the_o roman_n antoninus_n also_o mention_v pontium_fw-la which_o appear_v now_o to_o be_v call_v neubery_n read_v thantique_a name_n of_o spinae_n which_o signify_v thornes_z continue_v to_o this_o day_n in_o the_o one_o side_n of_o neubery_n which_o be_v as_o much_o to_o say_v as_o new_a court_n from_o whence_o a_o good_a way_n of_o upon_o the_o river_n cunetio_n stand_v a_o famous_a city_n call_v cunetio_n by_o the_o roman_n but_o marlborow_n now_o marlborow_n between_o these_o and_o the_o sea_n lie_v the_o simeni_n who_o metropolitan_a or_o chief_n city_n be_v venta_n which_o in_o fore_a time_n be_v a_o city_n of_o great_a renown_n and_o of_o the_o britain_n call_v caërwynt_n wynchester_n of_o the_o englishmen_n wynchester_n and_o at_o the_o sea_n there_o be_v the_o great_a port_n call_v now_o portesmouth_n at_o who_o wight_n mouth_n there_o stand_v a_o city_n call_v of_o old_a caërperis_n but_o now_o portchester_n also_o tris_n antonis_n a_o haven_n now_o south_n hampton_n retain_v the_o old_a name_n over_o against_o these_o lie_v the_o i_o will_v of_o wight_n celebrate_v by_o the_o ancient_a roman_a writer_n and_o first_o subdue_v by_o vespasian_n the_o same_o be_v in_o length_n xx_o mile_n and._n x._o in_o breadth_n in_o form_n like_o to_o a_o egg_n in_o some_o place_n seven_o mile_n distant_a from_o the_o main_n shore_n and_o in_o other_o but_o twain_o it_o have_v very_o rough_a and_o craggy_a cliff_n it_o be_v very_o plentiful_a of_o corne._n the_o chief_a and_o only_a market_n town_n of_o all_o the_o island_n be_v newport_n there_o be_v also_o a_o castle_n call_v newport_n caërbro_n that_o be_v to_o say_v the_o tract_n for_o castle_n net_n express_v the_o british_a antiquity_n the_o westsaxons_n when_o they_o have_v drive_v away_o the_o britain_n add_v the_o same_o to_o their_o dominion_n until_o cadwalla_n a_o britain_n have_v slay_v aruald_a recover_v it_o to_o himself_o englishman_n call_v it_o the_o wight_n britain_n term_v it_o gwydh_n which_o in_o our_o tongue_n signify_v perspicuous_a or_o easy_a to_o be_v see_v as_o gwydhgruc_n that_o be_v to_o say_v a_o perspicuous_a heap_n gwydhfa_n a_o perspicuous_a place_n by_o which_o term_n the_o most_o high_a mountain_n of_o all_o britain_n in_o carnaruanshyre_n be_v call_v the_o inhabitant_n of_o this_o island_n be_v wont_v to_o glory_n that_o their_o country_n be_v destitute_a of_o three_o great_a discommodity_n that_o be_v find_v in_o other_o country_n to_o wit_n fox_n beg_a friar_n and_o lawyer_n they_o be_v under_o the_o precinct_n and_o diocese_n of_o southampton_n by_o the_o same_o sea_n shore_n along_o follow_v the_o severiani_n call_v now_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o wylshyre_n who_o chief_a city_n be_v caërseverus_fw-la call_v also_o caër_fw-la câ—radoc_n and_o now_o by_o englishmen_n sarysbury_n sarisbury_n betwixt_o these_o be_v s._n ambrose_n hill_n celebrate_v by_o reason_n of_o the_o slaughter_n of_o the_o nobility_n of_o britain_n there_o commit_v also_o shaft_n bury_v know_v of_o old_a to_o the_o britain_n by_o the_o name_n of_o caërbaladin_n and_o caërsepton_n at_o the_o westside_n of_o thâ—se_a lie_n the_o durotriges_n call_v of_o we_o durugueir_n of_o the_o englishman_n dorsetshyre_n man_n from_o whence_o more_o westerly_a be_v the_o damnonij_fw-la we_o call_v they_o at_o this_o day_n dyfynnaint_v which_o signify_v deep_a &_o narrow_a valley_n &_o not_o of_o the_o dane_n as_o some_o affirm_v these_o be_v call_v in_o english_a devonshyreman_n and_o they_o lie_v between_o two_o sea_n the_o severn_n and_o the_o british_a ocean_n their_o principal_a city_n be_v isca_n call_v also_o augusta_n before_o time_n caërwisk_n of_o the_o water_n pass_v by_o but_o now_o of_o the_o englishman_n excestre_n excester_n howbeit_o i_o know_v well_o enough_o that_o some_o affirm_v that_o before_o it_o be_v call_v by_o the_o old_a britain_n penuchelgoëd_n last_o of_o all_o come_v cornavia_n of_o the_o cornwall_n inhabitant_n and_o our_o countryman_n call_v cernico_fw-la of_o englishmen_n cornwall_n here_o it_o be_v to_o be_v note_v that_o the_o saxon_n do_v thrâ—st_v the_o relic_n of_o the_o ancient_a britain_n into_o those_o straight_n who_o because_o they_o use_v the_o british_a tongue_n which_o the_o saxon_n understand_v not_o they_o term_v they_o cornwalas_n that_o be_v to_o say_v welshman_n of_o cornavia_n or_o cornwall_n as_o they_o call_v also_o our_o countryman_n welsh_a britain_n after_o the_o german_a guise_n this_o be_v the_o true_a etymology_n or_o cause_n of_o the_o name_n and_o farewell_n to_o they_o which_o please_a themselves_o in_o the_o invention_n of_o the_o name_n do_v call_v it_o cornu_fw-la galliae_fw-la to_o say_v a_o horn_n of_o france_n wherein_o polydorus_n as_o in_o other_o thing_n also_o utter_v his_o ignorance_n as_o for_o my_o opinion_n very_o ancient_a book_n do_v confirm_v it_o write_v in_o the_o saxon_a tongue_n and_o the_o name_n also_o whereby_o those_o which_o inhabit_v the_o country_n do_v usual_o call_v it_o they_o speak_v the_o british_a language_n &_o all_o their_o word_n almost_o be_v find_v like_o unto_o we_o but_o that_o they_o differ_v sumdeale_o in_o construction_n of_o speech_n the_o promontory_n of_o cornavia_n now_o cornwall_n be_v famous_a amongst_o our_o countryman_n common_o call_v penrhyngwaed_n that_o be_v to_o say_v the_o promontory_n of_o blood_n which_o i_o suppose_v to_o be_v call_v of_o ptolomaeus_n antivestaeum_fw-la beyond_o the_o damnonij_n or_o devonshire_n man_n nigh_o the_o course_n of_o severn_n lie_v sometime_o the_o region_n of_o murotriges_n we_o call_v it_o guladyr_n haf_n englishmen_n somersetshyre_n where_o be_v many_o notable_a ancient_a place_n see_v as_o the_o mount_n of_o caërmalet_n otherwise_o call_v camalet_n there_o stand_v also_o iscalis_n now_o ilcester_n ilcester_n and_o the_o isle_n of_o auolonia_n who_o city_n be_v venta_n now_o brystow_n but_o in_o antique_a time_n the_o britain_n call_v it_o caër_fw-la other_o yn_n nant_n badon_n that_o be_v to_o say_v the_o city_n odera_fw-mi in_o the_o valley_n of_o badon_n another_o town_n of_o the_o belgae_n with_o ptolomaeus_n aquae_n calidae_n that_o be_v of_o hot_a water_n with_o antoninus_n aquae_fw-la solis_fw-la of_o water_n of_o the_o sun_n the_o britain_n call_v it_o bath_n caërbadon_n the_o englishman_n bath_n and_o be_v very_o renown_a for_o wholesome_a bath_n bath_n of_o hot_a water_n of_o which_o thing_n i_o be_o a_o most_o certain_a witness_n for_o when_o as_o by_o the_o stroke_n of_o a_o horse_n which_o i_o have_v catch_v at_o milan_n in_o italy_n i_o be_v grievous_o pain_v with_o the_o sciatica_n continual_o the_o space_n of_o one_o whole_a year_n and_o have_v assay_v the_o help_n of_o many_o excellent_o learned_a physician_n be_v nothing_o the_o better_o i_o use_v these_o bath_n but_o only_o six_o day_n and_o be_v restore_v to_o my_o former_a health_n between_o these_o and_o the_o thames_n head_n be_v the_o dobuni_n now_o claudiani_n who_o chief_a town_n in_o old_a time_n be_v call_v corinium_n of_o the_o britain_n caër_fw-la cory_n the_o english_a gloucester_n man_n now_o term_v it_o cycestre_n and_o claudia_n common_o call_v gloucester_n a_o famous_a city_n stand_v upon_o severn_n the_o head_n of_o all_o the_o shire_n i_o suppose_v not_o to_o have_v be_v know_v to_o the_o roman_n but_o be_v afterward_o as_o gyldas_n report_v build_v by_o glovy_n a_o britain_n who_o after_o that_o the_o roman_n be_v drive_v thence_o reign_v there_o and_o not_o so_o name_v by_o claudius_n caesar_n as_o hereafter_o shall_v be_v show_v in_o the_o same_o shire_n also_o stand_v malmesbury_n call_v before_o time_n malmsbury_n caërbladhon_n these_o shire_n do_v make_v the_o three_o kingdom_n of_o saxon_n in_o britain_n which_o they_o call_v westsaxons_n who_o king_n be_v egbert_n who_o egbert_n have_v subdue_v all_o the_o other_o first_o of_o the_o german_n obtain_v the_o monarchy_n of_o lhoëgr_n thus_o have_v describe_v the_o country_n that_o lie_v on_o the_o southside_n of_o the_o thames_n let_v we_o now_o come_v to_o the_o other_o in_o order_fw-fr and_o first_o over_o against_o kent_n on_o the_o other_o side_n of_o the_o thames_n lie_v the_o trinovante_n who_o prince_n be_v mandubratius_n tius_fw-la or_o as_o other_o write_v androgorius_n our_o countryman_n call_v he_o audâ—wy_a the_o same_o send_v for_o caesar_n into_o britain_n and_o when_o he_o be_v come_v assist_v he_o with_o his_o power_n and_o follow_v he_o into_o italy_n and_o thessaly_n their_o chief_a city_n london_n be_v build_v by_o brutus_n and_o be_v call_v troynewith_n that_o be_v to_o say_v new_a troy_n howbeit_o there_o be_v some_o which_o call_v it_o trenovantum_fw-la because_o three_fw-mi signify_v in_o british_a a_o town_n but_o afterward_o it_o be_v call_v of_o belus_n which_o dwell_v there_o dinas_n beli_n that_o be_v to_o say_v belinus_n palace_n or_o court_n last_o of_o all_o of_o lud_n brother_n to_o caswallane_n which_o wonderful_o adorn_v it_o with_o beautiful_a
call_v in_o latin_a deva_n of_o the_o river_n which_o we_o term_v dourdowy_a to_o say_v the_o water_n of_o dee_n the_o englishman_n call_v it_o legancestre_n and_o afterward_o clip_a chester_n the_o name_v short_a call_v it_o chester_n and_o the_o citizen_n do_v glory_n that_o they_o have_v the_o body_n of_o henry_n the_o four_o emperor_n who_o they_o affirm_v to_o have_v yield_v up_o the_o empire_n and_o have_v betake_v himself_o to_o a_o hermit_n life_n and_o so_o be_v they_o likewise_o persuade_v of_o herald_n who_o be_v the_o last_o king_n of_o the_o danish_a blood_n more_o east_n from_o these_o be_v the_o doruentani_fw-la now_o derbishyremen_n so_o term_v of_o their_o cheifcitie_n dwrguent_n which_o be_v as_o much_o to_o say_v as_z white_a water_n all_o these_o shire_n and_o convente_n with_o a_o great_a part_n of_o wales_n as_o far_o as_o the_o renown_a ditch_n of_o king_n offa_n of_o which_o we_o will_v speak_v hereafter_o make_v up_o the_o six_o kingdom_n of_o english_a saxon_n in_o britain_n which_o of_o the_o river_n merse_n be_v call_v the_o kingdom_n of_o mercij_fw-la or_o march._n here_o now_o i_o can_v sufficient_o marvel_v how_o wolfangus_fw-la lazius_n a_o man_n excellent_o learn_v and_o very_o well_o deserve_v of_o all_o that_o be_v studious_a of_o antiquity_n in_o his_o great_a work_n of_o the_o migration_n of_o nation_n shall_v be_v so_o much_o deceive_v as_o to_o say_v that_o the_o mertij_fw-la or_o people_n of_o march_n be_v marcomanni_n and_o the_o their_o king_n penda_n offa_n with_o all_o the_o rest_n reign_v in_o the_o low_a germany_n be_v most_o evident_a in_o all_o history_n that_o there_o be_v never_o any_o such_o kingdom_n there_o and_o that_o these_o king_n &_o people_n who_o he_o affirm_v to_o have_v dwell_v in_o germany_n inhabit_v that_o country_n of_o britain_n which_o we_o now_o describe_v likewise_o while_o he_o endeavour_v to_o link_v together_o the_o discentes_fw-la and_o pedigree_n of_o the_o norman_a blood_n of_o the_o king_n of_o england_n he_o handle_v they_o so_o confuse_o &_o so_o far_o beside_o truth_n that_o it_o seem_v he_o never_o read_v either_o the_o name_n or_o order_n or_o deed_n of_o the_o king_n but_o it_o be_v rather_o likely_a that_o he_o learn_v they_o by_o hearsay_n of_o some_o babble_a unlearned_a fool_n that_o have_v no_o regard_n of_o his_o good_a same_o or_o honesty_n as_o a_o neither_o have_v â—oone_o of_o late_a day_n a_o man_n famous_o learn_v in_o the_o mathematics_n in_o his_o geographical_a chart_n of_o this_o island_n and_o beside_o these_o hieromus_fw-la ruscellus_n in_o his_o ptolomaeus_n late_o print_v at_o venice_n while_o he_o go_v about_o to_o set_v forth_o new_a name_n correspondent_a to_o the_o old_a confound_v place_n a_o hundred_o mile_n distant_a one_o from_o another_o namely_o error_n colchester_n and_o wynchester_n neither_o in_o other_o place_n be_v his_o gheass_n any_o thing_n more_o certain_a wherefore_o i_o exhort_v man_n not_o to_o trust_v he_o in_o this_o behalf_n there_o remain_v the_o seven_o and_o last_o kingdom_n of_o saxon_n in_o england_n which_o they_o term_v nordan_n humbrorum_fw-la because_o it_o stand_v at_o the_o northecoast_n of_o humber_n the_o same_o be_v afterward_o divide_v into_o two_o kyngedome_n of_o the_o deer_n and_o bernice_n the_o kingdom_n of_o deera_fw-mi contain_v all_o the_o country_n from_o humbre_a and_o trent_n to_o the_o river_n tyssa_n