own Iphicrates the Athenian had had a design to be Master of that Territory as a Place conducing much to the gaining and keeping the Principality of Greece But the People opposing it he Abdicated the Government and the Athenians ordered Cabrias to Corinth in his room In Macedonia Amyntas the Father of Philip was ejected out of his * Pella City by the Illyrians who made an inroad into his Country and despairing to keep his Kingdom he gave the * Furius Camillus Olynthians the Territory next adjoining to them However though he lost his Kingdom at this time yet soon after he recover'd it by the help of the Thessalians and reign'd afterwards Four and twenty Years Yet there are some that write that after the Expulsion of Amyntas Argeus reign'd in Macedonia for the space of Two years and then Amyntas was restor'd About the same time Satyrus the Son of Sparticus King of Bospherus P. 445. dy'd after he had reign'd Fourteen years and Leuco his Son succeeded him for the space of Forty years In Italy after Eleven years Siege of the Veians the Romans created * Cornelius Scipio Ant. Ch. 391. The Romans take Veii Marcus Furius Dictator and ** One of the Isles of Lipari near Sicily Publius Cornelius General of the Horse Having rais'd an Army they storm'd Veii by undermining the Castle raz'd the City and sold the Inhabitants for Slaves after which the Dictator triumph'd and the People of Rome dedicated a Golden Cup to the Oracle at Delphos out of the Tenth of the Spoils But they that carry'd the Offering were fallen upon by * Thieves or Pirates belonging to the Isles of Lapari and were carry'd * Like them of Algier thither Yet when Timasatheus who was then chief Magistrate of * Lisopara heard of it he not only protected the Messengers from all Injuries but caus'd the Cup to be restor'd and suffer'd them to pass safely to Delphos Who when they had deliver'd the Cup into the Treasury of the * Messana in Peloponnesus Messinians return'd to Rome And when the Romans understood how nobly Timasatheus had dealt with the Ambassadors they presently so far honour'd him as to enter into a League of Alliance and Friendship with him and an Hundred thirty and seven years after when they took Lipara from the Carthaginians they order'd all the Posterity of Timasatheus to be quit of Tribute and free in all other respects CHAP. XI The Acts of Thrasybulus the Athenian General The Carthaginians under Mago begin a new War in Sicily against Dionysius A Peace concluded Rhodes falls off from the Athenians Evagoras becomes King of Salamis in Cyprus Makes War against the Persians The Acts of Thimbro the Lacedemonian General in Asia WHen the Year was ended Philocles was made Lord-Chancellor of Athens and Olymp. 97. 1. Ant. Ch. 390. six Military Tribunes * Publius Cornelius Scipio Publius Sextus Publius Cornelius * Cossus Thrasybulus made the Athenian General The Acts of Thrasybulus Crassus Ceso Fabius Lucius Furius Quintus Servilius and Marcus Valerius executed the Office of Consuls at Rome At this time was celebrated the Ninety Seventh Olympiad in which Terites was Victor And then the Athenians order'd forth their General Thrasybulus with Forty sail of Men of War who hasten'd to Ionia and there being furnish'd with Money from the Confederates he weigh'd Anchor from thence and arriv'd at Chersonesus where he staid a while and procur'd Medocus and Seuthes Princes of Thrace to become Confederates Presently after he pass'd over to Lesbos and anchor'd with his Fleet near to Eressus But by a violent Storm Three and Twenty of his Ships were then lost However with those that were left he endeavour'd to reduce the Cities of Lesbos to their Obedience for all had made a Defection except Mitylene and first he sets upon Methymna and fought with the Citizens led by Therimacus a Spartan whom he kill'd with many of the Methymnians his followers and drove the rest within their Walls and after he had made great Spoil and Havock in the Country Eressus and Antissa were surrendered to him Then being furnish'd with Shipping from Chius and Mitylene he fail'd to Rhodes And now the Carthaginians having after the Slaughter at Syracuse at length recover'd Mago invades Sicily with an Army from Africa and other Parts their Strength resolv'd to renew their Attempts for the bettering their Affairs in Sicily and because they determin'd to try their Fortune by a Battel at Land they pass'd over but with a few long Ships but raised Soldiers out of Africa Sardinia and from among the Barbarians in Italy and arm'd them all compleatly at their own Charge and with these they Landed in Sicily to the number of Fourscore thousand under their General Mago who marching through the Territories of the Sicilians caused many Cities to desert and fall off from Dionysius and at length Encamp'd at the River Chrysa in the Country of the Argyrineans near the Road leading to Morgantinum But when he could not bring over Ant. Ch. 39â— the Argyrineans to join with him either by fair means or foul he made an Halt and especially because he heard an Army was upon their march against him from Syracuse For P. 446. Dionysius having intelligence of the Motion of the Carthaginians through the Heart of the Dionysius marches against the Carthaginians Country without delay got together what Forces he could both Syracusians and Mercernaries and march'd against the Enemy with no fewer than Twenty thousand Men. And when he came near to the Enemy's Camp he sent Ambassadors to Agyris Prince of the Agyreans who at that time was the greatest and most Powerful Prince of Sicily next to Dionysius For he had almost all the Castles and Strong holds lying round about under his Power and Government and the City of the Agyreans which he commanded was at that time very Populous having in it no less than Twenty thousand Citizens Besides it was sufficiently provided with all sorts of Victuals and a vast Treasure was laid up in the Castle which Agyris had hoarded up from the Confiscations of the Richest of the Citizens whom he had put to Death Dionysius therefore entring with a few into the City gain'd Agyris to join with him promising to bestow on him a large Territory next adjoining to him if he succeeded in the War Agyris then Freely and Liberally furnish'd Dionysius's Army with Bread and all other Agyris joint with Dionysius Ant. Ch. 390. Provision and afterwards drew out all his Forces and join'd with him in the War against the Carthaginians But Mago being in an Enemies Country and every day more and more pinch'd with want of every thing that was necessary was very uneasie For the Argyreans being well acquainted with all the Ways and Passes often surpriz'd his Men and intercepted all Provision The Syracusions were for fighting with all speed but Dionysius would not yield to that affirming
being reliev'd by the Athenians Garison under the Command of Leosthenes who had been before left there Alexander set upon the Athenians themselves It so hapned that as they were watching and had set a Guard upon Alexander's Fleet which then lay at Panormus he fell upon them on a sudden and obtain'd an unexpected Victory For he not only rescu'd his Men out of the Imminent dangers wherewith they were surrounded at Panormus but likewise took five Athenian Gallies and one of Peparethus and Six hundred Prisoners The Athenians being enrag'd at this misfortune Condemn'd Leosthenes to Death and Confiscated all his Goods and made Charetes Commander in his stead and sent him with a considerable Fleet into those parts who spent his time only in scaring the Enemies and oppressing the Confederates For Sailing to Corcyra a Confederate City he stirr'd up such Seditions and Tumults there as ended in many Slaughters Rapines and plundering of Mens Goods and Estates which caus'd the Athenians to be ill spoken of by all the Confederates committing many other villanies and to summ up all in a few Words he did nothing but what tended to the disgrace and dishonour of his Country Dionysiodorus and Anaxis Boeotian Writers who Compos'd an History of the Grecian Affairs end their Relations with this Year And now having given an Account of those Affairs and things done before the Reign of Philip according to our first design P. 508. we shall put an end to this Book In the next following shall be Comprehended what Ant. Ch. 359. ever was done by that King from the beginning of his Reign to the time of his Death with other things that happen'd in the known parts of the World ASIAE Veteribus Cognit◠Tabula BOOK XVI IT 's the Duty of all Writers of History whether they Treat of the Actions of Kings PREFACE or of particular Cities to relate the Whole from the Beginning to the Conclusion For we conceive that hereby the History is both better remembred and more clearly Understood For imperfect Relations without Knowledge of the Issue of what is begun gives an unpleasant Check to the Diligent Reader 's eager Expectation But where the Matter is drawn down by a continu'd Thred to the end of the Narration such Writings make the History compleat in all its Parts but more especially if the Nature of things done do lead the Writer as it were by the Hand This Course is by no means to be neglected Since therefore we are now come to the Affairs of Philip Son of Amyntas we according to the former Rule shall endeavour to comprehend in this Book all the Actions of this King For he reign'd as King of Macedon Two and Twenty Years who making use at the first but of small means at length advanc'd his Kingdom to be the Greatest in Europe and made Macedon which at the time of his coming to the Crown was under the servile Yoke of the Illyrians Mistress of many potent Cities and Countries And through his Valour the Grecian Cities voluntarily submitted themselves to him and made him General of all Greece And having subdued * The Phocians those that Robb'd and Spoil'd the Temple at Delphos coming in aid of the God there he was made a Member of the Senate of the Amphictyons and for a Reward of his Zeal to the Gods the Right of Voting in the The Court of the Amphictyons was the great Court of Greece which sate at Delphos in Phocis like to the States-General at the Hague Vid. Paus Lib. 10. Cap. 8. The Phocians had two Votes in that Assembly Senate which belonged to the Phocians whom he had overcome was allotted to him After he had overcome the Illyrians Paeones Thracians Scythians and the Countries adjoyning to them his Thoughts were wholly imploy'd how to destroy the Persian Monarchy But after he had set free all the Grecian Cities and was promised Forces to be raised for the Expedition into Asia in the midst of all his preparations he was prevented by Death But he left those and so many more Forces behind him that his Son Alexander had no occasion to make use of the Assistance of his Confederates in the Overturning of the Persian Empire And all those things he did not so much by the Favour of Fortune as by the Greatness of his own Valour For this King excell'd most in the Art of a General Stoutness of Spirit and Clearness of Judgment and Apprehension But that we may not in a Preface set forth his Actions before hand we shall proceed to the orderly Course of the History making first some short Remarks of the Times that went before CHAP. I. Philip an Hostage at Thebes makes his Escape Beats the Athenians After makes Peace with them Subdues the Paeones and routs the Illyrians and makes Peace with them WHEN Callimedes was Archon at Athens in the Hundred and Fifth Olympiad in which Porus the Cyrenian was Victor Cneius Genucius and Olymp. 105. An. M. 3612. Ant. Ch. 358. Lucius Aemilius Roman Consuls Philip the Son of Amyntas and Father of Alexander who conquer'd the Persians came to the Crown in the manner following Amyntas being brought under by the Illyrians was forced to pay Tribute to the Conquerors who having taken his youngest Son Philip as an Hostage deliver'd him to be kept by the Thebans who committed the young Youth to the Care of * Polymnis was the Father of Epaminondas the Father of Epaminondas with order to look to his Charge with all Diligence and honourably to Educate and Instruct him A Pythagorean Philosopher was at that time Tutor to Epaminondas with whom Philip being brought up he improv'd more than ordinary in the Pythagorean Philosophy And both these Scholars imploying the utmost of their Parts and Diligence in the Prosecution of their Studies both by that means became Famous for their virtuous Qualifications Epaminondas it 's known to all having run through many Hazards and Difficulties beyond all expectation gain'd the Sovereignty of all Greece for his Country And Philip having the same Advantages shew'd himself nothing inferior to Epaminondas in glorious Atchievements For after the Death of Amyntas his Eldest Son Alexander succeeded him in the Kingdom but Ptolemy Alorites murder'd him and Usurp'd the Government and he himself was serv'd with the same Sauce by Perdiccas who being afterwards overcome in a great Battel by the Illyrians and kill'd * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 In a Critical Conjuncture in the very time when there was most need of a King Philip the Brother made his escape and took Possession of the Kingdom now in a very shatter'd Condition For there were above Four Thousand Macedonians kill'd in the Fight and those that surviv'd were in such Consternation and Fear of the Illyrians that they had no heart left for the Prosecuting of the War Ant. Ch. 358. About the same time the Paeones Neighbours to the Macedonians in contempt of them wasted their Country
upon all the Inhabitants of Phaenicia especially upon the Sidonians To this end he Rendevous'd all his Army both Horse and Foot at Babylon and presently march'd away against the Phaenicians In the mean time while the King was upon his March the Governor of Syria and Mazaeus Lord Lieutenant of Caelicia joined together against the Phaenicans On the other side Tennes King of Sidon procured for their assistance Four thousand Greek Mercenaries from the Aegyptians under the Command of Mentor the Rhodian with these and a Body of the Citizens he engaged with the Lord Lieutenants and got the Day and expelled them out of Phaenicia While these Things were acted in Phaenicia the War in Cyprus began at the same time the one depending much upon the other There were Nine great Cities in this Island under whose Jurisdiction were all the other smaller Towns Every one had its several King who managed all publick Affairs yet subject to the King of Persia These all enter'd into a Confederacy and after the Example of the Phaenicians shook off the Yoak and having made all necessary Preparations for the War took upon them the Absolute Power and Soveraignty in their own several Dominions Ant. Ch. 349. Artaxerxes being enrag'd at this Insolence writ to * Or Garieus Idrieus Prince of Caria then lately come to the Throne a Friend and Confederate of the Persians as all his Ancestors were before him to raise him both Land and Sea-Forces for his Assistance against the Kings of Cyprus Upon which he forthwith rigg'd out a Fleet of Forty Sail and sent on board Eight thousand Mercenaries for Cyprus under the Command of Phocion the Athenian and Evagoras who had been for some Years before King of the Island As soon as they lander in Cyprus they march'd then streight to Salamina the greatest of the Cities where they cast up a Trench and fortify'd themselves and so straitly besieg'd the City both Salamina in Cyprus besieg'd or Salamis by Sea and Land The Island had continu'd a long time in peace and quietness and therefore was grown very Rich so that the Soldiers who had now the Power to range over the Country had got together great Booties Which Plenty and Confluence being nois'd abroad many sn the opposite Continent in hope of Gain came slocking out of Syria and Silisia to the Persian Camp The Army of Phocion and Evagoras being increas'd to double the number the Petty Kings were brought into great Straits and much terrify'd And in this Condition was Cyprus at that time About this time the King of Persia march'd with his Army from Babylon and made towards Phaenicia But Mentor General of the Sidonians when he heard how great an Army was approaching and considering how unequal in number the Rebels were he privately consulted his own Safety To that end he secretly dispatch'd away from Sidon a faithful Servant of his own call'd Thessalion to Artaxerxes promising to betray Sidon to him and that he would effectually assist him in subduing of Egypt he being in that respect more especially able to serve him for that he was well acquainted with all the Places in Egypt and knew exactly the most convenient places over the River Nile The King was wonderfully pleas'd when he heard what Thessalion said and promis'd he would not only Ant. Ch. 349. pardon Mentor for what he had done but would bountifully reward him if he perform'd what he had promis'd But Thessalion further added that Mentor would expect that the King should confirm his Word by giving out his Right Hand Upon which the King was so incens'd as being distrusted that he gave up Thessalion into the hands of the Officers with Command to cut off his Head When he was led to Execution he only said thus Thou O King dost what thou pleasest but Mentor who is able to accomplish all I have said will perform nothing that is promis'd because thou refusest to give him Assurance on thy part Upon hearing of which the King alter'd his Mind and commanded the Officers to discharge the Man and so he put forth his * His Hand to kiâ—â— Right Hand to the Thessalion which is a most sure and certain Earnest among the Persians of performance of what is promis'd Then he return'd to Sidon and secretly imparted to Mentor what he had done In the mean time the King counting it his greatest Happiness if he could subdue Egypt which he had before attempted in vain sent Ambassadors to the chiefest Cities of Greece to solicit for some Auxiliary Forces from them The Athenians and Lacedaemonians return'd Answer That they would continue still Friends to the Persians but that they could not supply them with Forces But the Thebans commanded a thousand heavy-arm'd Men to be sent to the Assistance of the King under the Command of Locrates The Argives likewise furnish'd him with Three thousand Men but sent no Captain with them because the King had expresly by Name appointed Nicostratus to Command them and they were unwilling to contradict him He was a Man of great Account both as to Councel and Execution having both Valour and Prudence assistant one to another And because he was of vast Strength of Body imitating Hercules in his Arms he carry'd both a Club and a Lion's Skin in every Battel Neither were the Grecians who inhabited Ant. Ch. 349. upon the Sea Coasts of Asia wanting on their parts but sent out Six thousand Men So that all the Auxiliary Forces from the Grecians amounted to Ten thousand But before these came up the King had pass'd through Syria and enter'd Phaenicia and encamp'd not far from Sidon In the mean time while the King spent a considerable time in making preparation the Sidonians had been very active and diligent in furnishing themselves with Arms and Provisions and besides had drawn a treble deep and broad Trench and an high Wall round the City They had likewise a brave Body of tall handsom and stout Men of the Citizens well exercis'd and train'd up in martial Discipline out of the Schools And this City went far beyond all the rest of the Cities of Phaenicia for Wealth and all other sumptuous Ornaments both for State and Grandeur And that which was not the least among the rest they were furnish'd with a hundred Gallies of three and five Oars on a Bank And now * Here Mentor is put for Tennes in the Greek Tennes became a Party with Mentor who Commanded the Mercenaries out of Egypt in the Treachery and left Mentor to keep a certain Quarter of the City in order to help forward the Execution of the Treason and himself went out with Five hundred Soldiers upon pretence to go to the Common Assembly of the Phaenicians For he had in his Company a Hundred of the Best Quality of the Citizens to be Senators as was pretended But these he caus'd to be seiz'd and deliver'd up into the hands of Ariaxerxes as soon as they came near
