither his Son being alive did he want an 〈◊〉 This being understood Philip sent Ambassadors to Matthaeas desiring of him to lend him some moneys towards the charge of the fiege least through want he should be enforced to forsake the war which the more reâ—dily he said he ought to do because he paid not the souldiers whom he sent unto his ayd who received nothing for their service nor for the charges of their march in the way Matthaeas excusing himself by reason of the unkindness of the heaven the barrenness of the earth that neither inriched the Scythians with Patrimonies nor allowed them sustenance made answer that he had no wealth wherewith to satisfie so great a King and therefore it were more honourable for him to deny him altogether then to contribute but a little to him the Scythians he said were esteemed not by their wealth but by the vertues of their minde by the strength and hardness of their bodies Philip finding himself deâ—ided having raised the fiege before Byzantium did advance against the Scythians who to make them the more secure did send Ambassadors to enform Matthaeas that when he besieged Byzantium he had vowed a Statue to Hercules and that he now came to erect it at the mouth of the River of Ister he therefore desired that coming as a friend to the Scythians he might be allowed a peaceable entrance to perform his religion to his god Matthaeas made answer that if he would perform his vowes he should send the Effigies unto him and promised that it should not onely be erected accordingly as he desired but that it should stand inviolated He sent him word that he could not give way that his Army should enter into his Dominions and if he should erect any Statue the Scythians being unwilling he would pull it down again when he was departed and convert the brass of the Statue into heads for arrows With these passages the minds of both being much exasperated the battel was begun The Scythians excell'd in vertue and valor howsoever they were overcome by the policy of Philip. There were taken twenty thousand women and children and a vast booty of Cattel but of gold and silver nothing at all And although it were before reported it was at this time first of all believed how poor the Scythians were Twenty thousand of their Mares of a brave race were sent into Macedonia for breed But the Triballians did meet with Philip on his return from Scythia they denied to give him passage unless they received part of the prey From hence began the quarrel and by and by the fight in which Philip was so sorely wounded in his thigh that through his body his horse was killed when all conceived him to be slain the booty was all lost therefore the devoted spoyls of the Sythians were to be lamented rather than enjoyed by the Macedons as soon as he began to recover of his wound he brought upon the Athenians his long dissembled war to whose cause the Thebans did joyn themselves fearing least the Athenians being overcome
whom they heard to be slain but from the heirs of the King and what by them was committed was not so much by the guilt of treachery as by the provocation of cruelty for which already they had endured grievous punishments their youth being overthrown there remained onely he said a company of old men and women who were as weak as they were harmless and were so vex'd with adulteries and reproaches that they never endured any thing more grievous he intreated not he said for the Citizens who were so few but for the innocent ground of his Country and for the City which had not onely brought forth men but gods He supestitiously conjured the King by the remembrance of Hercules who was born amongst them and from whom the Nation of the Aeacidans did derive their Original that he would forbear all further execution He besought his father Philip having had his education in that City that he would vouchsafe to spare it it being the City which adored some of his Ancestors being born gods amongst them and which saw others who being there brought up were Kings of the supreamest dignity But anger was more powerful then prayer the City therefore was levell'd to the ground the Fields were divided amongst the Conquerors the Captives were sold whose prizes were set not for the profit of the Buyers but at the rate of the hatred of the Enemy Their sad condition was lamented by the Athenians who opened their Gates to receive them against the mandate of the King which Alexander took so grievously that the Athenians by a second Ambassy beseeching him to forbear the war he did remit it on that condition that their Orators and Captains by whose confidence they so often had rebelled might be delivered to him into so great a strait the Athenians were brought that rather then undergo the war their Orators being retained their Captains were sent into banishment who immediately going to Darius were of no small moment in the Army of the Persians Alexander being now wholy design'd on the Persian war did put to death those kindred of his step-mothers whom Philip advancing to the places of highest dignity had set over the Kingdom neither was he more indulgent to those who were more neer unto him if they nourished aspiring thoughts and were fit for Government that no occasion of sedition might call him back being imployed in his war in Asia he took into the war those Pensioners of the King with him the abilities of whose understandings were more eminent then their fellows leaving those who were of any age and gravity behind him for the defence of his Kingdom After this having drawn his Army all into one Body he speedily embarked them and being come into the sight of Asia being inflamed with an incredible ardor of spirit he erected twelve Altars where he made his vowes to the gods of war He divided all the Patrimony which he had in Macedonia and in Europe amongst his friends alledging that Asia was sufficient for himself And before that any of his ships put forth to Sea he offered sacrifices desiring Victory in this war in which he was to be the Revenger of Greece so often invaded by the Persians whose Empire was great old and over-ripe it being now high time that it should receive others by turns who could do better Neither were the presageful resolutions of his Army less then his own for all of them forgetting their wives and children and the war that was to be mannaged so far from their own Country did propound unto themselves the Persian Gold and the Riches of all the East as already their own booty when they drew neer unto the Continent Alexander first of all did throw a dart as into the hostile Laâ—d and in his Armor leaping on the shoar and valting aloft did cut a fine caper or two he there offered sacrifices praying that those Countries would not unwillingly receive him their King In Ilium also he did parentate to the Tombs of those who fell in the Trojan war advancing afterwards towards the Enemy he caused a Proclamation to be published forbidding his Souldiers to plunder alledging that they must spare their own goods nor destroy those things which they came to possess In his Army there were two and thirty thousand foot and four thousand and five hundred horse and a Fleet consisting of one hundred and fourscore and two ships With this so inconsiderable an Army it is hard to say whether he more wonderfully overcame all the World or that he durst undertake to do it especially when to so dangerous a war he chose not an Army of robustious men or in the first flower of their youth but old Souldiers and some who by the Laws of war were to be dismissed by reason of their Age and who had served in the wars of his Father and his Grandfather that you would have taken them to be selected masters of the war rather then Souldiers neither in the first files or ranks was any a leading man who was not threescore yeers of age insomuch that had you beheld the order of their Camp you would have said that you had seen a Senate of some ancient Commonwealth Therefore in the battel no man thought of flight but of Victory neither did they put any hope in the nimbleness of their feet but in the strength of their Arms. On the other side Darius King of the Persians in the confidence of his strength affirmed that nothing was to be done by circumvention and that the close counsel of a stollen Victory was not suitable to his greatness He thought it more honourable to drive back the war then not to admit it and not to prohibite the Enemy into his Confines but to receive him into his Kingdom The first battel was in the Plain of Adrastum where there being six hundred thousand in the Army of the Persians they were put to flight being overcome as much by the policy of Alexander as by the courage of the Macedons great was the slaughter of the Persians in the Army of Alexander there were slain but nine foot-men and one hundred and twenty horse whom for the encouragement of their fellows the King caused to be honourably enterred and commanded Statues to be cut for them as for some memorable Commanders and gave priviledges of immunity to all their kindred After this victory the greater part of Asia did submit unto him He also made many wars with the Lieutenants of Darius whom he overcame not so much by arms as by the terror of his Name Whiles those things were thus managed he understood by one of his Captives that a treason was plotted against him by Alexander of Lynceste the Son-in-law of Antipater who was the Kings Lieutenant in Macedonia and fearing that if he should put him to death it might occasion some tumult in Macedonia he onely confined him to Imprisonment and Bonds After this he advanced to the City of Gordium which is situated
Hercules But remembrâ—ing that Darius was yet alive he commanded Parmenio to seize upon the Persian Fleet and sent some others of his friends to take possession of some Cities in Asia which the fame of his Victory being understood came presently into the hands of the Conquerors the Lieutenants of Darius delivering themselves with vast sums of gold unto them After this he advanced into Syria where many Kings of the East with Fillets and Miters did meet him of whom some he received into the society of his friendship according to their merits and from others he took their Kingdom new Kings being chosen in their places Amongst others A'bdolominus chosen King of Sidonia by Alexander was remarkable who living but miserably before all his imployment being either to scoure ditches or to water gardens was ordained King by him the Nobility of that Kingdom being rejected least they should impute their royalty to their birth and not to the benefit of the giver When the City of Tyre had sent to Alexander by their Ambassadors a Crown of gold of great weight in the pretence of gratulation the gift being gratefully accepted Alexander did declare unto them that he would repair himself unto Tyre to pay his vows to Hercules the Ambassadors replying that he should perform that better in the old Town of Tyre and in the more ancient Church desiring withal that he would forbear to enter into their new City Alexander was so incensed at it that he threatned utterly to destroy their City and immediately drawing his Army to the Iland he was not less resolutely received by the Tyrians through the confidence they had of being assisted by the Carthaginians The example also of Dido did confirm them in their resolution who Carthage being builded were masters of the third part of the World thinking it dishonourable if their women had more resolution to subdue forreign Kingdoms then they had to defend their own liberty Those therefore who were unfit for the service of the war being removed to Carthage and the ayd of that City desired to be hastned they were not long after taken by treachery After this he took Rhodes Aegypt and Cilicia upon composition and was resolved to go to Jupiter-Hammon to ask counsel of him concerning the event of things to come and concerning his own Original for his mother Olympias had confessed to his Father Philip that Alexander was not begotten by him but by a serpent of a vast extent and bulk And Philip not long before his death did openly confess that Alexander was not his Son and caused Olympias to be divorced from him as being guilty of incontinence Alexander therefore desiring to know the divinity of his Original and to deliver his Mother from Infamy did send some before him to suborn the Priests what answers they should give unto him Entring into the Temple the Priests immediately did salure him as the Son of Ammon He being joyful of this his adoption by the God did command that he should be esteemed as his Father After this he demanded whether he had taken full revenge on all the Murtherers of his Father It was answered That his Father could neither be killed nor die but the revenge for King Philip was fully performed After this having propounded a third demand unto them It was answered That both Victory in all wars and the possession of all Lands was granted to him His Companions also were enjoyned by the Priests to worship him as a God and not as a King From hence he was possessed with a strange insolence and a wonderful pride of minde being altogether estranged from that familiarity which he had learned by the letters of the Grecians and the Institutions of the Macedons being returned from Hammon he builded Alexandria and commanded that a Colâ—ny of the Macedons should be the chief Seat of Aegypt Darius flying to Babylon desired Alexander by letters that he might have the liberty to redeem the Captive Ladies and promised him a vaste sum of money But Alexander returned answer That to redeem those Captives he must not onely have his money but all his Empire Not long after Darius did write again to Alexander and in his letter he offered him the marriage of his Daughter and a great part of the Empire but Alexander did write back unto him that he gave him but that which was his own before and commanded him to come as a Suppliant to him and to permit the Conqueror to dispose of the Kingdom at his own pleasure Wherefore having abandoned all hope of peace Darius did prepare again for the war and advanced against Alexander with four hundred thousand foot and one hundred thousand horse In his march he was enformed that his Wife was dead in her extremity of pain by an abortive birth and that Alexander did lament her death and assisted at her burial which civilities he used towards her not out of the heat of vain love but the obligations of humanity for he was assured that Alexander did never see her but once when he oftentimes repaired to comfort his Mother and his Daughters Darius then confessing that he was truly conquered when after so many battels his Enemy in courtesies did overcome him and that it should not be altogether unpleasing to him if he could not be victorious especially when he was conquered by such an Enemy did write the third time unto Alexander and gave him thanks for his civil respects unto his Family and offered him his other Daughter to Wife and the greater part of his Kingdom even to the River of Euphrates and thirty thousand talents for the other Captives Alexander returned answer That the giving thanks of an Enemy was superflucus neither had he done any thing in flattoâ—y of him or in the distrust of the event of the war or to complement for conditions of peace but out of the greatness of his minde by which he had learned to contend against the Forces but not the calamities of his Enemies He promised that he would allow the same Grants to Darius if he would be his Second and not his Equal But as the World could not be governed by two Suns no more could it endure the Government of two such great Empires in a safe condition Therefore he should come he said and make a surrender of himself on that present day or prepare for the battel on the next nor promise to himself any other fortune then of what before he had the experience On the next day their Armies stood both in battel-array Immediately before the fight began a deep sleep invaded Alexander possessed with too much care who being onely wanting in the battel he was with much ado awakned by Parmenio All men demanding the cause of so sound asleep in such apparent danger when in his greatest leisures he was alwayes moderate of it He made answer that being delivered from a great sear the suddenness of his security was the occasion of it for he might now fight
