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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A07605	The Mahumetane or Turkish historie containing three bookes: 1 Of the originall and beginning of the Turkes, and of the foure empires which are issued and proceded out of the superstitious sect of Mahumet. 2 Of their conquests and the succession of the house of Ottoman, vntill the present reigning of Mahumet the third. 3 Of the warres and seege of Malta, which Solyman the great made to the great maister and brothers of that order. Heerevnto haue I annexed a briefe discourse of the warres of Cypres, at what time Selimus the second, tooke from the Venetians the possession of that iland, and by reason thereof I haue adioyned a finall discourse conteining the causes of the greatnesse of the Turkish Empire. Translated from the French & Italian tongues, by R. Carr, of the middle Temple in London, Gentleman. Dedicated to the three worthy brothers Robert Carr, William Carr and Edward Carr, in the county of Lincolne, Esquires.	Carr, Ralph, of the Middle Temple.; Foglietta, Uberto, 1518-1581. De causis magnitudinis imperii Turcici. English.	1600 (1600)	STC 17997; ESTC S112763	141,432	259

onely to be pertakers of the honours and riches which the Sarazins of whom these Turks became familier companions and meruailously well beloued for that they tried themselues to be euery where in their warres their best souldiers Thus they liued togethers about three hundred yeeres that they were accounted in manner to be of one nacion Howbeit the Turquimains kept themselues alwaies a part by themselues and grew to bee of such wealth and might that about the yeere of our Lord God 1400 they became maisters ouer the Sarazins by occasion of discord growing among the Sarazins themselues as hereafter shal be declared This first Caliphe endured not very long because another Sarazin named Ascaly chased him from his place purposing to haue vsurped his rome howbeit he could not so attaine it for he was slaine by the Sarazins who preferred another to that dignitie called Haly. Haly the second Calphe was coosen Germain to Mahumet his sonne in law as some affirme hauing maried Fa●●ma whom the Turks pronounce Fatma the daughter of Mahumet whose lawes Haly chaunged or rather anulled and made new of his ovvne inuention through vvhich innouation of religion or rather supersticion the Sarazins beecame meruailously deuided Insomuch as those vvhich follovved Mahumet made a Caliph in Egipt The others remained in Persia vvith Haly vvho alvvaies continued in such reuerence and estimacion as vvell among them as vvith the Turks at this day that incontinently next to Mahumet vvhen they goe about any of their affaires they say Alla Mahumet Haly God Mahumet and Haly. Thus the Sarazins began to be deuided among themselues the vvhich diuision hath euer sithens continued and endureth yet For albeit the Turks the Persians also are in effect very Mahom●●ists yet differ they so in ceremonies other contrarieties of opinion that the one do account the oother very heretiques The Caliphe doth execute his office as though he vvere both their Pole and their Emperour For these Caliphes doe ordaine gouernours and officers through euery prouince vvhere they haue authoritie vvhich they call Sultans vvhich may be interpreted Prouosts o● gouernours But by succession of time this terme Sultan ●s conuerted to an ●ppellation or name roiall and signifieth the word king At the time of this first deuision there was a Sultan of Alexandrie named Selym that killed the first Caliphe of Egipt and returned in obedience to the Caliphe of Baudras to haue fauour After this part of those Sarazines of Egipt that would not come to the obedience of the Caliph of Baudras passed into Africk chased from thence the Vandales which were Christians but heretiques maintaining the abhominable error of the Arrians wher these Vandales had domination sithens the time of their king Gencericus who with his nation being Vandales were chased out of Hispain by the Gothes that were Arrians as they also were and so arriued in Africk in the time of the Emperour Theodosius the yong sonne of Arcadius about the yeere of our Lord God 410. and after were tributaries to the Emperours of Constantinople where they remained vnto the yeere of our Lord God 668 that the Sarazins as aboue said ther first entred and established a generall to rule ouer them whom they named a Miramamolin which is so much to say as a ruler or lord ouer the people ordained his residence place of dignitie to bee at M●r●hque at this day called Tunes nigh to Cartage Which name of Miramamolyn hath sithens beene chaunged for at this day they call their king Moulee as he that at this day reigneth at Tunys is called Moule Assan that is to say king or Seigneur Assan I would not discribe to you further at length what the Sarazins did after their conquests of Persia Afrique But will admit a little intermission vnto the yeere of our Lord God 1040. at which time they were subdued by the Turkes or Tursquimains their tributaries For otherwise that were against my purpose determining rather to make an Epitome or abridgement than a whole large Chronicle of their dooings THE yeere of grace 660. Mehua which signifieth suddaine or hastie Sultan of Egipt successor of Selym tooke the Isle of Rhodes and carried away the famous Colosse or piller of Brasse that was esteemed on height three score and tenne elles which an Earthquake ouerthrew as Plinie affirmeth IN the yeere of our Lord God 660. Abdalla the Sultan of Egipt after Mehua came to Syracuses where sometime was slaine the Emperor Constantins sonne to Constantine whom his mother in law Martyn wyfe to Heraclius caused there to be poysoned where the Sarazins sacked the towne with a great part of the riches of Rome which the said Constantins before had caused to bee brought thether to haue conueyed the same to Constantinople ABOVT the yeere of 690. Abimelech which woord may bee enterpreted the father of the King inuaded Hispain with a nauie of 270. shippes but was repulsed and from thens passed into