Meleager executed by Perdiccas The Grecians revolt A Description of Asia Pithon sent against the Revolting Grecians who were all cut off The Lamian War The Cause of it Alexander's Epistle to the Exiles Leosthenes the Athenian General Lamia besieg'd Leosthenes kill'd Antiphilus plac'd in his room 574 Chap. 2. Ptolemy gains Egypt Leagues with Antipater Lysimachus enters Thrace Leonatus comes to Relieve Antipater and is routed The Grecians beaten at Sea Perdiccas conquers Ariarathes Prince of Cappadocia Crucifies him delivers the Province to Eumenes The Grecians quite routed by Craterus and Antipater The Athenians at length submit after all the rest but the Aetolians The End of the Lamian War The War in Cyrene by Thimbro Ophellas routs Thimbro Cyrene gain'd by Ptolemy Larinda sack'd The Destruction of the Isaurians by themselves Perdiccas affects the Kingdom of Macedon Is oppos'd by Antigonus The Etolians block'd up by Craterus and Antipater Antigonus discover Perdiccas his Design Peace made with the Etolians Perdiccas marches against Ptolemy into Egypt 580 Chap. 3. The Description of Alexander's Funeral Charriot Ptolemy honour'd in Egypt Perdiccas prepares for Egypt against Ptolemy Eumenes beats Neoptolimus who deserted The Battel between Eumenes and Craterus who was kill'd with Neoptolemus Combat between Neoptolemus and Eumenes Perdiccas comes into Egypt Assaults the Fort call'd the Camel's Wall His miserable Loss in the River Nile Is kill'd Ptolemy makes Arrideus and Pytho Protectors of the Kings Eumenes condemn'd to die The Etolians invade Thessaly Polysperchon routs the Etolians The Provinces again divided by Arrideus Antigonus besieges Nora Eumenes his Invention to Exercise the Horse Ptolemy gains Syria and Phoenicia and Nicanor 586 Chap. 4. Antigonus routs Alcitas in Pisidia and takes Attalus Alcitas receiv'd into Termessus and there protected He 's murder'd there Treacherously his Body inhumanly us'd by Antigonus Antipater's Death Antipater puts Demeas one of the Athenian Ambassadors to Death Polysperchon made Chief in Macedonia Cassander conspires to out him Antigonus his Plots to be Sovereign of all Arrideus secures himself in Phrygia Besieges Cyzicum Antigonus goes to raise it Eumenes got out of Nora by Antigonus his Order Antigonus his further Act. The various Fortunes of Eumenes A Council in Macedonia call'd by Polysperchon against Cassander The Decree of the Council Polysperchon invites Olympias out of Epirus into Macedonia Writes to Eumenes to join with the Kings 593 Chap. 5. Polysperchon courts Eumenes to assist the Kings Eumenes his Prudence amongst the Macedonian Captains Ptolemy sends to the Captains and others not to assist Eumenes Antigonus contrives to kill Eumenes who marches into Phoenicia Nicanor deceives the Athenians and still keeps Munychia and subtilly gets the Pyreum Order'd by Olympias to deliver the Pyreum and Munychia to the Athenians but he shifts it off Alexander Son of Polysperchon enters Attica secretly Corresponds with Nicanor and displeases the Athenians Phocion's hard Usage at his Trial in Athens is Condemn'd and Executed Cassander arrives at the Pyreum Polysperchon comes against him but returns Besieges Megalopolis but is there much Damnifi'd his Elephants spoil'd by a Stratagem A Sea-Fight between Clitus and Nicanor Nicanor beaten Clitus afterwards routed by Nicanor and is kill'd in his flight to Macedonia Antigonus goes after Eumenes Eumenes near losing his Army by the Breach of a Dyke in Babylonia The Greek Cities revolt to Cassander The Athenians make Peace with him He kills Nicanor 599 BOOK XIX Chap. 1. A Gathocles his Parentage and Education His Rise His Stratagems His bloody Massacre at Syracuse He gains the Sovereign Power The Affairs of Italy Olympias returns into Macedonia by Polysperchon's Means The Armies revolt to her Her Cruelties She murders Eurydice and Arideus her Husband Affairs in Asia Eumenes and Seleucus Eumenes is join'd by many of the Captains The number of their Forces He comes to Susa Attalus and others Imprison'd by Antigonus in a strong Castle seeks to escape Are afterwards besieg'd and taken 608 Chap. 2. Antigonus marches after Eumenes to Tigris Eumenes cuts off many of his Men at Pasitigris Antigonus goes into Media Eumenes comes to Persepolis The Description of Persia Pencestes his great Feast Eumenes his Policy His Tale of the Lion Battel in Sareteceni between Antigonus and Eumenes Antigonus returns into Media The Story of Cereus his two Wives striving which should be burnt Eumenes marches to Gabiene Cassander to Macedonia Olympias goes to Pydna is there besieg'd The Epirots forsake their King and join with Cassander Antigonus's design to surprize Eumenes who stops his March by a Stratagem The last Battel between them in Gabiene Eumenes basely deliver'd up Antigonus's return to Media The dreadful Earthquakes in the Country of Rhages 615 Chap 3. The Inundations at Rhodes Antigonus kills Pitho getting him into his Power by Dissimulation then marches into Persia Revolters from Antigonus cut off in Media He divides the Asian Provences and continues to destroy all the Argyraspides Gets great Treasure in Susa Cassander besieges Olympias in Pydna The great Distress to which it was reduc'd Amphipolis surrender'd to Cassander He kills Olympias Marries Thessalonices Builds Cassandra Imprisons Rhoxana and her Son Alexander His Expedition into Peloponnesus against Alexander the Son of Polysperchon The History of Thebes Cassander rebuilds Thebes 627 Chap. 4. Antigonus his Army feasted by Seleucus in Babylon Falls out with Seleucus who flies to Ptolemy and is kindly receiv'd Ptolemy Seleucus Cassander and Lysimachus join against Antigonus They send Ambassadors to him who Winters in Cilicia He goes into Phoenicia and there builds Ships Besieges Tyre The Praise of Phyla Wife of Demetrius Aristodemus raises Forces for Antigonus in Peloponnesus The Acts of Ptolemy one of Antigonus his Captains Antigonus his Policy Tyre deliver'd The Agreement of Ptolemy's Captains and the rest at Cyprus The Acts of Seleucus A Fleet comes to Antigonus from the Hellespont and Rhodes Things done in Peloponnesus Cassander's Acts there and in Greece The great Victory by Sea and Land obtain'd by Polyclitus Seleucus his Lieutenant He 's Rewarded by Ptolemy The Acts of Agathocles in Sicily The Romans War with the Samnites 632 Chap. 5. The Acts of Aristodemus Antigonus his General in Peloponnesus The Dâ—means in Achaia seek to free themselves from Cassander's Garrison They take the Cittadel Alexander Son of Polysperchon Assassinated The Praise of Cratesipolis his Wife The Acts of Cassander in Etolia and other Parts of Greece The Cruelty of the Etolians Cassander sends an Army into Caria and Aristotle with a Fleet to Lemnos The Acts of Cassander's Army in Caria Antigonus leaves his Son Demetrius in Caria to watch Ptolemy His troublesome March into Asia The Affairs of Sicily Acrotatus his Misgovernment and Cruelties in Sicily The Acts of Agathocles The Affairs of Italy 637 Chap. 6. Several Cities revolt Lysimachus comes against them Philip Cassander's General routs the Epirots and Etolians Cassander agrees with Antigonus Antigonus gains the Cities in Caria Cassander's Acts in Greece Samnites routed
visible at this day And we have it related that not only this King but the succeeding Princes from time to time made it their Business to beautify this City for that there was no City under the Sun so adorn'd with so many and stately Monuments of Gold Silver and Ivory and multitudes of Colossus's and Obelisks cut out of one entire Stone For there were there Four Temples built for Beauty and Greatness to be admir'd the most ancient of which was in Circuit * Almost Two Miles Thirteen Furlongs and Five and Forty Cubits high and had a Wall Four and Twenty Foot broad The Ornaments of this Temple were suitable to its Magnificence both for Cost and Workmanship The Fabrick hath continu'd to our Time but the Silver and the Gold and Ornaments of Ivory and Precious Stones were carry'd away by the Persians when Cambyses burnt the Temples of Egypt At which time they say those Palaces at Persepolis and Susa and other Parts of Media famous all the World over were built by the Persians who brought over these rich Spoils into Asia and sent for Workmen out of Egypt for that purpose And it is reported that the Riches of Egypt were then so great that in the Rubbish and Cynders there were found and gather'd up above Three Hundred Talents of Gold and of Silver no less than Two Thousand and Three Hundred There they say are the wonderful Sepulchers of the ancient Kings which for Sepulchres State and Grandure far exceed all that Posterity can attain unto at this Day The Egyptian Priests say that in their Sacred Registers there are enter'd Seven and Forty of these Sepulchers but in the Reign of Ptolemy Lagus there remain'd only Seventeen many of which were ruin'd and destroy'd when I my self came into those Parts which was in the Hundred and Eightieth Olympiad And these things are not only reported by the Egyptian Priests out of their Sacred Records but many of the Grâ—cians who travel'd to Thebes in the time of Ptolemy Lagus and writ Histories of Egypt among whom was Hecateus agree with what we have related Of the First Sepulchers wherein they say the Women of Jupiter were buri'd that of King Osymanduas was Ten Furlongs in Circuit at the entrance of which they say was a Portico of various colour'd Marble in length Two Hundred Foot and in height †67 Foot 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 16 Cubits high i. e. 44 Foot Five and Forty Cubits thence going forward you come into a foursquare Stone Gallery every Square being Four Hundred Foot supported instead of Pillars with Beasts each of one intire Stone Sixteen Cubits high carv'd after the antique manner The Roof was intirely of Stone each Stone * Twelve Foot Eight Cubits broad with an Azure Sky bespangl'd with Stars Passing out of this Perystilion you enter into another Portico much like the former but more curiously carv'd and with more variety At the Entrance stand Three Statues each of one intire Stone the Workmanship of Memnon of Sienitas One of these made in a fitting posture is the greatest in all Egypt the measure of his Foot exceeding Seven Cubits the other Two much less than the former reaching but to his Knees the one standing on the right and the other on the left being his Daughter and Mother This Piece is not only commendable for its greatness but admirable for its Cut and Workmanship and the Excellency of the Stone in so great a Work there 's not to be discern'd the least Flaw or any other Blemish Upon it there is this Inscription I am Osimanduas King of Kings if any would know how great I am and where I lye let him excel me in any of my Works There was likewise at this Second Gate another Statue of his Mother by her self of one Stone Twenty Cubits in height upon her Head were plac'd Three Crowns to denote she was both the Daughter Wife and Mother of a King Near to this Portico they say there was another Gallery or Piazzo more remarkable than the former in which were various Sculptures representing his Wars with the Bactrians who had revolted from him against whom it 's said he march'd with Four Hundred Thousand Foot and Twenty Thousand Horse which Army he divided into Four Bodies and appointed his Sons Generals of the whole In the first Wall might be seen the King assaulting a Bulwark inviron'd with the River and fighting at the Head of his Men against some that make up against him assisted with a Lion in a terrible manner which some affirm is to be taken of a true and real Lion which the King bred up tame which went along with him in all his Wars and by his great strength ever put the Enemy to flight Others make this Construction of it that the King being a Man of extraordinary Courage and strength he was willing to trumpet forth his own praises setting forth the Bravery of his own Spirit by the representation of a Lion In the Second Wall was carv'd the Captives dragg'd after the King represented without Hands and Privy Members which was to signifie that they were of effeminate Spirits and had no Hands when they came to fight The Third Wall represented all sorts of Sculptures and curious Images in which were set forth the King 's sacrificing of Oxen and his Triumphs in that War In the middle of the Peristylion open to the Air at the top was rear'd an Altar of shining Marble of excellent Workmanship and for largeness to be admir'd In the last Wall were Two Statues each of one intire Stone †Forty Foot Seven and Twenty Cubits high Near to which Three Passages open'd out of the * The Gallery or Cloyster Peristylion into a stately Room supported with Pillars like to a Theater for Musick every side of the Theater was Two Hundred Foot Square In this there were many Statues of Wood representing the Pleaders and Spectators looking upon the Judges that gave Judgment Of these there were Thirty carv'd upon one of the Walls In the middle sat the Chief Justice with the Image of Truth hanging about his Neck with his Eyes clos'd having many Books lying before him This signify'd that a Judge ought not to take any Bribes but ought only to regard the Truth and Merits of the Cause Next adjoyning was a Gallery full of divers Apartments in which were all sorts of Delicate Meats ready drest up Near hereunto is represented the King himself curiously carv'd and painted in glorious Colours offering Gold and Silver to the Gods as much as he yearly receiv'd out of the Gold and Silver Mines The Sum was there inscrib'd according to the Rate of Silver to amount unto Thirty Two Millions of ‖ Three Thousand and Two Hundred times Ten Thousand of Mina's every Mina 3l 2s 6d That is Ninety Six Millions of Pounds Sterl and Sixteen Thousand Millions of Crowns Minas Next hereunto was the Sacred Library whereon was inscrib'd
of the Herbs and Onions that were spent upon the Labourers during the Works which amounted to above Sixteen Hundred Talents There 's nothing writ upon the lesser The Entrance and Ascent is only on one side cut by steps into the main Stone Although the Kings design'd these Two for their Sepulchers yet it hapen'd that neither of them were there buri'd For the People being incens'd at them by the reason of the Toyl and Labour they were put to and the cruelty and oppression of their Kings threatned to drag their Carkases out of their Graves and pull them by piece-meal and cast them to the Dogs and therefore both of them upon their Beds commanded their Servants to bury them in some obscure place After him reign'd Mycerinus otherwise call'd Cherinus the Son of him who Mycerinus built the first Pyramid This Prince began a Third but died before it was finish'd every square of the Basis was †〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Three Plethras Three Hundred Foot The Walls for fifteen Stories high were of black Marble like that of Thebes the rest was of the same Stone with the other Pyramids Though the other Pyramids went beyond this in greatness yet this far excell'd the rest in the Curiosity of the Structure and the largeness of the Stones On that side of the Pyramid towards the North was inscrib'd the Name of the Founder Mycerinus This King they say detesting the severity of the former Kings carried himself all his Days gently and graciously towards all his Subjects and did all that possibly he could to gain their Love and Good Will towards him besides other things he expended vast Sums of Money upon the Oracles and Worship of the Gods and bestowing large Gifts upon honest Men whom he judg'd to be injur'd and to be hardly dealt with in the Courts of Justice There are other Pyramids every Square of which are Two Hundred Foot in the Basis and in all things like unto the other except in bigness It 's said that these Three last Kings built them for their Wives It is not in the least to be doubted but that these Pyramids far excel all the other Works throughout all Egypt not only in the Greatness and Costs of the Building but in the Excellency of the Workmanship For the Architects they say are much more to be admir'd than the Kings themselves that were at the Cost For those perform'd all by their own Ingenuity but these did nothing but by the Wealth handed to them by descent from their Predecessors and by the Toyl and Labour of other Men. Yet concerning the first Builders of these Pyramids there 's no Consent either Uncertain who built the Pyramids amongst the Inhabitants or Historians For some say they were built by the Kings before mention'd some by others As that the greatest was built by Armeus the Second by * Ammosis Amasis and the Third by †Maronas Inaronas But some say that this last was the Sepulcher of one Rhodopides a Curtesan and was built in remembrance of her at the common Charge of some of the Governors of the Provinces who were her Amours Bocchoris was the next who succeeded in the Kingdom a Bocchoris in the Reign of Vzziab King of Judah An. Mun. 3283 before Christ 766. Helv. Cron. very little Man for Body and of a mean and contemptible Presence but as to his Wisdom and Prudence far excelling all the Kings that ever were before him in Egypt A long time after him one Sabach an