unpeopled City on the other side of Euphrates He was there importuned by Anaxarchus the Philosopher to despise again the presages of the Magicians as things false and uncertain and unknown to men if proceeding from the Fates or if from Nature not to be prevented Being returned therefore to Babylon after the leisures of many days he again prepared a solemn Feast which sometimes before he had intermitted where having devoted himself altogether to mirth in the excess of drinking he added night unto the day Thessalius Medius afterwards to a new Bower did invite both him and his Companions having taken the Cup into his hand in the middle of his draught he groaned as if he had been struck through with a sword and being carryed half dead from the Banquet he was tormented with so great a pain that to free himself of it he demanded for a sword and his body became so extreamly tender that he complained at the touches of his friends as if he had received so many wounds His friends divulged the cause of his disease to be a distemper by the excess of wine when indeed it was treason the infamy whereof the powerfulness of his Successors did suppress The Authour of the Treason was Antipater who when he beheld the dearest of his friends commanded to death his Son-in-law Alexander Lycestos slain and himself having done considerable service in Greece not respected only but also made distastful to the King and morever accused by his Mother Olympias for divers insolencies when he considered also some few daies before what were the punishments which the Lieutenants of the conquered Nations too cruelly indured and conjectured that he himself was called out of Macedonia not to the society of the war but to be a partaker of their punishment therefore to make sure work with the King he with poyson suborn'd his Son Cassander who with his brother Philip and Jolla were accustomed to minister unto him So great was the strength of this poyson that it could not be contained either in Iron or in Brass or in any shell and could no way be carryed but in the hoof of an horse Cassander was instructed that he should not commit the trust of it unto any but to Thessalus and his brothers For this cause therefore the Feast was prepared and renewed in the house of Thessalus Philip and Jollas who were accustomed to take an assay of the Kings Cup had the poyson ready in cold water and having tasted of the wine they put the poyson afterwards into it Four days afterwards Alexander finding that death undoubtedly was approaching he said that he acknowledged the fate of the Family of his Ancestors most of the Aeacidans dying about the thirtieth yeer of their age After this he pacified the Souldiers growing into tumults and suspecting that he perished by treason and being brought into the highest and the most conspicuous place of the City he did admit them all into his presence and gave them his right hand to kiss When they all wept he was seen to be not onely without tears himself but without the least show of a troubled minde and comforted some who impatiently did lament he gave to others his instructions to deliver from him to their Parents so invincible was his courage now against death as it was before against his Enemies The Souldiers being dismissed he demanded of his friends who stood round about him if they thought they should finde another King that was like unto him they all holding their peace he said that as he himself was ignorant of that so he was confident of this and did presage it and did almost with his eyes behold how much blood Macedonia should lose in this contention and with how many slaughters she would parentate to him being dead At the last he commanded his body to be burryed in the Temple of Hammon When his friends beheld him to faint away they demanded whom he would make heir of his Empire he made answer The most worthy So great was the magnitude of his minde that when he had left behind him his Son Hercules his brother Aridaeus and his wife Roxane great with child forgetting those obligations he did nominate the most worthy to be his heir as if it were a sin that any but a valiant man should succeed a valiant man or the wealth of so great an Empire should be left to any but to approved resolutions With these words as if he had sounded into his friends ears a charge unto the battel or had sent the evil spirit of discord amongst them they all grew immediatly jealous of one another and in a popular ambition did all tacitely seek the favour of the Souldiers On the sixth day being speechless having taken his Ring from his finger he delivered it to Perdicas which for the present did pacifie a little the growing dissention of his friends for although he was not named Heir by voyce yet by choyce he seemed to be elected Alexander deceased being three and thirty yeers of age and one month a man endued with a mightiness of spirit above the capacity of men On that night when his Mother Olympias did conceive him she seemed in her sleep to have commerce with a great Serpent neither was she deceived in her dream which by God was presented to her for undoubtedly she had in her womb a burden above the condition of mortality and although the generation of the Aeacidans from the first memory of Ages and the Kingdoms of her Father brother and husband and of her Ancestors before them did render his mother most illustrious yet she was not more famous by any Title then by the name of her Son There appeared also many presages of his greatness on the day of his birth for two Eagles flying all that day round about the place did pearch at last upon the Battlements of his Fathers Court prognosticating unto him the two Empires of Europe and Asia and on the same day his Father received the glad tidings of two Victories the one in Illyria and the other in the Olympick race to which places he sent some Chariots drawn all with four horses which portented to the Infant the victory of the whole World He was of an admirable apprehension in the study of letters and having passed his minority he for the space of five yeers had his education under Aristotle the most excellent of all the Philosophers Being invested in his Fathers Kingdom he commanded that in his Title he should be called King of all Lands and Lord of the World So great a confidence had his Souldiers in him that he being present they feared not though unarmed the arms of any Enemy He therefore never encountred any Enemy whom he did not overcome nor besieged any City which he did not take nor invaded any Nation over whom he did not triumph At the last he was overcome not by any prowess of the Enemy but by Treason and the Civil fraud of his own Subjects
and to see them with their own blood to parentate to the ghosts of their Enemies whom they had slain When Perdiccas had spoken this according to that excellent eloquence which was natural in him he so prevailed upon the Footmen that his Counsels being approved he was chosen General by them all The Horse at the same time being reduced into concord with the Footmen did chose Aridaeus for their King But a portion of the Empire was reserved for the Son of Alexander if a Son were born unto him When this was done the dead body of Alexander was placed in the midst of them that the Majesty of it should be a witness to their Decrees These things being composed Antipater was made Governor of Macedonia and of Greece The custody of the Treasure was committed to Craterus The care of the Army and of all Military affairs was assigned to Meleager and Perdiccas And Aridaeus was commanded to convey the body of Alexander unto the Temple of Ammon Perdiccas being incensed against the Authors of the sedition did on a sudden his Colleague being ignorant of it command that there should be a lustratiâ—n of the Army for the death of the King and having brought the Army into the Field all men agreeing to it he privately commanded that the seditious persons should be called out of every Band and delivered to punishment Being returned the Provinces were by him divided amongst the Princes that at once he might remove the Emulators and make the allotments in the Empire the benefit of his bounty Aegypt in the first place and a part of Africa and Arabia did come by lot to Ptolomy whom Alexander from an ordinary Souldier had advanced for his Chivalry Cleomenes who builded Alexandria was commanded to deliver that Province to him Laomedon the Mitylaenean received Syria which bounded on it Philotas with his Son received Cilicia and Illyria Acropatus was Governor of Media the greater and Alcetes the brother of Perdiccas was set over Media the less Susia and the Nat on thereabouts was assigned to Synus and Phrygia the greater was assigned to Antigonus the Son of Philip Learchus obtained Lycia and Pamphilia Cassander was to command Caria and Menander Lydia Thracia and the Countries nâ—er to the Pontick Sea were given to Lysimachus and Cappadocia and Paphlagonia to Eumenes The chief Tribunalship of the Camp was given to Seleuchus the Son of Antiochus Cassander the Son of Antipater was set over the Life-guard of the King The former Lieutenants were retained in the further Bactria and the Kingdoms of India but Taxiles commanded all betwixt the two Rivers Hydaspes and Indus Phiton the Son of Agâ—nor was sent into the Colonies planted amongst the Indians Axiarches was to command the Parapomeni and bounds of the Mounâ—aâ—n Caucasus Statanor was set over the Dracans and Argaeans and Amyntas the Bractrians Sythaeus obtained the Sogdians Nicanor the Parthians Philip the Hyrcanians Phratafarnes the Armenians Neoptolemus the Persians Peucestes the Babylonians Arthous the Pelasgians and Archeâ—ilaus the Mesopotamians This division of the Empire which was as a fatal gift to every one did prove unto many a subject of great additions for not long after as if they had divided Kingdoms and not Lieutenantships being made Kings of Lieutenants they purchased great wealth for themselves and dying left it to their posterity When this was done in the East the Athenians and Aetolians with all their power did proceed in the war which they undertook Alexander being alive The occasion of the war was That Alexander returning out of India did send letters into Greece by which the banished of all Cities were restored those onely excepted who were guilty of murther These Letters being read all Greece being present at the Olympick Fair a great combustion did arise because many of the banished men were driven from their Country not by the Laws but by the faction of the Princes who feared that being called back they might grow more powerful then themselves in the Common-wealth Many Cities dâ—d therefore openly murmur and declared that their liberty was to be vindicated by war The Athenians and Aetolians were the chief sticklers in it Which when it was reported to Alexander he commanded that a Fleet of one thousand ships should be in readiness with which he would prosecute war in the West resolving with a strong power to level Athens to the ground The Athenians therefore having drawn an Army together of thirty thousand Souldiers and two hundred ships did make war against Antipater who by lot was Governor of Greece and delaying the battel and protecting himself within the Walls of Heraclea the Athenians did close besiege him At the same time Demosthenes the Athenian Orator who was driven from his Country being condemned for bribery having received a sum of gold from Harpalus and who fled from the cruelty of Alexander having perswaded the City to war against him did lead a banished life at Megarae who when he understood that the Athenians had sent Hyperides their Ambassador to sollicite the Pelopennensians to joyn in war with them having followed him to Syceon he by his Eloquence joyned Arges Corinth and other Cities to the Athenians For which he was called back from banishment the Athenians having sent a ship to meet him in the way In the mean time Antipater being besieged in Heraclea Leosthenes the Captain of the Athenians was slain with a dart from the Wall as he came to give some directions in the Leaguer which so encouraged Antipater that he sallyed forth and possessed himself of some of the works of the Enemies After that he by his Ambassadors desired help of Leonatus who when he marched to his assistance the Athenians meeting him with a gallant Army and having given him battel on horse-back he received a grievous wound of which he dyed Antipater although he beheld his Auxiliaries were overcome yet he in wardly rejoyced at the death of Leonatus for he gratulated himself that his emulator was taken from him and that the remainder of his fortes was come unto him Therefore with this addition to his Army when he appeared to be equal to his Enemy in strength having raised the siege he marched into Macedonia Whereupon the Forces of the Grecians the Enemy being driven from their Confines did steal away into their own Cities In the mean time Perdiccas having made an unjust war on Ariarathes the King of the Cappadocians and being Conqueror in the battel did bring nothing from him but wounds danger for the Cappadocians flying from the fight into the City having slain their own wives and children did set their own houses on fire with all the Forces which they had and having brought thither all their wealth they threw both it and themselves into the flame so that their Enemies the Conquerors of them their Possessions did enjoy nothing but only the spectacle of the fire After this that by his power he might arrive to royal Authority he pretended to the
at all where or in what manner I shall fall and I shall by this means be delivered from the ignominy of death This if I shall obtain I will disoblige you all of the Oath by which you have so often devoted your selves unto me or if you are ashamed to lay violent hands upon me desiring it give me a sword and permit your General to do that for you without any Oath which you have so often sworn that you would act for your General When he could not obtain it of them he turned his entreaties into curses and in a great passion But you he said O devoted Heads may the gods the Revengers of perjury look down in judgements on you and give unto you such ends as you have given to your Generals It is you who have imbrued your guilty hands in the blood of Perdiccas It is you who attempted the murder of Antipater It is you which is the worst of all who would have killed Alexander himself if it were possible for him to have fallen by a mortal hand having so often tormented him with your seditions I now the last sacrifice of such perfidious wretches do fix these curses and imprecations on you May you live all your lives Vagabonds desolate in Tents and in banishment May your own Arms devour you by which you have destroyed more Captains of your own then of your enemies Being full of passion he commanded his keepers to go before to the Camp of Antigonus The Army followed having betrayed their General he himself a Captive did bring the triumph of himself to the Tents of his Conqueror They delivered all the Trophies all the Palms and Lawrels of King Alexander together with themselves unto the Conqueror and that nothing of the pomp might be wanting their Elephants and the Auxiliaries of the East did follow Much more honourable was this for Antigonus then so many Victories were for Alexander for though Alexander conquered the East Antigonus conquered those by whom the East was overcome Antigonus therefore divided amongst his Army these Conquerors of the World having restored all things to them which he took from them in the former victory After this he did set a Guard upon Eumenes being not admitted to come into his presence in respect of the familiarity of their former friendship In the mean time Eurydice the wife of Aridaeus the King of the Macedons as soon as she heard that Polypercon was returned out of Greece into Macedonia and that Olympias was sens for by him being possessed with a female emulation and abusing the weakness of her Husband whose Offices she challenged to her self she did write to Polypercon in the name of the King to deliver the Arms to Cassander to whom the King had transferred the administration of the Kingdom she sent also Letters to Antigonus to the same effect in Asia by which benefit Cassander being obliged did perform all things which the boldness of the Queen did prompt him to Having marched into Greece he made war there on many Cities by the destruction whereof the Spartans being affrighted as by a fire in a neighbours house distrusting to their arms they did enclose their City with a Wall contrary to the answer of the Oracles and the ancient glory of their Predecessors whose honourable custom alwayes it was to defend it with their arms and not with their Walls So much they degenerated from their Ancestors that when for many yeers the wall of their City was the vertue and the valour of their Citizens they now conceived they could not be safe unless they lay hâ—d under the protection of a Wall Whiles these things were thus mannaged the troubled Estate of Macedonia did call back Cassander out of Greece for Olympias the Mother of Alexander the Great being come from Epirus towards Macedonia Aeacidas the King of the Molossi following her she was forbidden by Eurydice and King Aridaeus to enter into the Confines of that Kingdom which so incensed the Macedons both in the regard of the memory of her Husband the greatness of her Son and the indignity of the act that they all sided with Olympias by whose command both Eurydice and King Aridaeus were both slain having raigned six yeers after the decease of Alexander But Olympias enjoyed not the Kingdom long afterwards for having committed many great slaughters of the Princes after a womanish rather then a manly way she turned the love of her Subjects into hatred Therefore having heard of the approach of Cassander distrusting to the Macedons she fled with Roxane her daughter-in-law and Hercules her grand-child into the City of Pictua In her journey Dardamia the daughter of King Aeacidas and Thessalonice her kinswoman being also famous her self by the name of Philip her Father and many other Ladies of royal blood a gallant rather then a profitable company did attend her When Cassander was informed of it in a swift match he came to Pictua and layd a close siege unto the City Which when it was oppressed with the sword and famine Olympias being no longer able to endure the tediousness of the siege having Articles for her life did deliver her self to the Conqueror But Cassander having called the people to an Assembly to understand what they would have done in relation to Olympias he suborned the Parents and kindred of the noble men whom she had put to death who having put on mourning habits did accuse the cruelty of the woman by whom the Macedons were so much instigated that without any respect to her former Majesty they did decree that she should be put to death being altogether unmindful that by her Son and Husband they not onely enjoyed their lives with safety amongst their neighbours but also became masters of such great wealth as also of the Empire of the world But Olympias when she beheld the armed men to come resolutely towards her being cloathed in royal habiliaments and leaning on her two Maids she did go to meet them The Executioners beholding her were amazed and stood still startled at the Majesty of her presence and the names of so many of their Kings which came at once into their memory At the last they were commanded by Cassander to run her through with a sword she drew not back from the sword nor at the thrust that was made nor gave any shrike like a woman but submitted unto death after the manner of valiant men and for the glory of her antient family insomuch that you might have seen Alexander again in his dying mother Moreover she covered her face with her hair and the neither parts of her body with her garments that nothing unseemly might be discovered After this Cassender did take to wife Thessalonice the daughter of King Aridaeus and sent the Son of Alexander with the Mother to be kept prisoners in the Tower of Amphipolis THE Fifteenth BOOK OF IVSTINE PErdiccas and his brother Alcetas Eumenes and Polypercon and divers Captains of the other party being slain