Africk from whence againe the Sarazins were chased by the Emperor Iustinian the second And so Abimelech was the first Miramamolyn among the Sarazins against whom the Emperor Leonce sent a Captain of his named Tiberius who by the armie was made Emperor and so without executing further his charge returned to Constantinople against his Maister Leonce where after he had taken him and cut of his nose he cast him in prison in which the miserable Leonce remained all his life These matters being done at the time whan Sergius the first of that name was Pope And Theodorick or Thierry sonne of Clouys reigned King in Fraunce IN the yeere of our Lord God 712. Sultan Selyman which is so much to say as peasible whom some doe call QVLEMEN the Caliphe of Baudraz besieged Constantinople but thorough pestilence and famen poslessing his Camp he was driuen to raise his siege which before had beene continued by the space of two yeeres And this was at what time the Emperor Theodoxe had taken his pre●ecessor Anastasius made him a Monck when Giegory the twelfth was Pope and Chilperick the last King of the line of Pharamonde reigned in France IN this time also Mizza Miram●molin successor of Abimelech ●t the request of Iulian the Conte of Consuegra who was sent as Embassador to him fr● Rodrigo King of Hispain caused twelue thousand men vnder the leading of his generall called Cariph to passe into Hispain against the sayde King Rod●rigo to reuenge the iniurie done to the sayd Conte Iulian in that Rodrigo had deflowred the daughter or as some doe say the wife of the sayde Conte Iulian called Caba as the Chronicles of Hispain doe make mencion Who landed at Gibraltar which place our auncients name Calpe and the Sarazins Gibelcariph the Mount of Cariph and from thence marched alongst the famous Riuer of Bet is and by the Sarizens named Guadalquiber which is so called vnto this dav Where nigh vnto the same in a foughten battell the saide King Rodrigo who was the

last king of the line of the Gothes was slayne And taking hold of occasion the Sarazines so farre then proceded that they conquered in manner the whole kingdome of Hispain where they lost the name of the Sarazins and were called by the Spanierds Moores of the name of the countrie in Afrique from whence they came called Mauritania THE yeere 725. Eudes Duke of Aquitain otherwise called the D●chie of Guien discended from Alarie king of the Gothes who in the yeere of our Lord 412. at such time as the Emperour Honorius reigned dyd possesse the same duchie of Guien from whence passing into Hispain and from thence chasing the Vandales as before I haue sayde brought into Fraunce against Theoderick brother of Chilperick sonnes of Dagobert the second of that name which Theodorick was the last king of the ligne of Pharamond Those Sarazins who at that time were in Hispain conducted by Abderaman whom the French Historiographers doe call Adramar King of Cordoua who after their entrie into Fraunce tooke the townes of Bourdeaulx Tholose Narbone Nimes Arles and Auignon Platina Blondus Sabellicus and other Historiographers doe write that those Sarazins came euen to towres where they were fought with by Charles Martel father of Pipin and ouerthrowen so as all that euer was wonne by them before was againe recouered by the same King Charles and the Sarazins chased into Hispain where after they remayned more than 700. yeeres Vnto such time as Ferdinand the king of Aragon did win from them the Citie and Countrie of Granado which was in the yeere of our Lord God 1487. Howbeit ther tarried and remayned still sundrie townes and villages entier peopled with the Sarazins whom the Emperour Charles the fifth of that name comming to his dominions in Hispain found ther dwelling and caused to embrace the christian faith yet they could neuer bee cōpelled to chaunge their habit or the language of the Sarazins nor perhaps secretly their abhominable Mahometical sect what face outwardly so euer they shew In the yeere of our Lord God 500. the Sarazins of Africk did take the Isles of Corsica and Sardinia and two and twentie yeeres after they pilled and sacked the Isles of Candia and Sicilia and so held them more than two hundreth yeeres at what time Pope Leo was persecuted by the Lumbards and succoured by Charlemain The yeere of our Lord God 837. The Sarazins vnder the leading of Sultan Saua wan the port of Ciuitauechia in Italy and sacked the citie o Rome and the Church of Saint Peter with the Mont Cassin otherwise called Saint Germain which is the chiefe monestary or abbie of Saint Benet And twentie yeeres after that they tooke the port of Ancona and ouer ran all the coasts on that side of the Golfe of Venice and likewise those on thother side on the coast of Sclauonie and this done in the reignes of Lotharie son of Lois le Piteux king of Fraunce and Michaell Emperour of Constantinople about the yeere of our Lord God 900. they likewise assailed the territories of Pulia Calabria in the kingdome of Naples wan Mont Gargan otherwise called Le Mont Saint Auge when as Constantine sonne of Leo who was sonne of Basilius Emperour of Constantinople reigned and that Berengier of the ligne of the Lombards caused the eics of Lewes who was last Emperour of the ligne of the French men and sonne vnto to the Emperour Arnold to bee put foorth In the yeere 923. Roman the Emperour of Constantinople did stir the Sarazins to inuade the territories of Pulia and Calabria which rebelled against him Howbeit the Sarazins were ouerthrowen at the riuer of Garriglian by the Marquiz of Tuscan named Aulbry or Alberic at the especiall instance of Pope Iehan the eleuenth of that name In the yeere 930. the Sarazins wonne the towne of Gennes and spoiled all that coast of the Sea when the Berengiers occupied the Empire fortified the towne of Fraxinet which they kept 100 yeeres Thus the Sarazins continued inuading and spoiling the sertile regions of Italy while the controuersies were depending about the right of possessing the Empire betweene the French the Greekes and Lombards the discentions were on foote betweene the Popes the people of Rome