Ethiopian came to the Sabacon or Sabaco taken to be so who joyn'd with Hoshea King of Isreal Throne going beyond all his Predecessors in his Worship of the Gods and kindness to his Subjects Any Man may judge and have a clear Evidence of his gentle Disposition in this that when the Laws pronounc'd the severest Judgment I mean Sentence of Death he chang'd the Punishment and made an Edict that the Condemn'd Persons should Persons to work in Chains instead of being put to Death be kept to work in the Towns in Chains by whose Labour he rais'd many Mounts and made many Commodious Canals conceiving by this means he should not only moderate the severity of the Punishment but instead of that which was unprofitable advance the publick Good by the Service and Labours of the Condemn'd A Man may likewise judge of his extraordinary Piety from his Dream and his Abdication of the Government for the Tutelar God of Thebes seem'd to speak to him in his Sleep and told him that he could not long reign happily and prosperously in Egypt except he cut all the Priests in Pieces when he pass'd through the midst of them with his Guards and Servants which Advice being often repeated he at length sent for the Priests from all parts and told them that if he staid in Egypt any longer he found that he should displease God who never at any time before by Dreams or Visions commanded any such thing And that he would rather be gone and lose his Life being pure and innocent than displease * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Lord. Anarchy God or injoy the Crown of Egypt by staining his Life with the horrid Murder of the Innocent And so at length giving up the Kingdom into the Hands of the People he return'd into Ethiopia Upon this there was an Anarchy for the space of Two Years but the People falling into Tumults and intestine Broyls and Slaughters one of another Twelve of the chief Nobility of the Kingdom joyn'd in a Solemn Oath and then calling a Senate at Memphis and making some Laws for the better directing and cementing of them in mutual peace and fidelity they took upon them the Regal Power and Authority After Twelve Kings reign lovingly in Egypt Herodot lib. 2. c. 147. they had govern'd the Kingdom very amicably for the space of Fifteen Years according to the Agreement which they had mutually sworn to observe they apply'd themselves to the building of a Sepulcher where they might all lye together that as in their Life-time they had been equal in their Power and Authority and had always carried it with love and respect one towards another so after Death being all bury'd together in one Place they might continue the Glory of their Names in one and the same Monument To this end they made it their business to excel all their Predecessors in the greatness of their Works For near the Lake of Myris in Lybia they built a Four-square Monument of Polish'd Marble every square a Furlong in length for curious Carvings and other pieces of Art not to be equall'd by any that should come after them When you are enter'd within the Wall there 's presented a stately Fabrick supported round with Pillars Forty on every side The Roof was of one intire Stone whereon was curiously carv'd Racks and Mangers for Horses and other excellent pieces of Workmanship and painted and adorn'd with divers sorts of
taught the Grecians to pronounce them and gave them their several Names and form'd their distinct Characters Hence these Letters are all generally call'd Phoenician Letters because they were brought over out of Phoenicia into Greece but they were afterwards call'd Pelasgian Characters because the Pelasgians were the first that understood them after they were brought over He says that this Linus being an excellent Poet and Musician had many Scholars amongst whom there were three that were the most famous Hercules Themyris and Orpheus Hercules learnt to play upon the Harp but was very dull and unapt to learn insomuch as he was sometimes box'd and beaten at which he was at length so inrag'd that he kill'd his Master by a Blow with his Harp Themyris was very ingenions and gave himself wholly to Musick and grew so eminent therein that he would boast he could sing more sweetly and melodiously than the Muses themselves at which the Goddesses were so inrag'd that they both depriv'd him of his Art and struck him blind besides as Homer affirms in these Verses 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Themyris then by th' Muses was envy'd And of his Art the Thracian they depriv'd And then again 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Th' inraged Goddesses then struck him blind That th' way to Sing or Play he could not find Of Orpheus the last of his Scholars we shall speak particularly when we come to what concerns him This Linus they say writ in * Phenician Pelasgian Letters the Acts of the first Bacchus and left other Stories in his Writings behind him Orpheus likewise it 's said us'd the same Characters and Pronapides Homer's Master an ingenious Musician Thymaetes also the Son of Thymaetus the Son of Leomedon who liv'd in the time of Orpheus and travell'd through many Parts of the World as far as to the Western Parts of Lybia to the very Ocean This Thymaetes visited likewise they say Nysa the Place where Bacchus was brought up as is reported by the Ancient Inhabitants where being instructed by the Nysians he wrote a Poesy call'd Phrygia of the particular Actions of this God in very old Language and Character P. 141. Amongst other things he says that Ammon a King reigning in some Part of Lybia marry'd Rhea the Daughter of Coelus Sister of Saturn and the other Titans and that when he came first to the Kingdom he met with a beautiful Virgin call'd Amalthea upon the * In Asia near the Caspian sea Ceraunean Mountains and falling in Love with her begat a Son of her who was afterwards famous and admirable both for Strength and Comeliness of Person afterwards he made Amalthea Queen of the neighbouring Nations which in its Situation being in shape of an Ox's Horn was therefore call'd the Western Horn and that the Soyl is so very rich that it abounds with Vines and all other sorts of Fruit-trees Being possess'd of this Country she call'd it after her own Name Amalthea's Horn. And therefore Posterity call every rich Piece of Land that abounds with Fruit-trees Amalthea's Horn. But Ammon fearing the rageful Jealousy of Rhea conceal'd his Adultery and privately sent away the Child afar off to the City Nysa which lyes in an Island almost inaccessible surrounded with the River Triton into which there is but one The Description of Nysa and the Grâ—ta strait and narrow Entrance call'd the Nysian Gates The Land there is very rich abounding with pleasant Meadows Gardens and Orchards water'd on every side with refreshing Streams wherein grow all sorts of Fruit-trees and Vines which grow of themselves for the most part running up upon the sides of Trees A gentle cooling and refreshing Wind pierces through the whole Island which makes the Place exceeding healthful so that the Inhabitants live much longer here than any others in the neighbouring Countries The first Entrance into the Island runs up in a long Vale shaded all along with high and lofty Trees so thick that only a dim and glimmering light passes through but the Fiery Beams of the Sun enter not in the least to offend the Passenger In passing along drill many Sweet and Christal Springs so that the Place is most pleasant and delightful to them that have a desire there to divert themselves When you are out of this Vale a pleasant and very large Grota of a round Form presents it self arch'd over with an exceeding high Craggy Rock bespangled with Stones of divers resplendent Colours for being exchequer'd some sparkl'd with Purple Rays some with Azure and others darted forth their refulgent Beauty in divers other Colours no Colour being ever known but it might be seen there At the Entrance grew Trees of a strange and wonderful Nature some bearing Fruit others always green and flourishing as if they had been created only by Nature to delight the sight In these nested all sorts of Birds whose Colour and pleasant Notes even ravisht the Senses with sweet delight So that all the Place round imparted a sort of Divine Pleasure not only to the Eye but the Ear the sweetness of Natural Notes far excelling the Artificial Harmony of all other Musick whatsoever Passing through this appears a large and spacious Grota in every part inlightned by the bright Rays of the Sun Here grow various sorts of Flowers and Plants especially Cassia and others that perpetually preserve their sweet Odours in their natural Strength Here are to be seen the many pleasant Apartments of the Nymphs compos'd of various Flowers planted in that order by wise Nature's Hands and not by Man's Art fit to receive even the Gods themselves Within all this pleasant Round is not a Flower or Leaf to be seen wither'd or in the least decay'd so that the Spectators are not only delighted with the sight but even transported with the Pleasures P. 142. of the fragrant Smells and sweet Odours of the Place To this Cave the Child was brought by Ammon and committed to the care of Nysa one of the Sisters of Aristeus to be brought up but ordered Aristeus himself to be his Tutor who was a Prudent Honest and very Learned Man And that the Child might be the beteer secur'd against the mischievous Contrivances of his Stepmother Rhea to these was joyn'd Minerva to be his Guardian whom the River Triton they say brought forth a little before these Times and therefore from thence she was call'd * Or Tritoangenes because she first appear'd in a Virgins Habit at the River Triton Tritonides They report that this Goddess liv'd a Virgin all her Days and that being likewise endu'd with extraordinary Wisdom she found out many Arts and Sciences and that her strength of Body and Manly Courage was such that she imploy'd her self in feats of Arms and went out to the Wars Amongst her other Actions this was one remarkable that she kill'd Aegides a terrible Monster before esteem'd invincible It was the Birth of †The Earth
Creatures he had Brib'd them with Gifts Preferments and many large Promises When the King had read these Letters believing all to be true he writ back to Orontes to seize upon Terabazus and to send him forthwith to him Whereupon he executed the Command and when Terabazus came before the King he desir'd he might Terabazus seiz'd be brought to his Legal Trial upon which he was committed into Custody But the Trial was long deserr'd because the King presently after was engag'd in the War against the Carducians In the mean time Orontes now Chief Commander of the Army in Cyprus seeing Evagoras Ant. Ch. 383. courageously defend the Place and perceiving his own Soldiers discontented with the seizing of Terabazus and to slight his Commands and fall off from the Siege fearing some sudden Misfortune sent to Evagoras and a Peace was concluded upon the same Terms he would have agreed with Teribazus And thus Evagoras beyond his own Expectation Peace made with Evagoras freed from absolute Slavery enter'd into a League upon Conditions that he should pay a Yearly Tribute to the King and be Sovereign Lord of Salamis and Subject to the King no otherwise than as one King to another And thus ended the Cyprian War which was spun out near Ten years though most of that time was only spent in Preparation and not above two Years of it in actual War But Gaius the Vice-Admiral of the Fleet who had marry'd the Daughter of Terabazus was in great pain lest he should suffer something or other out of suspicion of his being Familiar and Conversant with Terabazus Therefore he resolv'd to be before hand with the Gaius revolts from the King of Persia King and to that end being well furnish'd with a brave Navy and having the Love of the Sea-Captains and Officers he began to advise and consider of a Defection and forthwith without any further stop enter'd into a League with Acoris King of Aegypt against the great King of Persia He stirr'd up likewise the Lacedaemonians by his Letters and amongst P. 463. other large and glorious Promises he engag'd he would assist them in settling their Affairs in Greece and maintaining and supporting their Sovereignty And in truth the Ant. Ch. 383. Spartans had sometime before been contriving how to recover the Sovereign Power over the Graecians and at that time had given clear indications by their disturbances of their design to Enslave the Cities And that which further'd the Matter was they repented of the Peace made with Artaxerxes because they were Charg'd and Accus'd to have betray'd all the Graecians in Asia by that League with the King therefore they were very ready to catch at an Opportunity to renew the War and to that end very chearfully made a League with Gaius After Artaxerxes had ended the War with the Cadusians he brought Terabazus to his A People 〈…〉 g between the Euxine and Caspian Seas Judges flead alive Terabazus brought to his Trial. Trial and referr'd the Cognisance of his Cause to Three Honourable Persons Near this time some Corrupt Judges were flead alive and their Skins spread round the Judgment-Seats that those that sate there might always have an Example before their Eyes of the Punishment due to Injustice to deterr them from the like The Accusers therefore of Terabazus produced against him the Letters of Orontes earnestly pressing them as sufficient Evidence to convict him On the other hand Terabazus that he might make it evidently appear that the Accusation was a meer Scandal contriv'd between Orontes and Evagoras produc'd the Agreement between them whereby Evagoras was to obey the King as a King himself and no otherwise and that the Terms upon which Terabazus would have made Peace were That Evagoras should be observant to the King as a Servant to his Master And as to the Oracle he brought all those Graecians Ant. Ch. 383. that were at that time present to testify That the God return'd not any Answer relating to the Death of any Person And as to the good Correspondence between him and the Lacedaemonians he declar'd that he enter'd into a League with them not for any private Advantge of his own but for the Profit and Advantage of the King For by this means he told them the Graecians in Asia being divided from the Lacedaemonians were made better Subjects and more Obedient and going on with his Defence he put the Judges in mind of his former remarkable Services to the Crown Amongst those which clearly manifested his Faith and Loyalty to the King and which Terabazus kill'd two Lions to save the King deserv'd the greatest Commendation and chiefly as was said wan the King's Heart was this That when the King was one day in his Chariot a Hunting two Lions ran fiercely upon him and tearing the two Chariot-Horses in pieces they made at him at which instant Therabazus came fortunately in kill'd both the Lions and so rescu'd the King It 's likewise reported of him that he was a Person of extraordinary Valour and of so sound and solid a Judgment in Council that the King never miscarry'd when he follow'd his Advice When Terabazus had ended what he had to say in his own defence all the Judges with Terabazus acquitted one Voice acquitted him and pronouc'd him Innocent of all the Crimes and Offences laid to his Charge But the King afterwards sent for the Judges to him severally and examined every one by himself upon what Grounds of Law they pronounc'd the Accus'd Innocent To whom the first answer'd That the Matter of the Accusation was Uncertain and Dubious but his good Services were Clear Apparent and Manifest to all Another said That thô those things objected against him were true yet that all his Faults were over-ballanced by his Deserts The Third justify'd his Vote to discharge him by declaring Ant. Ch. 383. That he had no regard to his Merits because the King had rewarded them above their Deserts but upon strict Examining the Nature of every particular Charge it did not appear to him that the Party accus'd was guilty of any of them Upon which the King commended the Judges as Just and Upright Men and advanc'd Terabazus to the highest Places of Honour But as to Orontes he discarded him as a False Accuser and noted P. 464. him with all the Marks of Ignominy and Disgrace And thus stood Affairs in Asia at this time CHAP. II. Mantinea Besieg'd by the Lacedmonians Dionysius aims to gain the Islands of the Adriatick Sea The Parii built Pharos Dionysius his Expedition into Hetruria Prepares for War against the Carthaginians The Sicilians routed at Cronion The quarrel between the Clazomenians and them of Cuma about Leuce The War between Amyntas and the Olynthians The Lacedemonians seize the Citadel Cadmea at Thebes Eudamidas breaks into the Olynthians Country IN Greece the Lacedemonians press'd on the Siege of Mantinea and the Mantineans bravely defended the place all