bernicia_n reach_v from_o tyssa_n to_o the_o scottish_a sea_n which_o they_o call_v now_o fyrthew_n the_o britain_n term_v this_o same_o brennich_n &_o the_o other_o deifyr_n the_o inhabitant_n of_o this_o region_n especial_o south_n ward_n be_v call_v snotyngomenses_n but_o now_o most_o common_o notingamshiremen_n next_o unto_o these_o be_v yorkeshyreman_n who_o of_o the_o roman_n be_v call_v brigant_n of_o who_o tacitus_n write_v thus_o petilius_n caerealis_n fight_v many_o bataile_n whereof_o some_o be_v not_o unbloody_a against_o the_o city_n of_o the_o brigant_n which_o be_v report_v to_o be_v the_o place_n of_o resort_n to_o the_o whole_a populous_a province_n and_o obtain_v a_o great_a part_n of_o the_o brigant_n either_o by_o victory_n or_o else_o by_o fight_n all_o these_o the_o li_a champion_n of_o the_o scottish_a name_n hector_n boëthius_n stick_v not_o to_o put_v into_o his_o gallovidia_fw-la and_o to_o prove_v the_o same_o by_o argument_n gather_v out_o of_o ptolomaeus_n and_o tacitus_n but_o how_o much_o ptolomaeus_n be_v deceive_v trust_v to_o the_o report_n of_o other_o in_o describe_v the_o length_n and_o breadth_n of_o place_n in_o britain_n for_o he_o write_v that_o scotland_n lie_v forth_o to_o the_o east_n &_o that_o the_o far_a promontory_n thereof_o be_v viij_o degree_n more_o easterly_a than_o any_o place_n of_o england_n which_o in_o this_o paralelle_n do_v make_v about_o 240_o mile_n which_o be_v altogether_o untrue_a sing_v england_n stand_v more_o to_o the_o east_n then_o scotlandeâ—â—the_v â—â—the_z be_v as_o clear_v as_o day_n light_n to_o all_o those_o that_o have_v taste_v of_o cosmography_n but_o ptolomaeus_n be_v to_o be_v pardon_v be_v excuse_v a_o egyptian_a bear_v and_o excellent_o well_o learn_v in_o mathematicals_n who_o have_v do_v the_o best_a he_o can_v but_o not_o foolish_a and_o impudent_a boëthius_n bear_v and_o bring_v up_o no_o far_o of_o than_o scotland_n he_o speak_v thus_o of_o tacitus_n that_o he_o be_v a_o grave_a author_n affirm_v that_o the_o brigant_n be_v a_o spanish_a brood_n dwell_v in_o a_o far_a corner_n of_o britain_n far_a than_o any_o dare_v avouch_v that_o at_o his_o time_n the_o britain_n have_v pass_v oh_o impudent_a face_n where_o about_o do_v tacitus_n speak_v thus_o of_o the_o brigant_n he_o seem_v to_o derive_v the_o siluri_n by_o a_o colour_n from_o the_o spanish_a brood_n because_o they_o lie_v over_o against_o spain_n gallovida_fw-la be_v far_a from_o spain_n then_o any_o region_n of_o england_n or_o wales_n and_o that_o in_o tacitus_n time_n the_o brigant_n be_v first_o know_v to_o the_o roman_n i_o confess_v it_o but_o he_o find_v it_o not_o in_o tacitus_n and_o not_o mindful_a of_o himself_o as_o it_o behove_v a_o liar_n to_o be_v he_o call_v not_o to_o remembrance_n that_o he_o write_v in_o another_o place_n that_o claudius_n the_o emperor_n adjoin_v also_o unto_o his_o empire_n the_o orchades_n which_o lie_v beyond_o scotland_n but_o let_v we_o bid_v faithless_a hector_n a_o dieu_fw-fr and_o let_v we_o now_o also_o see_v what_o the_o ancient_a writer_n have_v write_v of_o the_o brigant_n ptolomaeus_n recite_v the_o city_n brigant_n of_o brigant_n eboracum_n epiacum_n calatum_n bimonium_fw-la caturactonium_n rhigodunum_n isurium_n olicana_n with_o other_o all_o man_n know_v that_o eboracum_n be_v that_o city_n which_o the_o britain_n call_v caër_fw-la efroc_n the_o englishman_n euerwyke_v and_o now_o short_a york_n of_o the_o rest_n we_o do_v york_n but_o conjecture_n as_o bimonium_n to_o be_v bincestre_n calatum_n which_o antoninus_n and_o bede_n call_v calcaria_n to_o be_v helicastre_n now_o tadcastre_n rhigodunum_n rippon_n and_o olicana_n haligfex_fw-la and_o that_o isurium_n be_v call_v aldburg_n there_o be_v never_o any_o man_n that_o dream_v that_o these_o city_n be_v in_o scotland_n but_o antoninê°_n ascribe_v they_o to_o the_o brigant_n &_o place_v they_o in_o the_o way_n which_o lead_v to_o london_n from_o the_o ually_n praetorium_n for_o that_o there_o be_v a_o valley_n from_o the_o river_n soluathianus_fw-la to_o the_o mouth_n of_o tine_n all_o do_v know_v i_o conclude_v therefore_o that_o it_o be_v impossible_a that_o the_o brigant_n be_v ever_o in_o scotland_n in_o so_o much_o that_o the_o remembrance_n of_o this_o name_n remain_v until_o this_o day_n amongst_o we_o for_o when_o we_o see_v any_o man_n not_o due_o obey_n law_n &_o commandment_n he_o we_o call_v chwaret_n brigans_n that_o be_v to_o say_v one_o that_o play_v the_o brigant_a and_o like_v as_o they_o be_v rebel_n against_o the_o people_n of_o rome_n so_o do_v he_o contemn_v the_o law_n of_o magistrate_n and_o of_o elder_n and_o sure_o i_o be_o of_o belief_n that_o all_o deera_fw-mi before_o time_n be_v call_v brigantia_n ptolomaeus_n place_v the_o vernicones_n and_o taiazalos_n between_o the_o river_n tine_n and_o tweed_n this_o country_n alone_o now_o refayn_v the_o name_n of_o northumberland_n when_o all_o northumberland_n the_o region_n before_o time_n from_o that_o river_n to_o the_o scotish_n sea_n be_v call_v by_o that_o name_n for_o there_o be_v no_o river_n in_o all_o britain_n that_o have_v the_o name_n of_o humbre_fw-mi but_o only_o the_o water_n into_o who_o many_o notable_a stream_n do_v flow_v whereby_o our_o friend_n m._n leland_n not_o with_o out_o good_a cause_n suppose_v that_o the_o same_o shall_v be_v call_v aber_n which_o among_o the_o britain_n signify_v a_o arm_n of_o the_o sea_n either_o swiftness_n or_o fall_v of_o any_o
water_n either_o into_o the_o sea_n as_o aberconwy_n abertivi_fw-la abertawy_n that_o be_v to_o say_v the_o mouth_n of_o conway_n tibius_n and_o tobius_n or_o into_o some_o great_a river_n as_o aber_n hodni_fw-la abergevenni_fw-la to_o say_v the_o fall_n of_o hodnus_fw-la and_o gevenus_fw-la into_o osca_n moreover_o we_o call_v mouth_n and_o entrance_n of_o river_n aber_n without_o add_v any_o thing_n more_o thereto_o as_o in_o carnaruanshyre_n between_o conovium_fw-la and_o banchorium_fw-la in_o the_o same_o manner_n so_o that_o i_o think_v aber_n to_o signify_v as_o much_o as_o aestus_fw-la do_v which_o be_v the_o rage_n fall_v or_o force_v of_o water_n as_o be_v most_o agreeable_a with_o ptolomaeus_n above_o these_o be_v the_o damnij_n who_o chief_a city_n antoninus_n make_v vandagora_n to_o be_v not_o far_o from_o the_o valley_n ofdam_n whereby_o i_o conjecture_v that_o they_o be_v those_o which_o we_o call_v now_o westmerlandshyremen_n the_o selgovij_fw-la and_o otadeni_n in_o time_n westmoreland_n past_a inhabit_v cumberland_n at_o the_o very_a brim_n of_o the_o uallie_o stand_v a_o most_o ancient_a city_n ptolomeus_n call_v it_o lucopibia_n antoninus_n luguballia_n the_o britain_n and_o englishman_n term_v it_o caerloyl_v and_o it_o stand_v in_o the_o frontir_v of_o the_o novantes_fw-la not_o far_o from_o this_o city_n as_o malmsburiensis_n report_v there_o be_v a_o stone_n find_v with_o this_o inscription_n in_o token_n of_o marius_n victory_n which_o token_n of_o triumph_n i_o suppose_v to_o have_v be_v erect_v by_o meurigus_n who_o some_o of_o the_o roman_n have_v term_v more_o apt_o aruiragus_n othersome_a marius_n in_o token_n that_o the_o redshank_n be_v there_o vanquish_v rodericus_fw-la vanquish_v be_v their_o king_n which_o at_o that_o season_n as_o the_o saxon_n do_v exercise_v piracy_n in_o our_o sea_n until_o at_o length_n one_o part_n of_o they_o settle_v in_o albania_n and_o other_o in_o france_n and_o it_o be_v well_o know_v that_o these_o country_n together_o with_o gallovidia_fw-la so_o far_o as_o the_o river_n cluda_n unto_o the_o year_n of_o our_o lord_n 870_o be_v in_o the_o britain_n possession_n at_o what_o time_n be_v by_o the_o scot_n dane_n and_o englishman_n disquiet_v with_o many_o battle_n and_o in_o the_o end_n their_o king_n constantinus_n slay_v at_o lochmaba_n in_o anandra_n they_o be_v enforce_v to_o return_v into_o wales_n to_o their_o countryman_n and_o drive_v away_o the_o english_a saxon_n forcible_o challenge_v to_o themselves_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o country_n which_o lie_v betwixt_o conway_n and_o the_o water_n of_o dee_n which_o they_o possess_v and_o there_o appoint_v a_o kingdom_n which_o of_o the_o river_n cluda_n on_o who_o shore_n they_o dwell_v be_v of_o our_o countryman_n call_v struteluyd_v of_o marianus_n scotus_n corrupt_o streadiylead_v of_o the_o wallane_n they_o have_v many_o conflict_n against_o the_o king_n of_o england_n as_o the_o same_o author_n report_v until_o at_o length_n their_o last_o king_n die_v at_o rome_n they_o submit_v themselves_o to_o the_o prince_n of_o gwynedh_n this_o marianus_n the_o chief_a historiographer_n of_o his_o time_n one_o of_o late_a have_v cause_v to_o set_v forth_o in_o print_n be_v imperfect_a and_o lack_v the_o better_a part_n of_o set_a purpose_n as_o himself_o confess_v because_o of_o the_o ambiguity_n of_o the_o british_a history_n in_o like_a manner_n sleydan_n while_o he_o turn_v his_o abbridgement_n of_o frossard_n into_o latin_a be_v too_o too_o much_o partial_a to_o the_o frenchman_n either_o overpass_v with_o silence_n the_o most_o noble_a &_o valiant_a deed_n of_o the_o englishman_n or_o vari_v from_o his_o author_n report_v they_o otherwise_o then_o frossard_n have_v write_v wherefore_o i_o seem_v that_o the_o say_v of_o martial_a the_o poet_n very_o well_o agree_v with_o they_o that_o which_o now_o thou_o do_v turn_v oh_o fidentine_n the_o book_n be_v i_o but_o when_o thou_o turn_v he_o ill_o then_o he_o begin_v for_o to_o be_v thou_o but_o this_o much_o by_o the_o way_n the_o last_o of_o the_o northumberlandshyreman_n and_o almost_o of_o all_o lhoëgr_n follow_v the_o inhabitant_n of_o lancashyre_n to_o be_v entreat_v of_o who_o the_o river_n call_v of_o the_o englishman_n merssee_n divide_v from_o the_o kingdom_n of_o march_n march._n of_o who_o the_o kingdom_n of_o march_n in_o england_n be_v so_o call_v it_o be_v soon_o prove_v out_o of_o ptolomaeus_n that_o these_o be_v call_v ordovici_fw-la in_o old_a time_n for_o the_o ordovici_fw-la say_v he_o lie_v more_o south-west_n than_o the_o brigant_n do_v since_o therefore_o that_o yorkeshyre_n be_v the_o kingdom_n of_o brigant_n in_o vain_a with_o boethius_n we_o seek_v they_o in_o scotland_n and_o much_o more_o in_o norfolk_n with_o polydorus_n wherefore_o renounce_v these_o fable_n for_o my_o part_n i_o be_o persuade_v that_o the_o ordovici_fw-la be_v not_o only_o the_o lancas_n hyreman_n but_o also_o the_o devani_n or_o ches_n hyreman_n and_o shrops_n hyreman_n be_v recompt_v of_o tacitus_n for_o a_o great_a city_n in_o this_o city_n place_n i_o call_v a_o city_n as_o caesar_n do_v a_o whole_a convent_n or_o kingdom_n for_o look_v how_o many_o city_n there_o be_v so_o many_o kyngedome_n in_o old_a time_n be_v in_o britain_n which_o several_o wage_a battle_n against_o the_o roman_n be_v all_o the_o soon_o overcummen_v among_o the_o city_n of_o these_o kingdom_n ptolomaeus_n recite_v mediolanun_n call_v now_o lancastre_n lancastre_n mancunium_n as_o appear_v out_o of_o antoninus_n be_v call_v manchestre_n their_o king_n in_o time_n past_a be_v cataracus_n manchester_n who_o fame_n be_v know_v above_o the_o sky_n who_o the_o space_n of_o nine_o continual_a year_n very_o much_o molest_v the_o roman_n with_o war_n at_o length_n be_v take_v by_o treason_n of_o a_o woman_n and_o lead_v to_o rome_n in_o triumph_n and_o claudius_n the_o emperor_n deserve_v no_o less_o praise_n for_o vanquishing_n cataracus_n then_o do_v scipio_n for_o syphax_n or_o lucius_n paulus_n for_o perses_n as_o tacitus_n write_v two_o most_o puissant_a king_n bring_v home_o in_o show_n to_o the_o people_n of_o rome_n and_o here_o can_v i_o not_o marvel_v enough_o what_o come_v in_o mind_n to_o that_o boëthius_n not_o the_o trojan_a but_o the_o scot_n for_o alas_o what_o one_o be_v he_o how_o far_o from_o that_o same_o hector_n sore_o he_o change_v be_v that_o in_o achilles_n spoil_n come_v home_o before_o impudent_o to_o affirm_v that_o he_o be_v a_o scot_n see_v that_o there_o be_v no_o such_o nation_n at_o that_o time_n in_o the_o world_n but_o if_o there_o be_v it_o be_v so_o enfold_v in_o darkness_n that_o it_o be_v unknown_a to_o the_o roman_n and_o britain_n or_o as_o haymo_n armenius_n write_v of_o a_o certain_a nation_n it_o have_v so_o blear_v the_o eye_n of_o all_o people_n and_o country_n that_o the_o scot_n be_v invisible_o