for the rest were fled away did throw them into prison being laden with Irons The people rejoyced especially that the Senate were overthrown by the Captain General of the Senators and that their ayd was converted into their destruction and Clearchus threatned sudden death to every one of them on purpose to raise the market of them to a higher rate For under the pretence of withdrawing them from the fury of the people having received from them great sums of money and despoyled them of their fortunes he not long after did despoyl them of their lives And having understood that war was made against him by those Senators who fled away the Cities prompted to compassion being come to their assistance he did set free their Servants and that no affliction should be wanting in these potent Familes he enforced their wives and their daughters to marry their own Servants death being proposed to every one that should refuse it by this means he thought to render the Servants more faithful to him and more unreconcileable to their masters But these sad Nuptials were made more grievous by the sudden Funerals of the Matrons for many of them before their Nuptials and some on the very day in which they were marryed having first killed their husbands did afterwards kill themselves and delivered themselves from their encreasing calamities by the vertue of an ingenious shame Not long after this the battel was fought in which the Tyrant being Conqueror he in the way of triumph did drag the conquered Senators before the faces of Citizens and being returned into the City he bound some of them he racked others and slew many there was no place free from his cruelty insolence was added to his savageness and arrogance to his fury And now by the success of his continual felicity he did forget himself to be a man and did call himself the Son of Jupiter When he would be seen in publick a golden Eagle was born before him in the honour of his discent His body was cloathed with a garment of Purple he did wear buskins on his feet after the custom of Tragick Kings and a Crown of Gold upon his Head He also called his Son Ceraunus that he might delude the gods not onely with lyes but also with names Two of the most noble of the young men Chion and Leonides complaining at these things with indignation and resolved to deliver their Country did conspire the death of the Tyrant These two were the Scholars of Plato the Philosopher who desiring to exhibite that vertue to their Country to which they daily were instructed by the precepts of their Master they did prepare an Ambush of fifty of their kindred as if they were all their Clients and repairing themselves to the Tower to the Kings as two in great contestation being admitted by the right of Familiarity whiles the Tyrant intentively heard the former of them pleading his cause he was killed by the other but their friends coming in not timely enough to their assistance they were both cut in pieces by the Guard by which it came to pass that the Tyrant indeed was killed but their Country was not delivered For Satyrus the brother of Clearchus did the same way invade the Tyranny and Heraclia for many yeers by degrees of succession was possessed by Tyrants THE Seventeenth BOOK OF IVSTINE MUch about the same time there was a terrible Earthquake in the Countries of Hellespont and Chersonesus in which though they trembled all over yet the City onely of Lysimachia erected by Lysimachus two and twenty yeers before was utterly overthrown which portended dismal things to come both to Lysimachus and to his Generation and the ruine of the Kingdom with the desolation of the afflicted Countries round about him Neither was belief wanting to the prodigy for not long after he killed his Son Agathocles by poyson having used therein the assistance of his Stepmother Arsyrice it being the more horribly remarkable for having ordained him into the succession of the Kingdom and made many prosperous wars under his Conduct he now hated him not onely beyond the obligation of a Father but beyond the Example of Humanity This was his first stain and the beginning of his growing ruine For this parricide was attended with the slaughter of the Princes who were punished to death because they lamented the death of the young man Therefore those who were Commanders in his Army did in great numbers fall away from him to Seleucus enforced him being prone enough before out of the emulation of glory to make war against Lysimachus This was the last contestation betwixt the fellow Souldiers of Alexander and as it were reserved by Fortune to make the example of their parallel the more admirable Lysimachus was seventy and four yeers of age and Seleucus seventy and seven But in this old age they had both of them the resolutions of youth and an insatiable desire to encrease Soveraignty of Command for when but these two did seem as it were to be masters of the whole world they were shut up into too narrow bounds and measured the end of their lives not by the space of yeers but by this limits of their Empire In that war Lysimachus having lost before in divers charges fifteen sons dying not uncouragiously did discend into the Grave himself being the last Hearse of all his Family Seleucus rejoycing in so great a victory and which he conceived to be greater then the victory that he was the last that lived of the cohort of Alexander and a Conquerour of the Conquerors did vaunt of his fortune as if it had been a work of Divinity and above the condition of man being altogether ignorant that not long afterwards he was to be an Example himself of the frailty of the condition of man for at the end of seven Moneths he was slain being circumvented by the treachery of Ptolomy whose sister Lysimachus had marryed and lost the Kingdom of Macedonia which he took away from Lysimachus together with his life Therefore Ptolomy being ambitious to please the people for the honour of the memory of Ptolomy the Great and in the favour of the revenge of Lysimachus did first resolve to reconcile unto him the children of Lysimachus and desired the marriage of Arsinoe his own sister who was their Mother having promised to adopt them his own Sons thinking thereby that they would attempt nothing against him being restrained by their duty to their mother and by their calling of him Father He desired also by letters the friendship of his brother the King of Aegypt professing that he would forget the offence of his succeeding in his Fathers Kingdom would demand no more of him being his brother the injury being received from his Father With all his Art he flattered Eumenes and Antigonus the Sons of Demetrius and Antiochus the Son of Seleucus against whom he was to make war for fear a third Enemy should arise unto him Neither was Pyrrhus
the King of Epirus omitted it being of great concernment to what party he became a friend who desiring himself to master them all did labour to have an interest in every party Therefore having promised to assist the Tarentines against the Romans he desired ships of Antigonus to transport his Army he desired moneys of Antiochus who was more considerable both in men and money he desired of Ptolomy the ayd of the Macedonian Souldiers Ptolomy who made no delay to gratifie him having a numerous Army did lend unto him for the space of two yeers and no longer five thousand foot four thousand horse and fifty Elephants for which Pyrrhus having taken to marriage the daughter of Ptolomy did leave him invested in the Kingdom But because we are come to the mention of Epirus we must deliver a few things concerning the Original of that Kingdom In that Countrey was first of all the Kingdom of the Molossians Afterwards Pyrrhus the Son of Achilles having lost his Fathers Kingdom by his long absence in the Trojan wars did plant himself in this Country the people being first called Pyrrhide afterwards Epirotae But Pyrrhus when he came to ask counsel in the Temple of Jupiter of Dodona he there saw and by force took unto him Anassa the Niece of Hercules by whom he had eight children He marryed those who were Maids to the neighboring Kings and purchased to himself great Possessions by the ayd of affinity and gave unto Helenus the Son of King Priamus for his singular knowledge in Prophecy the Kingdom of Chaonia and Andromache the relict of Hector to wife whom in the division of the Trojan booty he took unto his own bed Not long after he was slain at Delphos between the Altars of the god by the teachery of Orestes the Son of Agamemnon Piales his Son succeeded him and by order of succession the Kingdom was devolved to Arymbas who being of a tenderage and the onely child that remayned of that Regal Family had Guardians assigned him with great care both for his preservation his education And being sent to Athens to be instructed there he was so much the more acceptable to the people as he was more learned then all his Predecessors He first made Laws and ordained a Senate and yearly Magistrats and the form of a Commonwealth and as the Country became more famous by Pyrrhus so it was reduced to more humanity under the Government of Arymbas His Son was named Neoptolomus from whom Olympias was immediately discended who was the Mother of Alexander the Great and Alexander who after him enjoyed the Kingdom of Epirus and having made war in Italy he was slain amongst the Brutians After his death his brother Aeacides succeeded in the Kingdom who by his daily wars against the Macedonians having too much wearyed and exhausted the people did contract the hatred of the Citizens and being forced into banishment by them he left his Son Pyrrhus a young child of two yeers of age to succeed him in the Kingdom who when he was fought for by the people to be put to death by reason of the hatred which they did bear unto Father he was privately conveyed to the Illyrians and delivered to Beroe the daughter of King Glaucias to be nursed by her who was himself of the Family of the Aeacidans The King either in the compassion of his fortune or delighted with his sportfulness did not onely protect him a long time against Cassander King of Macedonia although he threatned to make war against him for detaining of him but also did adopt him into the succession of the Kingdom with which the Epirots were so overcome that turning their Hatred into Pity they called him back at eleven yeers of age having set Guardians over him who were to govern the Kingdom until he arrived to maturity of age Being a young man he made many wat 's and began to be so great in the success thereof that he seemed alone to be able to defend the Tarentines against the Romans THE Eighteenth BOOK OF IVSTINE PYrrhus therefore King of Epirus being again wearyed by a new Embassie of the Tarentines and by the Petitions of the Lucanians and Samnites who also needed ayd against the Romans was not much induced by the Petitions of the Suppliants as by the hope of invading the Empire of Italy and did promise that he would assist them with his Army The E◠amples of his Ancestors did carry him on med violently to it being well enclined to it of himself that he might not seem to be inferior to his Uncle Alexander whom the same Tarantines used as their Protector against the Brutians or to have less resolution then Alexander the Great who in a war so remote from his own Country had subdued the East Therefore having left his Son Ptolomy about the fifteenth yeer of his age to be the Keeper of his Kingdom he landed his Army in the Haven of Tarentum having taken with him his two young Sons Alexander and Helenus to be some solace to him in so remote an Expedition Valerius Levinus the Roman Consul having heard of his arrival did march towards him with all speed with a resolution to give him battel before his Auxiliaries could be drawn together And having put his Army in array the King though inferiour in the number of Souldiers made no delay to encounter him The Romans being Conquerors at first were amazed and enforced to forsake the battel at the unusal sight and charge of the Elephants these strange monsters of the Macedonians did on a sudden conquer the Conquerors neither had their Enemies an unbloody victory For Pyrrhus himself was grievously wounded and 〈◊〉 great part of his Souldiers being slain he 〈◊〉 a greater glory then a joy of the Victory Many of the Cities of Italy following the event of this battel did deliver themselves to Pyrrhus Amongst the rest the Locri having betrayed the Roman Garrison did submit to Pyrrhus Pyrrhus out of the booty which he took sent back to Rome two hundred Souldiers whom he had taken Prisoners without any ransom that the Romans might take notice as well of his liberality as of his valour Some time being passed when the Army of the Associates were drawn altogether he joyned in battel again with the Romans in which his fortune was the same as in the former In the mean time Mago the General of the Carthaginians being sent with one hundred and twenty ships to bring Auxiliaries to the Romans did address himself to the Senate affirming that the Carthaginians did deeply resent that in Italy they should suffer the calamity of war from a forraign King For which cause he was sent that the Romans being enfested by a forraign Enemy they should also be relieved by a forraign Enemy The Senate having returned their hearty thanks to the Carthaginians did send back their Auxiliaries But Mago after the fine subtilty of the Punick wit after a few days did repair privately to Pyrrhus as
a peace-maker from the Carthaginians to dive into his Counsels concerning Sicily to which place Fame reported that he was designed And indeed that was the cause why the Romans sent back the Carthaginians ayd lest Pyrrhus in the war with Rome being detained in Italy should not have the liberty to transport his Army and the war into Sicily Whiles these things were in agitation Fabricius Lucinus being sent Ambassador from the Senate of Rome did conclude a peace with Pyrrhus to confirm which Cyneas being sent to Rome with great presents from Pyrrhus found not any whose hand was open to entertain them There was almost at the same time another Example of the same continuance of the Romans for an Ambassie being sent from the Senate into Aegypt when they had refused great gifts offered to them by King Ptolomy some few days after being invited to a supper they had Crowns of Gold sent to them which having received in a complement of an honour the next day they imposed them on the Statues of the King Cyneas when he brought back word that the Peace with the Romans was disturbed by Appius Claudius Pyrrhus demanded of him what manner of City Rome was He made answer That it seemed to him to be a City all of Kings After this the Ambassadors of Sicily came to Pyrrhus delivering to him the command of the whole Iland which was extreamly harrassed with the daily wars of the Carthaginians Therefore having left his Son Alexander at Locri and put strong Garrisons into the Cities he passed over with his Army into Sicily And because mention hath been made of the Carthaginians we will speak something of their original the Genealogy of the Tyrians being to be extracted from many generations whose conditions also were much to be lamented The Nation of the Tyrians discended from the Phoenicians who being shaken with an Earthquake having abandoned their Country did first inhabit the Assyrian marsh and not long afterwards the shoar next unto the Sea where they builded a City and called it Sidon from the abundance that was there of fishes for the Phoenicians call a fish Sidon After the process of many yeers being overcome by King Ascalon they took shipping again and did build the City of Tyre in the yeer before the destruction of Troy and being long and variously wearied with the wars of the Persians they were Conqueros at the last but their Forces being exhausted they endured unworthy punishments by their own Servants at that time abounding in their multitudes who having made a conspiracy did kill all the free people and their masters with them and possessing themselves of the City they enjoyed the Houses of their Masters they invaded the Commonwealth they marryed wives and begat children One amongst so many thousands of the slaves being of a better disposition and prompted to take compassion on the old man his Master and his little Son did not kill them with cruelty but look'd upon them with pious pity and humanity therefore when he had removed them out of the way as if they had been slain the slaves taking into consideration the present condition of their Republick they thought it expedient to have a King created out of their own Corporation and to make choyce of him as most acceptable to the gods who first could discover the rising Sun This design he acquainted Strato with for so his Masters name was called whom he had privately conceald and being by him instructed of the place of the Randezvous when at midnight they came all forth into one Field the others looking towards the East he alone did turn himself towards the West It appeared unto them a madness to look for the rising of the Sun in the Hemiphere of the West But when the day brake forth and the Sun began to shine on the highest tops of all their Cities others expecting that they should in the East behold the rising of the Sun he showed them in the West the fulgor of it where it did gild the Pinnacles of their Temples The device appeared to exceed the apprehension of a slave and Strato being examined he confessed that he had been one of their Masters Then they understood how much ingenious understandings were superiour to the servile and that slaves may overcome in numbers and malice but not in wisdom pardon therefore was granted to the old man and his Son and as if they had been preserved by Providence they immediately created Strato their King after whose death the Kingdom passed to his Son and afterwards to his Grandsons This outragious villany of the slaves was everywhere reported as an Example to be feared over all the World Therefore in the process of time when Alexander the Great made war in the East having sacked the City of the Tyrians he lastned all to the Cross who remained alive as the Revenger of the publick security in the remembrance of this their ancient slaughter But he preserved the Family of Strato inviolate and restored the Kingdom to his posterity ingenuous and innocent Inhabitants being commanded to inhabit that City and so the servile race being utterly extirpated a new generation of Citizens was erected The Tyrians being thus founded by the auspication of Alexander did soon grow rich by thrift and industry But before the murders committed on their Masters when they abounded both in wealth numbers having sent a Colony into Africa they builded the City of Vtica In the mean time the King of Tyrus deceased having left Heirs Pygmalion his Son and Eliza his daughter a Virgin of an excellent beauty The people delivered the Kingdom to Pygmalion a boy of a very tender age Eliza marryed her Uncle Sichaeus the Priest of Hercules which was an honour next unto the King He had great but concealed treasures and for fear of the King he did hide his gold not in Houses or Coffers but in the Earth which though it was unknown to men yet Fame reveal'd it to Pygmalion who being transported with an insatiable desire of it and forgetting all respects of nature and humanity did impiously kill his Uncle who was also his brother-in-law Eliza for a long time could not endure the presence of Pygmalion by reason of the horrid murder he had committed at the last having dissembled her hatred and made more smooth her brow she privately attempted to fly away and having taken into her society some of the Princes who were equally exasperated against the King she truly conceived that they had the same desire to make an escape with her After this she made her deceitful addresses to her brother and represented to him that she had a desire to live in his Court that the house of her Husband might no longer renew any subject of grief unto her she being desirous to forget him and that no longer the imagination of him might reflect so sad upon her Pygmalion did give no unwilling eare to these words of his sister thinking that with her the gold