by Peace made Ant. Ch. 361. reason of the implacable Hatred they bore the Messineans would not subscribe the Articles of Peace And therefore they of all the Grecians were the only Men that swore not to the League As to the Writers in this year Xenophon the Athenian concludes his History of the Wars of Greece with the death of Epaminondas Anaximenes likewise Xenophon ' s History ends Anaximenes of Lampsacus writ the First Part of his History of the Grecian Affairs * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from the Origin of the Gods and the First Being of Mankind to the Battle of Mantinea and the death of Epaminondas containing almost all the Affairs both of the Grecians and Barbarians in Twelve Volumes Lastly Philistus who writ the History of Dionysius the younger in Two Books ends them here CHAP. XI A Defection from the Persians in Asia Tachos King of Aegypt declares War against the Persians The War between Tachos and his Son Nectabanus The Death of Artaxerxes Mnemon Agesilaus Routs the Aegyptians that pursu'd him and restores Tachos to his Kingdom Stirs again in Greece after the Battle of Mantinea between the Megalopolitans and the Neighbouring Towns Peparethos Besieg'd by Alexander of Pherea He Routs Leosthenes at Sea Charietes the Athenian Admiral his Villanies THIS Year Molon was Lord Chancellor of Athens and Lucius Genucius and Quintus Olymp. 1â—4 3. Ant. Ch. 360. Servilius Roman Consuls In their times the Inhabitants of the Sea Coasts of Asia made a defection from the Persians and some of the Governors of the Provinces and Chief Commanders began new Broils and rose up in Arms against Artaxerxes Tachos likewise King of Aegypt declar'd War against the Persians and imploy'd Tachos the Aegyptian King declares War against the Persians himself in Building of Ships and raising of Land Forces he brought over also the Lacedemonians to join with him and hir'd many Soldiers out of the Cities of Greece For the Spartans bore a grudge against Artaxerxes because he had order'd the Messinians to be comprehended in the publick League among the Grecians This great Conspiracy caus'd the Persian King likewise to bestir himself to raise Forces For he was to ingage in a War with the King of Aegypt the Grecian Cities in Asia the Lacedemonians and their Confederates and the Lord Lieutenants and Chief Commanders of The Persian Lord Licutenants Conspire against Artaxerxes Ant. Ch. 360. P. 505. the Sea Coasts all at one and the same time Among these Ariobarzanes Lord Lieutenant of Phrygia was Chiefest who had possess'd himself of the Kingdom of Mithridates after his Death With him join'd Mausolus Prince of Caria who had many considerable Towns and Castles under his Command the Metropolis of which was Halicarnassus wherein was a most stately Citadel the Royal Seat or Palace of Caria and with these were Confederated Orontes Governor of Mysia and Autophrodates of Lydia and of the Ionian Nation the Lycians Pisidians Pamphylians and Cilicians and besides them the Syrians and Phenicians and almost all that border'd upon the Asiatick Sea by this great defection the King lost one half of his Revenues and what remain'd was not sufficient to defray the necessary charges of the War They who fell off from the King made Orontes General of the Army who after he had receiv'd the Command and Moneys enough to pay Twenty thousand hir'd Soldiers for one whole Year betray'd the Confederates that had so intrusted him For Orontes betrays all the Confederates being corrupted with large Bribes and promis'd to be the only Governour of all the Provinces bordering upon the Sea if he would deliver up the Rebels into the power of the King he was wrought upon and in the execution of his Treachery he first Seiz'd upon them that brought him the Money and sent them Prisoners to the King and then betray'd several Cities and Companies of hir'd Soldiers to such Lieutenants as the King had sent into those parts The like Treachery happen'd in Capadocia which was accompany'd with something more than ordinary remarkable Artabazus the King of Persia's General had invaded Capadocia with a great Army whom Datamis the Governour of that Province oppos'd with a strong Body of Horse and Twenty thousand Foot of Mercenaries The Father in Law of Datamis and General of his Horse to ingratiate himself with the King and provide for his own safety stole away in the Night with the Horse to Artabazus having so agreed with him the Day before Datamis encouraging his Mercenaries to be faithful to him by promises to Reward them liberally with all speed March'd after these Treacherous Rascals and overtook them just as they were Ant. Ch. 360 The treachery of Mithrobarzanes against Datamis in Cappadocia joyning the Enemy Upon which the Soldiers of Artabazus likewise fell upon these Runnagate Horse and kill'd all before them For Artabazus at the first being Ignorant not knowing the meaning of the thing thought that he who had betray'd Datamis was now acting a new piece of Treason therefore he Commanded his Soldiers to fall upon the Horse that were advancing towards them and not spare a Man So that Mithrobarzanes for that was the Traytor 's Name being got between them that took him for a Traytor and those that pursu'd him as one that they knew was really such was in an inextricable Labyrinth Being therefore in this strait and having no time The strait he was brought into now further to Consider he made it his business to defend himself with all the Resolution imaginable and so ply'd both parties that he made a great slaughter amongst ' em At length Ten thousand Men and upwards being kill'd Datamis put the rest to Flight and Cut off in the pursuit great numbers of them and at length caus'd the Trumpet to sound a Retreat and call'd off his Men. Some of the Horsemen that surviv'd return'd to Datamis and begg'd for pardon the rest wander'd about and knew not whither to turn themselves But Datamis caus'd his Army to surround Five hundred of those Traytors and to dart them to Death And tho' he had formerly gain'd the reputation of an excellent Soldier yet now by this instance of his Valour and prudent Conduct his Name grew much more famous than before Artaxerxes the King being inform'd of this Stratagem made all the haste he could to be rid of Datamis and within a short time after cut him off by an Ambuscade Whilst these things were in acting Rheomithres was sent by the Rebels into Aegypt to Ant. Ch. 360 Tacho the King and having receiv'd Five hundred Talents and Fifty Sail of Men of War he return'd to Leucas in Asia and sending for many of the revolting Lords and Officers to come to him thither he laid hold of them and sent them all away Prisoners to the King and by this piece of Treachery regain'd the King's favour who was formerly much displeas'd with him Now Tacho King of
and the Illyrians rais'd again great Forces and design'd another Expedition against the Macedonians And to aggravate the matter one * Son of Aeâ—opus who formerly had Usurp'd the Kingdom of Macedon Pausanias of the Royal Family by the assistance of the King of Thrace endeavour'd to Invade the Kingdom of Macedon The Athenians likewise Enemies to Philip endeavour'd to restore * Argaeus another Son of Aeropus Argaeus to the Kingdom of his Ancestors and to this purpose had sent away their General Mantias with Three Thousand well-arm'd Men and a most excellent well provided Navy Hereupon the Macedonians by reason of the late Defeat and the Storm that then threatned them were in great Fear and Perplexity However notwithstanding all the Difficulties and Fear of those things that were at hand Philip nothing discourag'd with those dreadful Clouds of Mischief that seem'd to hang over his Head by his Speeches in the daily Assemblies retain'd the Macedonians in their Duty and by his Eloquence wherein he excell'd stirring them up to be courageous reviv'd their drooping Spirits Then setting upon Reforming the Military Discipline he compleatly arm'd his Men and Train'd them every Day teaching them how to handle their Arms and other Postures of War He likewise instituted the new way of Drawing up into a close Body imitating the Heroes at Troy in locking their Shields one within another so that he was the first that found out the Macedonian Phalange He was very Courteous and Gaining in his Converse and wan the Peoples Hearts both by his Bounty at present and his generous Promises of future Rewards very Politickly likewise as it were by so many Engines defending himself against the many and various Ant. Ch. 358. Mischiefs that were pressing upon him For when he discern'd that the Athenians made it their great business to recover Amphipolis and that Argaeus was endeavour'd to be restor'd to his Kingdom for that end he left the * Amphipolis City of his own accord suffering them to govern themselves according to their own Laws He sent likewise an Ambassador to the Paeones and some of them he corrupted with Bribes others he ensnar'd with fair and winning Promises and for the Present made Peace with them He prevented likewise Pausanias from being restor'd by bribing the King that was ready to assist him for that purpose In the mean time Manthias the Athenian Admiral being arriv'd at * Methone in Macedonia Methone there lay but sent Aegaeus before with a Body of Mercenaries to †Aegae in Macedonia Aegae Coming to the City he endeavour'd to perswade the Aegaeans to allow of his Return and to appear the first for his Restauration to the Kingdom but none consenting he went back to Methone Presently after Philip advancing with a well appointed Army set upon them and cut off many of the Mercenaries the rest who had fled to a Hill near at hand having first delivered up to him the Fugitives he dismiss'd by Agreement Philip being now Conqueror in this first Battel greatly encourag'd the Macedonians and made them hearty and eager to undergo further Toils and Difficulties Whilst these things were acting the Thracians planted a Colony at Crenides as it was heretofore call'd which the King afterwards call'd Philippi after his own Name and fill'd it with Inhabitants From this Time Theopompus of Chiâ—s begins his History of Philip and continues it in Fifty eight Books of which Five are controverted Afterwards Eucharist us was Archon of Athens and Quintus Servilius and Lucius Genucius were Consuls at Rome when Philip sent Ambassadors to Athens with Proposals of Peace Olymp. 105. 2. An. M. 3613. Ant. Ch. 357. and prevail'd with the People upon the account that he was content to quit all his Right in Amphipolis Being therefore thus freed from the War with the Athenians and hearing that Agis King of the Paeones was dead he judg'd that a fair Opportunity was offer'd him to invade the Paeones And to that end he enter'd their Country with a considerable Army overcame them in Battel and forc'd them to stoop to the Macedonian Yoke But still the * Illyrium now Dalmatia and the Inhabitants Dalmatians or Sclavonians Illyrians remain'd an Eye-sore to him whom his Heart and all his Thoughts were continually at work to bring under To that end he call'd a General Council and by a Speech fitted for the Occasion having spirited the Soldiers to the War he led an Army into the Illyrians Country of no less than Ten thousand Foot and Six hundred Horse Bardylis King of the Illyrians hearing of his coming first sent Ambassadors to Philip to renew the League between them upon these Terms That both of them should keep those Towns that they then had To which Philip answer'd That he was very desirous of Peace but resolv'd not to admit of it before that the Illyrians had quitted all the Towns belonging to the Kingdom of Macedon The Ambassadors therefore being return'd without effecting any thing Bardylis confiding Ant. Ch. 357 in the Valour of his Soldiers and encourag'd by his former Victories march'd forth against his Enemies with a strong Army having with him Ten thousand choice Foot and Five hundred Horse When the Armies drew near one to another they suddenly set up a great Shout and so fell to it Philip being in the Right Wing with a strong Body of Macedonians commanded his Horse to wheel about to the end to charge the Enemy in the Flank and he himself charged the Front upon which there was an hot Engagement On the other side the Illyrians drew up in a * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 like a Tilâ— foursquare Body and valiantly join'd Battel The Valour of the Armies on both sides was such that the issue of the Battel was doubtful a long time many fell but many more were wounded and the Advantage was now here and then there according as the Valour and Resolution of the Combatants gave Vigour and Life to the Business At length when the Horse charg'd both upon the Flank and the Rear and Philip with his stoutest Soldiers fought like a Hero in the Front the whole Body of the Illyrians were routed and forc'd to fly outright whom the Macedonians pursu'd a long way After many were kill'd in the pursuit Philip at length gave the Signal to his Men to retire and erected a Trophy and bury'd the Dead Then the Illyrians sent another Embassie and procur'd a Peace having first quitted all the Cities belonging to Macedon There were slain of the Illyrians in this Battel above Seven thousand Men. Having thus given an account of things done in Macedonia and Illyrium we shall now relate the Affairs of other Nations CHAP. II. The Actions of Dionysius the Tounger in Sicily and other Parts Dion's Flight to Corinth and his Return to Sicily Andromachus Peoples Tauromenum The Civil Wars in Euboea The Social War between the Athenians and other Nations Philip takes Amphipolis and
without delay he would take Possession of the City which should be by them deliver'd up to him upon his approach In the mean time the Graecians sent an Herald to Mentor who secretly advis'd them to set upon the Barbarians as soon as Bagoas had entred the Town Bagoas therefore being entred with his Persians but without the Consent of the Greeks as soon as part of the Soldiers were let in the Graecians presently shut up the Gates and fell on a sudden on Bagoas taken Prisoner at Bubastus and all his Men cut of who enâ—red the City the Barbarians and kill'd 'em every Man and took Bagcas himself Prisoner who coming to understand that there was no means left for his Deliverance but by Mentor he earnestly intreated him to interpose for his Preservation promising that for the Future he would never undertake any thing without his Advice Mentor prevail'd with the Graecians to Discharge him and to Surrender the City so that the whole Success and Glory of the Action was attributed to him Bagoas being thus freed by his means entred into a Solemn Covenant of Friendship upon Oath with Mentor and faithfully kept it to the Time of his Death so that these Bagoas releaâ—'d by Mentor's meaâ—s two always concurring and agreeing were able to do more with the King than all his other Friends or any of his Kindred For Mentor being made Artaxerxes's Lord-Lieutenant of all the Asiatick Shore was greatly Serviceable to the King by procuring Soldeers out of Greece and by his Faithful and Diligent Administration of the Government Bagoas commanding all as Viceroy in the higher Parts of Asia grew to that degree of Power through his Consultation with Mentor upon all Occasions that he had the Kingdom at Command neither did Artaxerxes any thing without his Consent And after the King's Death his Power was such That the Successors were ever Nominated and Appointed by him and all Affairs of the Kingdom were so wholly manag'd by him that he wanted nothing but the Name of a King But we shall speak of these things in their proper Place After the Surrender of Bubastus the rest of the Cities out of fear submitted and deliver'd Ant. Ch. 348. up themselves upon Articles into the Hands of the Persians In the mean while Nectabanus who was now at Memphis seeing the swift Motions of the Enemy durst not venture a Battel in defence of his Sovereignty but abdicating his Kingdom pack'd up a great deal of Treasure and fled into Aethiopia And so Artaxerxes possess'd himself of all Aegypt and demolished the Walls of all the Cities especially those that were the Greatest and of most account and heap'd together an infinite Mass of Gold and Silver by spoiling of the Temples He carry'd away likewise all the Records and Writings out of the most ancient Temples Which Bagoas a while after suffer'd the Priests to redeem for a great Sum of Money Then he sent home the Greek Auxiliaries with ample Rewards to every one according to their Deserts for their Services and intrusting Pherendatus with the Government of Aegypt he return'd with his Army loaden with Spoil triumphing in the Glory of his Victory to Babylon At the time when Callimachus was Lord-Chancellor at Athens and Marcus Fabius and Olymp. 107. 4. Ant. Ch. 347. Mentor advanc'd Publius Valerius were Roman Consuls Artaxerxes advanc'd Mentor for the good Services he had done him especially in the Aegyptian War above all his Ariends and that he might put a Mark upon his Valour by a Reward more than ordinary he bestow'd upon him an Hundred Talents of Silver and rich Furniture for his House He made him likewise Prefact of all the Asiatick Shore and General of his Army with absolute Power to suppress all Rebellions in those Parts Mentor being in near Alliance and Kindred with Actabazus and Memnon who had not long before made War upon the Persians and were now fled â—at of Asia to Philip in Macedonia by his Interest with the King procur'd their Pardon and thereupon sent for them both to come to him with their Families For Artabazus had by Mentor and Memnon's Sister Eleven Sons and Ten Daughters with which numerous Progeny Mentor was Ant. Ch. 347. greatly delighted and advanc'd the young Men as they grew up to high Places of Command in the Army The first Expedition which Mentor made was against Hennias Prince or Tyrant of * Atarne in Mysia over against Lesbos Atarne who had rebell'd against Artaxerxes and was possess'd of many strong Cities and Mentors stratagem to subdue Hennias Castles upon promise made him to procure the King's Pardon he brought him to a Parley and upon that occasion having surpris'd him he clapt him up and possessing himself of his Seal-Ring he writ Letters in his Name to the several Cities signifying that through Mentor he was restor'd to the King's Favour and sent away likewise with those that carry'd the Letters such as should take Possession for the King of all the Forts and Castles The Governors of the Cities giving credit to the Letters and being likewise very desirous of Peace deliver'd up all the Towns and Forts to the King in every place through the Country All the Revolted Cities being gain'd by this Trick of Mentor without any Hazard or Fatigue the King was highly pleas'd with him as having acted the Part of a Brave and Prudent General And with no less success partly by Policy and partly by force of Arms he reduc'd in a short time the other Captains that were in Rebellion And thus stood Affairs in Asia at this time In Europe Philip King of Macedon made an Expedition against the * Calcidean Cities and took Zeira and raz'd it to the Ground and brought other Towns out of Fear In Thrace Zeira raz'd by Philip. likewise to submit He set again likewise upon Phaeca and threw out its Prince Pitholaus About that time Sparticus King of Pontus dy'd having reign'd Five Years Parysades his Brother suceeded him and govern'd Eight and Thirty years CHAP. X. Philip takes Olynthus and other Cities in the Hellespont The Athenians jealous of Philip and instigated by Demosthenes Philip's Policies The Value of the Riches taken out of the Temple at Delphos Dionysius sent Presents to Delphos which were taken by the Athenians His Letter to the Athenians The Temple burnt The End of the Phocian War The Punishments decreed by the Amphictyons against the Phocians The Miseries of the Sacrilegers Timoleon sent to Syracuse AFter the End of this Year Theophilus rul'd as Archon at Athens and Caius Sulpitius and Caius Quintius executed the Consular-Dignity at Rome at which time was celebrated Olymp. 108. 1. Ant. Ch. 346. An. M. 3600. the Hundred and Eighth Olmypiad in which Polycles of Cyrene bore away the Crown of Victory At the same time Philip made an Expedition against the Cities of the Hellespont of which Micaberna and Torone were betray'd into his hands Then he made