conversant_a between_o the_o roman_n and_o britain_n polydorus_n also_o write_v that_o he_o be_v king_n of_o the_o ordulacae_fw-la when_o neither_o tacitus_n nor_o ptolomaeus_n mention_v the_o same_o but_o 12_o of_o the_o ordovici_fw-la and_o tacitus_n report_v that_o he_o be_v not_o only_a governor_n of_o the_o ordovici_fw-la but_o also_o of_o the_o siluri_n which_o siluri_n dwell_v not_o in_o scotland_n siluri_n but_o in_o southwales_n as_o in_o another_o place_n it_o shall_v be_v prove_v more_o plain_o and_o i_o remember_v very_o well_o that_o a_o few_o year_n ago_o when_o i_o be_v in_o the_o frontir_v of_o shrops_n hire_n with_o other_o about_o certain_a business_n of_o my_o lord_n the_o right_a honoble_a earl_n of_o arundel_n where_o some_o part_n of_o his_o inheritance_n lie_v i_o chance_v to_o fall_v into_o the_o view_n of_o a_o place_n exceed_o well_o fortify_a both_o by_o nature_n &_o art_n the_o situation_n whereof_o be_v upon_o the_o top_n of_o a_o high_a hill_n environ_v with_o a_o triple_a ditch_n of_o great_a depth_n there_o be_v iij._o gate_n not_o direct_o but_o a_o shoshe_fw-mi the_o one_o against_o the_o other_o and_o on_o three_o side_n steep_v headlong_o place_n and_o compass_v with_o two_o river_n on_o the_o lift_v hand_n with_o colun_n or_o clun_n on_o the_o right_n with_o themis_n which_o our_o countryman_n call_v tevidia_fw-la and_o accessible_a but_o on_o the_o one_o side_n thereof_o these_o thing_n when_o i_o behold_v i_o understand_v by_o the_o inhabitant_n that_o this_o place_n be_v call_v caër_fw-la caradoc_n that_o be_v to_o say_v the_o city_n caradoc_n and_o that_o there_o have_v be_v many_o fierce_a battle_n fight_v there_o against_o a_o certain_a king_n call_v caradoc_n who_o at_o last_o be_v vanquish_v and_o take_v of_o his_o enemy_n for_o our_o countryman_n caâ—_n not_o only_o wall_v city_n &_o town_n but_o also_o all_o manner_n place_n which_o be_v entrench_v and_o wall_v by_o the_o name_n caër_fw-la as_o i_o will_v prove_v afterward_o by_o
they_o come_v of_o englishman_n where_o as_o they_o and_o the_o englishman_n count_n the_o other_o scot_n but_o rude_a and_o barbarous_a these_o nation_n as_o i_o say_v until_o that_o honorius_n come_v to_o the_o empire_n which_o be_v about_o the_o year_n of_o the_o lord_n four_o hundred_o and_o twenty_o molest_v the_o north_n part_n of_o britain_n with_o incursion_n and_o robbery_n at_o which_o time_n have_v call_v a_o power_n out_o of_o ireland_n to_o help_v they_o as_o gyldas_n and_o bede_n do_v avouch_v under_o conduct_v of_o reuda_n establish_v themselves_o a_o kingdom_n in_o the_o west_n part_n of_o albania_n but_o the_o readshanks_n possess_v the_o east_n region_n whereas_o first_o they_o make_v war_n against_o the_o roman_n and_o the_o britain_n and_o afterward_o with_o the_o englishman_n and_o dane_n sometime_o they_o be_v confederate_a sometime_o they_o war_v diverse_o until_o about_o the_o year_n of_o our_o lord_n eight_o hundred_o and_o forty_o all_o the_o redshank_n be_v destroy_v by_o kennethus_n king_n of_o scot_n in_o somuch_o that_o their_o name_n and_o kingdom_n cease_v to_o be_v any_o long_o in_o britain_n who_o country_n the_o scot_n add_v unto_o their_o own_o which_o to_o this_o day_n be_v renown_v in_o britain_n this_o much_o i_o have_v to_o say_v of_o the_o scot_n and_o redshank_n according_a to_o the_o verity_n of_o the_o history_n howbeit_o i_o know_v well_o how_o boethius_n a_o most_o vain_a reporter_n of_o fable_n impudent_o affirm_v that_o they_o reign_v in_o britain_n three_o hundred_o year_n before_o christ_n be_v bear_v and_o he_o feign_v that_o there_o be_v so_o many_o king_n so_o many_o war_n by_o they_o most_o valiant_o wage_v against_o the_o roman_n so_o many_o wholesome_a law_n and_o statute_n in_o britain_n by_o they_o institute_v as_o neither_o lucian_n in_o his_o fabulous_a narration_n neither_o the_o author_n of_o the_o book_n of_o amadis_n of_o gaul_n nor_o witty_a ariostus_n in_o his_o orlando_n furioso_n have_v ever_o commend_v unto_o we_o in_o fable_n but_o to_o the_o intent_n that_o i_o may_v set_v forth_o the_o most_o beastly_a man_n in_o his_o colour_n &_o that_o the_o sleight_n and_o subtlety_n wherewith_o he_o endevour_v to_o blear_v all_o man_n eye_n may_v be_v display_v i_o will_v brief_o touch_v certain_a of_o his_o most_o vain_a trifle_n &_o such_o as_o all_o man_n of_o wit_n and_o understand_v may_v easy_o perceive_v to_o be_v stark_o lie_v and_o here_o i_o let_v pas_fw-fr egyptian_a fable_n and_o of_o the_o stock_n and_o race_n of_o scottish_a king_n in_o britain_n before_o caesar_n come_v where_o he_o affirm_v that_o caesar_n be_v vanquish_v by_o the_o scot_n and_o flee_v out_o of_o britain_n who_o afterward_o send_v ambassador_n unto_o the_o scot_n and_o redshank_n to_o request_v their_o friendship_n and_o that_o at_o last_o he_o conduct_v his_o roman_a army_n in_o to_o the_o forest_n caledonia_n also_o that_o augustus_n send_v his_o messenger_n unto_o metellus_n king_n of_o scot_n to_o entreat_v he_o for_o peace_n moreover_o he_o make_v cataracus_n a_o britain_n and_o son_n to_o king_n cynobellinus_n as_o dion_n a_o most_o famous_a author_n report_v king_n of_o scotland_n he_o stick_v not_o to_o avouch_v that_o the_o brigant_n siluri_n and_o ordovici_fw-la be_v scot_n he_o sheweth_z how_o dangerous_a the_o expedition_n be_v of_o claudius_n the_o emperor_n and_o describe_v great_a war_n between_o he_o and_o canus_n the_o king_n of_o the_o orchades_n he_o write_v that_o voadicia_n the_o most_o renown_a queen_n voadicia_n of_o iceni_n who_o valiant_a deed_n against_o the_o roman_n tacitus_n and_o also_o dion_n have_v make_v know_v to_o the_o world_n veusius_fw-la earl_n of_o brigant_n cartimandua_n the_o queen_n be_v all_o scot_n and_o final_o there_o be_v no_o one_o thing_n wherein_o the_o roman_n or_o britain_n behave_v themselves_o courageous_o or_o wise_o in_o britain_n which_o this_o monster_n do_v not_o ascribe_v unto_o his_o feign_a scot_n and_o which_o at_o that_o time_n be_v unknown_a to_o the_o world_n and_o he_o have_v not_o only_o transcribe_v the_o mind_n but_o also_o whole_a sentence_n and_o oration_n of_o tacitus_n into_o his_o book_n always_o change_a the_o name_n of_o nation_n and_o city_n like_o a_o malicious_a falsifier_n with_o out_o all_o shame_n or_o honesty_n he_o say_v caesar_n &_o tacitus_n write_v these_o thing_n of_o the_o redshank_n and_o those_o of_o the_o scot_n &_o that_o these_o nation_n make_v such_o and_o so_o many_o war_n when_o as_o in_o deed_n the_o name_n of_o scot_n or_o redshank_n be_v not_o at_o all_o to_o be_v find_v in_o these_o most_o noble_a writer_n and_o true_o it_o be_v not_o like_a that_o caesar_n be_v avery_n wise_a gentleman_n when_o he_o have_v thorough_o learn_v the_o state_n &_o manner_n of_o the_o britain_n and_o irishman_n will_v with_o silence_n have_v overpass_o the_o name_n of_o the_o scot_n and_o redshank_n special_o have_v send_v ambassador_n unto_o their_o king_n neither_o be_v it_o probable_a that_o tacitus_n a_o famous_a man_n and_o very_o expert_a in_o the_o state_n of_o britain_n and_o other_o country_n when_o he_o describe_v the_o expedition_n of_o agricola_n his_o father_n in_o law_n in_o to_o britain_n and_o as_o it_o be_v depeynt_v forth_o the_o sheyre_n peoples_z portes_n and_o river_n of_o that_o region_n by_o their_o proper_a name_n &_o make_v mention_n of_o a_o certain_a earl_n of_o ireland_n take_v by_o agricola_n know_v not_o also_o the_o name_n of_o scot_n and_o redshank_n with_o who_o boethiusâ—ayneth_v â—ayneth_z he_o wage_v that_o war_n when_o as_o in_o every_o place_n he_o seem_v to_o call_v the_o inhabitant_n of_o albion_n britain_n and_o it_o have_v stand_v much_o more_o with_o agricolas_fw-la honour_n be_v a_o worthy_a man_n who_o tacitus_n also_o by_o his_o work_n endeavour_v to_o make_v more_o noble_a to_o have_v subdue_v unknown_a nation_n and_o such_o as_o â—ead_a on_o man_n flesh_n such_o as_o it_o shall_v be_v prove_v that_o the_o scot_n be_v long_a time_n after_o rather_o then_o the_o britain_n which_o be_v sufficient_o know_v to_o the_o roman_n also_o dion_n a_o man_n which_o have_v be_v consul_n and_o familiar_a with_o severus_n the_o emperor_n and_o unto_o he_o dear_o belove_v whilst_o he_o declare_v his_o expedition_n into_o britain_n at_o large_a not_o once_o speak_v of_o the_o scot_n or_o redshank_n bâ—ing_v very_o well_o know_v to_o all_o man_n that_o he_o convey_v all_o his_o force_n and_o power_n into_o albania_n or_o scotland_n for_o quoth_v dion_n the_o meati_fw-la &_o caledonij_fw-la two_o diverse_a kind_n of_o britain_n revolt_a from_o the_o roman_n and_o severus_n call_v together_o his_o soldier_n command_v they_o to_o innate_a their_o country_n and_o kill_v all_o that_o ever_o they_o meet_v and_o thus_o he_o charge_v they_o in_o these_o word_n let_v none_o escape_v your_o hand_n away_o nor_o cruel_a bloody_a broil_n no_o tender_a imp_n though_o in_o her_o womb_n the_o dame_n there_o with_o do_v toil_n let_v he_o not_o escape_v a_o woeful_a death_n when_o severus_n come_v into_o caledonia_n he_o fight_v never_o a_o battle_n neither_o see_v he_o any_o power_n of_o his_o enemy_n in_o a_o readiness_n and_o so_o pass_a throughout_o all_o his_o enemy_n land_n have_v not_o lose_v in_o fight_n but_o by_o water_n and_o hunger_n fifty_o thousand_o man_n return_v unto_o his_o fellow_n if_o the_o scot_n have_v be_v in_o britain_n at_o that_o time_n the_o reporter_n hereof_o be_v a_o friend_n neither_o after_o he_o herodian_a who_o in_o sufficient_a long_a discourse_n have_v set_v forth_o that_o voyage_n will_v have_v defraud_v a_o emperor_n so_o ambitious_a and_o thirsty_a of_o honour_n as_o severê°_n be_v of_o his_o due_a praise_n wherefore_o it_o be_v as_o evident_a as_o noon_n day_n that_o at_o this_o time_n which_o be_v about_o two_o hundred_o and_o two_o year_n after_o the_o incarnation_n of_o our_o lord_n the_o scot_n have_v no_o seat_n in_o britain_n over_o and_o beside_o all_o this_o neither_o eutropius_n neither_o spartianus_n neither_o capitolinus_n neither_o lampridius_n neither_o vopiscus_n nor_o aurelius_n victor_n who_o have_v all_o write_v the_o expedition_n and_o war_n of_o the_o roman_a emperor_n in_o britain_n have_v in_o any_o plate_n make_v mention_v of_o the_o scottish_n or_o readshank_n name_n although_o therefore_o i_o suppose_v that_o these_o argument_n be_v sufficient_a to_o improve_v and_o condemn_v the_o â—eere_o trifle_n of_o boethius_n notwithstanding_o i_o will_v light_o touch_v two_o of_o his_o history_n which_o by_o the_o author_n be_v setfoorth_o at_o large_a enough_o with_o word_n a_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a long_o but_o i_o pray_v you_o when_o you_o be_v let_v to_o look_v your_o laughter_n friend_n you_o will_v refrain_v in_o the_o second_o book_n of_o his_o fable_n he_o write_v how_o that_o ptolomaeus_n philadelphus_n king_n