in such sort as they enioyed the most part of Pulia and Calabria which they kept euen vnto the yeere of Grace 990 or thereabouts that they were chased both from thence and out of Sicilia also by Tancred de Haulte Ville or Haulte Fu●ille in Normandy who first beegan with them but ended by Guillaume Ferrabach sonne of the said Tancred with the help of Maloch leiuetenant of Michaell Cathalau Emperour of Greece And so they did bring back from the hands of the Sarazins Pulia Calabria and Sicilia whereof the said Guillaume remained lord in the time of Robert the French king and of the Emperour Otho the third of that name In the yeere of our Lord 1040. the number of Sultains or Soldains began to be many For in euery Prouince the Caliph as I before declared did institute one as at Damasco one at Hames another at Halep the third in Egipt another the like in sundry other places who falling at dissention one with the other did in the end reuoult from the obedience of the Caliph In Hispain likewise euerie of the Moors that could get vnder his obedience a citie or towne would immediately vsurpe the name of a king as at Granado Cordoua Toledo Sarragosa Ciuilia and Valentia In like manner was it vsed in Africk as at Tunes Tripolis Bugia Maroch Fesse and Tremessen and other places also there so as in manner no kinde of amitie or friendship was maintained among these kings but for the most part continuall dissention wars Wherof when the Turks had got intelligence who as yet rested vnder the obedience of the Caliph who were meruailously this while encreased both in wealth number of people and withall perceiuing that the Sarazins were wonderfully weakened and diminished through these intestine deuisions wars thus among them selues they made a king whō they called Sadoc which name is so much to say as Iust and inuaded the Sarazins whom within short time they ouerthrew so as therby they made thēselues shortly dominators ouer whole Persia and Syria alwaies with great reuerence regarding in no wise to touch the Caliph for the high estimation that they bare him who was suffered still to liue quietly at Baudras And at whose hands the said Sadocke would be named and created the Sultan of Asie howbeit he liued not long afrer After Sadoc his sonne Dogriz succeded who did annex to the gotten Empire of his father the country of Mesopotamia which Diogines the Emperour of Constantinople had recouered from the Sarazins at such time as they had warres among them selues as likewise the whole countrie of Cilicia which hee gaue to his cosen Arthot To Dogriz succeeded Aspalam his sonne who about the yeere of our Lord God 1080. did send his

conduct the King of Armenia into Armenia but there to abide at the kings appointment to garde and defend the dominions of Armenia vnto such time as hee the same Cassan could conueniently raise an other army to returne againe in person against the Souldain of Egipt but alas to the great infortunity of christendome this valiant Cassan dyed soone after Some doe suppose that of him Sury toke the name of Azamie for that the Turks call Azam or Assam Assamie Howbeeit it may bee that this worde Azamie is deriued from the auncient name of Aram son of Sem who were sons of Noe of whom the same country once was named by the Hebrux Aram that is to say high or excellent which they would pronoūce Aramie After this Cassan or Assan succeeded Carbagan whom some doe call Cerbagat the Frenchmen name Corbadan son of the sayd Cassan who also was christened at his baptisme was named Nicolas so remayned a good christiā man during his mothers life but after his mothers decease he wickedly fell into the abhominable sect of Mahumet which all his successors after him did neuer forsake and at this daye doe maintaine the same Of the said Cassan or Assan are discended the kings of Persia who in honour of this Cassan haue taken vpon them the Surname of Cassan vnto Vssun Cassan of whom otherwhere we haue made mencion But now we name the princes of Persia Sophies for that Seichayder Sophi maried the daughter of Vsun cassan begat vpon hir Ismael Sophi who reigned a little before our time was father to Taamar Sophi who at this day reigneth in Persia The Turks doe call Persia Pharsie and the Persians Quezelbach that is to say red heads as before of them I haue spoken which Persians and Turks are perpetuall mortall enemies one against the other very different in opinion touching their supersticious law and beliefe A little beefore I haue made mention of the beeginning of the Empire of the Caliphes of Baudraz vnto their end Likewise of the Miramamolins vnto their deuisions and in such sort of the Persians so much as I could get knowledge of them Of the Othmans I haue amply inough spoken before so as I neede not further so entreat of them least I should passe and exceede the measure of a Summarie or an abridgment I haue written also of the beginning of the Empire in Egipt therfore now it behoueth me to shew how the same fell into the puissaunce and dominacion of the Mamaluchs In the yeere 1160. that Almery king of Hierusalem besieged the great city of Caire as before I haue spoken the Souldain named Quare who as then was also called the Caliphe perceiuing that he was not able to resist the christians hee required succours at the Souldan of Halep who sent him a Captaine named Saracon or Syracon and by some called Syrasson who by his nation was a Corasmin this Syracon hauing in such sort giuen aide to the Caliph that his countries were defended from the enemie and therewith perceyuing how vnmeet the Caliph was to rule through his cowardnesse to much feare in him resident considering also how few friends he had to leane to him in time of necessitie he tooke the Caliph put him in prison wher he died and Saracon made himselfe Souldain of Egipt Thus the Empire of the Sarazins or Arabians was transferred into the handes of the Corasmins or After Melechnazer was Souldain Melechseraph which word signifieth the ardent or bright Prince who did win vpon the christians the towne of Acre in Sury in the yeere of our Lord God 1293. and chased the