Persepolis and in his way receiv'd Letters from Teridates Governor of the City whereby he signify'd to him That if he hasted away and prevented those that were coming to relieve Persepolis he would deliver the City into his Hand Upon which he made a swift March and pass'd his Army over the River Araxis by a Bridge then laid for that purpose As the King was on his March a most sad Spectacle presented it self which stirr'd up just Hatred against the Author Pity and Compassion for the irreparable Loss of those that suffer'd and Grief and Sorrow in all the Beholders For there met him certain Greeks whom the former Kings of Persia had made Captives and Slaves and fell down at his Feet they were near Eight hundred most of them then old Men and all A Company of Greeks in a sad Condition mâ—t Alexander maim'd some having their Hands others their Hands others their Feet some their Ears and others their Noses cut off If any were expert in any Art and had made a considerable Progress therein all his outward Members were cut off but such only as were necessary for the Management of his Art So that all that beheld their Venerable old Age and the sad mangling of their Bodies greatly pity'd the miserable Condition of these poor Creatures Especially Alexander so piti'd their sad Condition that he could not reâ—rain from Weeping These all with one Voice cry'd out and intreated him That he would Succour and Relieve them in these their Calamities Upon which the King call'd the chiefest of them to him and told them that he would take special Care of him and promis'd he would see them sent honourably to their own Country as became the Dignity of his Person Upon which they consulted together and at length concluded That it was better for them to remain where they were than to return into their own Country For when they were return'd they should be scatter'd here and there and all the Days of their Lives be Mock'd and Despis'd by reason of their sad Misfortunes But if they continu'd together as Fellows in their Misery the Calamity of their Fellow-Sufferers would be an Allay and some Comfort to every one of them in their own Adversities Upon this they made a second Address to the King and declar'd to him what they had resolv'd upon and desir'd him he would afford such Relief to them as was most agreable to their present Circumstances The King consented to what they had determin'd and order'd to each of them Three thousand * Nâ—ar 100 l. Drachmas Five Suits of Rayment to every Man and as many to each Woman and to every one of them Two Yoke of Oxen Fifty Sheep and as many * Every Medimna by some contaâ—â— Eighteen 〈◊〉 Fifty Bushâ—ls Medimnas of Wheat And commanded they should be free from all Taxes and Tribute and gave strict Charge to the Officers employ'd that none should offer them any Injury And thus Alexander according to his natural Goodness and innate Generosity comforted these poor miserable People He then call'd the Macedonians together and told them That Persepolis the Metropolis of the Kingdom of Persia of all the Cities of Asia had done most Mischief to the Graecians and therefore he gave it up to the Plunder and Spoil of the Soldiers except the King's Palace This was the richest City of any under the Sun and for many Ages all the private Houses were full of all sorts of Wealth and what ever was desirable The Macedonians therefore forcing into the City put all the Men to the Sword and rifl'd and carry'd away every Man's Goods and Estate amongst which was abundance of rich and costly Furniture and Ornaments of all sorts In this Place was hurri'd away here and there vast Quantities of Silver and no less of Gold great Numbers of rich Garments some of Purple others embroider'd with Gold all which became a plentiful Prey to the ravenous Soldiers And thus the great Seat Royal of the Persians once famous all the World over was now expos'd to Scorn and Contempt and rifl'd from top to bottom For though every Place was full of rich Spoil yet the Covetousness of the Macedonians was insatiable still thirsting after more And they were so eager in Plundering that they fought one with another with drawn Swords and many who were conceiv'd to have got a greater Share than the rest were kill'd in the Quarrel Some Things that were of extraordinary Value they divided with their Swords and each took a Share Others in Rage cut off the Hands of such as laid hold upon a Thing that was in Dispute They first ravish'd the Women as they were in their Jewels and rich Attire and then sold them for Slaves So that by how much Persepolis excell'd all the other Cities in Glory and Worldly Felicity by so much more was the Measure of their Misery and Calamity Then Alexander seiz'd upon all the Treasures in the Cittadel which was a vast Quantity of The Treasures of Persepolis Ant. Ch. 328. Gold and Silver of the Publick Revenues that had been heaping up and laid there from the time of Cyrus the first King of Persia to that Day For there was there found an Hundred and twenty thousand Talents reckoning the Gold after the Rate of the Curtius l. 5. c. 13. Silver Part of this Treasure he took for the Use of the War and order'd another Part of it to be treasur'd up at Susa To this purpose he order'd that a multitude of Mules both for Draught and Carriage and Three thousand Camels with Pack-saddles should be brought out of Babylon Mesopotamia and Susa and with these he convey'd all the Treasure to the several Places he had appointed For because he extreamly hated the Inhabitants he was resolv'd not to trust them with any Thing but utterly to ruin and destroy Persepolis Of whose Palace in regard of its stately Structure we conceive it will not be impertinent if we say something This stately Fabrick or Cittadel was surrounded with The Dâ—scription of Persepolis a treble Wall The first was Sixteen Cubits high adorn'd with many sumptuous Buildings and aspiring Turrets The second was like to the first but as high again as the other The third was drawn like a Quadrant foursquare Sixty Cubits high all of the hardest Marble and so cemented as to continue for ever On the four Sides are brazen Gates near to which are Gallowes's of Brass twenty Cubits high these rais'd to terrify the Beholders 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Or Crosses of Brass Ant. Ch. 328. and the other for the better strengthening and fortifying of the Place On the East-side of the Cittadel about Four hundred Foot distant stood a Mount call'd the Royal Mount for here are all the Sepulchres of the Kings many Apartments and little Cells being cut into the midst of the Rock into which Cells there 's made no direct Passage but the Coffins with the dead Bodies are
likewise Purple Gowns upon his Friends and cloath'd all his Horsemen in the Persian Habit. He began likewise to carry his Concubines along with him from place to place as Darius us'd to do who had almost as many as the Days in the Year and were the greatest Beauties that could be found throughout all Asia These stood round the King's Bed every Night that he might take his choice of whom he pleas'd to lie with him However for the most part he follow'd the ancient Customs of his Ancestors and us'd the other but seldom lest he should offend the Macedonians and when some notwithstanding complain'd of the King he stopp'd their Mouths with Gifts and Bribes About this time Intelligence was brought him that Satibarzanes one of Darius his Lord Lieutenants had kill'd all the Soldiers he had committed to his Charge and was join'd in Conspiracy with Bessus to make War upon the Macedonians whereupon he march'd out against him Satibarzanes had got all his Forces together into Chrotacana a most Noble City in those Parts and naturally fortify'd but as soon as the King came in sight being terrify'd with the Greatness of the King's Army and the Valour of the Macedonians which was now cry'd up all the World over he hasted away with Two thousand Horse to Bessus to procure help from him with all speed The rest of his Forces he ordered to make to a Ant. Ch. 327. Mountain near at hand which was full of straight Passes and where they might lye close and secure when they durst not Engage with the Enemy in the open Field Upon this the King was so intent and diligent as he always was that though they had shelter'd themselves in a large Rock and naturally strong yet he reduc'd the Besieg'd to those streights as that he forc'd them to Surrender themselves Afterwards having reduc'd all the Cities in this Province in the space of Thirty days he left Hircania and came to the Royal City of * Drangina where he Encamp'd and refresh'd In the Province of Drangiana â—n Persia his Army About tâ—is time a most wicked Plot was laid against Alexander very unworthy the A Plot against Alexander Goodness of his Disposition For one of the King's Friends call'd Dimnus blaming the King for something he had done and thereupon become Enrag'd at him contriv'd to Assassinate him This Man had a Catamite call'd Nicomachus whom he dearly lov'd him he went about to persuade to join with him in this Wicked Design But being a very young Youth he discover'd the whole Business to his Brother Cebalinus who fearing lest some other should be before him in the Discovery resolv'd to make the first Discovery to the King Thereupon he goes to the Court and first meets Philotas and acquaints him with what he had heard and intreats him to inform the King what was hatching out of hand Philocas whether through Covetousness or that he was one of the Conspirators it 's not certain minded not to make the Discovery of what had been imparted to him For though he went in to the King and had a long Discourse with him of divers matters Ant. Ch 327. yet he told him nothing of what Cebalinus had related to him But when he came out told Cebalinus that he had not had as yet a fit Opportunity for opening of the Matter to the King but that the next Day he would take him aside by himself and discover all that Cebalinus had made known to him Philotas neglecting the Business the next Day also Cebalinus was afraid lest if it should be discover'd by some other Person and so he himself should be in great danger Therefore he wav'd Philotas and goes to one of the King's Pages and tells him the whole Plot wishing him forthwith to acquaint the King and then withdraws himself into the Armory and there lay private The Page took the Opportunity when the King was in the Bath and related to him the whole Matter told him by Cebalinus and that he then lay hid and secret in the Armory At this the King was greatly staâ—tled and forthwith order'd Dimnus to be seiz'd and now fully inform'd of the Conspiracy sent for Cebalinus and Philotas When every thing after strict Examination was fully discover'd Dimnus stabb'd himself Philotas confess'd his Neglect in not making the Discovery but utterly deny'd that he had any hand in the Conspiracy The King hereupon committed the Examination of the Business to the Judgment of the Macedonians who after many Arguments and Debates Pro and Con condemn'd Philotas and the rest of the Conspirators to die amongst whom was Parmenio who was ever thought to have been one of the King 's most faithful Friends And though he was not Ant. Ch. 327. then present himself yet it was suspected that he manag'd the Business by his Son Philotas Philotas therefore being put upon the Rack confess'd the whole Plot and so he and the other Conspirators were put to Death according to the manner of their Philotas put to Death own Country Alexander Lyncestes also who was before accus'd of a Conspiracy against the King suffer'd in the same manner He had been now three years in custody but his Trial was deferr'd to that time for the sake of Antigonus who had a great kindness for him and between whom there was a particular Friendship and Familiarity But being then brought before the Macedonian Senate and having nothing by way of Plea to say for himself he was Executed with the rest Then Alexander dispatch'd some away upon Dromadary Camels to prevent the Report of Philotas his Punishment and by that means caus'd Parmenio the Father of Philotas to be seiz'd unawares and put to Death he was then Governor of Media and was intrusted with the King's Treasures in Ecbatana which amounted to an Hundred and Fourscore thousand Talents About the same time he sever'd from the rest of his Army all such as had given out harsh Expressions against him and grumbl'd at the Death of Parmenio and all those who had written false and scandalous Letters to their Friends in Macedonia relating to the King's Affairs All these he cast into one Company or Regiment which he call'd the * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Unruly Company lest by their unseasonable Jangling and Prating they should corrupt the rest of the Macedonians After these things thus done and that he had settl'd his Affairs in Drangina he march'd against the Arimaspi as they were anciently call'd but now * Benefactors Evergetae which Name was given them upon the following account Cyrus who was the first that translated the Empire from the Medes to the Persians in a certain Expedition he had undertaken being brought into great Extremity in a barren Country for want of Provision insomuch as the Ant Ch. 327. Soldiers to satisfy their Hunger were forc'd to eat the Flesh one of another the Arimispi at that time brought to his Army Thirty thousand Carts
place with dead Carcasses In the mean time while the King lay ill of his Wound the Grecians that were distributed into several Colonies throughout Bactria and Sogdiana having for a considerable Grecians in Bactria rebell time before grudg'd their Plantations amongst the Barbarians and now encourag'd upon the Report that Alexander was dead of his Wound rebell'd against the Macedonians and got together to the number of about Three thousand and endeavour'd with all their Might to return into their own Country but were every Man cut off after the Death of Alexander The King after he was recover'd of his Wound appointed a solemn Sacrifice to the Gods in order to give Thanks for his Recovery and sumptuously feasted all his Friends In his Feasting and Drinking there happen'd a Passage very remarkable and fit to be taken notice of Amongst other Friends there was one Coragus a Macedonian invited a strong body'd Man and one that had often behav'd himself with great Gallantry in several Encounters This Man in his Cups challeng'd one Dioxippus an Athenian to fight a Duel between Coragus and Dioxippus See Plin. Nat. Hist. l. 35. c. 11. Aelian Var. Hist. l. 10. c. 22. l. 12. c. 58. Ant. Ch. 325. Duel who was a Champion and had won many Noble Prizes and Victories The matter was push'd on forward by the Guests as is usual at such times Dioxippus accepted the Challenge and the King appointed the Day As soon as it was day many thousands of People slock'd together to see the Combat The King with his Macedonians favour'd Coragus the Grecians wish'd well to Dioxippus The Macedonian came into the List neatly accoutred glittering in his Arms. The Athenian presented himself stark naked all over anointed with Oil with a Cap upon his Head Their Persons were both so admirable for Strength of Body and Presence of Mind that it seem'd as if two of the Gods were to fight a Duel For the Macedonian for his Stature and Brightness of his Arms look'd like Mars Dioxippus besides his being the stronger Man in his carrying of a great Club and Activity in Feats of Arms resembled Hercules And now both advanc'd one towards another The Macedonian when he came near cast his Javelin at Dioxippus which he declin'd by a little motion of his Body Then Coragus presently made at him with his Macedonian * Pike Sarissa which the other advancing forward broke in pieces with his Truncheon The Macedonian thus twice defeated betook to his Sword but while he was drawing it his Adversary made a Sally up to him and prevented him catching hold on his Arm with his left hand and gave him such a Blow with the other as that he laid him at his feet When he had him upon the Ground he set his Foot upon his Neck and lifting up himself he turn'd about to the Spectators Upon which all the People set up a great Shout in admiration of what was done and at the Strength and Valour of the Man But the King order'd him that was foil'd to be let go and then Broke up the Assembly and departed not very well pleas'd at the Misfortune of his Country-man But Doxippus having now discharg'd his Adversary went off the Ground and for his famous and remarkable Victory his Country-men set a Coronet upon his Head as One that had advanc'd the Honour and Reputation of the Grecians But Fortune suffer'd not the Man to rejoice long in his Victory for the King ever after bore a Grudge to him and the King's Friends and all the Courtiers envy'd him Therefore they persuaded one that waited at the Table to put a golden Cup under his Cushion and in the middle of the Feast a Complaint was made that the Cup was stollen whereupon search was made and the Cup pretended to be found with Dioxippus By which he was greatly disgrac'd and put out of Countenance And seeing the Macedonians came â—locking about him he Ant. Ch. 325. arose from the Table and left the place and went to his Lodging But shortly after he wrote a Letter to Alexander complaining of the foul Contrivances of his Enemies against him and after he had deliver'd it to his Servants to be handed carefully to the King he Dioxippus murthers himself murder'd himself It was certainly an imprudent Act in him to fight with a Macedonian but far more Folly in him to destroy himself Therefore many who blam'd him for this piece of Madness added this to his further Disgrace That a great Body and a great Wit seldom meet together When the King read the Letter he was exceedingly troubled at his Death and would often commend him for his Valour And he who undervalu'd him when he was alive now in vain wish'd for him when he was dead and came perfectly to understand the Honesty of the Man by the Knavery of his Accusers and Slanderers And now the King order'd his Army to march along the Bank of the * Indus River over against his Fleet and began again to sail down into the Ocean and in his Passage arriv'd at the Country of the Sambestans These People for Number and Courage are nothing Sambestanâ— Curtius lib. 9. c. 15. inferior to any of the Indians and their Cities are Democratical in their Government Having intelligence of the approach of the Macedonians they brought into the Field Threescore thousand Foot Six thousand Horse and Five hundred Chariots But when the Fleet drew near they were so terrify'd with the strangeness of the Sight and the Fame and Glory of the Macedonians which was nois'd abroad in all Places that the Old Ant. Ch. 325. Men among them dissuaded them from vent'ring a Battel whereupon they sent Fifty of the best Quaâ—ity as Ambassadors to Alexander to pray his Favour The King upon the Address made to him granted them Peace as they desir'd and receiv'd large and honourable Presents becoming a Demy-god from the Inhabitants Then he receiv'd the Submission of the Sodrans and Massanians who border'd on both sides the River Here Sodians Massanians Alexander built another City call'd Alexandria near the * On the Bank of the River Indus River and furnish'd it with a Thousand Inhabitants Afterwards he arriv'd at the Kingdom of ** Musicanus Strabo lib. 15. p. 694. 701. says he submitted where see much more but after revolted and Crucify'd Musicanus whom he took and kill'd and subdu'd his Country Then he came to the †This Territory belongs to the Bastans See Strabo b. Sambus Territory of Porticanus and took two Cities upon the first Assault and gave the Spoil of them to his Soldiers and then burnt them Porticanus who had fled for shelter into the Castle was kill'd fighting in his own Defence Then he took all the Cities within his Dominion by Assault and raz'd them to the Ground which struck a great Terror into the Neighbouring Inhabitants Next he wasted the * The Country of the Brachmans who