call_v it_o mur_n severus_fw-la that_o be_v to_o say_v severus_n wall_n and_o in_o another_o place_n gual_n severus_fw-la severus_n valley_n at_o this_o day_n in_o this_o region_n stand_v edemburge_n edenburge_n the_o seat_n of_o the_o king_n of_o scotland_n sometime_o build_v by_o eboracus_n king_n of_o britain_n call_v also_o castle_n mynyd_n agnes_fw-la that_o be_v to_o say_v the_o castle_n of_o s._n agnes_n hill_n &_o afterward_o the_o castle_n of_o virgin_n the_o water_n there_o which_o be_v now_o call_v forthea_n be_v call_v the_o picticum_fw-la sea_n and_o afterward_o the_o scottish_a sea_n and_o thus_o far_o stretch_v the_o kingdom_n of_o northumberland_n tacitus_n call_v the_o same_o bodotua_n howbeit_o polydorus_n so_o term_v the_o river_n levinus_n which_o out_o of_o the_o lake_n lomundus_fw-la flow_v into_o cluyda_n for_o say_v he_o glota_n and_o bodotua_n two_o diverse_a arm_n of_o the_o sea_n run_v forth_o a_o great_a length_n be_v keep_v a_o sunder_o with_o a_o narrow_a piece_n of_o ground_n wherefore_o bodotua_n flow_v not_o into_o glota_n neither_o be_v it_o any_o river_n but_o a_o arm_n of_o the_o sea_n therefore_o it_o can_v be_v levinus_n by_o any_o mean_n beyond_o these_o arm_n of_o the_o sea_n dwell_v the_o caledonij_n the_o most_o nobly_a nation_n of_o albania_n where_o now_o the_o inland_n scots_n inhabit_v at_o the_o east_n part_n be_v horestia_n now_o angusia_n fisa_n and_o mernia_n at_o the_o west_n be_v the_o epidij_fw-la and_o more_o towards_o the_o north_n the_o creoni_n and_o after_o these_o the_o canovaci_n where_o now_o lennosia_n &_o argadia_n and_o lorna_n be_v the_o carini_n possess_v loguhabria_n the_o logi_n strathnavernia_n and_o at_o the_o other_o sea_n coast_n the_o cauti_fw-la moravia_n and_o rossia_fw-la and_o the_o cornabij_n which_o be_v far_a of_o all_o inhabit_v sutherlandia_n and_o cathanisia_n and_o whereas_o boethius_n write_v that_o in_o the_o time_n of_o claudius_n the_o emperor_n the_o moravi_n come_v by_o a_o whole_a navy_n into_o scotland_n it_o be_v most_o false_a as_z appeareth_z in_o history_n for_o the_o nation_n of_o the_o slavi_fw-la whereof_o the_o moravi_n take_v their_o beginning_n be_v altogether_o unknown_a to_o the_o world_n until_o the_o time_n of_o the_o emperor_n mauritius_n about_o the_o year_n of_o our_o lord_n 600._o the_o marcomanni_n also_o and_o the_o quadi_n inhabit_v those_o place_n which_o afterward_o the_o year_n of_o our_o lord_n 900._o be_v under_o arnulphus_n begin_v by_o zuentebaldus_fw-la king_n of_o the_o slavi_n to_o be_v call_v the_o kingdom_n of_o moravia_n beyond_o scotlan_n in_o the_o german_a â–ª_o ocean_n be_v the_o island_n call_v orchades_n whereof_o the_o big_a be_v call_v pomonia_n and_o on_o the_o other_o side_n of_o albania_n in_o the_o sea_n vergivium_fw-la which_o the_o britain_n call_v norweridh_n as_o who_o shall_v say_v the_o irish_a sea_n from_o whence_o i_o conjecture_v that_o the_o antique_a name_n vergivium_fw-la be_v derive_v lie_v the_o isle_n hebrides_n in_o number_a hebrides_n two_z and_o forty_o of_o other_o call_v euboniae_n euboniae_fw-la the_o i_o will_v of_o anglisea_n be_v none_o of_o these_o as_o i_o will_v show_v in_o another_o place_n and_o not_o far_o hence_o lie_v ireland_n a_o island_n irland_n also_o which_o our_o countryman_n call_v ywerdhon_n the_o inhabitant_n verni_n whereby_o in_o my_o opinion_n they_o do_v far_o better_o which_o term_n it_o juernia_n as_o mela_n and_o juvenal_n in_o his_o second_o satire_n or_o jerna_n as_o claudianus_n and_o dionysius_n rather_o than_o hibernia_n now_o ireland_n the_o britain_n and_o scot_n do_v call_v the_o inhabitant_n by_o one_o name_n guyddhyl_n thus_o have_v â–ª_o end_v the_o wales_n description_n of_o scotland_n with_o the_o island_n lie_v thereabout_o let_v we_o now_o proceed_v to_o wales_n the_o three_o part_n of_o britain_n the_o same_o be_v divide_v from_o lhoëgr_n that_o be_v england_n by_o the_o river_n severn_n &_o do_v you_o and_o on_o every_o other_o side_n be_v environ_v by_o the_o vergivium_fw-la or_o iris_n he_o ocean_n and_o it_o be_v call_v cambria_n as_o our_o chronicle_n do_v report_n of_o camber_n the_o three_o son_n of_o brutus_n like_v as_o lhoëgr_n of_o locrine_n and_o albania_n of_o albanactus_n cambria_n his_o other_o son_n also_o this_o same_o only_a with_o cornwall_n a_o most_o ancient_a country_n of_o britain_n enjoy_v as_o yet_o the_o old_a inhabitant_n the_o welshman_n use_v the_o british_a tongue_n and_o be_v the_o very_a true_a britain_n by_o birth_n and_o although_o some_o do_v write_v that_o wales_n do_v not_o stretch_v forth_o on_o this_o side_n the_o river_n vaga_n or_o weigh_v this_o can_v be_v no_o fraud_n to_o we_o for_o we_o have_v take_v in_o hand_n to_o describe_v cambria_n and_o not_o wallia_fw-la wales_n as_o it_o be_v now_o call_v by_o a_o new_a name_n and_o unacquainted_a to_o the_o welshman_n in_o north-wales_n the_o welshman_n keep_v their_o old_a bound_n but_o in_o southwales_n the_o englishman_n be_v come_v over_o severn_n and_o have_v possess_v all_o the_o land_n between_o it_o and_o weigh_a so_o that_o all_o herefordshyre_n &_o the_o forest_n of_o deane_n and_o glocestreshyre_n &_o a_o great_a part_n of_o worcestershyre_n &_o schreupshyre_n on_o this_o side_n severn_n be_v inhabit_v by_o englishman_n at_o this_o day_n these_o region_n with_o certain_a corner_n of_o fluitenshyre_n and_o denbyghshyre_n be_v sometime_o under_o the_o king_n of_o march._n and_o our_o countryman_n unto_o this_o day_n do_v call_v their_o near_a borderer_n gwyry_a mers_n that_o be_v to_o say_v the_o man_n of_o march._n for_o offa_n a_o most_o mighty_a king_n of_o march_n the_o year_n of_o the_o incarnate_a word_n seven_o hundred_o and_o seventy_o to_o the_o intent_n that_o the_o bound_n of_o his_o kingdom_n towards_o the_o britain_n in_o wales_n may_v the_o better_o be_v know_v cause_v a_o very_a deep_a ditch_n with_o a_o exceed_a high_a wall_n to_o be_v make_v from_o the_o water_n devanus_fw-la a_o little_a above_o the_o castle_n call_v filix_fw-la through_o â—ie_v hill_n and_o deep_a valley_n fen_n kocke_z cliff_n &_o river_n unto_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o river_n weigh_v about_o a_o hundred_o mile_n long_o the_o same_o reserve_v the_o old_a name_n for_o of_o our_o countryman_n it_o be_v call_v clauddh_n offa_n that_o be_v to_o say_v offas_n ditch_n it_o may_v easy_o be_v see_v of_o all_o throughout_o the_o whole_a coast_n and_o all_o the_o town_n and_o village_n almost_o which_o be_v on_o the_o east_n side_n thereof_o have_v their_o name_n end_n in_o these_o termination_n tun_n or_o ham_n whereby_o it_o appear_v that_o the_o saxon_n sometime_o dwell_v there_o howbeit_o now_o the_o welshman_n in_o all_o place_n beyond_o that_o ditch_n towards_o ihoëgr_n have_v plant_v themselves_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o this_o region_n be_v call_v in_o their_o mother_n tongue_n cymbri_n in_o which_o word_n the_o force_n of_o the_o sound_n of_o the_o letter_n b_o be_v scarce_o perceive_v in_o pronounce_v and_o it_o be_v very_o likely_a that_o this_o be_v the_o most_o ancient_a name_n and_o that_o cambria_n a_o region_n of_o england_n be_v thereof_o so_o call_v when_o i_o perceive_v that_o the_o cymbri_n cymbri_n which_o fight_v with_o the_o roman_n so_o many_o bloody_a battle_n be_v call_v by_o the_o same_o name_n that_o we_o be_v it_o come_v into_o my_o mind_n to_o inquire_v and_o search_v what_o good_a writer_n have_v think_v of_o the_o begin_n of_o that_o nation_n and_o have_v read_v much_o thereof_o i_o find_v also_o very_o much_o whereby_o i_o be_o so_o persuade_v that_o i_o dare_v avouch_v that_o it_o be_v this_o our_o british_a nation_n first_o the_o name_n be_v all_o one_o with_o we_o than_o their_o tongue_n which_o be_v a_o very_a great_a argument_n for_o plinius_n in_o his_o 13._o four_o book_n and._n 13._o chapter_n say_v that_o philemon_n be_v of_o the_o cymbri_n call_v mori_n marussium_fw-la that_o be_v to_o say_v mare_fw-la mortuum_fw-la the_o dead_a sea_n unto_o the_o promontory_n rubeas_fw-la etc_n etc_n and_o our_o countryman_n call_v the_o dead_a sea_n in_o their_o tongue_n mor_fw-mi marw_n and_o as_o for_o these_o word_n neither_o the_o german_n neither_o the_o danes_n neither_o suenones_n neither_o the_o slavi_fw-la neither_o the_o lithuani_n nor_o the_o lyvone_n do_v understand_v they_o wherefore_o it_o be_v manifest_a that_o the_o cymbri_n be_v none_o of_o these_o nation_n but_o our_o cymbri_n do_v speak_v so_o wherefore_o it_o be_v evident_a that_o they_o be_v of_o the_o same_o name_n and_o tongue_n moreover_o plutarch_n in_o the_o life_n of_o marius_n affirm_v that_o they_o depart_v out_o of_o a_o far_a country_n and_o that_o it_o be_v not_o know_v whence_o they_o come_v nor_o whether_o they_o go_v but_o the_o like_o cloud_n they_o issue_v into_o france_n and_o italy_n with_o the_o almain_n whereupon_o the_o roman_n suppose_v that_o they_o have_v be_v
¶_o the_o breviary_n of_o britain_n as_o this_o most_o noble_a and_o renown_a island_n be_v of_o ancient_a time_n divide_v into_o three_o kingdom_n england_n scotland_n and_o wales_n â–ª_o contain_v a_o learned_a discourse_n of_o the_o variable_a state_n &_o alteration_n thereof_o under_o diverse_a as_o well_o natural_a as_o foreign_a prince_n &_o conqueror_n together_o with_o the_o geographical_a description_n of_o the_o same_o such_o as_o neither_o by_o elder_n nor_o late_a writer_n the_o like_a have_v be_v set_v forth_o before_o written_a in_o latin_a by_o humphrey_n lhuyd_v of_o denbigh_n a_o cambre_n britain_n and_o late_o english_v by_o thomas_n twine_v gentleman_n 1573._o to_o the_o right_n honourable_a edward_n deviere_n lord_n bulbeck_n earl_n of_o oxenford_n lord_n great_a chamberlain_n of_o england_n tho._n twine_n wish_v long_a life_n perfect_a health_n increase_n of_o honour_n and_o endless_a felicity_n nobility_n be_v a_o precious_a gift_n which_o so_o glitter_v in_o the_o eye_n of_o all_o man_n that_o there_o be_v no_o one_o corporal_a thing_n in_o this_o world_n whereof_o we_o make_v a_o great_a account_n for_o so_o be_v it_o esteem_v of_o all_o desire_v of_o all_o and_o reverence_v of_o al._n virtue_n say_v tul_o and_o before_o he_o plato_n if_o it_o may_v be_v see_v with_o our_o bodily_a eye_n doubtless_o it_o will_v procure_v marvellous_a love_n and_o good_a like_n unto_o itself_o the_o show_n thereof_o will_v appear_v so_o fair_a and_o amiable_a the_o unite_n of_o which_o two_o most_o noble_a grace_n with_o all_o other_o furniture_n of_o nature_n &_o fortune_n with_o in_o your_o person_n right_o honourable_a and_o my_o very_a good_a lord_n have_v so_o bend_v my_o judgement_n and_o bring_v i_o into_o such_o like_n &_o admiration_n thereof_o that_o i_o have_v rest_v no_o small_a time_n not_o only_o not_o satisfy_v in_o be_v one_o of_o the_o admiratour_n but_o also_o desierus_a to_o be_v one_o of_o the_o participatour_n of_o those_o your_o honour_n most_o laudable_a disposition_n whereunto_o i_o do_v now_o humble_o submit_v myself_o and_o in_o token_n of_o my_o dutiful_a meaning_n herein_o be_o so_o hardi_fw-la as_o to_o present_v your_o honour_n with_o this_o simple_a travail_n which_o i_o so_o term_v in_o respect_n of_o my_o pain_n in_o translate_v the_o same_o howbeit_o i_o be_o persuade_v that_o it_o cost_v m._n lhuyd_v who_o first_o and_o not_o long_o since_o write_v the_o same_o in_o latin_a no_o small_a labour_n and_o industry_n in_o the_o gather_n and_o pen_v regard_v your_o honour_n to_o be_v amongst_o there_a a_o very_a fit_a patron_n for_o it_o in_o consideration_n that_o be_v as_o yet_o but_o in_o your_o flower_n and_o tender_a age_n and_o general_o hope_v and_o account_v of_o in_o time_n to_o become_v the_o chief_a stay_n of_o this_o your_o common_a wealth_n and_o country_n you_o will_v receive_v into_o your_o self_n tuition_n the_o write_v name_n and_o description_n of_o that_o britain_n which_o as_o it_o be_v in_o part_n your_o native_a soil_n so_o your_o duty_n bid_v you_o to_o defend_v and_o maintain_v it_o here_o on_o when_o your_o honour_n shall_v be_v at_o lee_n sure_a to_o look_v bestow_v such_o regard_n as_o you_o be_v accustom_v to_o do_v on_o book_n of_o geography_n history_n and_o other_o good_a learning_a wherein_o i_o be_o privy_a your_o honour_n take_v singular_a delight_n i_o doubt_v not_o but_o you_o shall_v have_v cause_n to_o judge_v your_o time_n very_o well_o apply_v and_o so_o much_o the_o rather_o for_o that_o in_o the_o study_n of_o geography_n it_o be_v expedient_a first_o to_o know_v exact_o the_o situation_n of_o our_o own_o home_n where_o we_o a_o bide_v before_o that_o we_o shall_v be_v able_a to_o judge_v how_o other_o country_n do_v lie_v unto_o we_o which_o be_v far_o distant_a from_o we_o beside_o that_o it_o be_v a_o foul_a shame_n to_o be_v inquisitive_a of_o the_o state_n of_o foreign_a land_n and_o to_o be_v ignorant_a of_o our_o own_o as_o your_o honour_n be_v already_o perfect_o instruct_v be_v not_o now_o to_o learn_v at_o my_o â—ande_n but_o for_o my_o part_n it_o shall_v be_v sufficient_a that_o your_o honour_n will_v dayn_v to_o accept_v this_o small_a present_n or_o rather_o therein_o my_o hearty_a good_a will_n which_o be_v not_o otherwise_o able_a to_o gratify_v the_o same_o shall_v never_o cease_v to_o pray_v to_o god_n that_o he_o will_v always_o direct_v you_o in_o the_o commendable_a race_n of_o virtue_n and_o learn_v which_o you_o have_v begin_v augment_v your_o honour_n with_o many_o degree_n and_o in_o the_o end_n reward_v you_o with_o immortal_a felicity_n your_o honour_n most_o humble_a at_o commandment_n thomas_n twine_v ¶_o the_o preface_n of_o the_o translatour_n to_o the_o reader_n when_o i_o first_o take_v in_o hand_n this_o book_n gentle_a reader_n &_o be_v determine_v to_o translate_v it_o into_o english_a i_o consider_v the_o great_a judgement_n and_o learning_n of_o the_o