christians out of all Sury which he ioyned to the kingdome of Egipt he was the first that caused to be coined in Egipt the Ducats of Golde which are there called Seraphes This Soldain is named by Sabellicus and others Melecastraphus Thus proceeded the said Mammeluchs to dominate and rule in Egipt and did choose their Souldains either vpon christians that became renies or that were christians children bought as abouesaid and educated in that forme of religion trained so to the warres as aboue is declared albeit therwere none of these Māmeluchs that durst goe alone through the city wher they were but by expresse commandement of their Emyrs who were their superiors they should goe two at the least togethers and to bee briefe these Mammeluchs had the authoritie and dominacion ouer all the people of Egipt Surie from the time they chased the christians out of Surie vntill that Selim the great Turke as afore is mencioned vtterly ouethrew them their name for euer Thus the first of the law of Mahumet that reigned in Asia were the Arabians whom the Hebreus and Suriens doe call Saba and the Greeks Sab●i they themselues doe name Sarazins after the● ther did the Turquimans or Turkes rule who chased from thence the Sarazins these Turks were Parthians as Hayton doth fronter and limit them The Turks likewise were driuen from thence by the Tartaries beeing Scithians orientall who haue taken vpon them also the name of the Turks though they be none in deed and at this present reigning vnder the name of the Turks who of very truth are but Tartaires and Scithians by their discent which their maner of fight and weapon therewith that they vse as their bowes made of horne which our elders doe appoint and attribute to the Scithians sufficiently doe witnesse Againe the language Tartaresque and the Turks speech are not much different for Michael de Michou saith that the Tartairs who destroied Russia and the regions thereabouts named in their language Tartaresque the tops of steeples of Churches there Altum Bachne considering those toppes of steeples were gilded so in the Turks language this word Altum Bachne signifieth a head of gold or gilded Wherefore according to the opinion of Authors one may iudge that they are Scithians and Tartares to whom the name of the Turks are giuen at this day whose elders in that they possessed the countrey of Turquestan of that region they haue left the name of Turks to the Turks that presently reigne beeing their posteritie which to others perhaps is vnknowne being ignorant both of the difference of these two nations so far of and barbarous and of the chaunges fortuned in their kingdomes Heere endeth the first booke To the VVorshipfull his very good Cosen William Carr of Stafford in the county of Lincolne Esquire and one in hir Maiesties Commission of peace there SYR to you who are the second possessor of my heere expressed rich will though weake power I commend this second booke of my French and Italian traductions concerning the succession of the great house of Ottoman and those their fortunate armes whether in offence or defence taken The rather for that your selfe beeing resident in court where this argument by reason of the present Hungarian wars and the often assemblies of the Germaine Princes to prouide some remedy

of his age who the yeere next ensuing by the coūsail of Peribacha beseged Belgrado did win it from king Lewes of Hungary the son of Lancelot who at that time was very young hauing the Princes Lords of his Countrie at discord among them selues about the Regimēt of their King and of his Realme Whereby it came to passe that no maner of Order was foreseen either for the defence or succoring of that famous Place The next yeere after hee beesieged the Rhodes espying alwayes after the custome of his elders the discords diuisions among Christian Princes the which enterprice was cleerely against the minde and counsail of Peribacha who accompted that Iourney very doubtfull and of no litle aduenture Howbeit the same succeded too well with him as he desired In the yeere of our Lord God 1527. whan Italy was in wars troubles Solyman entred into Hungary in fauour as he said of Iohn de Ziphs the Vayuod of Sibenbourg who pretended that the kingdome of Hungarie dyd to him onely of right appertaine wher it came to passe that the young King Lewes comming in person to the fight was slaine after which the said Iohn attaining the kingdome dyed leauing a yong son an Infant behinde him vnder protection of Solyman with his Kingdome likewise The same Selyman in the yeare 1535. going in expedicion against Thomas king of the Persians toke from him the whole country of Mesopotamia vvith the citie of Babilon and in 1538 continuing at Aulona hee gaue an attempt to the vvinning of the Isle of Corcyra 1540 hee both besieged and tooke the strong fortres called Castell Nouo in Dalmatia In the yeere 1541 Iohn de Ziphs king of Hungaria being dead as aforesaid his widdow calling Solyman to hir aide who as then vvas besieged in the citie of Buda by Ferdinand king of the Romains The said Solyman not onely came to releeue hir but beating back the army of Ferdinand tooke the said citie placed therin a Bassa and sent the vviddovv vvith hir infant son into Transiluania The yeere following the same Solyman defended the city of Pestum in Hungaria against the vnited and assembled forces of the whole Germain Empire and after toke from them the two strong holdes of Strigonium and Alba Regalis and in fine concluded peace with Ferdinand king of the Romains and Hungaria vpon condicion of a yeerelie pension which they doe call a tribute to bee paied him In the yeere 1549 and 1550 hee vndertoke another expedicion against the Persians and established a Beglerbeg at Vanum in the confines of Media and Armenia after which he possessed himselfe of Tripolis in Africa Temeswar in Hungaria the which with the adioyning countries he committed to the defence of a new Bassa In the yeere 1553 he commanded his eldest son Mustapha to bee put to death at Halep gaue order though in vaine that Zegethum in Hungaria should be besieged afterward enforced