Dead of all his burying Clothes and other Ornaments and leave the Body to be Food for the Wild Beasts Then they divide his Garments and Sacrifice to the Subterraneous Heroes and Feast all their Friends Alexander afterwards marched into Gedrosia all along the Sea Coast and came at length among a most rude and savage People From their very Birth to their old Age they never Marches into Gedrosia cut their Nails but suffer them still to grow and the Hair of their Heads all grow in Locks never comb'd out They 're of a swarthy Complexion through the parching Heat of the Sun and cloath themselves with the Skins of Wild Beasts They feed upon the Flesh of Whales cast up by the Sea In building of their Houses and Cottages they raise up their Walls as is usual but the Roofs are laid with the Rib-bones of Whales of which they have Summers and Beams eighteen Cubits in length and for Tiles they use the Whales Scales When Alexander with great Toil had march'd through this Country he came into a Alexander's Army near Perishing in Gedrosia desolate Wilderness where nothing at all was to be had for the support of Man's Life So that many dying for want of Food the whole Army was not only altogether discourag'd but the King himself was then over-whelm'd with unusual Sorrow and Anxiety of Mind For he look'd upon it as a most Miserable thing that those who by the Valour of their Arms had conquer'd all where ever they came should now ingloriously Perish for want Ant. Ch. 325. of Bread in a Barren Wilderness Therefore he sent away the swiftest Courriers he could find into Parthia Drangina Aria and other bordering Countries with order that with all speed they should meet him upon the Border of Carmania with Dromedary Camels and other Beasts of Burden loaden with Bread and all other necessary Provisions who hasted away as they were commanded and procur'd the Governors of the Provinces to dispatch abundance of Provision to the Place appointed By this extream Scarcity Alexander lost many of his Men and this was the first Mischief he met with in this Expedition Afterwards as they were marching some of the Mountaineers fell upon Leonatus his Squadron and cut off many of them and then made back to their Countrymen and this was another Loss When they had at length with very great Difficulties and Hardships past through this Desart they came into a Rich and Populous Country * In Carmania Vid. Curtius Lib. 9. ad finâ—m Here he randezvous'd his whole Army and after they had refresh'd themselves celebrated a Feast to Bacchus and dress'd up to make a shew like a Pageant he led the Darice before his Army who march'd likewise in great Pomp and State for the space of Seven days together spending all that time in Revelling and Drunkenness all along the way as he went When this was over hearing that many of his Officers and Governors of Provinces had The King punishes the Governors of Provinces Ant. Ch. 325. abus'd their Power to the Oppression and Injury of many he punish'd them according to their Demerits Which Severity of the King 's being spread abroad many who were conscious of being guilty of the same Crimes began to fear the same Punishment and therefore some who commanded the Mercenaries made a Defection others pick'd up what Moneys they could and fled Of which the King receiving intelligence he writ to all the Governors and Lord-Lieutenants of Asia that as soon as they had read his Letters they should without further delay disband all the Mercenaries About the same time while the King was at * Salmuntes in Harmozia now Ormus in the Gulf of Persia Nearchus returns Salmuntes a Sea port Town busie in making Stage Plays Those who were sent to examine all the Sea Coasts arriv'd with the Fleet who forthwith went into the Theatre and address'd themselves to the King and after they had made their Obeysance they acquainted him with what they had done The Macedonians so rejoic'd at their Return that as a Testimony of their joy they set up a great Acclamation and fill'd the whole Theatre with Exultations Those that return'd from the Voyage told him There were wonderful Tides of Ebbing and Flowing in the Ocean and that at low Water in the furthest Parts of the Sea Coasts there appear'd very Islands over-flow'd many great Islands which at the return of the Tide are all again laid under Water while a most Fierce and violent Wind comes off from them to the Continent and causes the Water to be all over on a Foam And as the greatest Wonder of all they declar'd they met with Whales of an incredible Magnitude which at the first so terrify'd them that Whales they look'd upon themselves as lost and that they and all their Ships must in a Moment perish together But all of them at once setting up a great shout and making a Noise by striking upon their Arms and sounding of Trumpets the monstrous Creatures were so terrify'd with a thing so unusual that they made to the Bottom of the Deep After the King had heard the Relation he order'd the Sea Officers to sail with the Ant. Ch. 325. Fleet to Euphrates And he himself in the mean time marching through many Countries with his Army came at last to the Borders of Susiana At which time Calanus an Indian a great Philosopher and much honour'd by the King ended his days in a wonderful manner Having now liv'd to be Seventy three years old and during all that The strange Death of Calanus Aelian Var. Hist lib. 5. c. 6. Plut. in Alexander time never knew what Sickness or the least Distemper meant he purpos'd to put an end to his own Life supposing that now both Nature and Fortune had brought him to the utmost Bounds of his Felicity and well-being in the World Being seiz'd upon therefore with Sickness which grew upon him more and more every day he desir'd the King that he would order a great Funeral Pile to be made and that when he had plac'd himself upon it some of his Servants should set it on fire The King at first endeavour'd to dissuade him from this Purpose but when he saw he would not be mov'd he promis'd it should be done as he had desir'd The thing presently spread abroad and when the Pile was finish'd multitudes of People flock'd to see this strange Sight And there Calanus according to the Rules and Dictates of his own Opinion with great Courage ascended the Pile and both he and it were consum'd together Some that were present judg'd this Act to be an effect of Madness others nothing else but a piece of Vain-glory Though some there were that admir'd his Noble Spirit and Contempt of Death And the King caus'd him to be honourably bury'd When Alexander came to Susa he marry'd Statira Darius his Eldest Daughter Drypetis the Younger he marry'd
Coasts as far as Hercules-Pillars Out of Europe the Grecian Cities The Macedonians The Illyrians many inhabiting Adria The Thracians and the Galatians a People that then first began to be known to the Grecians These all sent their Ambassadors of whom the King having a Catalogue in writing he appointed in what Order they should be severally admitted to their Audience And in the first place those were introduc'd that came about Matters of Religion then those who brought Presents next they that were at variance with the People bordering upon them Then those were admitted in the fourth place who came to treat upon Concerns relating to their own Country And lastly those whose Instructions were to oppose the Restauration of the Exiles And among the Religious he first The Banditti or Oat-Laws heard them of Elis after them the Hammonians Delphians and Corinthians the Epidaurians likewise and others giving to them the Preheminence out of Reverence and Veneration to the Temples He made it his great Business to return such grateful Answers to all the Ambassadors as that he might gain the Good-will and Affection of every one of them When all this was over he apply'd himself to the celebrating the Funerals of Hephestion Alexander prepares to bury Hephestion and contriv'd all that possibly he could so far to grace it with Funeral Pomp as that it should not only exceed all that were before it but likewise that it should never be exceeded by any that was to come For he most dearly lov'd him as much as the dearest Friends that we have heard of ever lov'd one another when he was alive and honour'd him beyond compare when he was dead He honour'd him more than any of his Friends Ant. Ch. 322. while he liv'd altho' Craterus seem'd to vie with him for Alexander's Affection For when one of the Servants said that Craterus lov'd Alexander as well as Hephestion did Alexander answer'd That Craterus was the * Or the King was lov'd by Craterus and Alexander by Hephestion King's Friend and Hephestion Alexander's And at that time when the Mother of Darius through a mistake upon the first view of the King prostrated her self at the Feet of Hephestion and coming to discern her Errour was much out of Countenance Be not troubled Mother says Alexander for even he is another Alexander To conclude Hephestion had such Interest in Alexander and such free access and liberty of Converse that when Olympias who envy'd him accus'd him and threatned him by her Letters he writ to her back again with severe Checks and added these Expressions Forbear your Slanders against me and bridle your Anger and surcease your Threats But if you will not I value them not of a pin for you are not ignorant that Alexander must be Judge of all The King therefore taken up with the Preparations for the Funeral commanded the Hephestion's Funeral Athenaeus lib 10. c. 11. neighbouring Cities to assist as much as possibly they could towards its Pomp and Splendor and commanded all the People of Asia that the Fire which the Persians call the Holy Fire should be put out till the Exequies of this Funeral were fully finish'd as was us'd to be done in the Funerals of the King 's of Persia which was taken to be an ill Omen to the King himself and that the Gods did thereby portend his Death There were likewise Ant. Ch. 322. other Prodigies happen'd that did clearly point out that Alexander's Life was near at an end which we shall presently give an account of when we have finish'd our Relation of the Funeral In order to this Funeral all his Chief Commanders and Noblemen in compliance to the King's Pleasure made Medals of Hephestion graven in Ivory and cast in Gold and other rich Metals Alexander himself call'd together a great number of the most exquisit Workmen that could be had and brake down the Wall of Babylon ten Furlongs in length and took away the Brick of it and then levelling the place where the Funeral Pile was to be rais'd built thereon a Foursquare Pile each Square taking a Furlong in length The Platform he divided into Thirty Apartments and cover'd the Rooss with the Trunks of Palm-Trees The whole Structure represented a Quadrangle Afterwards he beautify'd it round with curious Adornments The lower part was fill'd up with Two hundred and forty Prowes of Gallies of five Tire of Oars burnish'd with Gold upon whose Rafters stood two Darters one on each side the Beaks of four Cubits high kneeling upon one Knee and Statues of Men in Arms five Cubits high All the Divisions and open Parts were vail'd with Hangings of Purple That part next above this was set with Torches of fifteen Cubits high in the middle part of every one of which where they were us'd to be held were plac'd Crowns of Gold at the top whence the Flame ascended were fix'd Eagles with their Wings display'd and their Heads stooping downwards At the bottom of the Torches were Serpents facing and looking up at the Eagles In the third Range were expos'd all sorts of wild Beasts hunted In the fourth Centaurs all in Gold combating one with another The fifth presented alternately to the view Lions and Bulls in massie Gold In that part above these were plac'd the Arms both of the Macedonians and Barbarians the one signifying the Victories over the Conquer'd Nations and the other the Valour of the Conqueror In the highest and last part of all stood Sirenes contriv'd hollow wherein secretly were plac'd those who sang the Mourning Song to the Dead The heighth of the whole Structure mounted up above a hundred and thirty Cubits To conclude both Commanders and Common Soldiers Ambassadors and the natural Inhabitants so strove to outvy one another in contributing to this stately Funeral that the Charge and Cost amounted to above Twelve thousand Talents And to grace it more and make it more splendid he conâ—err'd several other Honours upon these Exequies At length he commanded all to sacrifice to him as a Tutelar God For it hapned that Philip one of his Nobility at that time return'd from the Temple of Haminon and brought word from the Oracle there That Hephestion might be sacrific'd unto as a Demi-God Whereat Alexander was wonderfully glad hearing that the Oracle it self was an Approver of his Opinion and thereupon he himself was the first that offer'd sacrificing Ten thousand Beasts of all kinds and making a magnificent Feast Ant. Ch. 322. for all the Multitude When all the Solemnity was over Alexander gave up himself to Ease and a Revelling Course of Life And now when he seem'd to be at the Heighth of Worldly Greatness and Prosperity that Time and Space of Life which he might have run through by the Course of Nature was cut short by the Determination of Fate and God himself by many Signs and Prodigies shewn in several Places foreshew'd his Death For when he Prodigies â—efore Alexander's
the things done by Alexander to the time of his Death This present Book relating the Actions of those who succeeded ends with the Year next before the Reign of Agathocles which makes an History of Seven Years CHAP. I. Quarrels about a Successor to Alexander Arideus made King The Provinces divided amongst the Chief Commanders Matters contain'd in Alexander's Note-Books Meleager executed by Perdiccas The Grecians revolt A Description of Asia Pithon sent against the revolting Grecians who were all cut off The Lamian War The cause of it Alexander's Epistle to the Exiles Leosthenes the Athenian General Lamia besieg'd Leosthenes kill'd Antiphilus plac'd in his room WHen Cephisodorus was Chief Magistrate of Athens the Romans created Olymp. 114. 2. Ant. Ch. 321. Lucius Furius and Decius Jovius Consuls About which time Alexander being now dead without Issue and so the Government without a Head there arose great Dissentions and Differences about the Empire For the * The Macedonian Phalanx Foot were for setting up of †Arideus the Son of Philip by one Philima of Larissa a Strumpet Justin l. 13. c. 2. Plut. Arideus the Son of Philip a weak-spirited Man labouring under many natural Infirmities But the Chiefest of the Nobility and Esquires of the Body met together in Council and being join'd with the Squadron of Horse call'd the Social they resolv'd to try it out with the Macedonian Phalanx Therefore they sent the most eminent Commanders among whom Meleager was the Chief to the Foot to require them to observe Commands But Meleager who was the most Eminent Man of the Phalanx as soon as he came to the Battalion which was of the greatest Account and Esteem in the Army he said nothing at all of the Business for which they were sent but on the contrary highly commended them for their Choice and stirr'd them up against the Opposers Whereupon the Macedonians created Meleager their Captain and with their Arms made out against the contrary Party Ant. Ch. 321. Those of the King's Life-guard and Esquires of the Body march'd likewise out of Babylon in order to fight but the most Interested and Popular Men amongst them endeavour'd all they could to make Peace on both sides Upon which it was presently agreed Arideus made King that Arideus the Son of Philip should be made King and call'd Philip and that Perdiccas to whom the late King when he was upon the point of death deliver'd his Ring should be invested with the * Lord Protecter Executive Power of the Kingdom and order'd that the Esquires of the Body and the Chief Commanders should govern the Provinces and all be observant to the Commands of the King and Perdiccas Arideus being thus made King he call'd together a General Council of the chief Commanders The Provinces divided and to Ptolomeus Lagus he committed the Government of Aegypt to Laomedon of Mitylene Syria to Philotas Cilicia to Python Media to Eumenes Cappadocia and Paphlagonia and the bordering Countries which were never entred by Alexander all the time of his Wars with Darius through want of convenient Opportunity To Antigonus he assign'd the Command of Lycia and the greater Phrygia to Cassander Caria to * Meleager for Menander Ush Ann 290 Arrian lib. 3. p. 56. Meleager Lydia to Leonatus Phrygia all along the Coast of the Hellespont And in this manner were the Provinces divided In Europe Thrace with the Nations bordering upon the Sea of Pontus were committed to Lysimachus and Macedonia with those bordering upon it to Antipater As for the rest of the Asian Provinces it was thought most adviseable not to alter but to leave them under the Government of the former Lord Lieutenants The Province next adjoining was intrusted with Taxilis and the Kings bordering upon him But the Province adjoining to Mount Caucasus call'd Parapamisus was assign'd to Oxiertes Ant. Ch. 321. King of the Bactrians whose Daughter Rhoxana Alexander had marry'd Arachesia and Gedrosia to Sybirtius Ariana and Drangina to Stasanoris of Solos Bactriana and * Sardiana for Sogdiana Sardiana were allotted to Philip Parthia and Hyrcania to Phrataphernes Persia to Peucestes Carmania to Tlepolemus Media to Atrapas The Province of Babylon to Archon and Mesopotamia to Arcesilaus Seleucus he created General of the brave Brigade of the Social Horse Hephestion was the first Commander of that Brigade then Perdiccas and the third was this Seleucus He order'd that Taxiles and Porus should enjoy the absolute Authority within their own Kingdoms as Alexander himself had before appointed The care of the * The laying of the Body to sleep at rest Funeral and of preparing a Chariot to convey the King's Body to Hammon was committed to Arideus But as for Craterus the most Noble of Alexander's Captains he was some time before sent by Alexander with Ten thousand of the old Soldiers that were discharg'd from further Service in the Persian War into Cilicia to put in Execution some Instructions in writing given him by the King which after the King's Death his Successors determin'd should be no further proceeded in For Perdiccas finding in the King's Commentaries not only the vast Sums of Money intended to be expended in the Funeral of Hephestion but likewise many other things of extraordinary Cost and Charge design'd by the King he judg'd it far more advisable to let them alone But lest he should seem to take too much upon him Ant. Ch. 321. and by his private Judgment to detract from Alexander's Wisdom and Discretion he referr'd all these Matters to the determination of a General Council of the Macedonians The Chief and the most considerable Heads of the King's purposes contain'd in his * Commentaries Books of Remembrance were these That a Thousand long Ships larger than those of three Tire of Oars should be built in Phaenicia Syria Cilicia and Cyprus in order to an Invasion Things set down in Alexander's Commentaries upon the Carthaginians and others inhabiting the Sea Coasts of Africa and Spain with all Islands adjoyning as far as Sicily 2. That a Plain and Easie way should be made straight along through the Sea Coasts of Africa to Hercules his Pillars 3. That Six magnificent Temples should be built and that Fifteen hundred Talents should be expended in the Cost of each of them 4. That Arsenals and Ports should be made in Places convenient and fit for the Reception of so great a Navy 5. That the new Cities should be planted with Colonies and that People should be transplanted out of Asia into Europe and others out of Europe into Asia to the end that by Intermarriages and mutual Affinities he might establish Peace and Concord between the two main Continents of the World Some of the Temples before-mention'd were to be built in Delos Delphos and Dodona Some in Macedonia as the Temple of Jupiter in Dio Diana's Temple in Amphipolis another to Minerva in * Corsica Ant. Ch. 321. Cyrnus To which Goddess he