back into Sicily by the Carthaginians who having recovered themselves by the aggregation of new Forces did begin the war again which they had abandoned by reason of the Pestilence Hanno was chosen General of the war whose Enemy Suniator the most powerful at that time of all the Carthaginians when in hatred to him he had frequently in the Greek Tongue acquainted Dionysius of the approch of the Army and of the temper and sloath of the General the letters being intercepted he was accused of Treason and condemned for it and an Act was passed by the Senate that no Carthaginian should afterwards either speak or write in the Greek Tongue that they might hold no discourse nor write unto the Enemy without an Interpreter Not long after Dionysius whom neither Sicily nor Italy could contain being overcome and wearyed out with the daily encounters in the war was slain by the treachery of his own Souldiers THE One and twentieth BOOK OF IVSTINE DIonysius the Tyrant being slain in Sicily the Souldiers did substitute in his place his eldest Son who was called after his Fathers Name both for the maturity of his Age and that the Kingdom might be more firmly united if it continued in the power of one man then if it should be by parts divided amongst many of his children But Dionysius in the beginning of his raign had a desire to take away his Uncles as those who would be partakers with him in his Kingdom and be the perswaders of his brothers to have it divided amongst them And the better to dissemble his design he thought it requisite in the first place to assure himself of the good opinion of the people being more excusedly to perform what he had determined if he stood fast in the approbation of them all He delivered therefore out of prison three thousand that lay there in chains together and for three years dismissed the payment of all tributes and by all Artifices sollicited the affections of all men to him Then resolving to put in practice his contrived villany he put to the sword not onely the kinsmen of his brothers but even his brothers themselves beginning his tyranny first in his own Family before he exercised it in others and left not so much as the spirit of fraternal consortment to those to whom he owed a consortment in his Kingdom His emulators being thus taken away and falling into sloth he became unweildy in his body by too much riot and contracted so great a weakeness in his eyes that he could not endure the Sun or Dust or any splendor of light By reason of which believing that he began to become despicable he committed outragious cruelties and filled not as his Father the prisons with enchained Citizens but filled the City with the murthers of them by which he grew both contemptible and hateful unto all Therefore when the Syracusians had determined war against him he was in a great suspence whether he should lay down his royal Authority or make resistance in war against them but his Souldiers propounding to themselves a great booty and the plundering of the City he was enforced by them to try it out in battel with them Being overcome when not long after he had the same ill fortune in the fight again he sent Ambassadors to Syracusae promising to lay down his tyranny if they would send some to him to agree upon Articles for a peace The Syracusians sending some of the most eminent in their City to him he commanded them to prison and brought his Army to overthrow their City which at that present feared no assault nor the approach of any Enemy at all The fight was a long time doubtful in the City but the Citizens overcoming with their multitudes Dionysius was routed and beaten out of it And fearing to be besieged in the Tower he fled privately into Italy with all his Princely furniture Being there as a banished man he was received by the Locrensians who were in friendship with him and he possessed himself of their Tower where he exercised his accustomed cruelties He commanded the wives of the chiefest of the City to be defloured He took away the Virgins by force and having ravished them he returned them to those who were to espouse them The most wealthy of all the City he commanded to be expelled or to be slain and did confiscate their goods And when there was not the lest occasion for any further rapine he circumvented the whole City by this studied project When the Locrensians were oppressed by the war of Leophron Tyrant of Rhegium they vowed if they were Conquerors they would prostitute their Virgins on a day dedicated to Venus This vow being unperformed when they made unfortunate wars against the Lucanians Dionysius called them to a publick Assembly and did exhort them to send their wives and daughters into the Temple of Venus dressed in the richest cloathes they could put on and that one hundred of them chosen by lot might perform the publick vow and that for Religions sake they might stand one whole Moneth in the open Stews all men having before taken an Oath not to defile any of them And that the Virgins might not be deceived performing the Vows of the City he ordained that not a Maid should be marryed until husbands were first provided for them This counsel being approved in which provision was made both for the superstition and the chastity of the Virgins the women adorned in the most sumptuous manner did come in throngs to the Temple of Venus every one of whom Dionysius despoyled having sent in Souldiers to the Temple and converted the Ornaments of the Matrons into his own Wardrope He killed also some of the Husbands of the richest of them and some women he tormented to betray their Husbands wealth when by these arts he raigned six years being driven from the City by the Confederacy of the Citizens he returned into Sicily and after a long peace all men being secure he became Master of Syracusae by treachery Whiles these things were thus mannaged in Sicily Hanno the General of the Carthaginians in Africa employed his own treasure in which he exceeded the bank of the Common-wealth to become absolute Soveraign of all and attempted having first killed the Senate to usurpe the Kingdom For the acting of this wickedness he set apart a solemn day for the marriage of his Daughter that by the religion of his Vows he might both the better commit and conceal his abominable design He prepared a Feast for the people in the publick places and for the Senate in his own house that with Cups infected with poyson he might more secretly and without any witnesses destroy them and the more easily invade the Commonwealth deprived of her Magistrates This being betrayed to the Senators by his servants the wicked plot was declined but not revenged least in a man so powerful the plot should prove more prejudicial being known then concealed Being therefore contended by a
of this honourable warfare was so great that it would continue through all Ages and be determined by no measure of time it being recorded that they were the onely men in the world who translated to their Enemies the wars which they could not themselves sustain at home and of their own accord followed the Conquerors and besieged the besiegers of their own City He concluded that the war therefore was to be carryed on by them all with a gallant joyful resolution there being no reward more abundant for the Conquerors nor any monument more honourable for the conquered By these exhortations the courages of the Souldiers were erected but they were amazed again at the portent they beheld which was that being under Sayl the Sun was ecclipsed of which the King gave an account with no less care then was his preparation for the war he affirmed that if it had hapned before they had set forth it might be believed that it persaged loss unto them but it coming to pass after they had lanched forth it did portend ill to those against whom they did advance Moreover that the natural defect of the Stars did alwayes persage some present change of State and it was most certain that the condition of Carthage being then in their height of flourish there was a change persaged by it and calamity to come The Souldiers being thus comforted he commanded all the ships to be burned that they might all understand that the means of their flight being taken away they must either overcome or fall by the sword Afterwards having born down all before them wheresoever they did march and set on fire the Towns and Castles Hanno General of the Carthaginians did advance to give them battel with an Army of thirty thousand men The battel being fought two thousand of the Sicilians and three thousand of the Carthaginians were slain with the General himself with this Victory the courages of the Sicilians were erected and the spirits of the Carthaginians fainted Agathocles his Enemies being overcome did sack and raze their Towns and Castles driving away great booties and killing many thousands of his Enemies He afterwards pitched his Tents within five miles of Carthage that they themselves from the Walls of their Cities might behold the loss of those things which were most pretious to them together with the wasting of their Fields and the burning of their Towns In the mean time the great Fame over all Africa of the Army of the Carthaginians being overthrown and of the taking of their Cities being divulged a sudden wonder and amazement did invade them from whence should arise so great an overthrow in so potent an Estate especially ftom an Enemy overcome And not long after not onely all Africa but the most noble of the Cities having followed the novelty did revolt to Agathocles and assisted the Conqueror both with corn and money To this calamity of the Carthaginians the news of their Army in Sicily overthrown with their General did arrive to make up the height of their affliction For after the deparure of Agathocles out of Sicily the Carthaginians being become the more secure in their Leagure before Syracusae were utterly routed and cut in pieces by Antander the brother of Agathocles Therefore when the fortune of the Carthaginians was the same both at home and abroad not onely their tributary Cities but the Kings who were their Confederates revolted from them weighing the interests of friendship not by fidelity but success Amongst others Offellas King of the Cyrene who entertained a vain hope to be master of all Africa did by his Ambassadors enter into a League with Agathocles and accorded with him that the Carthaginians being overcome the one should obtain the command of Sicily and the other of Africa Therefore Offellas came with a formidable Army into the society of the war having often dined together Agathocles who alwayes entertained him with humble submissions and flattering complements because Offella had adopted his eldest Son to succeed him in the Kingdom did at the last kill him and having possessed himself of his Army the Carthaginians renewing the war with all their might were overcome again in a great battel not without much effusion of blood on both sides By this overthrow the Carthaginians were brought to so great a desperation that if there had not been an insurrection in the Army of Agathocles Bomilcar who was General of the Carthaginians had revolted to him with the remainder of his Army For which offence he was fastned to a Cross in the middle of the Market-place to make the same place the monument of his punishment which before was famous for the Installation of his honours But Bomilcar with so great resolution endured this cruelty of the Citizens that he declaimed against the wickedness of the Carthaginians from the height of the Cross as from the height of a judgement-seat Sometimes he objected how Hanno was circumvented by them with false accusation that he aspired to the Kingdom sometimes he did call into their memory the banishment of innocent Gisco sometimes the silent suffrages against his Uncle Amilcar sometimes he alledged the nature of his own offence which was that he had rather make Agathocles a friend unto them then an Enemy After he had roared out this in a great Assembly of the people he expired In the mean time Agathocles having overcome all in Africa did deliver his Army to his eldest Son Archagathus and returned into Sicily conceiving that nothing had been performed in Africa if Syracusae in Sicily was any longer besieged For after the slaughter of Amilcar the Son of Gisco the Carthaginians had sent a new Army thither Therefore on his first approach all the Cities of Sicily having heard of his atchievements in Africa did strive as if in emulation which first should surrender it self unto him and by this means the Carthaginians being driven out of Sicily he became the aâ—â—olute Master of the whole Iland And returning afterwards to Africa he was received by an insurrection of his Souldiers for his Son had deferred the payment of the Army until his Father returned Having therefore called them to an Assembly he stroaked them with fair words and told them that their Pay was not to be demanded of him but to be sought for from their Enemy and that a common victory would produce a common booty He desired them to be patient but a little until the relicts of the war were ended and when Carthage was taken he would satisfie all their hopes The military tumult being thus pacified some few daies afterwards he did bring his Army to the Camp of his Enemies and inconsiderately engaging with them he lost the greatest part of his Army Therefore when he was fled into his Tents and saw the envie and blame of the ill managed war turned upon himself and feared withal the former offence of having not payed his Army he fled away about midnight having not any with him but his