author_n &_o my_o own_o 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in_o wales_n 57_o animosity_n of_o britain_n 62._o their_o ancient_a manner_n 61_o arfon_n 64_o aron_n martyr_n where_o bury_v 82_o attacotti_n inhabitor_n of_o albania_n of_o scottish_a original_a 45_o augustine_n the_o monk_n 13._o his_o intolerable_a arrogancy_n 71_o b_o bardi_n 7_o bath_n how_o of_o old_a time_n term_v 18_o bedfordshyremen_n 24_o benbroche_o 78_o bernhard_n of_o newmercate_n 83_o bernicia_n 28_o boadicia_n or_o bunduica_n a_o valiant_a queâ—â—_n 85._o 89_o bodotua_n 48_o boëthius_n reprove_v 21._o 24._o 33._o 38._o 49._o 81._o bogwelth_n or_o buellt_n 83_o brecknock_n 83._o by_o what_o englishman_n first_o subdue_v ibidem_fw-la brennus_n who_o son_n and_o brother_n 53_o why_o he_o slay_v himself_o 54._o what_o language_n his_o soldier_n use_v 54._o his_o court_n or_o palace_n 72._o be_v a_o perfect_a britain_n 53_o brenni_n where_o they_o dwell_v 55_o brigant_n be_v never_o in_o scotland_n 30._o their_o city_n name_n 29_o britain_n why_o so_o name_v 8._o how_o divide_v ibid._n the_o etymology_n thereof_o 8_o britain_n the_o less_o or_o the_o second_o 35_o britain_n the_o first_o second_o three_o and_o four_o 35_o britain_n how_o they_o celebrate_v easter_n 67._o their_o ualiencie_n 69_o british_a name_n corrupt_v by_o the_o romans_z 5_o briton_n nigh_o france_n 10_o brustius_n cruelty_n 83._o his_o miserable_a death_n ibidem_fw-la bristol_n 18_o buckynghamshiremen_n 24_o c_o cadevenna_n 73_o caesar_n what_o he_o term_v a_o city_n 32_o caerbro_n castle_n in_o the_o wight_n 17_o caer_n andr_v by_o who_o overthrow_v 15_o caerlile_n 47_o calais_n 14_o cambria_n why_o so_o call_v 49_o cambra_n 53_o cambridge_n 23_o camalodunum_n 21_o camudolanum_n ibidem_fw-la cangorum_fw-la where_o it_o stand_v 66_o cantimanduas_fw-la treason_n 34_o cantorbury_n why_o so_o call_v 15._o metropolitan_a of_o england_n and_o wales_n ibid._n caradoc_n describe_v 33_o cardigan_n 75_o castle_n of_o clun_n 34_o castle_n of_o dover_n 14_o castle_n of_o emlyn_n 79_o castle_n of_o lion._n 70_o cataracus_n where_o he_o â—aught_v with_o ostorius_n 34_o catguilia_n 79_o ceretica_n describe_v 75._o 79_o chepstow_n 81_o chester_n 27_o chichester_n 16_o cicester_n 19_o city_n of_o legion_n 82_o city_n of_o brigant_n 29_o clun_n castle_n 24_o commendation_n of_o the_o bath_n at_o bath_n 18_o conovia_n by_o who_o build_v 65_o cornish_n &_o welshmen_n one_o nation_n 18_o cornwall_n 17_o crneltie_n of_o brustius_n 83_o cumberland_n by_o who_o in_o old_a time_n in_o habit_v 30_o cymbri_n 15_o d_o danes_n come_v in_o 13_o danica_n sylva_n 74_o dannij_fw-la 30_o david_n how_o term_v in_o british_a 77._o translate_v the_o bishopric_n to_o meneve_v ib._n death_n of_o brennus_n 54_o death_n of_o brustius_n 83_o deheubarth_n 74._o why_o worse_o than_o gwynedh_n 75_o deera_o in_o old_a time_n call_v brigantia_n 30._o 28_o demetia_n 77_o denbigh_n 66._o describe_v ibidem_fw-la devani_n 26._o how_o call_v of_o old_a by_o the_o rom._n ibi_fw-la description_n of_o albania_n 47_o description_n of_o cambria_n 49_o description_n of_o caradoc_n city_n 35_o description_n of_o ceretica_n 75._o 79._o description_n of_o denbygh_a 66._o description_n of_o tegenia_n or_o igenia_n 68_o description_n of_o wales_n 62_o division_n of_o britain_n 9_o division_n of_o england_n 12_o division_n of_o wales_n 62_o division_n of_o venodotia_n 64_o division_n be_v dangerous_a 93_o dorchester_n 24_o doruentani_fw-la why_o so_o call_v 27_o dover_n 14_o dover_n castle_n by_o who_o build_v 14_o druid_n 42_o dunetus_n abbot_n 71_o dunwallon_n forsake_v his_o kingdom_n 68_o diverse_a king_n possessâ—_n diverse_a part_n of_o wales_n 63_o e_o edward_n the_o first_o enter_v wales_n 58_o edinburgh_n by_o who_o build_v 48_o egbert_n first_o monarch_n of_o lohëgr_n 19_o eluyl_n 74_o elbodius_n archbishop_n of_o north-wales_n 67_o emlyn_n castle_n 79_o england_n divide_v 12._o by_o who_o first_o so_o call_v
13_z englishman_n whence_o descend_v 12_o earl_n of_o glocestre_n 58_o etymology_n of_o britain_n 8_o etymology_n of_o gaulle_a 56_o euboniae_fw-la 49_o example_n of_o god_n judgement_n 69_o exeter_n 17_o fletcher_n family_n of_o stuarts_n in_o scotland_n 34_o family_n of_o gray_n in_o england_n 67_o family_n of_o fitzalane_n 72_o flavia_n 35_o flemmyng_n drive_v out_o of_o their_o own_o country_n what_o place_n they_o possess_v 57_o flint_n town_n 69_o forest_n of_o deane_n 74_o franci_n whence_o suppose_v to_o have_v spring_v 53._o france_n bound_v 56_o g_o gadini_n 47_o gloucester_n by_o who_o build_v 19_o golden_a number_a confute_v &_o reject_v 68_o gwynedh_n 58._o whence_o the_o king_n thereof_o so_o call_v 64_o grancestre_n 23_o gyldas_n reprove_v 93_o gyldo_n 42_o gylford_n 16_o gyllus_n usurper_n 42_o h_o hamo_fw-la with_o he_o twelve_o knight_n 80_o haste_v 93_o hebrides_n 49_o hengiscus_fw-la send_v against_o the_o scot_n and_o redshank_n 12_o henry_n the_o second_o 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be_v call_v caërsegent_n and_o segontium_n of_o
building_n it_o begin_v to_o be_v call_v caërludd_n and_o lhundain_n that_o be_v to_o say_v lud_n city_n and_o also_o london_n and_o i_o be_o not_o ignorant_a how_o polydorus_n seek_v trinovantum_fw-la about_o northampton_n but_o the_o authority_n of_o sacred_a antiquity_n be_v of_o more_o force_n with_o i_o than_o any_o bare_a conjecture_n of_o a_o strange_a and_o unknown_a person_n we_o yield_v these_o name_n to_o london_n although_o ptolomaeus_n lay_v they_o near_o to_o the_o thames_n &_o the_o negligence_n of_o the_o transcriber_n have_v call_v london_n a_o city_n of_o kent_n and_o marius_n niger_n afterward_o the_o other_o part_n of_o the_o great_a bosom_n for_o the_o other_o side_n the_o trinovamte_n do_v hold_v into_o the_o middle_n whereof_o the_o river_n thames_n do_v flow_v polydorus_n virgilius_n the_o vrbinate_a go_v about_o to_o prove_v out_o of_o tacitus_n by_o argument_n of_o little_a force_n that_o the_o trinobantes_n be_v inland_a people_n when_o as_o his_o reason_n seem_v to_o próove_v the_o contrary_n for_o where_o as_o he_o say_v if_o the_o trinobantes_n have_v be_v nigh_o london_n suetonius_n shall_v have_v have_v no_o self_n passage_n thither_o nay_o rather_o polydorus_n if_o it_o have_v be_v in_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o island_n it_o have_v be_v hard_a for_o he_o to_o have_v come_v to_o london_n through_o the_o thick_a of_o his_o enemy_n for_o his_o way_n lie_v through_o they_o from_o the_o isle_n of_o anglesey_n from_o whence_o he_o come_v wherefore_o it_o be_v more_o likely_a that_o the_o trinobantes_n be_v inhabitant_n of_o essex_n as_o all_o save_v a_o few_o obscure_a and_o unknown_a writer_n do_v affirm_v who_o suppose_v that_o with_o the_o iceni_n their_o neigh_v bour_n which_o now_o be_v the_o people_n of_o norfolk_n and_o nordovolke_n they_o have_v conspire_v the_o death_n of_o the_o roman_n and_o have_v spoil_v with_o â—â—er_n &_o sword_n all_o that_o ever_o be_v in_o their_o way_n unto_o verolanun_n sâ—ayinge_v threescore_o and_o ten_o thousand_o roman_n and_o be_v return_v back_o again_o self_n and_o sound_n before_o suetonius_n come_v as_o tacitus_n avouch_v and_o that_o their_o rage_n extend_v not_o unto_o london_n the_o cause_n be_v as_o the_o same_o author_n report_v for_o that_o london_n be_v a_o colony_n of_o the_o roman_n and_o a_o great_a mart_n city_n of_o they_o famous_a for_o plenty_n of_o travailer_n which_o resort_v thither_o for_o traâ—aque_v of_o merchandise_n abound_v with_o victual_n and_o stout_o defense_v with_o munition_n and_o garrison_n against_o all_o adventure_n as_o all_o man_n do_v know_v hereby_o it_o appear_v how_o weak_a polydorus_n argument_n be_v especial_o who_o so_o well_o know_v that_o part_n of_o england_n and_o that_o london_n be_v the_o city_n trinovantum_fw-la which_o be_v afterward_o call_v augusta_n as_o marcellinus_n report_v with_o these_o reason_n be_v sufficient_o instruct_v i_o say_v that_o the_o trinobantes_n inhabit_v that_o part_n of_o britain_n which_o after_o the_o come_v of_o saxon_n make_v up_o their_o four_o kingdom_n which_o they_o call_v eastsaxons_n and_o another_o call_v midlesaxons_n who_o principal_a city_n be_v london_n at_o this_o day_n which_o sometime_o be_v under_o the_o king_n of_o the_o mercij_fw-la or_o march_n ptolomaeus_n mention_v asleep_o neither_o beside_o this_o city_n trinovantum_fw-la call_v camudolanum_n which_o i_o take_v to_o be_v all_o one_o with_o camalodunum_n as_o i_o judge_v by_o read_v roman_a history_n although_o ptolomaeus_n speak_v of_o camalodunum_n for_o it_o stand_v not_o far_o from_o the_o thames_n and_o be_v by_o claudius_n appoint_v the_o first_o colony_n of_o the_o roman_n and_o not_o near_o the_o brigant_n as_o polydorus_n much_o less_o in_o scotlan_n as_o boethius_n dream_v and_o for_o the_o more_o plainness_n hereof_o i_o think_v it_o good_a to_o bring_v forth_o the_o word_n of_o dion_n who_o have_v be_v sometime_o consul_n claudius_n after_o that_o he_o have_v receive_v the_o message_n forthwith_o commit_v the_o matter_n appertain_v to_o the_o city_n and_o the_o souldieurs_fw-fr to_o vitellius_n his_o college_n who_o consulship_n as_o also_o his_o own_o he_o have_v prorogue_v for_o six_o month_n long_a himself_o depart_v from_o rome_n to_o ostia_n where_o he_o take_v ship_n and_o arrive_v at_o massilia_n and_o take_v the_o residue_n of_o his_o journey_n partly_o by_o land_n and_o partly_o by_o water_n come_v too_o the_o ocean_n and_o pass_v over_o into_o britain_n and_o come_v to_o his_o army_n which_o lie_v by_o the_o thames_n look_v for_o he_o who_o when_o he_o have_v receive_v in_o charge_n he_o go_v over_o the_o water_n with_o certain_a barbarian_n which_o draw_v to_o he_o at_o his_o come_v â—e_z spread_v his_o banner_n fight_v and_o obtain_v the_o victory_n and_o win_v camalodunum_n the_o regal_a seat_n of_o cynobellinus_n and_o take_v many_o prisoner_n partly_o by_o force_n &_o partly_o by_o yield_v hereby_o it_o appear_v eviuident_o that_o camalodunum_n stand_v not_o far_o from_o the_o thames_n in_o which_o place_n ptolomaeus_n place_v camudolanun_n and_o i_o suppose_v that_o this_o be_v the_o colony_n of_o claudius_n cesar_n famous_a for_o the_o church_n which_o they_o call_v now_o colchestre_n the_o old_a name_n colchestre_fw-fr be_v make_v as_o i_o think_v by_o join_v the_o water_n and_o the_o church_n together_o a_o common_a custom_n among_o the_o britain_n as_o henlhan_n that_o be_v a_o old_a church_n lhanelwy_a a_o church_n stand_v upon_o the_o river_n elguen_n or_o the_o church_n elguen_n which_o the_o englishman_n and_o bishop_n now_o a_o day_n call_v but_o not_o well_o the_o see_v of_o s._n asaphe_n beside_o a_o infinite_a number_a more_o whereby_o i_o be_o persuade_v that_o those_o place_n which_o in_o latin_a begin_v or_o end_n in_o these_o termination_n lan_n or_o lam_n be_v of_o old_a so_o term_v of_o church_n in_o the_o british_n tongue_n moreover_o out_o of_o this_o place_n of_o dion_n it_o be_v gather_v how_o much_o a_o man_n without_o shame_n that_o polydorus_n virgillius_fw-la be_v who_o doubt_v not_o to_o affirm_v reprove_v that_o claudius_n caesar_n vanquish_v the_o britain_n without_o any_o battle_n &_o most_o imputent_o call_v they_o dastard_n who_o caesar_n himself_o tacitus_n dion_n &_o herodian_a term_v by_o these_o name_n most_o warlike_a cruel_a bloodthirsty_a impatient_a both_o of_o bondage_n &_o injury_n but_o a_o infamous_a beggage_n groom_n full_o fraught_v with_o envy_n &_o hatred_n what_o dare_v he_o not_o do_v or_o say_v i_o omit_v his_o schoolmaster_n boethius_n who_o beside_o these_o lie_n speak_v of_o a_o mighty_a war_n which_o claudius_n make_v upon_o the_o people_n of_o the_o orchades_n affirm_v the_o same_o to_o be_v true_a too_o too_o impudent_o for_o thou_o may_v easy_o judge_v good_a reader_n how_o much_o land_n and_o sea_n the_o roman_a emperor_n with_o a_o great_a army_n can_v march_v over_o in_o xuj_o day_n only_o during_o which_o time_n he_o abide_v in_o britain_n when_o tacitus_n also_o a_o most_o faithful_a writer_n affirm_v that_o in_o the_o first_o year_n of_o agricola_n the_o island_n of_o britain_n be_v know_v and_o the_o isle_n call_v orchades_n be_v orchades_n then_o unknown_a but_o first_o find_v out_o and_o subdue_v by_o he_o this_o dion_n testify_v to_o be_v true_a in_o the_o life_n of_o titus_n the_o emperor_n neither_o speak_v suetonius_n against_o it_o where_o he_o say_v that_o claudius_n tarry_v in_o britain_n but_o a_o very_a few_o day_n howbeit_o eutropius_n and_o after_o he_o orosius_n seem_v to_o think_v otherwise_o not_o know_v exact_o how_o far_o distant_a the_o orchades_n be_v from_o kent_n but_o since_o reason_n and_o truth_n certain_o persuade_v we_o to_o the_o contrary_a let_v we_o stick_v unto_o they_o as_o unto_o two_o most_o faithful_a guide_n neglect_v the_o judgement_n of_o polydorus_n with_o his_o hector_n next_o to_o the_o trinovante_n be_v the_o iceni_n who_o i_o suppose_v to_o have_v inhabit_v that_o region_n which_o make_v the_o five_o kingdom_n of_o german_n which_o be_v the_o east_n englisman_n and_o their_o city_n venta_n which_o now_o of_o the_o englishman_n be_v call_v northweâ—_n and_o i_o be_o privy_a also_o northwey_n that_o there_o be_v think_v to_o be_v other_o iceni_n in_o the_o west_n but_o i_o think_v it_o more_o probable_a that_o these_o iceni_n be_v put_v for_o tigeni_n of_o who_o i_o will_v speak_v hereafter_o and_o the_o kingdom_n of_o east_n englishmen_n comprehend_v not_o only_o the_o iceni_n but_o also_o cambridgshyre_n who_o chief_a city_n in_o old_a time_n the_o britain_n call_v grantcester_n caërgrawnt_v the_o englishman_n grantcester_n of_o the_o water_n that_o pass_v high_a but_o now_o corrupt_o be_v common_o call_v cambridge_n cambridge_n and_o be_v a_o noble_a university_n wherein_o flourish_v all_o good_a learning_n willow_n not_o far_o of_o be_v the_o isle_n of_o wyllowe_n not_o of_o eel_n as_o some_o have_v write_v for_o helig_v