certain Enean corrupted Lipodorus who commanded a Brigade of Three thousand Men among the Rebels he routed them all For in the height of the Engagement when the Victory was doubtful the Traytor withdrew from the rest of his fellow Soldiers and with his Three thousand Men march'd up to the top of a rising Ground whereupon the rest thinking that he had fled broke all their Ranks and took to their Heels Pithon being thus Victor sent a Trumpet to the Rebels ordering them to lay down their Arms and upon Capitulation licensed them to repair every Man to his own home It was no small joy to Pithon to see things brought to such a pass as suited directly to his designs for he had now all confirm'd by Oath and the Grecians intermixt among the Macedonians But the Macedonians remembring the Orders Perdiccas had given making nothing of their Oaths broke Faith with the Grecians For on a sudden they fell unexpectedly upon them and put every Man of The Revolters all cut off them to the Sword and seiz'd upon all they had And so Pithon being defeated in his design return'd with the Macedonians to Perdiccas And this was the state of Affairs in Asia at that time In the mean time in Europe the Rhodians cast out the Garison of the Macedonians and freed their City And the Athenians began a War against Antipater which was call'd the The Lamian War Ant. Ch. 321. Lamian War It 's in the first place necessary to declare the Causes of this War that the Progress of it may be the better understood Alexander a little before his Death had order'd all the Exiles and Out-law'd Persons of the Greek Cities to be recall'd as well to advance his own Honour and Esteem as to gain the Hearts of many in every City by his Clemency who might stand up for his Interest against the Innovations and Defections of the Grecians At the approach therefore of the time of Celebrating the Olympiads he sent away Nicanor a Native of the City Stagira with a Letter concerning the Restitution of the Bandities of Greece and commanded it to be proclaim'd by the Common Cryer who declar'd him that was Victor who executed the Command and read the Letter in these Words King Alexander to the Banditties of the Grecian Cities WE were not the Cause of your Banishment but will be of the Return of you all Alexander's Epistle into your own Country excepting such as are Banish'd for outrageous Crimes of which things we have written to Antipater requiring him to proceed by Force against all such as shall oppose your Restitution When these Orders were proclaim'd the People set up a great Shout testifying their approbation For those of them that were present at the Solemnity readily laid hold on the King's Mercy and return'd their Thanks with Expressions of their Joy and applauses of his Grace and Favour For all the Banish'd Men were then got together at the Olympiads above the Number of Twenty thousand Many there were who approv'd Ant. Ch. 321. of their Restitution as a prudent Act but the Aeolians and Athenians were much offended at it for the Aeolians expected that the Oenians who were banish'd out from among them should have undergone due punishment for their Crimes For the King had made a great Noise with his Threats that he would not only punish the Children of the Oenians but that he himself would execute Justice upon the Authors themselves Whereupon the Athenians would not yield by any means to part with Samos which they had divided by lot But because they were not at present able to cope with Alexander they judg'd it more adviseable to sit still and watch till they found a convenient Opportunity which Fortune presently offer'd them For Alexander dying in a short time afterwards and leaving no Children to succeed him they grew confident that they should be able not only to regain their Liberty but likewise the Sovereignty of all Greece The vast Treasure left by Harpalus of which we have particularly spoken in the preceding Book and the Soldiers that were disbanded by the Lord-Lieutenants of Asia were great Supports and Encouragements for the carrying on of this War for there were Eight thousand of them then about Tenarus in Peloponensus They sent therefore privately to Leosthenes Ant. Ch. 321. the Athenian wishing him that without taking notice of any Order by them of his own accord so to dispose of matters as to have those Soldiers in readiness when occasion serv'd Antipater likewise so contemn'd Leosthenes that he was Careless and Negligent in preparing for the War and so gave time to the Athenians to provide all things necessary for that Affair Hereupon Leosthenes very privately Listed these Soldiers and beyond all expectation had ready a brave Army For having been a long time in the Wars in Asia and often engag'd in many great Battles they were become very expert Soldiers These things were contriv'd when the Death of Alexander was not generally known But when a Messenger came from Babylon who was an Eye witness of his Death the People of Athens declar'd open War and sent part of the Money left by Harpalus with a great number of Arms to Leosthenes charging him no longer to conceal or palliate the Matrer but to do what was most conducible to the Service of the Common-wealth Whereupon having distributed the Money among the Soldiers as he was commanded and arm'd those that wanted he went into Aetolia in order to carry on the War with the joint Assistance of both Nations The Aetolians join'd very readily and deliver'd to him for the service Seven thousand Soldiers Then he stirr'd up his Messengers the Locrians and Phocians and other neighbouring Nations to stand up for their Liberties and to free Greece from the Macedonian Yoke But in the mean time the Wealthy Men among the Athenians Ant. Ch. 321. dissuaded them from the War but the Rabble were for carrying it on with all the Vigour imaginable Whence it came to pass that they who were for War and had nothing to live upon but their Pay were far the greater Number To which sort of Men Philip was us'd to say War was as Peace and Peace as War Forthwith therefore the Orators who were in a Body together and clos'd with the Humours of the People wrote down the Decree That the Athenians should take upon them the Care and Defence of the Common Liberty of Greece and should free all the Greek Cities from their several Garisons and that they should rig out a Fleet of Forty Gallies of Three Tire of Oars and Two hundred of Four Tire of Oars and that all Athenians under Forty years of Age should take up Arms That Three of the Tribes should keep Watch and Ward in Athens and the other Seven should be always ready to march abroad Moreover Ambassadors were sent to all the Cities of Greece to inform them That the People of Athens in the first
possess'd himself of a strong Fort call'd Nora It was indeed very small not above Two Furlongs in compass but in Strength impregnable For the Houses were built upon a very high Rock and it was wonderfully fortisy'd both by Nature and Art Besides there was there laid up great store of Corn Fuel and other Things of that kind so that all that fled for shelter thither might be abundantly supply'd with all Things necessary for many Years together Those that were his fast Friends accompany'd him in his Flight and resolv'd at the last and utmost Extremity to die with him They were in Number both Horse and Foot about Six hundred Antigonus being now strengthen'd with the Forces of Eumenes and the Revenues of his Provinces and having gotten together a great Mass of Treasure began to aspire to P. 6 0. Matters of higher Concern for none of the Asian Commanders were as yet so Potent Ant. Ch. 320. as to dare to contend with him for the Sovereign Command For the present indeed he bore a fair outside towards Antipater but secretly had resolv'd that when he had firmly settl'd his Affairs he would neither regard him nor the Kings And in the first place he block'd up them in the Fort with a double Wall and with deep Trenches and Antigonus besieges Nora Works of Earth of a wonderful height Then he enter'd into Parley with Eumenes willing him to renew their ancient Friendship and endeavour'd to perswade him to join with him as an Associate in all his Affairs But Eumenes foreseeing a change of Fortune at hand insisted upon Terms and that degree of Favour that seem'd very unequal and unfit to be granted to one in his present Circumstances For he requir'd as of Right to be restor'd to all his Provinces and to be fully acquitted and discharged of all pretended Offences whatsoever Antigonus promis'd to acquaint Antipater with his Demands and leaving sufficient Strength for continuing the Siege he march'd against the Generals that were moving towards him with all their Forces viz. Alcetas the Brother of Perdiccas and Attalus the Admiral of the Fleet. Some time after Eumenes sent Ambassadors to Antipater to treat upon Terms of Peace amongst whom was Hieronymus a Colonel who wrote the History of the Successors In the mean time he himself having experienc'd many Changes and Turns of Fortune was not at all discourag'd knowing very well what quick and sudden Alterations had happen'd on both Sides For he saw that the Macedonian Kings were but only vain and insignificant Shadows of Princes and those many valiant Commanders that were with them so manag'd their Commands one after another as to seek only the Advancement of their own private Interests Therefore he hop'd as the Truth fell out afterwards to be that many would desire his Help Ant. Ch. 320. and Assistance both upon the account of his Skill im Martial Affairs as of his Constancy and Faithfulness But when he saw that the Horse could not be Exercis'd in a Place so strait and craggy and so were unserviceable for Horse-Engagements he ingeniously found out a new and Eumenes invents a way to Exercise the Horse in Nora Plutarch's Life of Eumenes unusual way for the Exercise of them For he ty'd up their Heads by Chains to a Post or strong Stake and drew them up so high as that they should stand upon their hinder Feet and but just touch the Ground with the Ends of their fore Feet Whereupon the Horse presently striving to get his fore Feet to the Ground did so curvet and caper that Legs Thighs and every Member was in action and by this Motion the Horse was all on a Foam and thus they were all Exercis'd to the highest degree He himself fed of the meanest Food with the rest of the Soldiers and by this eating with them in common not only gain'd to himself the Love of all his Fellow-Soldiers but caus'd them to be at perfect Peace and Concord one with another In the mean time Ptolemy in Aegypt Perdiccas with all the King's Army being broken in pieces enjoy'd that Country as a Conqueror And casting his Eye upon Phoenicia and Celo-Syria as lying very commodiously to Aegypt he us'd his utmost Endeavour to possess himself of the Cities of those Countries Ant. Ch. 320. To that end he created Nicanor one of his Friends General and sent him into those Parts with a considerable Army who coming into Syria took Laomedon the Governor of that Province Prisoner and brought all Syria under his own Power He gain'd Ptolemy gains Syria and Phoenicia by Nicanor At this time he entred Jerusalem Joseph Appian l. 1. Ant. l. 12. c. 1. also all the Cities of Phoenicia and put Garisons into them and having in a short time finish'd a troublesom Expedition return'd into Aegypt CHAP. IV. Antigonus routs Alcetas in Pisidia and takes Attalus Alcetas receiv'd into Termessus and there protected He 's murder'd there treacherously his Body inhumanly us'd by Antigonus Antipater's Death Antipater put Demeas one of the Athenian Ambassadors to Death Polysperchon made Chief in Macedonia Cassander conspires to out him Antigonus his Plots to be Sovereign of all Arrideus secures himself in Phrygia besieges Cyzicum Antigonus goes to raise it Eumenes got out of Nora by Antigonus his Order Antigonus his further Acts. The various Fortunes of Eumenes A Council in Macedonia call'd by Polysperchon against Cassander The Decree of the Council Polysperchon invites Olpmpias out of Epyrus into Macedonia Writes to Eumenes to join with the Kings AFterwards when Apollodorus executed the Office of Lord-Chancellor at Athens and P. 651. Olymp. 114. 4. Ant. Ch. 319. Quintus Publius and * Lucius Papirius Antigonus beats Alcitas and Attalus Quintus Poplias Consuls at Rome Antigonus after the Defeat of Eumenes determin'd to march against Alcetas and Attalus For those only remain'd of all Perdiccas his Friends and Kindred who were skilful Commanders and had Forces sufficient to cope with him for the Sovereign Power To this end he march'd away with his whole Army out of Cappadocia and made for Pisidia where Alcetas then lay and came with a swist March suddenly and unexpectedly to Critopolis as it was call'd having march'd * Above 350 Miles Two thousand five hundred Furlongs in 7 Days and 7 Nights time and by that means was upon them before they were aware and there he first possess'd himself of certain Hills and other difficult Passes in the Country When Alcetas his Party had intelligence of the Enemy's approach they presently drew up a * Of Horse Phalanx in order of Battel and by a fierce Charge endeavour'd to drive the Horse down the Hills who had now gain'd the Tops of the Mountains Hereupon began a sharp Engagement in which many falling on both sides Antigonus with a Body of Six * The Greek is so but the Latin is 600. thousand Horse bore down with all his Might upon the Enemy endeavouring