on a sudden the Priests of all the Temples the Prophets themselves with their hair dishevelled in their most solemn habits and fillets did tremble all with indignation did run forth mad into the Front of the Army where the fight most violently was maintained They cryed out that their god was come down that they beheld him leaping into the Temple laughing from the opened Roofs thereof for whiles they most humbly emplored his help a young man as admirable in his beauty as the tall proportion of his body with two armed Virgins who were his Companions did appear and did meet them out of the two adjoyning Temples of Diana and Minerva neither did they onely behold them with their eyes but they heard also the twang of his Bow and the clashing of his Armour they therefore conjured them by the utmost Imprecations that they would not delay to make a thorow-dispatch upon their Enemies the gods being their Leaders and to joyn themselves Companions with them in the Victory with these words being enflamed they did all throw themselves upon the points of their Enemies swords and immediately they perceived the presence of their god For part of the Hill being torn off by an Earthquake did overwhelm the Army of the Gauls and the most thick and pointed wedges did fall to the ground not without some wounds to the Delphians Immediately there followed a great Tempest of hayl lightning thunder which devoured those who fainted by reason of their wounds Brennus their General when he could not endure the anguish of his wounds did end his life with his Poynedo Belgius the other of their Generals the Authors of this war being punished departed in a flying march out of Greece with ten thousand of his Associates But Fortune was not more propitious to them flying for fearful as they were there was no night without rain or cold nor day without labor and danger but daily storms and snow concrete with Ice and hunger and weariness and above all the great evil of too much watching did consume the miserable Relicks of the unhappy war The people also and Nations through which they marched did pursue them flying before them as a prey By which means it came to pass that not one of so great an Army who not long before being too confident in their strength and numbers presumed to plunder the gods did now remain to witness the remembrance of so great an overthrow THE Five and twentieth BOOK OF IVSTINE PEace being concluded betwixt the two Kings Antigonus and Antiochus when Antigonus returned into Macedonia a new Enemy did on a sudden arise unto him for the Gauls who were left by Brennus to defend the bounds of the Nation when he advanced into Greece that they alone might not seem idle having armed fifteen thousand foot and three thousand horse did invade the Getes and Tribals and having overcome them they did hang like a dark cloud over Macedonia and sent their Ambassadors to King Antigonus to offer him a mercenary Peace and to discover his strength Antigonus with royal magnificence did invite them to a stately Banquet set forth in the highest manner that could be devised The Gauls admiring the vast weights of gold and silver which on purpose were layd open to their observations and being provoked by the abundance and variety of the booty returned more greedy of war then when they came forth The King also commanded that the Elephants should be shewed unto them for a terror it being a sight unaccustomed to them and that they should see the ships laden with Souldiers and gallantly equipped being ignorant that he did hereby tempt them by the rlchness of the booty whom he thought to have affrighted by the greatness of his power The Ambassadors being returned made all things greater then they were and declared both the wealth and the security of the King his Tents they said were covered with gold and silver and defended neither by works nor ditches and as if their riches were defence enough they neglected all Military duties thinking belike that they needed not the defence of Iron because they abounded with gold By this relation the desires of the greedy Nation were the more provoked to the prey The Example of Belgius did the more excite them who not long before had overthrown the Army of the Macedons and killed the King himself With the general consent of all they in the night did invade the Tents of the King who foreseeing this tempest did give order the day before to take away all the precious moveables and privately to hide themselves in the adjoyning woods neither was the Camp otherwise preserved then that it was thus abandoned For the Gauls when they saw all things forsaken and not onely without Defenders but also without a Guard conceiving it to be rather an Ambush then a flight they did forbear for a while to enter into the Ports thereof At last they possessed themselves of them rather examining and searching then plundering them and not long afterwards taking away what they found they did carry it to the shore There when too rashly they thought to seise upon the ships they were killed by the Sea-men and by a part of the Land Army who fled thither with their Wives and children suspecting no such danger And so great was the slaughter of the Gauls that the report and opinion of this Victory procured peace to Antigonus not from the Gauls but some other stubborn Enemies who were his Neghbors The yong men of the Gauls at that time were so numerous that they swarmed all over Asia neither did the Kings of the East manage any wars without the mercenary Army of the Gauls neither did those who were banished or beaten from their Kingdoms address themselves unto any but to the Gauls onely So great was the terror of their name or the invincible happiness of their Arms that the King believed their Majestie was not safe nor could they recover it being lost unless they were assisted by the valor of the Gauls Being therefore called by the King of Bithynia to his help and the Victory obtained they divided the Kingdom with him and called that Country Gallograecia Whiles these things were performed in Asia Phyrrus being overcome by the Carthaginians in a battel at Sea desired ayd of Antigonus King of Macedonia declaring that if he assisted him not he must be enforced to return into his Kingdom and seek the advancement of his Fortunes from the Romans Which when his Ambassadors brought him word was denyed having dissembled the reason he pretended a sudden departure In the mean time he commanded hls Confederates to provide for the war and delivered the Government of the Tower of Tarentum to Helenus his Son and Milo his friend Being returned into Epirus he immediately invaded the bounds of Macedonia where Antigonus did meet him with an Army and being overcome by him was put to flight Pyrrhus hereupon did take Macedonia into his power
and as if he had ballanced the loss of Italy and Sicily with the regaining of the Kingdom of Macedonia he did send both for his Son and for his friend which he did leave at Tarentum Antigonus with a few horsemen the Companions of his flight being on a sudden forsaken of all the ornaments of his dignity did repair to Thessalonica to behold the events of his lost Kingdom hiring a mercenary Army of the Gauls to renew the war And being again utterly overthrown by Ptolomy the Son of Pyrrhus and in his flight attended but with seven men he not onely lost all hope of the recovery of his Kingdom but fled into solitary places and made them the best procurers of his safety Pyrrhus being now advanced to so great a height of soveraignty was not content with that which with modesty he durst not aspire unto in his hopes but propounded unto himself the Empire both of Greece and Asia he took a felicity and pride in his wars as in his Soveraignty for no man could resist him whithersoever he turned his power but as he was esteemed invincible in adding Kingdom unto Kingdom so having overcome them and obtained them he quickly lost them being more fortunate to obtain then to preserve having afterwards transported his forces on the other side of Chersonesus he was received by the Embassies of the Athenians Achaians and Messenians And all Greece amazed at the glory of his name and at the wonders of his Atchievements against the Romans and Carthaginians did with a labouring expectation attend his arrival His first war in Greece was against the Lacedemonians where he was opposed more by the valour of the women then the men There he lost his Son Ptolomy and the ablest and the choycest men in his Army For so great a multitude of women did press in throngs upon him for the defence of their Country as he was besieging Sparta that he was enforced to retreat from them being not more valiantly then modesty overcome Moreover it is affirmed that his Son Ptolomy was so able a man of his hands that he took the City of Corcyra being followed onely with threescore men In a battel at Sea there being but seven men with him he leaped out of his boat into the ship of his Enemies and did enforce it to obedience And at the assault of the City of Sparta he gallopped into the middle of the City and was there killed by the concurse of the multitude whose body when it was brought unto his Father it is reported that Pyrrhus said thar he was slain a great while later then he feared or then his rashness did deserve Pyrrhus being beaten back by the Spartans did march to Argos where when he endeavoured to besiege Antigonus shut up in that City he fighting most violently amongst the thickest and the formost was slain with a stone thrown from the Walls his head was brought unto Antigonus who using the victory with gentleness did dismiss his Son Helenus delivered to him with Epirus and gave him leave to depart to his own Kingdom aud delivered him the body of his unburyed Father to be interred in his own Country Amongst all Authors the Fame is constant and clear enough that no King either of that or the former Age was to be compared to Pyrrhus and that not onely amongst Kings but other personages there was seldom any to be found of a more just or a more Religious life So great was his knowledge in Military affairs that although he made war with so great Kings as Lysimachus Demetrius and Antigonus yet he alwayes remained unconquered In the war also of the Illyrians and Sicilians and of the Romanes and Carthaginians he was never inferiour to them and oftentimes a Conqueror who though his Country was but narrow and before ignoble by the Fame of his atchievements and the uprightness of his conversation he did renown it over all the World THE Six and twentieth BOOK OF IVSTINE AFter the death of Pyrrhus there were great motions and tumults of war not onely in Macedonia but in Asia also and in Greece for the Pelopennesians were by treachery betrayed to Antigonus and according to the several inclinations of the Inhabitants partaking either of joy or grief as the several Cities either hoped for ayd from Pyrrhus or were afraid of his power so now they either entred into league with Antigonus or flung themselves upon a war by the mutual hatred amongst themselves In this commotion of the troubled Provinces the City also of Epirus was by tyranny invaded by Aristotimus the Prince by whom when many of the Rulers of the City were slain and more of them driven into banishment the Aetolians desiring of him by their Ambassadors that the Exuls might be permitted to have their wives and children come unto them he at the first denyed it and afterwards as if he had repented of what he had denyed he gave all the Matrons leave to repair unto their banished husbands and appointed a day for their departure They as if they should for ever suffer banishment with their husbands taking with them their richest moveables when they had met at the gate of the City to travel all in one troup they were apprehended and committed to prison and plundred of all their goods the little children being slain in the laps of their Mothers and the Virgins their daughters ravished All men being amazed at this domineering cruelty one of their Rulers Helemat by name an old man and destitute of children and one that feared not the respect of age being not obliged to the respect of pledges having called to his house the most faithul of his friends did exhort them to the revenge of their Country They all debating on a way to conclude the publick with their private danger and desiring a time for deliberation he sending for his servants did command them to lock the doors withall to go unto the Tyrant and desire him to send some of his Guard to apprehend the Conspirators assembled in his house objecting to every one of them that because he could not be the Author of delivering his Country he would be the revenger of it being forsaken by them Hereupon they being surprized with a doubtful danger chusing the more honourable way of the two they conspired to kill the Tyrant and Aristotimus by this meanes was slain in the fifth Moneth af er he had usurped the Tyranny In the mean time Antigonus being oppressed with several wars which he made against King Ptolomy and the Lacedemonians and a new Army of Enemies from Gallograecia having left in his Camp some few Companies to defend it against the other Enemies he marched with his chief power against the Gauls Which being understood the better to prepare themselves to the fight they did offer sacrifices for the good event of the battel And a great slaughter and utter destruction being persaged to them by the entrails of the beasts they desperately turning their
fear into a fury hoping that the threatnings and the anger of the gods could be expiated by the slaughter of their Families they killed their wives and children beginning the auspications of the war with such a detestable Parricide So great was the barbarousness of their savage minds that they did not forbear their Infants and the tenderness of that age which even their Enemies would have spared but made a naâ—alitious and an intrinsick war with their own bowels their children and with the mothers of their children for whom others are accustomed to undertake wars Therefore as if they had redeemed the Victory and their lives by the barbarous cruelty bloody as they were from the streaming murthers of their wives and children they joyned in battel with their Enemies with no better event then the auspication promised for fighting the furies of their own consciences did surround them before their Enemies and the Ghosts of those whom they had murdered ptesenting themselves alwayes before their eyes they fell upon a final desolation So great was the slaughter that the gods did seem to have combined with men for their utter destruction After the event of this battel Ptolomy and the Lacedemonians declining the conquering Army of Antigonus did retreat into more safe places Antigonus when he perceived that they were departed the courage of his Souldiers being flushed with the former Victory did make war upon the Athenians In which when he was engaged Alexander King of Epirus desiring to revenge his Fathers death did plunder the borders of Macedonia against whom when Antigonus marched being returned out of Greece he was forsaken by his Souldiers who revolted from him and did lose with his Army the Kingdom of Macedonia His Son Demetrius being in his minority having leavied a new Army in his Fathers absence did not only recover Macedonia that was lost but dis-invested Alexander of his Kingdom of Epirus So great was the inconstancy of the Souldiers or the variety of Fortune that Kings were even now but banished men and by and by they were Kings again Alexander when he fled as a banished man into Arcadia was not long after restored into his Kingdoms with as great an applause of the Epirots as with the help of their Confederats At that time Agas King of the Cyrenians dyed who before his sickness to compose all strifes with his brother Ptolomy had espoused his onely daughter Beronioe to his Son But after the death of King Antigonus Arsinoe the Mother of the young Lady that she might dissolve the marriage contracted without her consent did send for Demetrius the brother of King Antigonus from Macedonia not onely to the marriage of Beronice but to the Kingdom of Cyrene Demetrius being born himself of the daughter of Ptolomy made not the least delay but having a fore-wind to his own desires arrived suddenly at Cyrene and by the confidence of the comeliness of his personage endevouring to endeer himself to his Mother-in-law Arsinoe he began to deport himself very proudly to the royal Family and to domineer over the Souldiery and to translate his affections and his Courtship from the daughter to the mother which was first discovered by the daughter and afterwards abominated both by the people and the Souldiers Therefore all of them having changed their affections a plot was laid for Demetrius to whom Executioners were sent being in bed with his Mother-in-law But Arsinoe having heard the voyce of her daughter standing at the door and giving order to spare her Mother did for a while with her own body protect the adulterer who being slain Beronice with the preservation of her piety revenged the incontinency of her Mother and in the choyce of her husband did follow the judgement of her Father THE Seven and twentieth BOOK OF IVSTINE ANtiochus King of Syria being dead when Seleucus his Son succeeded in his place he began his raign with Parricide his mother perswading him to it who ought to have deterred him from it for he killed his Stepmother Beronice with his little brother begotten on her Which horrible crime being committed he was not onely tainted with Infamy but withall he involved himself in a war with Ptolomy Moreover Beronice when she understood that Executioners were sent to take away her life she shut up her self in her Fathers Daphne where when it was reported to the Cities of Asia that she was besieged with her little child they calling to their minds the dignity of her Father and of her Ancestors and prompted to compassion at the indignity of her Fortune they all sent ayd unto her Her brother Ptolomy being also startled at the danger of his sister having left his own Kingdom did advance to her relief with all the speed that could be But before the arrival of any ayd Beronice when she could not be taken by force was killed by treachery It was conceived by all to be a subject most worthy of lamentation Therefore when all the Cities who had revolted from her had provided a very great Fleet being amazed at this example of horrid cruelty they did offer themselves and their ships to Ptolomy who if he had not been called back into Aegypt by some intestine sedition had possessed himself of all the Kingdom of Seleucus This parricidial guilt had brought upon him so much hatred or the unworthy death of his sister had purchased to Ptolomyes much affection After the death of Ptolomy when Seleucus had set forth a great Navie against the Cities which revolted immediately a great tempest arising as if the gods themselves would revenge this parâ—icide he lost them all by Tempest neither had he any thing left of so great a preparation but his naked body some few Companions of his shipwrack whom Fortune had preserved alive A lamentable thing it was and yet acceptable to him for the Cities which in hatred of him had revolted to Seleucus as if the gods were satisfied in his punishment themselves being the Arbitrators by a sudden change of their minde being touched with compassion for his shipwrack they did restore themselves unto the Authority of his command Rejoycing therefore in his calamity and made more rich by loss he made war upon Ptolomy conceiving himself now equal in strength unto him But as if he was born to be the sport of fortune and had onely received his Kingdom again but to lose it again being various in battel and not much more accompanied then after his shipwrark he sled in great fear to Antiochia from whence he sent Letters to his Brother Antiochus in which he did implore his ayd and in recompence thereof did offer to him all that part of Asia which lyeth on the bounds of the Hill Taurus Antiochus being but fourteen years of age and greedy of Soveraignty above his years took hold of the occasion but not with that pious minde as it was offered but desiring like an Oppressor to force all from his brother he armed himself being but a boy