example_n of_o many_o &_o diverse_a place_n of_o wales_n wherefore_o when_o i_o perceive_v that_o this_o place_n be_v within_o the_o confine_n of_o the_o siluri_n &_o the_o ordovici_fw-la for_o it_o be_v scarce_o two_o mile_n distant_a from_o colun_n or_o clun_n castle_n which_o be_v castle_n the_o patrimony_n &_o inheritance_n of_o the_o most_o noble_a and_o ancient_a family_n of_o fytz_n alane_n in_o england_n &_o that_o it_o so_o agree_v in_o all_o point_n with_o the_o description_n of_o tacitê°_n that_o nothing_o can_v be_v want_v i_o dare_v bold_o affirm_v that_o this_o be_v the_o very_a self_n same_o place_n in_o which_o ostorius_n contend_v with_o cataracus_n in_o battle_n &_o vanquish_v he_o from_o whence_o fly_v &_o put_v himself_o in_o trust_n to_o the_o faith_n &_o creditie_n of_o cartimandua_n the_o queen_n of_o brigant_n be_v by_o she_o betray_v moreover_o that_o name_n of_o cataracus_n be_v at_o this_o day_n so_o peculiar_a to_o the_o welshman_n that_o many_o prince_n &_o noble_a man_n be_v call_v by_o that_o name_n among_o who_o at_o that_o time_n trahernus_n the_o son_n of_o caradoc_n rule_v north-wales_n fleanchus_n as_o the_o scot_n say_v son_n to_o banguho_fw-it after_o that_o king_n macabaeus_fw-la have_v slay_v his_o father_n by_o flight_n escape_v into_o wales_n on_o who_o daughter_n by_o secret_a access_n but_o infortunate_a and_o miserable_a to_o the_o parent_n he_o beget_v walter_n who_o be_v the_o first_o of_o stuarts_n the_o stuarts_n in_o scotland_n that_o be_v of_o renoun_n from_o who_o unto_o this_o day_n the_o king_n of_o scotland_n do_v vaunt_v themselves_o to_o have_v descend_v but_o i_o suppose_v it_o more_o likely_a that_o he_o who_o they_o report_v to_o be_v the_o nephew_n of_o trahernus_n the_o scot_n bear_v of_o his_o daughter_n and_o his_o father_n a_o scot_n in_o north-wales_n a_o thing_n much_o disagree_v from_o the_o truth_n rather_o to_o be_v one_o of_o trahernus_n own_o child_n which_o by_o gryffine_fw-la son_n unto_o conane_n together_o with_o caradoc_n gryffine_fw-la and_o meylere_a rywallon_n son_n be_v vanquish_v and_o slay_v and_o that_o this_o walter_n escape_v by_o flight_n into_o scotland_n and_o there_o attain_a to_o great_a honour_n and_o this_o can_v be_v no_o great_a fraud_n or_o disgrace_a to_o the_o name_n of_o the_o stuarts_n that_o they_o be_v descend_v from_o the_o blood_n of_o the_o most_o noble_a and_o antique_a british_a king_n from_o which_o also_o most_o honourable_a family_n the_o same_o owen_n tuder_n grandfather_n to_o king_n henry_n the_o seven_o of_o that_o name_n king_n of_o england_n lineal_o descend_v by_o the_o father_n side_n as_o we_o will_v declare_v in_o our_o description_n of_o wales_n and_o not_o from_o any_o mean_a or_o base_a degree_n as_o false_a and_o impudent_a meyerus_n a_o fleming_n stick_v not_o to_o affirm_v now_o that_o we_o have_v scotland_n wander_v over_o all_o england_n call_v lhoegr_n let_v we_o next_o in_o order_fw-fr proceed_v to_o the_o second_o region_n of_o britain_n which_o of_o our_o countryman_n be_v call_v albania_n of_o the_o inhabitant_n scotland_n this_o same_o in_o oldâ—_n time_n be_v of_o the_o roman_n call_v the_o second_o britain_n for_o sextus_n ruffus_n recite_v five_o province_n of_o britain_n maxima_fw-la caesariensis_n caesariensis_n which_o i_o do_v take_v to_o be_v that_o part_n of_o britain_n which_o by_o julius_n caesar_n be_v make_v tributary_n to_o the_o roman_n to_o wit_n kent_n the_o kingdom_n of_o southsaxons_n and_o the_o region_n of_o atrabates_n the_o second_o be_v flavia_n which_o by_o like_a conjecture_n be_v thereto_o move_v i_o suppose_v to_o be_v that_o which_o by_o vespasian_n who_o descend_v of_o the_o family_n flavia_n be_v by_o he_o set_v upon_o and_o subdue_v that_o be_v to_o say_v the_o i_o will_v of_o wight_n which_o afterward_o be_v make_v part_n of_o the_o westsaxons_n king_n doom_n the_o third_o i_o judge_v to_o have_v be_v term_v by_o the_o name_n of_o the_o first_o britain_n which_o lie_v forth_o from_o the_o thames_n to_o the_o valley_n or_o trench_n the_o four_o be_v the_o less_o and_o the_o second_o britain_n comprise_v scotland_n it_o remain_v then_o of_o necessity_n that_o wales_n be_v contain_v under_o the_o name_n of_o valentia_n which_o make_v up_o the_o five_o province_n howbeit_o ammianus_n write_v that_o that_o province_n which_o by_o theodosius_n captain_n to_o valentinia_n vâ—lentia_n be_v take_v when_o he_o have_v drive_v thence_o the_o redshank_n and_o scot_n be_v then_o of_o the_o emperor_n name_n call_v valentia_n and_o that_o the_o britain_n inhabit_v these_o province_n both_o our_o own_o and_o the_o roman_a writer_n have_v leave_v in_o memory_n neither_o be_v there_o â—uer_o any_o writer_n of_o name_n that_o make_v mention_n either_o of_o scot_n or_o redshank_n before_o vespasians_n time_n about_o the_o year_n of_o our_o lord_n incarnation_n threescore_o and_o twelve_o at_o what_o time_n meurigus_n or_o maus_n or_o aruiragus_n reign_v in_o britain_n for_o our_o chronicle_n do_v report_n of_o a_o nation_n which_o live_v by_o piracy_n &_o rove_a on_o the_o sea_n come_n forth_o of_o suevia_n or_o norway_n have_v one_o rhythercus_fw-la to_o their_o captain_n and_o land_v in_o albania_n waste_v all_o the_o country_n with_o rob_n and_o spoil_a so_o far_o as_o caerleyl_n where_o he_o be_v discomfit_v and_o slay_v by_o meurigus_n &_o a_o great_a many_o of_o his_o man_n also_o &_o those_o which_o escape_v flee_v to_o their_o ship_n and_o so_o convey_v themselves_o into_o the_o orchades_n and_o the_o isle_n of_o scotland_n where_o they_o quiet_o abide_v a_o great_a while_n they_o call_v they_o phichtiaid_n that_o be_v to_o say_v phichtiani_fw-la in_o their_o mother_n tongue_n and_o so_o be_v they_o likewise_o call_v in_o the_o scottish_a and_o in_o their_o own_o tongue_n wherefore_o it_o be_v not_o likely_a that_o they_o be_v so_o call_v of_o the_o roman_n for_o paint_v of_o their_o body_n since_o they_o be_v call_v by_o that_o name_n before_o that_o they_o be_v ever_o know_v to_o the_o latin_n neither_o be_v they_o these_o but_o the_o britain_n of_o who_o caesar_n and_o other_o do_v report_n that_o they_o be_v wont_a to_o paint_v their_o body_n blow_v with_o woad_n that_o they_o may_v appear_v the_o more_o terrible_a to_o their_o enemy_n and_o with_o we_o at_o this_o day_n which_o seem_v to_o argue_v antiquity_n blow_v couâ—er_n be_v call_v glass_n by_o â—â—as_fw-la which_o name_n also_o that_o herb_n not_o altogether_o unlike_o a_o plantain_n very_o well_o know_v now_o to_o merchant_n be_v call_v beside_o all_o this_o the_o roman_n which_o first_o make_v mention_n of_o this_o people_n term_v they_o not_o picti_n but_o pictones_n these_o as_o i_o have_v say_v before_o after_o that_o they_o have_v take_v heart_n of_o grass_n and_o be_v grow_v to_o some_o power_n out_o of_o these_o island_n in_o their_o little_a leathern_a boat_n such_o as_o our_o fisherman_n do_v use_v now_o a_o day_n along_o scotland_n be_v want_v to_o rob_v and_o spâ—yie_a shepherd_n and_o husbandman_n until_o that_o about_o the_o year_n of_o our_o lord_n 290._o when_o the_o roman_n and_o britain_n be_v both_o encumber_v with_o civil_a war_n for_o the_o purple_a robe_n which_o carausius_n wear_v and_o after_o he_o alectus_n they_o enter_v general_o into_o cathanesia_n and_o caledonia_n and_o drive_v thence_o the_o british_a shepherd_n and_o herdsman_n and_o calling_n unto_o they_o the_o gatheli_n out_o of_o ireland_n which_o be_v now_o call_v the_o scot_n be_v so_o bold_a as_o to_o provoke_v the_o britain_n in_o open_a war_n for_o the_o scot_n come_v of_o the_o irish_a brood_n as_o they_o themselves_o original_a and_o other_o do_v know_v very_o well_o and_o be_v term_v amongst_o our_o countryman_n by_o the_o same_o name_n to_o wit_n gwydhyl_v which_o as_o their_o own_o history_n do_v testify_v be_v the_o most_o ancient_a name_n of_o that_o nation_n and_o that_o the_o same_o nation_n come_v forth_o of_o cantabria_n now_o biscaya_n &_o pass_v over_o the_o sea_n into_o ireland_n and_o there_o choose_v they_o a_o place_n of_o abode_n both_o we_o and_o their_o own_o writer_n have_v leave_v in_o memory_n but_o by_o what_o cause_n or_o occasion_n they_o be_v call_v scot_n true_o i_o do_v not_o know_v for_o i_o do_v quite_o reject_v the_o egyptian_a fable_n of_o scota_n and_o the_o scota_fw-la self_n same_o language_n and_o the_o very_a same_o manner_n and_o behaviour_n with_o the_o irishman_n and_o that_o they_o be_v call_v of_o the_o britain_n by_o one_o name_n declare_v sufficient_o that_o they_o come_v from_o thence_o for_o the_o southernman_n of_o they_o be_v not_o true_a scot_n but_o bear_v and_o beget_v rather_o of_o englishman_n whereof_o a_o great_a number_a fly_v at_o the_o come_v of_o william_n duke_n of_o normandy_n depart_v into_o scotlan_n and_o do_v boast_n to_o this_o day_n that_o
late_o be_v busy_v against_o pirate_n &_o afterward_o by_o the_o mithridatick_a fight_n be_v very_o well_o practise_v by_o sea_n and_o land_n beside_o this_o nation_n be_v then_o but_o rude_a and_o the_o britain_n be_v accustom_v but_o only_o to_o the_o redshank_n and_o irishmen_n their_o enemy_n as_o yet_o but_o half_o naked_a soon_o yield_v unto_o the_o roman_a arm_n and_o ensign_n that_o caesar_n almost_o in_o all_o that_o expedition_n can_v vaunt_v himself_o but_o of_o this_o own_o thing_n that_o he_o have_v sail_v upon_o the_o ocean_n he_o affirm_v that_o the_o britain_n only_o dwell_v in_o a_o island_n and_o term_v they_o hibernenses_n hibernenses_n who_o afterward_o be_v call_v scot_n also_o another_o panegyricus_n unto_o constantinus_n the_o emperor_n speak_v of_o the_o redshank_n call_v pictones_n as_o follow_v for_o neither_o he_o speak_v of_o his_o father_n constantius_n after_o such_o and_o so_o many_o notable_a act_n which_o he_o have_v do_v vouchsafe_v to_o get_v not_o only_o the_o wood_n and_o marise_n of_o the_o calidones_n and_o other_o pictones_n but_o neither_o ireland_n which_o lie_v nigh_o neither_o the_o far_a tile_n neither_o yet_o the_o fortunate_a land_n if_o there_o be_v any_o such_o thus_o far_o the_o panegiricus_n this_o he_o write_v about_o the_o year_n after_o christ_n be_v bear_v three_o hundred_o &_o twenty_o at_o what_o time_n it_o seem_v that_o the_o pictones_n or_o redshank_n begin_v first_o to_o inhabit_v the_o far_a must_v part_n of_o scotland_n after_o he_o ammianus_n marcellinus_n 20._o first_o of_o the_o latin_n make_v mention_n of_o the_o scot_n in_o the_o year_n of_o our_o salvation_n 364._o in_o the_o ten_o consulship_n of_o constantius_n and_o the_o three_o of_o julianus_n when_o as_o in_o britain_n by_o excursion_n and_o break_v forth_o of_o the_o scot_n &_o redshank_n be_v wild_a nation_n peace_n be_v break_v the_o place_n about_o nigh_o to_o