his son Baiaseth desirous to succeed his father hauing first ouercome him in battell to fly to the king of the Persians where being apprehended he the said Baiaseth with his foure sons Solyman his nephews were cruelly slaine 1560 the Turks gaue a great ouerthrow to the Christians at the Iland of Garbe while the saide Christians were desirous to recouer the towne of Tripolis formerly taken as is said by the Turks After which the said Solyman attempted but with small succes the Iland of Malta yet toke that of Chios belonging to the state of Genua Lastly being againe recald into Hungaria by Iohn of Transiluania he died before Zegethum in the yeere 1566. and of his age seauentie sixe To whom succeeded his son Selimus the second this Selimus made peace with Maximilian the Emperour euery eight yeeres to be renewed toke from the possession of the Venetians the Isle of Ciprus in the yeere 1571 receiued that memorable ouerthrow in that worthy sea fought battell at Lepanto Hee likewise by Sinamus Bassa his generall toke in the kingdome of Tunis in Africk forty yeeres after that Charles the fift the Emperor had held it in his command caused that famous fort of the Gulet to be ouerthrowen leueled with the ground This Sinamus Bassa is he who at this day is the great cōmander of all ● Turkish forces in Hungaria And so the said Selimus in the end of the yeer 1574 died Who left behind him a son called Amurath the third the which Amurath for the space of 14 continued yeers held wars both long some variable with the Persian king called Mahemet Hodobende as much to say as the seruant of God which wars scarce determined he began to make head against the Christians the Emperour Rodolphe by whose soldiors the Bassa Bosnensis 1593 and others at Sisciam in Hungaria had ben slaine This Amurath after many miseries inflicted vpon the poore remaynder of Hungaria the confines of Austria in the end of March the yeere 1595 concluded his daies To him succeeded Mahumet the third his son who now reigneth a yong man then of the age of thirty two yeeres little more or lesse of a great spirit able body infaligable minde who before the performance of his fathers funerall rites caused xviii of his brothers fathers sons by seuerall concubines to bee strangled all which with their said father he toke order should honorably in the same monument be enterred seauen twenty of his sisters he inclosed in the Seraglio a place in manner of a monestary deputed for the retyring of the great Senior his children the safe keeping of his concubines This Mahumet is thought to prosecut the wars against the Christians which his father left vnfinished with more feruent desire greater forces then any other before him In this sort as you see haue I for your content entred and finished this matter which required more largely to haue ben touched to haue busied one of better knowledge which things though but slightly run ouer may suffice to make aparant that since but meane princes in regard of the vnited Christian forces haue thus encombred the course of their conquests it is not Impossible the like againe may be done greater when God shall encourage vs thervnto The end of the second booke To the VVorshipfull his very good cosen Edward Carr of Sleford in the countie of Lincolne Esquier and one in hir Maiesties Commission of peace there SIR one and the same loue and duetie deriued from an infinit desire to serue and honour you formerly protested to your worthy brothers and now continued towards you hath drawen on this third booke in such sort as you see not without some speciall reason for heerein beeing in most liuely and faire lines laide forth the perfect modells of true valour and resolution with many other parts of action and exact military discipline admired presidents both for rule and example I could not in my owne conceit better dispose of then in commending vnto you beeing

wage soldiours Whereby partly by sorce and partly by good oppinion that was had in him all his neighbours obeyed him and so as his trayne growing to such a number thorough the multitude of Sarazins that repaired to him the Emperour Heraclius who at that time had vnder his dominion both the countries of Surie Egipt and Africk serued himselfe with these people in his warres against the Persians Howbeit it so afterwards came to passe that at a pay of the Emperours army among whō at that time vvere certaine bands of the Sarazins so as mony vvas not so plentie there at that instant able to pay the vvhole army And that hee which had the order of the pay of the army among vvhom the bands of Sarazins also were attending for their vvages vndescretly gaue ansvvere to the Sarazins that the Emperor had not mony ynough there to pay the Chrictians that vvere Souldiours and therfore they being but dogges ought not to demaund for vvages With vvhich aunsvvere the Sarazins being not a little moued departed from the seruice of the Emperour and returned into Africk where they found Mahumet The Emperour Heraclius afterward sent into Africk to leuie his tribute there which seemed to bee not a little greeuous to the Africans to be so much troubled with subsidies as they were they falling into a mutinie and stirred thereto also with the subtill perswasions of Mahumet that told them the pleasure and will of God was that each one should liue at liberty the Commissaries of the Emperour were there slaine and the countries of Egipt and Africk reuoulted wholy from the obedience of the Empire of which rebellion Mahumet was chiefe and their Generall Who by reason of the same was immediately pursued both by the Christians and Iewes And albeit the Emperour did send against him a great army vnder the leading of one of his Nobilitie called Theodore who fought sundry battelles with the Africans yet in the end Theodore being ouerthrowne and slaine Mahumet with his Sarazius after this victorie departed from thence inuaded the countries of Sury Mesopotamia and made conquest of the same Thus then the Greekes lost the countries of Sury Egipt and Africk other territories which the Emperours of Rome and Grecia had euer in