people did cut her off by reason of her cruelty did enjoy the Kingdom alone Mithridates also being taken away by a sudden death did leave his Kingdom to his son who was also called Mithridates whose Greatness afterwards was such that he excelled in Majesty not only all the Kings of his time but of the former age and with various victory held war with the Romans for the space of six and forty years whom the most famous Generals Sylla Lucullus and others at the first and Cneius Pompeius at the last did so overcome that he arose alwaies more great and famous in renewing of the war and became more terrible by his losses and at last being overcome by no hostile force he died a voluntarie death in his own Kingdom being a very old man and leaving a Son to succeed him many signs from Heaven did presage his greatness to come for both on that day in which he was born and on that in which he began his Reign at both times there did appear a Comet which for seventie nights did shine so brightly as all Heaven did seem to be in a flame for by the greatness of it it took up the fourth part of Heaven and by its splendor it overcame the light of the Sun and when it did either rise or set it took up the space of four hours Being in his minoritie he laie open to and did endure the treacherie of his tutors for they did put him upon a wild and an unmanaged horse and did command him not onely to ride him but to exercise his horsmanship and to throw darts from him but Mithridates deluding their design by governing the horse beyond the expectation of his age they conspired against him by poyson which he suspecting did oftentimes drink Antidotes and with such exquisite remedies did so prepare his bodie against it that being an old man he could not die by poyson though attempting it Fearing afterwards that his enemies would perform with the sword what they could not dispatch with poyson he pretended he would solace himself with the recreation of hunting wherefore for the space of four years he neither entred into Citie nor came in the Countrie within the roof of any house but wandred in the woods and took up his lodging on the tops of severall hills no man knowing in what place he was being accustomed by his swiftness of foot either to pursue wild beasts or to flie from them and sometimes by main force to grapple with them By which means he both eschewed all treason that was designed against him and hardned his bodie to all indurance of virtue When afterwards he came to the management of the Kingdom he immediately contrived not so much how to rule it as how to enlarge it and by an incomparable felicitie overcame the Scythians who were before invincible for they had overthrown Zopyro the Lieutenant of Alexander the great with thirtie thousand armed men and killed Cyrus King of the Persians with two hundred thousand Souldiers and routed Philip King of the Macedons Being increased in his power he possessed himself of Pontus and not long afterwards of Cappadocia and going privately out of his Kingdom he sojourned over all Asia with a few friends and thereby gained a perfect knowledge of all the Countrie and of the situation of every Citie After that he travailed higher over all Bithynia and being already as it were Lord of Asia he contrived where to laie his best opportunities for his following victories After this he returned into his Kingdom where it being generally noysed abroad that he was dead he found a young childe which in his absence Laodice who was both his sister and his wife had brought forth But after his long travels amidst the gratulations both of his safe arrival and of the birth of his son he was in danger of being poysoned for his sister Laod ce believing he had been dead did fall into an incontinent life and attempting to conceal one sin by committing a greater did resolve to welcome him with poyson which when Mithridates understood by her maid he revenged the treason which was plotted on the author of it And winter drawing on he spent his time not at the banquet but in the field not in sloth but in exercise not amongst his companions but with Kings equal to him either in the horse-race or the foot-race or by trying the strength of bodie He also by daily exercise hardned his Armie to the same patience of labour and being unconquered himself he by these acts made his Armie invincible Having afterwards made a league with Nicomedes he invaded Paphlagonia and having overcome it he did share it with his companion Nicomedes The Senate being informed that Paphlagonia was again in the possession of Kings they sent Embassadors to them both to command them to restore the Nation to her former condition Mithridates when he believed that he was equall to the Roman Greatness did return a proud answer which was that he received his Kingdom by inheritance and did much wonder that they should trouble themselves with a Controversie which did not belong unto them and being nothing terrified with their threatnings he seized upon Galatia Nicomedes because he could not defend himself by right made answer that he would restore his part to a lawful King and having changed his Name he called his own Son Philomenos after the name of the Kings of Paphlagonia and in a false name and title enjoied the Kingdom as if he had restored it to the true Roial Progenie And thus the Embassadors being deluded did return to Rome THE Eight and thirtyeth BOOK OF IVSTINE MIthridates having begun his parricides by the murder of his own wife determined with himself to put to death the Sons of his other sister Laodice whose husband Ariarathes King of Cappadocia he had treacherously murdered by Gordius thinking he had done nothing in murdering of the father if the young men still enjoyed their fathers Kingdom with a desire whereof he was violently transported Whiles he was busie on his design Nicomedes King of Bithynia did invade Cappadocia destitute of a King which when Mithridates understood in a counterfeit pietie he sent assistance to his sister to drive Nicomedes out of the Kingdom but in the mean time a contract being made Laodice had espoused her self to Nicomedes At which Mithridates being much troubled he drove the Garrison-Souldiers and others of the Armie of Nicomedes out of Bithynia and restored the Kingdom to his sisters son which was an honorable act indeed if it had not been attended by deceit for not long after he pretended that he would call back Gordius from banishment whom he used as his minister in the murder of Ariarathes and restore him to his Countrie hoping if the young man should not give waie to it there would arise from thence a sufficient cause of the war or if he should permit it that the Son might be destroyed by thesame man who
killed his father which when young Ariarathes did understand to be attempted by Mithridates taking it deeply to heart that the murderer of his father should be called from banishment by his Uncle he imbodied a mightie Armie Mithridates brought into the field four score thousand foot and ten thousand horse and six hundred Chariots armed with hooks of steel and Ariarathes was altogether as powerful the neighbouring Kings assisting him Mithridates fearing the uncertain chance of the war did alter his counsels by causing them to degenerate into treachery having by his Agents courted the young man into a conference and hid a naked sword in the plates of his garment the Searcher being sent to do his office according to the manner then of Kings with great curiositie examined about the bottom of his belly whereupon he desired him to take heed lest he found another weapon then that he sought for the treachery being thus protected by the jeast Mithridates having called him aside from his friends as if he would confer in private with him did kill him both the armies being the spectators of it This being done he delivered the Kingdom of Cappadocia to Ariarathes his Son being but eight years of age having made Gordius Tutor over him and calling him by the name of Ariarathes But the Cappadocians being incensed at the crueltie and the lust of Mithridates his Lieutenants revolted from him and called back the brother of the slaughtered King from Asia where he was bred up and whose name was Ariarathes also with whom Mithridates renewed the war and having overcome him did expell him the Kingdom of Cappadocia and not long after the young man having contracted an infirmitie by his melancholy died after his death Nicomedes fearing least by the addition of Cappadocia Mithridates should also invade Bithynia that bordered on it did suborn a boy as remarkable for his stature as his countenance to demand of the Senate of Rome his fathers Kingdom as if old Ariarathes had three and not two Sons born unto him He also sent his wife Laodice to Rome to be a witness of the three Sons begotten by Ariarathes Which when Mithridates understood he with the like impudence sent Gordius to Rome to assure unto the Senate that the Boy to whom he delivered Cappadocia was begotten of that Ariarathes who died in the war of Aristonicus bringing his Auxiliaries to the Roman Armie But the Senate being prepossessed with the designs of the Kings would not give to false Names the Kingdoms of others but took Cappadocia from Mithridates and that he should not be alone in discontent they took away also Paphlagonia from Nicomedes And that it should not be any contumely to the Kings that the Kingdoms which were taken from them should be given unto others both people received the Donation of their libertie But the Cappadocians refused their gift of freedom affirming that their Nation could not subsist without a King Therefore the Senate did constitute Ariobarzenes to be their King At that time Tigranes was King of Armenia not long before given as a pledge to the Parthians and now lately dismissed and sent by them home to his Fathers Kingdom Mithridates had a great desire to joyn him with him in the war against the Romans which he had before determined with himself Tigranes thinking nothing what an offence it would be against the Romans was by Gordius excited to make war against Ariobarzenes a man of a heavy temper not able to oppose him and that there should be no suspition of any injury to be contrived by deceit Mithridates did give him his Daughter Cleopatra into mariage Therefore on the first approach of Tigranes Ariobarzenes having taken all things with him that he could call his own did repair to Rome and thus by the means of Tigranes Cappadocia became again under the power of Mithridates At the same time Nicomedes being deceased his son who was also called Nicomedes was by the force of Arms beaten by Mithridates from his fathers Kingdom who when he came a suppliant to Rome it was decreed in the Senate that they should both be restored into their Kingdoms to the effecting of which Aquilius Manlius and Malthinius were sent Ambassadors This being made known in Asia Mithridates being to make war against the Romans did enter into a league with Tigranes and articled with him that the Cities and the fields should be the part of Mithridates but the Captives and all the movables should be the portion of Tigranes And Mithridates having pondered with himself how great a war he had raised sent some Ambassadors to the Cymbrians and others to the Gallogrecians to the Sarmatians and Bastarnians to desire assistance of them For heretofore when he had determined with himself to make war against the Romans he obliged to him all these Nations with variety of gifts and benefits He also sent for an Army out of Scythia and armed all the East against the Romans therefore with no great difficulty he overthrew Aquilius and Malthinius who commanded the Asiatick Army who being routed and driven out of the field with Nicomedes he wasreceived with an extraordinary great applause of the Cities In those he found great store both of Gold laid up by the thrifty providence of the former Kings he found also great store of Arms and Provision for the war with which being furnished he remitted to the Cities their publick and private debts and for five years did free them from all Impositions After this having called his soldiers to a general Assembly with several exhortations he did excite them to the Roman or rather the Asiatick Wars The Copy of his Speech I have thought worthy to insert into the narrow compass of this work which Pompeius Trogus did interpret to be indirect and reprehended both Livy and Salust that inserting set speeches into their writings as the orations of the parties interested they did exceed the bounds of History Mithridates said that it was to be wished that he might have leave to take Counsel whether war or peace were to be had with the Romans since we are bound to resist those who do oppose us and those are not to be in doubt what to determine on who are without hope of Victory For against thieves though we cannot for our safety yet we all do draw our sword for revenge but because that is not in question whether we ought to set down being lookt upon not only with hostile minds but assaulted also with hostile arms the present Counsel to be demanded is upon what hope and account we may maintain the wars begun For his own part he affirmed he had a confidence of the Victory if they had a generous Resolution to fight and it was known as much to his soldiers as to himself that the Romans that were to be overcome were they who overthrew Aquilius in Bithynia and Malthinus in Cappadocia But if other examples would perswade more then his own Experience he had
and by the murder of his own son did declare what they ought themselves to expect of their King Cleopatra having ended the dayes of her mourning for the death of her son when she perceived that she was oppressed by a war also from her late husband her brother she by her Ambassadors demanded aid of Demetrius King of Syria whose own fortunes were as various as they were memorable For when Demetrius made war against the Parthians as mention hath been made before and in many encounters overcame them being on a sudden surrounded by an Ambuscado having lost his Army he was taken himself Arsacides King of the Parthians in the greatness of his royal spirit having sent him into Hyrcania did not only honour him with the Respect due unto a King but gave him his daughter also in marriage and promised to restore unto him the Kingdom of Syria which in his absence Trypho became Master of After his death Demetrius despayring of return and not enduring Captivity and loathing a private life although a fatt one and a wealthy did contrive with himself how he might escape into his own Kingdom His friend Calamander was both his Companion and his perswader to undertake this journey who after his Captivity in Syria having hired a guide did bring him disguized in a Parthians habit through the desarts of Arabia into Babylon But Phrahartes who succeeded Arsacides by the swiftness of his horses did cause him to be brought back being overtaken by the compendiousness of their goings Being brought unto the King he not only pardoned Calamander but gave him a reward for his fidelity to his friend but having very roundly checked Demetrius he sent him to his wife in Hyrcania and commanded that he should be observed by a stricter guard In process of time when the children which he had by his wife did seem to be a stronger obligation on him for his fidelity he did endeavour to make his escape again having the same friend to be his Companion but by the same infelicity he was taken again near unto the bounds of his own Kingdom and being the second time brought unto the King he was looked upon as a hated man and not suffered to come into his presence But being then also dismissed to his wife and children he was sent back into Hyrcania and confined to a City upon a penalty not to go out of it and in the reproach of his childish levity was laden with golden shackles But no compassion of the Parthians nor respect of any consanguinity was the occasion of this their clemency towards Demetrius but because the Parthians affected the Kingdom of Syria they determined to make use of Demetrius against his brother Antiochus as the opportunity of time or the fortune of the war should require This being understood Antiochus thinking it discretion to take the advantage to begin the war did conduct his Army which he had hardened with many neighbouring wars against the Parthians But his preparation for luxury was no less then for the carrying on of the war for three thousand of his black guard followed eight thousand of the armed men amongst whom also a great number were Cooks Bakers and Players and all of them so abounding with Gold and Silver that the common Soldiers had their shoes enterlaced with Gold and trod upon that mettal for the love of which all other Nations do fight with steel In their Kitchings also their instruments were of silver as if they advanced rather to keep some great feast then to prosecute a war Anticohus approaching many Kings of the East did meet him who in detestation of the Parthian Pride delivered themselves and their kingdoms to him Not long after the battail began and Antiochus having overthrown his Enemies in three several fields and possessed himself of Babylon he was called Antiochus the great And the people in all the neighbouring Nations revolting to him there was nothing left to the Parthians but their own Country and the boundaries of it At the same time Phrahartes sent Demetrius into Syria with a considerable Army of the Parthians to possess himself of his own Kingdom that upon that account Antiochus should be called off from Parthia to defend his own Interests And because he could not overcome him by strength he did every where attempt him by Stratagems The Army of Antiochus abounding with multitudes the winter coming on he quartered his Army in several Cities which was the cause of his destruction For when the Cities beheld themselves oppressed with the billeting the injuries of the soldiers they revolted to their old Masters the Parthians and on a prefixed day by treacheries they did all assault the divided Army that thereby one might be disabled to bring assistance unto the other Which when Antiochus understood being resolved to relieve those who were next unto him he advanced with that party which with him had their winter quarters In his way he encountred with the King of the Parthians against whom in his person he fought more couragioâ—sly then all his Armie At last when he had overcome his enemies by fine force being abandoned of his own Souldiers through the treacherie of their fear he was slain Phrahartes did bestow upon him the solemnitie of magnificent funerals after the manner of Kings and being taken with the love of the Virgin did marrie the daughter of Demetrius which Antiochus had brought along with him and began to repent that ever he suffered Demetrius to go away and having sent in full speed several troops of horse to fetch him back they found him in safetie in his own Kingdom fearing the same design of Phrahartes and having in vain attempted all things to reduce him they returned to their own King THE Nine and thirtyeth BOOK OF IVSTINE ANtiochus being overthrown in Parthia with his Armie his Brother Demetrius being delivered from the Captivitie of the Parthians and restored to his own Kingdom when all Syria was in lamentation by reason of the loss of the Armie as if he had happily managed his own and his Brothers wars with Parthia in which the one of them was taken and the other slain he was resolved to make another war in Egypt his mother in law Cleopatra having promised him that Kingdom as the reward of his assistance against her Brother But whiles he affected the possessions of other men as oftentimes it comes to pass he lost his own by the revolt of Syria for the Antiochians first of all under the command of their General Trypho having in detestation the pride of their King which became intolerable by the exercise of his Parthian crueltie and after them the Apamenians and other Cities following their examples did revolt from King Demetrius in his absence But Ptolomy King of Egypt having his Kingdom invaded by him when he understood that his sister Cleopatra having taken with her the wealth of Egypt was fled unto her Daughter and to Demetrius her Son in law did suborn a