the_o frontir_n be_v spoil_v and_o afterward_o in_o the_o life_n of_o valentinian_n and_o valens_n he_o say_v at_o this_o time_n as_o though_o alarm_n 26._o be_v sound_v throughout_o all_o the_o roman_a dominion_n the_o most_o fierce_a and_o savage_a nation_n arise_v &_o forcible_o invade_v their_o near_a neighbour_n the_o alemanni_n or_o almain_n spoil_v the_o country_n of_o france_n and_o rhetia_n together_o sarmatae_n the_o ponnoniae_fw-la and_o the_o quadi_n now_o bohemans_n the_o redshank_n saxon_n scot_n and_o attacotti_n much_o molest_v the_o britain_n and_o afterward_o at_o that_o time_n 27._o the_o redshank_n be_v divide_v into_o two_o nation_n deucalidonae_fw-la and_o vecturiones_n also_o the_o attacotti_n a_o very_a warlike_a nation_n and_o the_o scot_n wander_v uncerteine_o about_o here_o and_o there_o waste_v and_o spoil_v very_o much_o and_o as_o for_o the_o coast_n of_o gallia_n they_o be_v spoil_v by_o frenchmen_n and_o saxon_n etc_n etc_n hereby_o it_o appear_v in_o what_o darkness_n the_o scottish_a state_n be_v drown_v for_o boethius_n in_o no_o place_n make_v mention_n of_o the_o attacotti_n who_o appear_v by_o this_o author_n to_o have_v dwell_v in_o albania_n and_o to_o have_v be_v of_o the_o scottish_a race_n wherefore_o it_o be_v most_o likely_a that_o a_o little_a before_o that_o time_n the_o scot_n and_o attacotti_n who_o afterward_o vanish_v into_o the_o name_n of_o the_o scot_n forth_o of_o ireland_n and_o from_o the_o hebrides_n the_o redshank_n hebrides_n out_o of_o the_o orchades_n whereas_o they_o lurk_v before_o by_o one_o consent_n enter_v into_o albania_n and_o there_o provoke_v by_o war_n the_o roman_n and_o britain_n &_o that_o they_o depart_v out_o of_o the_o field_n some_o time_n conqueror_n and_o sometime_o conquer_v for_o short_o after_o ammianus_n report_v that_o after_o that_o these_o nation_n be_v by_o theodosius_n a_o valiant_a captain_n under_o valentinian_n vanquish_v and_o drive_v out_o of_o the_o roman_a province_n they_o be_v at_o quiet_a and_o this_o can_v be_v no_o disparedgment_n but_o rather_o a_o great_a glory_n to_o the_o scottish_a nation_n that_o rather_o at_o that_o time_n then_o before_o that_o forcible_o against_o the_o roman_n will_n they_o plant_v they_o seat_n in_o britain_n which_o be_v prove_v not_o out_o of_o vain_a and_o fabulous_a writer_n such_o as_o be_v boethius_n and_o other_o such_o like_a but_o out_o of_o substantial_a author_n and_o such_o as_o do_v very_o well_o know_v the_o state_n of_o britain_n after_o all_o these_o claudianus_n a_o poet_n singular_o learn_v in_o diverse_a place_n make_v mention_v of_o these_o nation_n as_o for_o example_n of_o the_o getick_a war_n a_o power_n also_o there_o come_v against_o the_o far_a britain_n bend_v which_o bridle_v have_v the_o scot_n so_o fierce_a and_o note_n with_o iron_n burn_v then_o fail_v read_v whilst_o readshanks_n blood_n and_o breath_n be_v spend_v and_o in_o his_o panegyricus_n to_o honorius_n the_o nimble_a moores_n have_v he_o and_o pict_n so_o term_v by_o name_n full_a true_a subdue_v and_o he_o the_o scot_n with_o blade_n at_o random_n do_v pursue_v and_o of_o the_o four_o consulship_n of_o honorius_n be_v wet_a with_o saxon_n slay_v the_o orchades_n and_o island_n eke_o be_v hot_a with_o readshanks_n bain_n and_o freeze_a irland_n eke_o dead_a heap_n of_o scotshman_n weep_v amain_o who_o do_v ever_o set_v forth_o more_o plain_o the_o natural_a country_n of_o both_o nation_n for_o he_o show_v how_o readshanks_n come_v from_o thule_n that_o be_v to_o say_v island_n of_o thule_n the_o north_n and_o the_o scot_n but_o late_o out_o of_o ireland_n and_o in_o another_o place_n in_o his_o panegyricus_n britain_n speak_v unto_o stilico_n and_o i_o she_o say_v with_o country_n near_o about_o who_o be_v destroy_v almost_o defence_v well_o have_v stilico_n when_o irland_n soil_n on_o every_o side_n the_o scot_n do_v move_v and_o sea_n with_o noisome_a sail_n do_v foam_v about_o by_o who_o help_n now_o it_o be_v that_o scottish_a force_n i_o do_v not_o doubt_v ne_o do_v i_o dread_v the_o pict_n etc_n etc_n hereby_o it_o appear_v manifest_o that_o at_o this_o time_n that_o be_v to_o wit_n the_o year_n of_o our_o salvation_n 410._o the_o scot_n possess_v no_o certain_a place_n in_o britain_n but_o many_o time_n use_v to_o make_v eruption_n out_o of_o ireland_n and_o by_o little_a and_o little_o subdue_v the_o north_n part_n of_o the_o island_n and_o at_o length_n have_v drive_v thence_o the_o inhabitant_n establish_v their_o kingdom_n there_o under_o valentinian_n the_o young_a the_o year_n of_o god_n incarnate_a 444._o when_o as_o now_o the_o roman_n have_v leave_v of_o the_o charge_n and_o care_n of_o britain_n this_o much_o i_o have_v brief_o to_o say_v touch_n the_o original_n of_o the_o scot_n and_o redshank_n now_o i_o will_v address_v myself_o to_o the_o description_n of_o albania_n or_o scotland_n it_o be_v separate_v from_o england_n albania_n by_o the_o river_n tweed_n the_o hill_n cheviot_n and_o certain_a little_a river_n run_a down_o into_o the_o channel_n soluathianus_fw-la the_o first_o people_n which_o come_v to_o hand_n be_v gallovidiani_fw-la of_o old_a time_n call_v by_o the_o roman_n novantes_fw-la and_o not_o brigant_n as_o we_o have_v show_v before_o ptolomaeus_n call_v their_o city_n leucopibia_n which_o we_o term_v now_o caërleil_n &_o caërleil_n stand_v in_o the_o entrance_n of_o both_o kyngedome_n next_o unto_o these_o be_v the_o gadini_n nigh_o the_o river_n glota_n which_o some_o do_v better_o call_v cluyda_o howbeit_o that_o name_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o propriety_n of_o the_o tongue_n be_v sometime_o pronounce_v gluyda_o whereby_o grow_v that_o error_n of_o call_v it_o glot_n upon_o this_o river_n side_n sometime_o glot_n there_o stand_v a_o noble_a city_n of_o the_o britain_n call_v caër_fw-la alchuyd_v or_o archuyd_v that_o be_v to_o say_v a_o city_n stand_v upon_o cluyda_n which_o be_v now_o of_o the_o scots_n call_v dounbritton_n because_o it_o be_v restore_v again_o by_o the_o britain_n about_o the_o year_n of_o our_o salvation_n 800._o above_o these_o towards_o the_o east_n sea_n lie_v a_o region_n which_o now_o be_v call_v landonia_n and_o mercia_n march_n but_o in_o time_n past_o breunicia_n and_o of_o the_o pict_n call_v also_o redshank_n pictlandia_n the_o maeatae_n be_v place_v here_o by_o dion_n for_o say_v he_o the_o maeatae_n dwell_v beyond_o the_o wall_n unto_o the_o caledonij_fw-la ptolomaeus_n lay_v the_o vacomagi_n beyond_o tueda_n this_o limiting_n wall_n as_o spartianus_n report_v be_v first_o build_v by_o adrianus_n the_o emperor_n fourscore_o mile_n in_o length_n and_o capitolinus_n be_v author_n that_o antoninus_n erect_v another_o make_v of_o turâ—es_n between_o the_o britain_n and_o last_o of_o all_o that_o severus_n by_o a_o trench_n which_o be_v cast_v from_o sea_n to_o sea_n divide_v the_o roman_a province_n from_o the_o outstretch_o britain_n all_o man_n do_v general_o agree_v whereby_o our_o countryman_n
arfon_n by_o the_o river_n conway_n of_o who_o antoninus_n &_o ptolomaeus_n do_v speak_v under_o the_o name_n of_o novius_fw-la in_o this_o beside_o the_o forename_a river_n stand_v a_o most_o antique_a city_n of_o the_o britain_n call_v dyganwy_n in_o rosse_n of_o the_o englishman_n gannock_n &_o â–ª_o famous_a in_o tacitus_n by_o the_o name_n of_o cangorum_fw-la whereof_o the_o people_n of_o that_o country_n be_v call_v of_o the_o roman_n cangi_n and_o ptolomaeus_n mention_v the_o promontory_n of_o the_o jangani_fw-la which_o they_o call_v now_o gogarth_n a_o place_n so_o fortify_v by_o nature_n that_o it_o can_v scarce_o be_v take_v by_o man_n strength_n this_o city_n as_o i_o say_v be_v the_o seat_n and_o palace_n of_o the_o late_a king_n of_o britain_n when_o as_o now_o their_o power_n begin_v to_o quail_v as_o namely_o of_o maylgun_v caduanus_fw-la cadwalla_n who_o bede_n term_v a_o most_o cruel_a tyrant_n because_o he_o persecute_v his_o enemy_n very_o fierce_o and_o of_o cadwalladar_n who_o be_v the_o last_o king_n of_o britain_n of_o the_o british_a blood_n this_o city_n the_o year_n of_o our_o redemption_n eight_o hundred_o and_o sixteen_o cananus_n dyndaythuy_n reign_v in_o wales_n be_v strike_v with_o lighten_v from_o heaven_n and_o burn_v in_o such_o sort_n that_o it_o can_v never_o be_v afterward_o restore_v howbeit_o the_o name_n remain_v to_o the_o place_n to_o this_o day_n out_o oâ—_n who_o rubbish_n conovia_n be_v build_v lincoln_n moreover_o in_o this_o territory_n in_o rhyfaniacum_fw-la henry_n lacey_n earl_n of_o lincoln_n to_o who_o the_o conquer_v our_o thereof_o edward_n the_o first_o give_v that_o land_n erect_v a_o very_a stout_a castle_n not_o only_o by_o natural_a situation_n but_o also_o by_o a_o wall_n of_o wonderful_a thickness_n make_v of_o a_o very_a hard_a kind_n of_o stone_n in_o my_o opinion_n the_o strong_a and_o best_a defense_a thing_n in_o england_n add_v also_o thereto_o a_o town_n wall_v about_o which_o by_o the_o ancient_a name_n he_o call_v dynbech_n although_o those_o which_o come_v afterward_o term_v it_o denbigh_n this_o fine_a town_n and_o my_o sweet_a denbigh_n country_n be_v compass_v wellnigh_o about_o with_o very_o fair_a park_n &_o stand_v in_o the_o entrance_n of_o a_o exceed_a pleasant_a ualley_n abound_v plentiful_o with_o all_o thing_n that_o be_v necessary_a to_o the_o use_n of_o man_n the_o hill_n yield_v flesh_n and_o white_a meat_n the_o most_o fertile_a ualley_n very_o good_a corn_n and_o grass_n the_o sweet_a river_n with_o the_o sea_n at_o hand_n minister_v all_o sort_n of_o fish_n and_o foul_a strange_a wynes_z come_v thither_o forth_o of_o spain_n france_n &_o greece_n abundant_o and_o be_v the_o chief_n town_n of_o the_o shire_n stand_v in_o the_o very_o middle_a of_o the_o country_n it_o be_v a_o great_a market_n town_n famous_a and_o much_o frequent_v with_o ware_n and_o people_n from_o all_o part_n of_o north-wales_n the_o indweller_n have_v the_o use_n of_o both_o tongue_n and_o be_v endue_v by_o king_n of_o england_n with_o many_o privilege_n and_o liberty_n be_v rule_v by_o their_o own_o law_n the_o valley_n nigh_o whereto_o this_o town_n stand_v be_v term_v amongst_o we_o dyphryn_n clwyd_n that_o be_v to_o say_v the_o ualley_n of_o clwyd_n it_o be_v almost_o eighteen_o mile_n in_o length_n and_o in_o breadth_n in_o some_o place_n four_o mile_n in_o other_o some_o six_o on_o the_o east_n west_n and_o south_n side_n it_o be_v environ_v with_o high_a hill_n on_o the_o north_n with_o the_o ocean_n sea._n in_o the_o midst_n it_o be_v cut_v in_o twain_o by_o the_o river_n clwyd_n whereof_o it_o take_v name_n into_o who_o diverse_a other_o little_a stream_n fall_a out_o of_o the_o hill_n do_v discharge_v themselves_o by_o reason_n whereof_o irriguous_a and_o pleasant_a meadow_n &_o plentiful_a pasture_n do_v lie_v about_o the_o bank_n thereof_o in_o the_o entrance_n of_o which_o ualley_n ruthyn_n a_o ancient_a town_n and_o castle_n of_o the_o gray_n from_o gray_n whence_o the_o most_o noble_a family_n among_o the_o englishman_n take_v begin_v be_v to_o be_v see_v and_o not_o far_o from_o the_o sea_n stand_v rudhlan_n in_o tegengyl_n sometime_o a_o great_a town_n but_o now_o a_o little_a uyllage_n in_o the_o same_o province_n be_v a_o cathedral_n church_n of_o our_o country_n man_n call_v lhanel_n wey_n of_o the_o englishman_n s._n assaph_n build_v assaph_n between_o two_o river_n clwyd_n and_o elwey_n i_o remember_v that_o i_o have_v read_v that_o there_o be_v one_o elbodius_n arch_a elbodius_n bisâ—hoppe_n of_o north-wales_n prefer_v unto_o that_o honour_n by_o the_o bishop_n of_o rome_n who_o first_o of_o all_o the_o year_n of_o our_o salvation_n seven_o hundred_o three_o score_n and_o two_o reconcile_a the_o welshman_n to_o the_o romish_a church_n from_o which_o before_o they_o have_v disagree_v for_o the_o britain_n imitate_v the_o asiaticke_a church_n celebrate_v their_o easter_n from_o the_o fourteen_o day_n of_o the_o moon_n unto_o the_o twenty_o when_o the_o roman_n follow_v the_o nicene_n counsel_n keep_v their_o easter_n from_o the_o fifteen_o to_o the_o one_o and_o twenty_o whereby_o it_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o these_o nation_n have_v celebrate_v that_o feast_n on_o diverse_a sunday_n but_o let_v the_o bishop_n take_v regard_n how_o far_o they_o do_v err_v from_o the_o decree_n