possession from the time of Iulius Cesar sauing that part of Africk which the Vandalls held who were Christians though Arrians there had continued from the time that the Romaines suffered them to inhabit And so Mahumet was crowned king in Damasco about the yeere of our Lord God 630. and liued after about tenne yeeres After the death of Mahumet the Sarazins preferred to his kingdome one of his disciples familiars named Othamar whom the Turks doe call Othmar Howbeeit some affirme that hee that next succeded Mahumet was one called Bubacher otherwise named Caliph which word signifieth enheritor or successor beecause hee was placed in the rome authoritie of Mahumet and so after him were called all his successors though some Italian authors doe call them Alipha The chiefest place where the Caliph had his residence was established at the citie of Baudars which the Italians call Baldat the Turks Bagdet that sometime was the famous citie of Babilon though others hold opinion that this Citie was that which in times past was named Susa and is situated vpon the riuer of Euphrates About this time the Sarazins conquered in a little space vpon the Greekes the territorie of Caramanie aunciently called Cilitia where the citie of Antioche standeth and Pamphilia which at this day is called Scauri and the towne of Selucia named by the inhabitants there Scandalor and after that they made enterprize vpon the kingdome of Persia which they call Pharsie and this was about that time when the Greekes did cut of the nose and the tongue also of the Empresse Martine and Heraclion hir sonne and of the Emperour Heraclius beecause they enpoisoned Constantine the eldest sonne of Heraclius begotten vpon an other wife at such time also the Lumbards entred into Italy Of Persia at this time was king one called Hormisda named also by Hayton that writeth of these matters Ascaiorth elected king next after Adaesar sonne of Syroe sonne of Cosroe or Cosdroe whom the Emperour Heraclius tooke prisoner when he recouered the city of Hierusalem Hormisda hauing assured intelligence that the Sarazins were comming to inuade him ●ought for succours at such as were his neighbours and chiefely of those of Turquesten who frontered vpon the Persians on the West towards the East on the realme which Hayton calleth Tarsie and vpon the famous riuer of Indus towards the North and to the Corasmins and Med on the South which are the verie confines and limits which Plinie and Strabo doe appoint to the Parthes whom the Turkes doe call Turguestain as Francis Freinston saith This nation which sithens by the Frenchmen other haue bene named Turguimans and afterward Turks who among them at that time had no manner of law or policy departed out of their countrie to the number of six thousand fighting men to come to the succour of king Hormisda But beecause according to their custome they brought their wiues and children with them they were the longer in comming so as before they came the Sarazins and king Hormisda had sought togethers and Hormisda ouerthrowen and slaine about the yeere of our Lord God 640. And so the Sarazins became Lords of Persia and of the whole countries about sauing the realme of Abeas which is in Georgia a part of the greater Armenie called Haloen who were the refuge receptacle of Christians The Turqui●●ains being by this ariued in that part of Persia named Chor●●●e● or C●●●osley and by some C●roz●i● they vnderstoode of the ouerthrow and death of Hormisda for which cause they staied there and fortified themselues in the best wise they could and sent vnto the Sarazins requesting to accept them as their friends withall that they would receiue tribuit from them for vvhich alvvaies they vvould bee at their commandement to serue them faithfully in their vvars if it vvould further vouchsafe the Sarazins to beestovv on them the place vvhere they at that time vvere to inhabit The Sarazins receiued their ambassage curteously accepted them as their friendes and offred Tributaries hovvbeit they caused the Turks to lodge further of in a part of another countrie vvhich they appointed them to th ende that if they reuolted they should doe the Sarazins lesse harme In this manner remained the Turkes or Turquimains tributaries as it vvere subiects to the Sarazins vvhose customes lavvs maners they quickly learned through continuall trade and frequentation vvhich they had a among the Sarazins insomuch as in the end ther vvas no manner of difference betwixt thē either in religion law or forme of life which was very easie for the Turks to doe considering that be ore they liued without any law rule or pollicie which they wer sooner moued to embrace

of the saide Amurath and of Iriny a Christian woman daughter to George the Despot of Seruia who beganne to reigne the one and twentie yeere of his age and two yeeres after did winne by assault the Citie of Constantinople Anno Domini 1453. where the Emperour Constantinie was slayne by which it so came to passe that as one Constantine sonne to Helen was the first Emperour of Constantinople so an other Constantine sonne of an other Helen was the last Christian Emperour there This Mahumet proued in the ende neither Musulman or Mahometist for in his infancye hee was instructed in the christian faith by his said mother and after by others in the Turkish supersticion howbeit whan he came to age he cared neither for the one nor other In the beginning of his reigne he caused two of his bretheren being but of very tender age the one of a yeere and a halfe the other not passing sixe moneths olde to be slaine howbeit some doe affirme that the elder sonne was secretly saued an other childe beeing put in his roome who was caried to Venice and from thence to Rome to Pope Calixt who caused him to bee baptised and named Calixt Othman vpon whom the Emperour Frederic afterwards did bestow great liuings Mahumet hauing thus taken Constantinople as I haue declared did inuade the dominions of Hungary and besieged Belgrado from which hee vvas repulsed by the worthie Iohn Huniades that was then within Belgrado with the Cardinall Angelo and the