commanded himself to be called King whose Example all the people of the East following there was a general revolt from the Macedons There was in those times a man called Arsaces of an uncertain birth but of an undoubted courage who being accustomed to live by theft and upon the spoyl having understood that Seleucus was overcome by the Gauls being delivered from the fear the danger of him having invaded the Parthians with a company of Thieves he suppressed Andragores their Lieutenant and not long after having killed him he usurped the Empire of that Nation After that he possessed himself of the Kingdom of the Hyrcanians and having thus invested himself with the command of two Cities he prepared a great Army for the fear of Seleucus and Theodotus King of the Bactrians but being quickly delivered from his fear by the death of Theodotus he entred into a League and Covenant with his Son whose name was Theodotus also and not long after he encountring with King Seleucus who advanced with his Army to make War against the Revolters he overcame him the day of which Conquest the Parthians observe in their Almanacks as an Holiday it being the beginning of their liberty Seleucus being called back and some intermission of time being given to the new troubles in Asia he founded and formed the Parthian Kingdom and made choyce of a Militia he fortified the Castles and confimed the Cities and erected the City Clara on the Mount of Thabor such is the condition of that place that there is nothing more secure or more delightful for it is so invironed with Rocks and Clifts that the safety of the place needs no Defeâ—ders and so great is the fruitfulness of the adjacent plains that it is almost oppressed with its own abundance Such a variety there is also both of Fountains and Forrests that copiously it is wa ered and attracteth the neighbouring people with the delight of hunting Arsaces in this manner having both attempted and obtained a Kingdom became no less famous amongst the Parthians then Cyrus amongst the Persians or Alexander amongst the Macedons or Romulus amongst the Romans and deceased in a ripe old Age. To whose memory the Parthians have ascribed this honour that they have ever since called all their succeeding Kings by the name of Arsaces His Son and Successor was also himself called Arsaces who commanding an Army of one hundred thousand foot and twenty thousand horse did with admirable prowess fight against Antiochus the Son of Seleucus with one hundred thousand foot twenty thousand horse and at last he entred into a Confederary with him Pampatius was the third King of the P rthians and he also was called Arsaces for as I have mentioned heretofore the Parthians by that name called all their Kings as the Romans do call every Emperour Caesar and Augustus He having raigned twelve years deceased having left behind him two Sons Mithridates and Pharnaces Pharnaces being the elder did inherit the Kingdom after the Custom of the Nation and having overcome the valiant Nation of the Mardi he not long after dyed having left behind him many Sons who being all rejected by him he left the Kingdom to his brother Mithridates a man admirable for his Vertue thinking that he owed more to his Kingdom then to the name of a Father and was more obliged to provide for his Country then his children At the same time almost as Mithridates began his Raign in Parthia Eucratides was invested in the Kingdom of Bactria being both of them men of excellent Spirits But the fortune of the Parthians being more happy that Nation was advanced under the raign of Mithridates to the height of all their glory but the Bactrians being distressed by several Wars did at the last not onely lose their Kingdom but their liberty For being wearyed with the Wars of the Sogdians the Dranganits and the Indians they were at last as men without spirit or blood suppressed by an inconsiderable number of the Parthians Howsoever Eucratides mannaged many Wars with great resolution being much wasted with which when he was at last beleaguered by Demetirus King of the Indians he by daily sallies with three thousand men did overcome threescore thousand of his Enemies and having raised the siege in the fifth Moneth after it was begun he made India stoop in obedience to him from whence when he withdrew his Army he was killed in the march homewards by his own Son whom he made partner with him in the Kingdom who not dissembling the murder of his Father as if he had killed an Enemy rather then a Father caused his Chariot to be hurried over the place where his blood was spilt and commanded that his body should be thrown away as unworthy to be buryed Whiles these things thus passed amongst the Bactrians a new War did arise amongst the Parthians and the Medes and the fortune of both Nations being a long time various the Bactrians were at last overcome by the Parthians Mithridates being more formidable by this access of new power did make Bacasus his Lieutenant in the Kingdom of Media and marched himself into Hyrcania From whence being returned he waged War with the King of the Elamits who being overcome he also added that Nation to his Kingdom and many Nations being subdued he extended the Empire of the Parthians from Mount Caucasus to the River of Euphrates and being at last visited with sickness he dyed in an old age no less glorious then Arsaces his Grandfather THE Two and fortyeth BOOK OF IVSTINE AFter the death of Mithridates King of the Parthians Phrahartes his Son was made King who when he determined to make War on Syria to be revenged on Antiochus who attempted the Parthians Kingdom he was called back by the commotion of the Scythians to defend his own possessions for the Scythians being sollicited with the promise of great rewards to help the Parthians against King Antiochus they came with their Auxiliaries just when the War was ended when they were denyed their pay to reproach them for their assistance which came so late the Scythians grieving that they had made so great a march to so little purpose when they desired that either their pay should be given them for their travel or an Enemy with whom they might encounter they had a proud answer returned them whereat being incensed they began to plunder the Borders of the Parthians Phrahartes therefore advancing against the Scythians did leave one Hymerus for the defence of his Kingdom having obliged him by his love from the flower of his youth who unmindful of the courtesies received and whose substitute he was did afflict the Babylonians and many other Cities with tyrannical cruelty Phrahartes himself in this War did proudly and insolently deport himself towards the Army of the Grecians whom he had then with him having taken them prisoners in the War which he made against Antiochus being altogether unmindful that no Captivity could abate their spirits and that
the indignity of new injuries did more exasperate them Therefore in the battel when they perceived the Army of the Parthians deeply engaged they revolted to the Enemy and executed their long desired revenge on the Parthian Army by their slaughter of them and by the death of their King Phrahartes himself In his place his Uncle Artabanus was chosen King The Scythians being contented with the Victory having plundred their Country return home But Artabanus having made War upon the Inhabitants of Colchos and received a wound in his arm not long after deceased by the anguish of it His Son Mithridates did succeed him whose Atchievements did gain him the same name of GREAT for being enflamed with the emulation of the Acts of his Predecessors he excelled their glories by the greatness of his vertues he made many Wars with his neighbours where he shewed great demonstrations of his valour and added many Nations to the Parthian Kingdom and having made many prosperous Wars against the Scythians he revenged the injuries of his Predecessors and made War at last upon Artoadistes King of the Armenians But because we have here a passage opened to Armenia we will in the first place derive its original from the first beginning neither is it fit that it should be passed by in silence it being so great a Kingdom whose bounds Parthia being excepted doth exceed the magnitude of any Kingdom whatsoever for Armenia lies open from Cappadocia towards the Caspian Sea eleven hundred miles in length the latitude of it conteineth but seven hundred onely It was founded by Armenius the Companion of Jason the Thessalian whom when King Pelias desired to have destroyed by reason of his excellent valour thinking him dangerous to his Kingdom he was commanded to be one of the adventurers into Colchos to bring home the Fleece of the Ram so famous amongst all Nations the King hoping that he would be destroyed either by the length of the Expedition or by war amongst the most barbarous of the Nations Jason therefore the report being spread abroad of that glorious expedition when the most noble of the youth of the whole world did strive who first should come into that service did compose an Army of most excellent men who were called Argonautae whom after great atchievements when he had brought back safe into Greece they were with great force beaten from Thessaly by the Sons of Pelias Jason therefore with a great multitude who on the report of his glory came daily out of all Nations to him his Wife Medea being his companion whom having repudiated he again in the commiseration of her banishment did take into the participation of his Bed and Medius his Stepson begotten by Aegeus King of the Athenians did return to Colchos and restored there his Father-in-law driven from the Kingdom After that he made great Wars against the neighbours and added to the Kingdom of his Father-in-law divers Cities that were taken to take away the injury of the former War in which he both took by force his daughter Medea and killed Aegâ—alus the Son of Aetas and part of them he distributed to the people whom he had brought with him to serve him in his Wars He was the first of all men who subdued that part of the world Hercules and Bacchus excepted who were said to be the Conquerors and the Kings of all the East To some of the people he assigned Phrygius and Ansistratus to be their Generals who were the drivers of the Chariot of Castor and Pollux he made a league also with the Albanians who having followed Hercules out of the Mount Albania in Italy after he had slain Geryon did drive his Cattel through Italy and who being mindful from whence they derived their Original did in the War of Mithridates salute the Army of Cneius Pompeius by the name of brethren All the East therefore did erect Temples and constitute Divine Honours to him which many years afterwards Parmenio Lieutenant General under Alexander the Great did command to be pulled down and abolished that no name in the East should be of more veneration then the name of Alexander himself After the death of Jason Medus was the emulator of his vertues who in the honour of his Mother Medea did build a City and called it after her name and founded the Kingdom of the Medes after his own name in the Majesty whereof the Empire afterwards did a long time flourish The Amazonians are near unto the Albanians whose Queen Thalestris desired for generation to have the carnal knowledge of Alexander the Great as we finde it asserted by several Authors Armenius also being himself a Thessalian and one in the number of Jasons Captains having recollected a considerable party that wandred up and down after the death of Jason did plant Armenia from whose Hills the River Tygris doth first flow but with small beginnings and after some space she hides her self under Earth through which running undiscovered for the space of five and twenty miles she sheweth again her self and appears a great and violent River in the Country of Sophone from whence falling down is received into the waters of Euphrates But Mithridates King of the Parthians after the war of Armenia was expelled by the Senate from the Parthian Kingdom by reason of his cruelty His brother Horodes having possessed himself of the vacant Kingdom did for a long time besiege Babylonia whither Mithridates fled and at last compelled the Inhabitants being oppressed by famine to surrender themselves and Mithridates of his own accord in confidence of the contiguity of his blood did deliver himself unto the power of Horodes But Horodes taking him to be rather an enemy then his brother did in his own presence command him to be slain After this he made War upon the Romans and overthrew Crassus the Roman General with his Son and all the Roman Army His Son Pacocus having performed great atchievements in Syria and being sent to pursue the relicts of the Roman Army was called back into Parthia being suspected by his Father in whose absence the Army of the Parthians being left in Syria were slain by Cassius the Quaestor of Crassus with all their Captains This being performed not long after there did arise the Civil Wars of the Romans betwixt Caesar and Pompey in which the Parthians took the part of Pompey both by reason of their association with him in the war with Mithridates because of the death of Crassus whose Son they heard did side with Caesar and who they doubted not would thoroughly revenge his Fathers death if Caesar were the Conqueror Therefore Pompey and all his party being overcome they afterwards sent their Auxiliaries to Cassius and Brutus against Augustus and Antonius and after the end of that war having entred into a league with Labienus they made desolate with their Armies both Syria and Asia and being as high in their resolutions as their numbers they assaulted the Camp of Ventidius who after Cassius