of_o the_o nicene_n counsel_n while_o they_o follow_v that_o uncertain_a rule_n of_o the_o motion_n of_o the_o son_n and_o moon_n which_o they_o call_v the_o golden_a reprove_v number_n be_v therein_o very_o foul_o deceive_v which_o thing_n in_o time_n paste_v be_v object_v for_o a_o crime_n against_o the_o britain_n by_o the_o over_o superstitious_a mounke_n augustine_n and_o likewise_o by_o bede_n which_o to_o much_o attribute_v unto_o such_o title_n in_o somuch_o that_o for_o the_o same_o cause_n he_o dare_v term_v they_o heretic_n but_o now_o howbeit_o under_o curse_n of_o the_o nicene_n counsel_n it_o be_v otherwise_o command_v it_o be_v reject_v by_o the_o prelate_n themselves_o and_o the_o whole_a church_n of_o europe_n but_o let_v we_o return_v to_o our_o purpose_n in_o that_o place_n where_o the_o see_v of_o s._n assaph_n be_v be_v sometime_o a_o college_n of_o learned_a agonist_n that_o i_o may_v use_v capgraves_n word_n celebrate_v for_o multitude_n under_o centigeme_n a_o scot_n which_o be_v call_v elguense_a or_o eluense_a of_o a_o river_n this_o province_n tegenia_n be_v call_v of_o the_o latin_n igenia_n and_o after_o be_v vanquish_v by_o the_o englishman_n begin_v to_o be_v term_v tegengel_n that_o be_v to_o say_v the_o englishman_n tegenia_n afterwards_o be_v inhabit_v by_o britain_n cumminge_n forth_o of_o scotland_n &_o drive_v the_o englishman_n thence_o with_o the_o ualley_n of_o clwyd_n ruthyn_n and_o rosse_n make_v one_o kingdom_n which_o marianus_n call_v streudglead_v our_o countryman_n term_v it_o stradclwyd_n that_o be_v to_o say_v the_o soil_n of_o clwyd_n for_o this_o word_n strat_n with_o the_o name_n of_o some_o river_n join_v thereto_o do_v usual_o signify_v amongst_o the_o welsh_a man_n a_o vein_n or_o soil_n of_o land_n nigh_o to_o a_o river_n as_o strad_n alyn_n strad_n towyn_n with_o many_o such_o like_a their_o last_o prince_n call_v dunwallon_n forsake_v his_o kingdom_n dunwallon_n when_o the_o dane_n afflict_v all_o britain_n depart_v to_o rome_n the_o year_n after_o the_o incarnation_n 971._o where_o short_o after_o he_o die_v in_o tegenia_n be_v a_o well_o of_o a_o marvellous_a nature_n which_o be_v six_o mile_n from_o the_o sea_n in_o the_o parish_n of_o kilken_a ebb_v and_o flow_v twice_o in_o one_o day_n yet_o have_v i_o mark_v this_o of_o late_a when_o the_o moon_n ascend_v from_o the_o east_n horizon_n to_o the_o south_n at_o what_o time_n all_o sea_n do_v flow_v that_o then_o the_o water_n of_o this_o well_o diminish_v and_o ebb_v and_o not_o far_o from_o this_o place_n be_v the_o famous_a fountain_n take_v name_n of_o the_o superstitious_a worship_n of_o the_o well_o virgin_n winifred_n which_o boil_v up_o sudden_o out_o of_o a_o place_n which_o they_o call_v sychnant_n that_o be_v to_o say_v a_o dry_a valley_n raise_v forth_o of_o itself_o a_o great_a stream_n which_o run_v immediate_o into_o devanus_fw-la this_o water_n beside_o that_o it_o breed_v moss_n of_o a_o very_a pleasant_a savour_n be_v also_o most_o wholesome_a unto_o man_n body_n both_o for_o wash_v and_o drink_v and_o of_o very_o good_a taste_n in_o so_o much_o that_o many_o be_v wash_v therein_o be_v cure_v of_o diverse_a infirmity_n wherewith_o they_o be_v bear_v moreover_o in_o tegenia_n there_o be_v a_o certain_a ancient_a monument_n of_o a_o old_a building_n in_o a_o place_n call_v pot_n vary_n sometime_o renown_v by_o roman_a letter_n and_o arm_n the_o town_n which_o they_o call_v flynt_n stand_v upon_o the_o water_n flint_n deva_n be_v
well_o know_v by_o roman_a monument_n call_v tregelli_n that_o be_v to_o wit_n the_o town_n of_o hasel_n these_o seven_o shire_n credigion_n dwetia_n call_v also_o demetia_n and_o penbrokes_n hire_n caer_fw-mi marthyn_a morganicâ—_n now_o glamorgan_n gwenta_n call_v also_o montanus_n mouth_n brechenoc_n and_o radenor_n be_v by_o englyshman_n ascribe_v unto_o southwales_n thus_o much_o when_o i_o have_v write_v of_o the_o true_a antique_a and_o now_o accustom_a name_n of_o the_o region_n and_o city_n of_o britain_n i_o determine_v here_o to_o have_v end_v least_o by_o this_o my_o unpolished_a and_o barbarous_a writing_n i_o shall_v become_v tedious_a to_o the_o impatient_a reader_n but_o when_o i_o call_v to_o my_o remembrance_n how_o polydorus_n virgilius_n who_o work_n be_v in_o all_o man_n hand_n do_v in_o all_o place_n nip_n &_o gird_v at_o the_o britain_n endevor_v in_o word_n to_o extenuate_v the_o glory_n of_o the_o british_a name_n and_o to_o obscure_v they_o with_o a_o perpetual_a blot_n in_o his_o history_n often_o term_v they_o a_o cowardly_a and_o false_a generation_n i_o think_v it_o worth_a the_o travel_n to_o bring_v forth_o a_o few_o authority_n out_o of_o the_o book_n of_o famous_a writer_n and_o approve_a historiographer_n whereby_o the_o indifferent_a reader_n may_v easy_o judge_v what_o credit_n be_v to_o be_v give_v to_o the_o say_v polydorê°_n and_o that_o such_o as_o be_v of_o the_o learn_a writer_n of_o the_o state_n of_o britain_n either_o he_o read_v they_o not_o or_o else_o that_o be_v more_o like_a be_v incense_v with_o envy_n and_o hate_v of_o the_o british_a name_n pass_v they_o over_o with_o silence_n caesar_n himself_o who_o first_o all_o the_o roman_n caesar._n make_v mention_n of_o britain_n how_o be_v it_o no_o man_n be_v account_v a_o upright_a judge_n in_o his_o own_o cause_n confess_v that_o at_o the_o first_o encounter_n the_o britain_n fight_v valiant_o against_o the_o roman_n and_o that_o they_o trouble_v they_o very_o much_o and_o afterward_o that_o the_o legion_n which_o be_v send_v for_o provision_n of_o corn_n and_o uitayle_n be_v so_o press_v by_o their_o enemy_n that_o they_o can_v scarce_o endure_v it_o and_o that_o at_o his_o come_n for_o fear_n as_o he_o say_v they_o retire_v and_o that_o i_o may_v use_v his_o own_o word_n caesar_n suppose_v it_o to_o be_v a_o unfit_a time_n to_o provoke_v the_o enemy_n and_o to_o give_v he_o battle_n keep_v himself_o in_o his_o own_o place_n and_o after_o short_a time_n bring_v back_o his_o legion_n into_o their_o tent_n this_o retreat_n some_o term_v a_o flight_n which_o may_v also_o be_v prove_v because_o that_o short_o after_o when_o it_o be_v past_a midnight_n he_o take_v ship_a privy_o and_o depart_v out_o of_o britain_n neither_o be_v this_o the_o power_n of_o all_o britain_n but_o a_o band_n of_o kentyshman_n sudden_o gather_v as_o appear_v kentishman_n in_o his_o history_n after_o this_o in_o his_o first_o book_n he_o show_v that_o the_o british_a wagonner_n fight_v stout_o upon_o the_o way_n and_o in_o another_o place_n that_o they_o enter_v forcible_o into_o his_o campe._n and_o that_o the_o roman_a cohort_n or_o band_n be_v afeard_a when_o laberius_n the_o tribune_n be_v slay_v salf_o return_v back_o again_o which_o what_o other_o can_v it_o signify_v then_o that_o they_o escape_v by_o flight_n he_o confess_v also_o how_o casivelanus_fw-la by_o the_o fall_a from_o he_o of_o mandrubatius_n and_o certain_a his_o city_n be_v especial_o move_v not_o by_o battle_n weary_v to_o send_v ambassador_n unto_o he_o to_o entreat_v of_o peace_n all_o these_o thing_n spiteful_o polydorus_n dissemble_v also_o diodorus_n siculus_n who_o write_v siculus_n in_o the_o time_n of_o augustus_n say_v it_o be_v report_v that_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o britain_n be_v aborigines_n that_o be_v to_o say_v first_o bear_v in_o the_o country_n lead_v their_o life_n after_o the_o manner_n of_o man_n in_o old_a time_n in_o fight_n they_o use_v chariot_n such_o as_o be_v say_v the_o ancient_a worthy_n of_o greece_n use_v in_o the_o battle_n of_o troy_n in_o behaviour_n they_o be_v simple_a and_o upright_o far_o distant_a from_o the_o craft_n and_o wiliness_n of_o man_n of_o our_o age_n their_o fare_n be_v nothing_o excessive_a nor_o costly_a far_o from_o the_o dainty_a delicate_n of_o ritchman_n thus_o much_o he_o tacitus_n also_o a_o worthy_a writer_n do_v tacitus_n wonderful_o commend_v the_o puissant_a deed_n of_o cataracus_n against_o the_o people_n of_o rome_n and_o confess_v that_o after_o the_o take_v of_o he_o they_o be_v oftentimes_o â—oyled_v and_o discomfit_v by_o one_o only_a city_n of_o the_o siluri_n and_o as_o for_o venusius_n who_o he_o write_v to_o have_v be_v fierce_a and_o hateful_a against_o the_o roman_n he_o report_v that_o he_o vanquish_v not_o only_o the_o roman_n but_o such_o britain_n also_o as_o aid_v they_o his_o word_n be_v these_o the_o kingdom_n to_o venusius_n and_o unto_o we_o remain_v war_n and_o after_o it_o follow_v that_o he_o can_v deny_v but_o when_o queen_n boadicia_n who_o dion_n term_v bundwica_n be_v deserve_o exasperate_v boadicia_n she_o cause_v lx_o and_o ten_o thousand_o roman_n to_o be_v slay_v who_o courage_n more_o than_o manlike_a and_o noble_a deed_n worthy_a to_o be_v extol_v with_o praise_n unto_o heaven_n and_o equivalent_a to_o the_o act_n of_o renown_a emperor_n and_o captain_n tacitus_n &_o also_o dion_n man_n of_o great_a name_n have_v celebrate_v in_o fair_a and_o large_a discourse_n and_o in_o the_o life_n of_o agricola_n in_o wish_v for_o danger_n there_o be_v like_a boldness_n in_o britain_n and_o frenchman_n and_o when_o they_o come_v unto_o the_o pinch_n in_o refuse_v of_o they_o like_o dasterdnes_n howbeit_o the_o britain_n resemble_a more_o hardiness_n as_o be_v such_o who_o long_a rest_n and_o peace_n have_v not_o yet_o make_v soft_a or_o effeminate_a for_o we_o have_v hear_v also_o that_o the_o frenchman_n have_v flourish_v in_o war_n but_o short_o after_o cowardice_n creep_v in_o through_o idleness_n whereby_o they_o lose_v both_o manhood_n and_o liberty_n which_o likewise_o befall_v to_o the_o vanquish_a britain_n the_o residue_n whereof_o remain_v yet_o such_o as_o the_o frenchman_n be_v they_o be_v strong_a on_o foot_n certain_a of_o they_o do_v fight_n in_o chariot_n the_o driver_n whereof_o be_v count_v the_o worthy_a who_o clientes_fw-la and_o servant_n do_v fight_v and_o defend_v they_o infore_o time_n they_o be_v prepare_v for_o king_n but_o now_o through_o favour_n and_o faction_n every_o prince_n have_v get_v they_o neither_o be_v there_o any_o thing_n more_o profitable_a for_o our_o use_n against_o strange_a and_o valiant_a nation_n save_v that_o they_o do_v not_o general_o safeguard_v and_o defend_v all_o it_o be_v seldom_o that_o two_o or_o three_o city_n do_v join_v to_o withstand_v their_o common_a danger_n so_o that_o while_o they_o fight_v several_o they_o be_v overcome_v universal_o also_o in_o another_o place_n the_o britain_n do_v muster_v pay_v tribute_n and_o fulfil_v other_o commaundment_n of_o the_o empire_n without_o stay_n or_o grudge_n so_o that_o there_o be_v no_o injury_n offer_v which_o they_o can_v hardly_o abide_v and_o now_o they_o be_v subdue_v to_o obey_v but_o not_o yet_o to_o be_v slave_n and_o a_o little_a afterward_o but_o now_o they_o begin_v to_o enstruct_v the_o child_n of_o prince_n in_o liberal_a science_n say_v agricola_n and_o to_o prefer_v the_o wit_n of_o the_o britain_n in_o study_n before_o the_o frenchmens_n that_o they_o which_o of_o late_o detest_a the_o roman_a tongue_n do_v now_o desire_n to_o be_v eloquent_a therein_o afterwards_o the_o majesty_n of_o our_o attire_n and_o our_o gown_n be_v common_o wear_v &_o by_o little_a and_o little_a they_o come_v to_o the_o imitation_n of_o our_o vice_n and_o superfluity_n as_o to_o have_v gallery_n bath_n and_o to_o use_v our_o nysenesse_n in_o feast_v which_o amongst_o the_o unskilful_a be_v term_v humanity_n when_o as_o in_o deed_n it_o be_v part_n of_o servility_n dion_n cassius_z a_o man_n that_o have_v be_v consul_n among_o other_o thing_n have_v leave_v this_o in_o write_v unto_o posterity_n of_o caesar_n expedition_n into_o britain_n the_o britain_n dare_v not_o set_v open_o upon_o the_o roman_n because_o they_o keep_v diligent_a watch_n and_o ward_n but_o they_o take_v certain_a which_o be_v send_v as_o it_o be_v unto_o their_o friend_n and_o confederate_n region_n to_o provide_v victual_n who_o they_o slay_v all_o except_v a_o few_o which_o caesar_n come_n with_o speed_n rescue_v then_o begin_v they_o to_o assault_v the_o camp_n wherein_o they_o prevail_v not_o but_o be_v repulse_v not_o without_o slaughter_n on_o their_o side_n howbeit_o they_o never_o take_v peace_n before_o that_o they_o have_v be_v many_o time_n put_v to_o the_o worst_a caesar_n contrary_a to_o that_o he_o