famous gray Frier called Iohn Capistran From this siege Mahumet withdrew himselfe and his army with shame inough for beesides his owne hurts wounds he lost wholy his artillerie baggage with his for euer hope to haue the realme of Hungarie besides hee was compelled wholy to attend the recouerie of the dominion of Moree which the Venetians had wonne from him hauing repaired the Examilo which is a long wall of the length of sixe Italian miles extending from the Gulfe Patras which the latines doe call Sinu Corinthiacus vnto the Bay of Egino named in latin Sinus Megaricus betweene which two Gulfs as it were in the midst of the Istmus not passing sixe miles broad being a peece of groūd comparable vnto a bridge tyeng the dominion and territorie of Peloponesus vnto the maine land of Grecia the Citie of Corinthe stood sometime of notable fame but now reduced to a little village called Coranto the which long vvall named the Examilo Amurath in his life had caused to bee demolished and cast downe to the end to haue the more easie passage into Peloponesus but when Mahumet came the Venetians hoping they had beene strong inough in a battaile which they fought vvith him vvere cleane ouerthrovven vvhere a great number of Italian Captaines vvere slaine so as Mahumet recouered the chiefe of the territory of Peloponesus foorthvvith againe after vvhich in the very sight of the Venetians hee did vvinne from them the vvhole Iland of Negropont called also Euboea ioyned to the firme main land vvith a bridge vvith the Ilands of Stalimene anciently named Lemnos and Methelin called Lesbos appertaining then to Nicholas Cataluz a Geneuois and so prosecuting his good fortune hee tooke the Isle of Saint Maura called Nerytus and by some Leucas Leucadia together vvith the Isles of Zante aunciently named Zacynthus and Cephalenia called novv Chiphalonie Hee recouered the strong tovvne of Croya after the death of Scanderbeg spoiled the tovvne of Scodra called novv Scutare from Seigneur Aranith Comino or Comnenus surnamed Golent father of Seigneur Constantine vvho then gouerned the Marquesdome of Montferrato after the death of the Duchesse his niece at vvhich time Charles the eight the French King retourned from Naples after all this Mahumet inuaded the territorie of Bosne and tooke the Despot thereof called Stephan Hierchec and of some Historiographers the Duke Latic and caused his head to bee smitten off compelling a yong sonne of this Despot to be made a Renie and to be circumsised in surnaming him Achmath Hee tooke from the Geneuois their towne of Capha auncientlie called Theodosia situated in Prezocopie named by the Geographers Taurica Chersonesus which is as though it were halfe and sland as is Peloponesus and hath on the one side the Gulf of Nigropila called Sinus Carcini●●s on the other the Baye called La Mer Noir named in latin B●cis Paulus from which not very far distant is the famous Gulfe called Palus Meotis commonly named the Gulf de li Tana during which time of these his expedicions exploits in war in countries so farre distant the one from the other hee was assalted in Natolie by Piramet Caraman who enforced him to relinquish his further enterprises Notwithstanding before his departure he tooke the strong fortresse of Mancup or Manlzup situated in the Isthmus or strait peece of ground which knitteth or ioyneth Prezocopie vnto the firme land called by the ancients Taphre now Azan or Assou standing vpon the shore of the Gulf of T●na That done Mahumet retired into Natelie and repulled from thence Caraman inuading the countries of the same Caraman whereof he did win a great part and in his returne tooke the citie of Sinopes the Metropolis of Pap●lagonia which standeth vpon the coast of the sea called anciently Pontus Euxinus now La Mer Maiour as also vpon the same coast the renowned citie of Trapezonda being the chiefe city of the Empire of Trapezonda where he did put to death the Emperour therof called Dauid Conino or Comnenus who was a Christian discended of the valiaunt Isaac Conino who from a meane Captaine became Emperour of Constantinople after the Emperour Michaell all which troubles aboue said came to passe when as the Hungarians and those of Austrich moued wars against the Emperour Frederic to recouer Ladislaus whom some doe call Lancelot the sonne of Albert to be their king and lord whom Frederic had in keeping yet would not restore him though he was adiudged meete to reigne while Mahumet became thus victorious there did spring a new enemie against him named Vssuncassan or Assambeg the prince of Persia who with a great power of the Persians whom the Turkes doe call Keselbach that is to say red heads by reason that they did weare red hoods entered into Capadoce and Trapesonde and fought two battailes with Mahumet in the first of which Mahumet was ouerthrowen but in the second Assambeg had the worst and therby lost sundry of his dominions This Vssuncassan or Assambeg was sonne in law to the saide Dauid Conyno Emperour of Trebisonde of whom beefore I made mencion who reigned in the yeere of our Lord God 1472. Mahumet thus deliuered of his aduersarie retourned into Caramany after the death of Pyramet Caraman and enforced Abraham his sonne to seeke for succours from the Christians and chiefelie of Pope Pius the second of that name who was determined in person to haue gone against the Turke and for that purpose was repayred to the Citie of