in the absence of Pacorus did overthrow the Parthian Armie but Ventidius having dissembled a fear did a long time contain himself within the Camp and permitted the Parthians for a while to insult who being insolent and secure he at the last did send forth one part of the legions against them who charging upon them with great courage did utterly rout them Pacorus conceiving that his flying men had drawn along after them the Roman legions to pursue them did set upon the Camp of Ventidius supposing it to be destitute of defenders whereupon Ventidius sallying forth with the other part of the legions did cut off the whole Armie of the Parthians with the King Pacorus himself neither did the Parthians in any war receive a greater wound then in that battail When these things were reported in Parthia Horodes the father of Pacorus who not long before had understood that all Syria was plundred and Asia seized upon by the Parthians and who did glorie that his Son Pacorus was a Conqueror of the Romans being on a suddain informed both of the death of his Son and the total destruction of the Armie his grief was heightned into furie For the space of many daies he would not speak to any nor take any sustenance nor utter any words at all insomuch that he seemed to be a dumb man After many days when grief had opened the passage of his voice he called upon nothing but Pacorus he seemed as if he both heard and saw Pacorus and would stand still and speak as if he discoursed with him and somtimes would lamentably condole him being slain After a long time of sorrow another affliction did invade the miserable old man which was to determine with himself which of his thirtie Sons he should make King in the place of Pacorus He had many Concubines on whom so great a number of children were begotten and every one of them was importunate with him to make choice of her own Son but the fate of Parthia did so ordain it being there a solemn custom to have Kings to be parricides rhat the most wicked of them all Phrahartes by name should be elected King who no sooâ—ner was invested in his royaltie but as if he would not die a natural death and when he would have him did kill his father and afterwards put to death his thirtie Brothers neither did his guilt cease here for perceiving that the Peers of the Kingdom were much incensed against him for his daily cruelties he commanded his own Son being almost of age to be killed that there should not one remain who might bear the name of a King Marke Antony made war upon him with sixteen gallant Legions because he brought aide to Pompey and his partie against Caesar and himself but his Armie being sorely weakned by many encounters he retreated from Parthia by which victorie Phrahartes being grown more insolent when he determined many things cruelly against the people he was driven into banishment by them and having with repeated importunities for a long time wearied the neighboring Cities and last of all the Scythians he was by their great assistance restored unto his Kingdom In his absence the Parthians had constituted one Tyridates to be their King who understanding of the advance of the Scythians did flie with a great number of his friends to Caesar making war at the same time in Spain carrying with him as a pledge to Caesar the youngest Son of Phrahartes whom he took away by force being too negligently guarded Which being understood Phrahartes sent presently Embassadors to Caesar demanding that his servant Tyridates and his Son should be restored to him Caesar having understood the Embassie of Phrahartes and the desires of Tyridates for he desired also to be restored to the Kingdom affirming that the Romans would have a Right to Parthia if the Kingdom thereof should be at his disposing did make answer That he would neither deliver Tyridates to the Parthians neither would he aide Tyridates against them And that it might appear that Caesar was not of that sullen temper that they could prevail nothing at all upon him he sent Phrahartes his Son without ransom and allowed Tyridates a large exhibition as long as he would continue with the Romans After this the war in Spain being ended when he came into Syria to compose the State of the East Phrahartes was possessed with a great fear that he would make war against him Therefore the Captains over all Parthia that were taken Prisoners in the Armies of Crassus or of Antony were recollected and the Ensigns that were taken were also sent back to Augustus with them the Sons and Nephews also of Phrahartes were given as pledges to Augustus and Caesar prevailed more with the greatness of his Name then another Emperor could have done by Arms. THE Three fortyeth BOOK OF IVSTINE THe affairs of Parthia and the East and almost of all the world being described Trogus as after a long pilgrimage doth return home thinking it the part of an ungrateful Citizen if having illustrated the actions of all Nations he should conceal the affairs only of his own Countrie He briefly therefore toucheth upon the beginning of the Roman Empire that he might not exceed the measure of his propounded work and not in silence to pass by the original of that Citie which is the head of the whole World The Inhabitants of Italie were first the Aborigines whose King Saturn was reported to be of so great Justice that no man served under him neither had he any thing private to himself but all things were undivided and common unto all as one patrimonie to them In the memorie of which example it was provided that in the Saturnalia the Interests of every one being made equal the servants did everywhere in their banquets lie down along with their masters Therefore Italie was called Saturnia after the Name of their King and the Hill where Saturn did inhabite being by Jupiter driven from his own Seat is called the Capitol The third King who Reigned in Italie after him was Faunus in whose time Evander came into Italie from Pallantheum a Citie of Arcadia with a small Retinue to whom Faunus did bountifully assign certain fields and a Hill which he afterwards called the Hill Palatine At the foot of this Hill he errected a Temple to Lycaeus whom the Greeks call Pan and the Romans Lupercus The Effigies of the god is cloathed with the skin of a Goat in which habit they rnn up and down in Rome at the Lupercals Faunus had a wife whose name was Fatua who being daily filled with a divine Spirit did as it were in a furie presage of things to come from whence those that to this daie are inspired are said to fatuate or to foretell the events of Fates to come Latinus conceived in whoredom was the son of the daughter of Faunus and of Hercules who at that time having killed Geryon did drive his Cattle through Italie
Orators and Captains p. 158 Alexander in many battels having overthrown the Persians doth put upon them the yoak of servitude p. 274 Alexander marryeth Statyra the daughter of Darius p. 196 Alexander would be worshipped as a God and be called the Son of Jupiter Hammon p. 169 Alexander the Great conspired against by Alexander Lyncestes p. 161 Alexander the revenger of his Fathers death p. 153 Alexander determined to die of hunger p. 188 Alexander given to Wine and Choler p. 146 Alexander grievously wounded p. 195 Alexander his dangerous feaver at the River Cydnus p. 171 Alexanders dead body to be convayed to Hammon by his own command p. 202 Alexander King of Epirus was dis-invested by Antigonus of his Kingdom p. 354 Alexander Caesar p. 586 Alexandria on Tanais builded by Alexander the Great p. 140 Alexandria in Aegypt builded by him p. 169 The Original of the Amazones p. 30 The coming of their Queen Thalestris to Alexander the Great p. 33 Amilco succeeded Hamilcar p. 282 Amilco killed himself p. 285 Amphitryo dedicated Athens to Minerva p. 36 The justice of Anaxilaus p. 75 Annabal made Captain before he was at mans estate p. 372. Annibal sixteen years a Conqueror in Italy p. 447 Annibals policy to avoyd the envie and the danger that might attend his great wealth p. 408. Annibals stratagem to overcome by Serpents p. 409 Annibals death by poyson ibid. Annibalianus Caesar p. 590 Antigonus killed by Sandrocottus p. 243 Antigonus threw the Diadem from him p. 367 Antigonus War with Perdiccas p. 217 Antiochus killed by the Parthians p. 461 462 Antiochus overcome and slain in banishment p. 362 Antiochus overcome by the Romans p. 401 Antiochus suspected Hannibal p. 392 Antiochus restored his Son to Africanus p. 397 Antiochia builded by Seleucus p. 242 Antipater killeth his Mother Thessalonice p. 245 All the Family of Antipater extinguished p. 248 Antoninus Caesar the Pious p. 558 Appollo revenging himself against Brennus p. 341 Appius Claudius breaking the Peace with Pyrrhus p. 266 The use of Honey and Runnet found out by Aristaeus p 220 The Arabians weak and impotent 473 Abdolominus made King of Sidon from the lowest degree of Fortune 167 Archidamus Commander of the Lacedemonians wounded p. 108 The Argonauts p. 407 492 The Argyraspides overcome by Antigonus p. 227 Aridaeus the Son of Philip raigneth in Macedonia p. 156 Aristides p. 57 Aristotimus the Tyrant of the Epirots his cruelty p. 351 Aristonicus overcome by the Consul Perpenna p. 433 Aristotle Tutor to Alexander the Great p. 204 The greatness of Armenia and description of it p. 490 Armenius the companion of Jason 491 Ascanius succeeded his Father Aeneas p. 503 Arsaces the common name of the Parthian Kings p 484 Arsacides his mercy to conquered Demetrius p. 458 Arsinoës departure into banishment p. 332 Artabanus killed Xerxes and he himself slain by Artaxerxes p 52 53 Artaxerxes had one hundred and fifteen Sons p. 148 Artemisia that memorable and gallant Queen p. 51 Arymbas made Laws for the Epirots p. 260 Asia the cause of many Wars reduced into the power of the people of Rome p. 433 Assyrians afterwards called Syrians how long they held the Empire p. 6 Astyages of a King made Governor of the Hyrcanians p. 13 Athens one of the eyes of Greece p. 92 Athis the daughter of Cranaus gave a name unto it p. 36 The Athenians hated by all men p. 82 The great wars of the Athenians with the Lacedemonians p. 88 The Athenians the inventors of Oyl Wine and the manufactures of Wooll p. 36 Attalus his Parricides and death p. 431 Attilius his war against Antiochus p. 403 Augustus Caesar his life and death p. 526 c. Aurelian Caesar and his gorgeous habiliments p. 578 B BAbylon builded by Semiramis p. 5 Bactrians lose their liberty and all things p. 485 Barce builded by Alexander p. 196 Butti who so called p. 219 Belgius Commander of the Gauls p. 334 Beronice having revenged the wrong offered to her was killed by deceit p. 358 Bessus delivered by Alexander to the brother of Darius p. 186 The River Bilbilis in which the Spaniards dip their sleel p. 518 Bomilcar fastned to the Cross p. 316 Brennus Captain of the Gauls killed himself at Delphos p. 341 Brundusium builded by the Aetolians p. 180 The Brutians overthrew Alexander of Epirus p. 181 Bucephala builded by Alexander in the memory of his Horse so called p. 192 Byrsa the City of Carthage so called from the Hide of an Ox p. 273 Byzantium besieged by Pyrrhus p. 134 C CAepio the Roman Consul took away the Gold at Tholouzi p. 406 Caligula why so called p. 533 Calimander his faithfulness to Demetrius p. 459 Calisthenes the Philosopher his lamentable end because he would not adore Alexander the great p. 190 Cambyses demolished the Temple of Apis and his Army overwhelmed afterwards at the Temple of Hammon p. 17 Candaules King of the Lydians p. 14 The Cappadocians overcome by Perdiccas burns all their moveables with themselves p. 216 Caracalla Caesar p. 567 Caranus the first King of Macedonia by the Conduct and direction of Goats buildeth the City of Edyssa p. 114 Carthage builded before Rome seventy two years p. 276 The Carthaginians forbid to speak or write in Grerk p. 295 The Carthaginians war with the Sicilians p. 75 Carus Caesar p. 580 Cassander killeth Alexander with his Mother Arsinoe p. 237 Castor and Pollux propitious and present to the Locrensians p. 289 Cecrops King of the Athenians p. 36 Ceres her holy Mysteries p. 81 Caribdis that dangerous gulf p. 74 Chrestos killed by Mithridates p. 450 Chion and Leonides conspire against Clearchus p. 254 Cimon overcometh Xerxes by Sea and Land and his piety to his Father p. 57 58 Civil war betwixt Caesar and Pompey p. 494 Claudius Tiberius p. 531 Claudius Caesar ibid. Clearchus banished amongst the Heraclians and his cruelty towards them p. 255 Cleopatra the daughter of Philip marrieth Alexander King of the Epirots p. 141 Cleopatra marryed her own brother Ptolomy and the execrable murders committed by him p. 455 Cleophis redeemed her Kingdom by yielding to the lust of Alexander p. 191 Clytus killed by Alexander p. 187 Cocceius Nerva p. 550 Codoman made Governor of the Armenians p. 151 Codrus the last King of the Athenians and his noble death p. 37 Commodus Caesar p. 563 Conon banished to Cyprus p. 100 Constans Caesar p. 590 Constantinus Caesar p. 587 Constantius Caesar ibid. Corcyra taken by Ptolomy p. 347 Corinth demolished p. 417 Crassus with all his Army overthrown by Horodes p. 432 Critias and Hippolochus their just deaths p. 95 Craesus King of the Lydians taken p. 13 Cyclops heretofore Inhabiting Sicily p. 75 Cynegyrus his great fortitude p. 42 The Cyprian Virgins provide them dowries by the prostitution of their bodies p. 272 Cyrini builded by Aristaeus p. 219 Cyricaenus killeth Gryphina p. 470 Cyrus maketh war on the Medes p. 11 Cyrus maketh war on the Sythians p. 16 Cyrus
and Amulius p. 503 O OCtavius takes Perseus with his two sons p. 413 Olympias guilty of her husband Philips death 144. Her great fortitude at her death p. 234 Olinthus sacked by Mardonius p. 53 Orthanes p. 18 Otho Salvius p. 540 Ovid banished by Augustus Caesar p. 529 P PArmenio and Philotas killed by Alexander p. 185 Parnassus Hill p. 336 The Parthians took Pompeys part p. 497 The Parthians war with the Romans p. 495 The Parthian Kings commonly parricides p. 496 Pacorus slain by the Romans and his Fathers immoderate lamentation for him ibid. The Parthians Original and Name p. 477 Pausanias affecting the Kingdom was condemned p. 57 Pausanias another of that name killed King Philip p. 142 Perdiccas his undaunted courage p. 211 Pericles gives his Fields to the Common-wealth p. 70 The Persians adore their Kings p. 102 The Persians God is the Sun p. 20 The end of the Persian Empire under Codeman p. 151 Pertinax Caesar called the Tennis Ball of Fortune p. 564 Phalantus love to his own people p. 66 Philip of Macedonia marryeth Olympias p. 122 Philips perfidiousness and sacriledge p. 127 Philomenes overcame the Thebans p. 125 Ptolomy called Philopater and wherefore p. 371 Philopaemenes general of the Achaians taken p. 402 The Phocensians seise upon the Temple at Delphos p. 124 A Phoenix seen in Aegypt p. 537 Phrahartes his parricides p. 496 497 Phrahartes driven into banishment by the the people p. 497 Pisistratus ruleth at Athens p. 40 Polipercon slain p. 221 Popilius with a rod in his hand doth circumscribe Antiochus 418 Porus King of the Indians taken p. 192 Probus Caesar p. 580 Philip Caesar p. 572 Prusias attempting to kill his Son was killed killed by him p. 420 Ptolomy the Son of Pyrhus utterly overthroweth Antigonus p. 346 Antigonus slain p. 348 The great Praise of Pyrhus Father to Antigonus ibid. Ptolomy the elder flyeth from his Kingdom of Aegypt to Alexandria to his brother Ptolomy the younger p. 418 Promptalus out of a sordid stock and fortune chosen King p. 422 The great luxury of Ptolomy of Egypt p. 379 The parricide of the Ptolomies p. 331 455 Pigmalion killeth his Uncle Sichaeus p. 270 The Pyrenaean Mountains p. 514 Pyrhus first of all brought Elephants into Italy 264. His overthrowing the Roman Army ibid. Pyrhus the Son of Achilles killed by Orestes p. 269 Pyrhus slain by a stone from the wall of his Enemies p. 348 Pythagoras bred up in the learning of the Egyptians 291. Pythagoras house esteemed as a Temple p. 293 Q QVintilius Caesar p. 557 R REligion protecteth better then Arms p. 164 Rhea a Vestal Virgin p. 503 Romulus and Remus nourished by a shee Wolf ibid. Rome builded by Romulus p. 505 The Romans would destroy Annibal by treachery 388. The Arts of the Romans and how they did arise unto the Soveraignty of the world is excellently described in that speech of Mtthridates in the eight and thirtieth Book of this History Roxane with her Son killed by Cassander p. 237 S THe Sabbath and the Religion of the Day amongst the Jews 429. Sandracottus from a mean Original advanced to the height of regal Majesty p. 242 Sardanapalus his effeminate life and manly death p. 6. 7 The Scipioes accustomed to overcome the Carthaginians p. 396 Scylla and Charibdis p. 74 The Scythians the most antient of all Nations 26. They founded the Parthian and Bactrian Kingdoms 28. They subdued Asia 31. And were subdued themselves by Alexander the Great p. 186 Seleucus and his Posterity after him had all the sign of an Anchor on their thighs p. 241 Seleucus slain by the treachery of Ptolomy p. 258 Seleucus another of that name slain by his own mother p. 465 Seleucus another of that Name killed by a fall from his horse p. 362 Semiramis killed by her own Son p. 6 Severus Caesar p. 570 Sergius Galba p. 539 Septimius Severus p. 566 Sicily the Description of it 73. No Land more fruitful of Tyrants p. 75 Sidon so called from the abundance of fish p. 267 Silvanus Caesar p. 593 Solons Laws p. 38 Sophocles a Writer of Tragedies the General of the Athenians p. 69 Sosthenes defends the Macedons against the Gauls p. 335 The courage of the women of Sparta p. 347 Strato King of the Tyrians p. 268 Sulpitius fights against Perseus p. 412 Sybares is by Cyrus made Governour of the Persians p. 13 The Syrian Kings derive their Original from Semiramis p. 427 T TAcitus Caesar p. 579 Tanais King of the Scythians p. 4 The Tarentins descended from the Lacedemonians p. 288 Theodosius Caesar p. 602 Thrasibulus overcame the Tyrants p. 95 Tigranes overcome by Lucullus p. 475 Tygris a River in Armenia p. 493 In what place the Gyants made their war against Heaven p. 518 Titus Vespasian p. 545 Trajan the Emperor p. 553 Titus Vespasian the Father of Titus Vespasian p. 542 The Drum called in Latin Tympanum the sign of fight amongst the Parthians p. 480 The Athenian Tyrants slain p. 96 Tyrus a City famous before the destruction of Troy 267. Tyrus being taken by Alexander the Citizens were all fastned to the Cross and the reason of it p. 269 Triptolemus found out the use of corn p. 36 Tyrtaeus the lame Poet with his Verses incenseth the Lacedemonians to the war p. 67 Tyssaphernes the Leiutenant of Darius p. 83 Theramenes killed p. 93 Turnus slain by Aeneas p. 502 Thomyris Queen of the Scythians overthrew Cyrus p. 16 V VAlentinian Caesar p. 598 Valens Caesar p. 600 Valerius Levinus overcome by Pyrhus p. 264 The Venetians descended of the Trojans p. 287 Ventidius his two first happy encounters against the Parthians p. 495 Virgil beloved by Augustus p. 528 Verona builded by the Gauls 294. So was also Vincentia ibid. Virus Gallus Caesar p. 573 Vexores King of Aegypt p. 4 Virgins to marry without portions by Licurgus Law p. 63 X XErxes made King p. 44 Xerxes beaten at Thermopylae by Leonidas p. 48 Xerxes burned Athens p. 49 Xerxes makes war with the Gods p. 49 Xerxes first of all subdued the Jews p. 430 431 Xerxes flying from Greece in a Fishers-boat p. 52 Z ZOpyrus his memorable Act p. 21 Zopyron the Lieuteant of Alexander the great utterly overthrown by the Scythians p. 182 Zoroastres found out the Art of Magick p. 4. He was King of the Bactrians and overcome and slain by Ninus ibid. The End of the Table Errata THe Errors committed in the Press may be thus corrected p. 13 l. 21 r. back into p. 15 l. 3 r. he shewed p. 26 l. 11 blot out either p. 30 l. 6 r. the p. 31 l. 2 r. whence p. 38 l. 28 r. nightly p. 41 l. 19 r. 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Kings p. 351 l. 28 r. of his age p. 353 l. 19 r. this p. 358 l. 25 r. so much p. 359 l. 17 r. vanquished p. 360 l. 30 r. and p. 365 l. 19 r. they proceeded p. 365 l. 26 r. mortar p. 372 l. 22 r. round about p. 375 l. 6 blot out howsoever p. 397 l. 15 r. benefits p. 409 l. 5 r. stowed p. 414 l. 8 blot out hardly p. 445 l. 4 blot out both p. 447 l. 1 blot out that ibid. r. for they p. 447 l. 2 blot out who p. 448 l. 6 r. then those who have p. 455 l. 13 r. but he p. 459 l. 3 r. way p. 513 l. 1 blot out it is p. 558 l. 1 r. Antoninus Pius p. 514 l. 19 r. vermilion ibid. l. 17 r. lead