as I heare a man in action and one whom your countrie hath built their better hopes when seruice or the like occasion may call them therevnto what I wish and well hope that the two first bookes haue obtayned from them of fauourable acceptaunce and entertaining my honest will according to my meaning the same I would intreat most earnestly of you for this which granted shall engage mee ere long to some greater taske better fitting your worth and in conformety more fullie squared to my owne desire till when I take my leaue and rest for euer in what I can Your worships exceedingly deuoted R. Carr. The third Booke The Historie of Celimus secundus of the warres and siege of Malta WHO soeuer that complaine of the inconstance and imbecilitie of humaine affaires the estate of mankinde truely they doe it not without cause for well obseruing they shall see all things with the heauens themselues sometime flow somtime chaunge though not according to the face of the heauens and the positions motions and courses of the starres which in their times appointed doe make returne the matters and state of mankinde are alwaies like for neither mankinde it selfe nor their worthie acts pollicies arts regiments and lawes whereof the most part are either at this present chaunged or els vtterlie decaied which any conuercion or retourne of the heauens can come againe whereof example vnto vs are the Assyrians Meds Persians Aegiptians Carthagians Greeks and Romains For time chaungeth and consumeth all worldly things which had enfolded and vtterly ouerturned the famous acts of these worthie nations in the horrible darkenesse of obliuion and forgetfulnesse if that an other as it were a resplendishing and most bright sunne had not ben reserued from the first beeginning of mankinde that should counteruaile such in constance and imbecilitie of humaine thinges whereby not onely to prepare an immortalitie to sliding and fluxible matters but chiefelie which all wee mortall creatures ought to desire to shew the perfect way to ioyfull felicitie And that is the memorie of the acts and dooings past of mankinde which wee vse to call and name a Historie for when that in mankinde there is by nature an engraued appetite and desire of that goodnesse which is called felicitie so as what soeuer wee thinke we iustlie doe any thing wee refer it to that end of goodnesse and felicitie but verelie that true goodnesse and most certaine felicitie consisteth in this point that we may bee assuredly ioyned and knit with almightie God and to bee like to him as hee hath appointed vs Which vnfainedlie they may affirme to haue attayned and gotten who that hauing brought in obedience to reason the desires of their mindes and appetites will found and establishe their vniuersall life vpon vertue accordingly as to the perfect dignitie of mankinde is required howbeeit none there is that would suppose to haue gotten certainlie and absolutely this felicitie except hee will liue and be conuersant in that kinde of societie and company of men which by pollicie and wholesome lawes being congregated and gathered togethers is rightly to bee called a citie or common wealth which truely then shall be accompted happie if that three things whervpon due felicitie consisteth shall aide and helpe the same that is to say That it may bee that well it may bee that alwayes in that stay it may bee And for so much as there bee two especiall points whereunto euery well ruled Citie or Common wealth ought to haue regard that is to say to peace and war and that by peace rather than warres wee inioy and haue happie liues considering that warres ought to bee taken in hand to the ende that wee may in peace liue quietlie and such desire of peace is in mankinde that no trauaile no charge no daungers and perilles will bee eschewed that peace may bee attayned and gotten when as thorough the same each necessarie matter for quiet life is purchased But truely of that kinde of peace I meane nor whan armour is layed a part wee stay from moouing of warres and in the meane time rancour and malice to haue domination in our breasts but rather of such peace I meane that is grounded vpon the loue of God and beneuolence in the hartes of each good Citizen to bee good vnto euery one Albeeit Sapience and Wisdome must bee the Queene and vnfallable guide of vs mortall people who if shee bee our guide to felicitie shee is plaine and able inough of hir selfe to accomplish the same it is shee that hath Fortune in obedience it is shee that giueth vertue deligence and other good acts and the same can make fast to remaine in vs but vnto hir ther be two waies addressed the one by Philosophers and establishers of wholesome lawes the other by Historiographers the one by generall precepts of good life demonstrations of reason the other by shew and declaration of worthie facts comming to passe and sequels of the acts and doings of mankinde ioyned with varietie of examples matters of themselues leadeth guideth vs to wisdome so much this exceedeth the other as the very acts doings hath the superiority ouer words sayings and as it may be well perceiued of what force it consisteth to alure the mindes of any to the enbrace of the same for this path way of history both kings generals in wars and chiefelie rulers in common wealthes citezins young and olde rich and poore miserable and fortunate ought to haue in price and estimation in this to delight this to loue and of this to make to themselues a fellow companion and familiar as it which vnto euery age degree and fortune is most apt and replenished with euery kinde of examples aswell of priuate as publique fortune for when we perceiue how that fortune changeth or ouerturneth and abolisheth high low and meane men families common wealthes nations Empires and kingdomes if there bee any thing amongst men that hath power to encounter and counteruaile fortune and to stop hir of hir pretended course it must bee either onely history or else none other art can be found that with the consideration of the ends examples of the good and euill of all estates and callings set before our eies we may thereby bee brought vnto the desired port of felicitie For in history as a most pure and cleere glasse or as a most ample and large Theatre and high scaffolde one may ponder and way the course the race and mutations of humaine affaires the causes and motions of the euents and commings to passe of the fortunate and infortunate and of their prudencies and temerities wherewith except we be to much guided with follie or slouth wee may bee brought and led as it were with hand to the seate of quietnesse and felicitie in which onely tranquilitie and aboundance of all things to bee desired glorie and immortalitie is found Wherfore hauing not a little considered of what valour the memory of