their proper time and place And so having now in short related the Affairs of Asia we shall pass to Things done in Europe Cassander though he was excluded from the Chief Command of Macedonia yet was Cassander projects not at all discourag'd but resolv'd to gain it for he look'd upon it as a base and dishonourable thing that the Sovereign Authority enjoy'd by his Father shou'd now be manag'd by others But discerning that the Macedonians favour'd Polysphercon he privately discours'd with some of his Friends and then sent them that nothing might be suspected to the Hellespont He himself in the mean time continuing for some days together in the Country and spending his time in Hunting made every one believe that he had no Thoughts or Designs of aspiring to the Sovereign Command But when he got all things ready for his Journey he secretly slipt out of Macedonia and made to the Chersonesus and thence forward to the Hellespont where passing over he went to Antigonus in Asia craving his Assistance and told him that Ptolemy would join with him Antigonus readily embrac'd the Offer and made him large Promises of Assistance and engag'd forthwith to supply him with Forces both for Land and Sea-Service But all this was nothing but Dissimulation pretending as if he join'd with him upon the account of the Love and Kindness he always bore towards Antipater whereas in truth he design'd to divert Polysperchon with fierce and bloody Wars to the end he might with more ease subdue Asia in the mean time and so without any hazard gain the Sovereign Command of all at last While these things were in acting Polysperchon the Kings Protector having a prospect A Council call'd by Polysperchon of a great War he was like to have with Cassander and conceiving that it was not fit to undertake any thing without consulting first with his Friends assembled all his Captains and all those that were of Chief Authority among the Macedonians And forasmuch as it was apparent that Cassander was strengthen'd with the Forces of Antigonus to gain all the Cities of Greece and that some of them were Garison'd with his Father's Forces and others were govern'd by an Oligarchy influenc'd chiefly by the Friends and Favourites P. 657. of Antipater And besides all this that Ptolemy who had the Power in Aegypt and Antigonus who had openly and apparently deserted the Kings were Confederates with Cassander and that both were richly stor'd with Men and Money and had the Command of many Potent Cities and Provinces For these Reasons he appointed a Consultation to consider how the War should be manag'd against them After the matter was banded to and fro with variety of Opinions it was at length resolv'd that the Cities of Greece should be restor'd to their Liberties and the Oligarchy every where abolish'd For by this means they conceiv'd they should weaken the Interest of Cassander and much advance their own Reputation and gain strong and powerful Confederates Hereupon they that were present forthwith sent to the Ambassadors of the Cities and wishing them to be Courageous promis'd to restore them to their several Democracies and deliver'd to the Ambassadors the Decree in Writing that every one of them when they return'd into their Countries might the better inform the People of the Kindness of the Kings and Captains to the Grecians The Decree was in this form SInce it has ever been the Practice of our Ancestors to express their Acts of Grace in the many The Decree made in the Council in Macedonia on the 〈◊〉 of the Grecian C 〈…〉 Instances of their Bounty towards the Grecians Our selves are likewise desirous to preserve and keep on foot what they determin'd and are willing to evidence to the World the Kindness and Good-will we shall ever be careful to preserve towards the Greeks And whereas it 's well known that even in the Life-time of Alexander and before the Kingdom devolv'd upon Us we were of Opinion That all ought to be restor'd to that Peace and Form of Government which was order'd and appointed by our Father Philip and writ to all the Cities at that time concerning that Affair Yet afterwards it so fell out that some unadvisedly when we were far remote from Greece made War upon the Macedonians which unruly Persons being supprest and subdu'd by the Help and Conduct of our Captains many Cities were thereby involved in great Troubles and brought under the Smart and Sense of many Inconveniencies Impute therefore the Cause of all those Sufferings as justly you may to those Commanders But now in Reverence and due Regard to that ancient Constitution we grant to you our Peace and the same Kinds of Government which you enjoy'd under Philip and Alexander and full Power and Authority to manage all other things according to the several Rules and Orders by them prescrib'd We likewise recall all them who have either voluntarily withdrawn themselves or have been forc'd away by the Command of our Captains from the time that Alexander first landed in Asia It is likewise our Pleasure That all those thus re-call'd by us enjoy their Estates without quarrelling or remembrance of former Injuries and that they be restor'd to the Franchises and Liberties of their several Cities and whatever Decree is made against them let it be abrogated except such as are banish'd by due course of Law for Murther or Sacrilege But we do not hereby intend to re-call the Exiles of Megalopolis nor Polyenerus who are condemn'd for Treason nor the Amphisseans nor the Tricceans nor the Pharcadonians nor the Heracleots But as for all others let them return before the 30th Day of the Month * April Xanthicus But if there be any Laws or Orders made by Philip or Alexander against them let them be brought to us that such course may be taken therein as may be most for the Service and Advnatage of us and of the Cities Let the Athenians enjoy all other things as they did in the time of Philip and Alexander and the Oropians hold Oropus as now they do Yet we restore Samos to the Athenians because our Father Philip before gave it to them Let all the Grecians make a Law That none take up Arms or act any thing against us otherwise That such be banish'd and forfeit all their Goods And we have order'd that Polysperchon shall manage these and all other Matters And let all be observant to him in what we have before written to you for those that do contrary to what we have prescribed we shall not in the least pardon P. 658. This Decree being transmitted to all the Cities Polysperchon writ to Argos and the rest of their Cities commanding them That all that were in any Command in the Commonwealth under Antipater should be forthwith banish'd and that some should be put to death and their Estates confiscated that being reduc'd to extremity they might be in no capacity to assist Cassander He sent
Letters likewise to Olympias Alexander's Mother who was then in Epirus for fear of Cassander to intreat her to return with all speed into Polysperchon invites Olympias into Macedonia Writes to Eumenes to join with the Kings Macedonia and take care and charge of Alexander's little Son till he was of age and capable to take upon him the sole Management of Affairs He writ moreover to Eumenes that he would stick to the Interest of the Kings and not League by any means with Antigonus but make his choice either to come over into Macedonia in order to join with him in the Protectorship of the Kings or abide in Asia and to receive both Men and Money from them to make War upon Antigonus who had now openly declar'd himself a Rebel against the Kings who would be sure to restore him the Province which Antigonus had forc'd from him and likewise all other Privileges and Advantages which he ever at any time before enjoy'd in Asia And besides he alledged that it became Eumenes above all other Men to protect the Royal Family as consonant to all those Demonstrations of his Loyalty in his late appearances on the behalf of the Kings and if he stood in need of Forces he himself together with the Kings would come over into Asia with the whole Army These were the Transactions of this Year CHAP. V. Polysperchon courts Eumenes to assist the Kings Eumenes his Prudence amongst the Macedonian Captains Ptolemy sends to the Captains and others not to assist Eumenes Antigonus contrives to kill Eumenes who marches into Phoenicia Nicanor deceives the Athenians and still keeps Munychia and subtilly gets the Pyreum Order'd by Olympias to deliver the Pyreum and Munychia to the Athenians but he shifts it off Alexander Son of Polysperchon enters Attica secretly corresponds with Nicanor and displeases the Athenians Phocion ' s hard Usage at his Trial in Athens is condemn'd and executed Cassander arrives at the Pyreum Polysperchon comes against him but returns Besieges Megalopolis but is there much damnify'd his Elephants spoil'd by a Stratagem A Sea-Fight between Clitus and Nicanor Nicanor beaten Clitus afterwards routed by Nicanor is kill'd in his Flight to Macedonia Antigonus goes after Eumenes Eumenes near losing his Army by the Breach of a Dyke in Babylonia The Greek Cities revolt to Cassander The Athenians make Peace with him He kills Nicanor ARchippus being chief Magistrate of Athens and Quintus Aelius and Lucius Papirius Olymp. 115. 1. Ant. Ch. 318. Roman Consuls the Letters from Polysperchon were deliver'd to Eumenes presently after his Release out of the Fort in which were contain'd besides what was before declar'd That the Kings had bestow'd of their Bounty upon him Five hundred Talents to repair his Losses he had lately sustain'd and had sent Letters to the Governors and Treasurers of Cilicia to pay to him the said Five hundred Talents and what other Monies he Polysperchon sends to Eumenes to join with the Kings should have occasion for either for raising of Soldiers or any other necessary Uses And that they had order'd a Thousand Macedonian * Soldiers so call'd from their Silver Shields Argyraspides with their Officers to be observant to him and readily and chearfully to serve him upon all Occasions as he that was appointed General with full and absolute Power and Authority over all Asia There came likewise Letters to him from Olympias by which she earnestly intreated him to be Assistant both to her and the Kings for that he only remain'd the most Faithful of all the Friends they had who was able to relieve the desolate State and Condition of the King's Family She likewise desir'd him to advise her Whether it was better for her to remain still in Epirus and not trust him who claim'd the Guardianship of the Kings but in truth sought the Kingdom or to return Hereupon Eumenes forthwith writ to her back again That he conceiv'd it most Advisable for her at the present to continue in Epirus till the War was ended That he himself was resolv'd to be ever Faithful and Constant in his Love and Duty towards the Kings and not in the least to adhere to Antigonus who was aspiring to gain the Kingdom And because Alexander ' s Son by reason of the Tenderness of his Age and the Covetousness of the Captains stood in need of Help he look'd upon it as his Duty to expose himself to the utmost Hazards for the Preservation of the Kings Hereupon he forthwith Ant. Ch 318. commanded all his Soldiers to decamp and so march'd out of Cappadocia having with him about Five hundred Horse and above Two Thousand Foot For he had no Time to P. 659. wait upon the slow March of them who had promis'd to join with him because a great Army of Antigonus under the Command of * Leander Menander was near at hand and it was now no staying for him in Cappadocia being a declar'd Enemy of Antigonus But though this Army came three Days too late and so lost their Opportunity yet they resolv'd to pursue the Troops with Eumenes but not being able to reach him they return'd into Cappadocia For Eumenes making long Marches presently recover'd Mount Taurus and so got into Cilicia Here Antigenes and Tautamus the Captains of the * Argyraspides Silver Shields or Silver Targateers Argyraspides with their Friends in Obedience to the Kings Letters met Eumenes after a long and tedious March and joyfully Congratulated him for his unexpected Deliverance out of his great Troubles promising to be ready on all Occasions at his Command There met him likewise about Three thousand Argyraspides out of Macedonia with great Demonstrations of Love and Affection This sudden and almost incredible Change was the Subject of every Body's Admiration when they consider'd how the Kings and Macedonians a little before had condemn'd Eumenes and all his Fellows to Die and now having forgot that Sentence denounc'd against him not only pardon'd him but promoted him to the highest Place of Command in the whole Kingdom And it was not without just Cause that they who consider'd the wonderful Changes that attended Eumenes should be Ant. Ch. 318. taus affected For who that does but observe the different Accidents in the course of Man's Life would not be amaz'd at the various Turns and Changes of Fortune to and fro first on one side then on another Or who trusting in the present Supports of a prosperous Fortune would upon that account be so far transported as to forget the Infirmity of Human Nature For every Man's Life as dispes'd and order'd by the Providence of some one of the Gods has been chequer'd as it were with the reciprocal Turns of Good and Evil in all Ages of the World So that it is a Wonder that not only what is strange and unaccountable but that even every thing that falls out should be surprizing and unexpected Therefore who can sufficiently value History For
Noses of them which not a little troubled the Minds of his new Associates and those that join'd with him in the carrying on of the Work For it was very apparent that the Enemy now being Master at Sea would be sure to waste and spoil those who out of kindness to Antigonus had join'd with their Adversaries But Antigonus bid them be of good chear for before the end of Summer he said he would be at Sea with a Fleet of Five hundred Sail. Agesilaus in the mean while return'd with his Embassy out of Cyprus and brought word that Nicocreon and the most potent Kings of that Island had already confederated Ant. Ch. 313. with Ptolemy Nevertheless that Citticus Lapitbius Marius and Cyrenites would join with him Whereupon he left Three thousand Men under the Command of Andronicus to maintain the Siege against Tyre and he himself march'd with the rest of the Army against Antigonus be sieges Tyre Gaza and Joppe which stood out against him and took them by force and such of Ptolemy's Men as he found there he took and distributed them among his own Regiments and plac'd Garisons in both those Cities to keep them in Obedience Which done he return'd to his standing Camp about Tyre and prepar'd all necessaries for a Siege against it At the same time Aristo who was intrusted by Eumenes to carry Craterus his Bones delivered them to Phila to be buried who was marry'd first to Craterus and at that time to Demetrius the Son of Antigonus who was a Woman of excellent Parts and Prudence for by her prudent Behaviour and Carriage towards every Soldier in the Army she was able The Praise of Phila the Wife of Demetrius to qualify and moderate those that were most Turbulent and she put forth the Daughters and Sisters of those that were Poor at her own Charge and prevented the Ruine of many that were falsly accus'd It s reported that Antipater her Father who was the most prudent Prince that Govern'd in this Age was us'd to consult with Phila his Daughter in the most weighty Affairs while she was but yet a Girl But the Prudence of this Woman will more fully appear in the following Narration and when things tended Ant. Ch. 313. to a Revolution and the fatal Period of Demetrius his Kingdom And thus stood the Affairs of Antigonus and Phila at this time Amongst the Captains sent away by Antigonus Aristodemus pass'd over to Laconia and having got leave of the Spartans to raise Soldiers got together Eight thousand out of Peloponnesus Aristodemus raises Forces for Antigonus in Peloponnesus and upon Conference with Polysperchon and Alexander join'd them both in a firm League of Amity with Antigonus and made Polysperchon General over the Forces in Peloponnesus but prevail'd with Alexander to pass over into Asia to Antigonus Ptolomeus another of his Captains going into Cappadocia with an Army and there Ptolomey a Captain of Antigonus raises the Siege of Amisus in Cappadocia finding the City of Amisus besieg'd by Asclepidorus a Captain of Cassander's rais'd the Siege and secur'd the Place and so having sent away Asclepidorus packing upon certain Conditions recover'd that whole Province to Antigonus and marching thence through Bithynia came upon the back of Zibytes King of the Bithynians whilst he was busie in besieging of two Cities at once that of the Assarenians and the other of the Calcedonians and forc'd him to raise his Siege from both and then falling to Capitulations both with him and the Cities that were besieg'd after Hostages receiv'd remov'd thence Ant. Ch. 313. towards Ionia and Lydia for that Antigonus had written to him to secure that Coast with Two other Cities raised by him in Bithynia P. 704. all possible speed having intelligence that Seleucus was going into those Parts with his Fleet whither indeed he came and besieg'd Erythras But hearing of the Enemies approach left it and went away as he came Mean while Alexander the Son of Polysperchon came to Antigonus who made a League with him and then calling a general Antigonus his Policy Council of the Army and the Strangers there resident declar'd unto them how Cassander had murder'd Olympias and how villainously he had dealt with Roxana and the young King and that he had forc'd Thessalonices to marry him and that it was very clear and evident that he aspir'd to the Kingdom of Macedonia Moreover that he had planted the Olynthians the most bitter Enemies of the Macedonians in the City call'd after his own Name That he had rebuilt Thebes that was raz'd by the Macedonians Having thus incens'd the Army he made and wrote an Edict That Cassander should be taken as an open Enemy unless he raz'd the two Cities releas'd the King and Roxana his Mother and return'd them safe to the Macedonians And lastly Unless he submitted to Antigonus as General and sole Protector of the Kingdom and free all the Greek Cities and withdraw all the Garisons out of them When the Army had approv'd of this Edict by their Suffrages he sent Courriers away to publish it in all places For he hop'd that by this Means all the Grecians in expectation of having their Liberties restor'd would be his Consederates and readily assist him in the War and that all the Governors of the Higher Provinces who before suspected him as if he design'd to deprive the Posterity of Alexander of the Kingdom now that Ant. Ch. 313. it clearly appear'd that he took up Arms in their behalf would observe all his Commands of their own accord Having dispatch'd all these Matters he sent back Alexander with Five hundred Talents into Peloponnesus with his hopes rais'd in expectation of mighty Matters And he himself with Shipping had from Rhodes and others he had lately built set sail for Tyre where being now Master at Sea he so block'd it up for thirteen Months together that no supply of Victuals could be brought thither and thereby reduc'd the Inhabitants into so Tyre deliver'd to Antigonus great distress that at length upon suffering the Soldiers to march away with some small things that were their own the City was surrender'd to him upon Terms and he plac'd a Garison in it for its Defence In the mean time Ptolemy hearing what a Declaration Antigonus with the Macedonians had made concerning the Liberty of the Grecians made the like himself as desirous that Prolemy proclaims Liberty to the Grecians all the World should take notice that he was no less zealous for the Liberty of Greece than Antigonus was For both of them well considering of how great moment it was to their Affairs to gain the good Will of the Grecians strove one with another which should oblige them most by Acts of Grace Then he join'd to his Party the Governor of Caria who was a Man of great Power and had many great Cities under his Command And thô he had before sent Three thousand Soldiers to
happen in these Cases For in Land-Fights Valour apparently carries the Day when no unusual Misfortune intervenes But in Sea-Fights there are many and various Accidents often fall out which sometimes on a sudden ruine them whose Valour otherwise would certainly and most justly have brought them off Victorious Of all the rest Demetrius placing himself upon the Stern of his Gally of Seven Tire of Oars behav'd himself with most Gallantry For when he was surrounded with Throngs of Enemies on every side he so bestirr'd himself that he strew'd the Decks with them some by Darts at a Distance and others by his Lance Hand to Hand Showers of Darts and other Weapons it's true were cast at him but some he nimbly declin'd and others he receiv'd on his Target and other defensive Arms that he then wore In this Conflict there were Three that stuck close to him as his Assistants whereof one was run through and Slain with a Lance and the other two were both wounded But at length Demetrius repuls'd his Enemies and put the Right Wing to a total Rout and forthwith those that were next to them On the other hand Ptolemy who had with him the greatest Ships and the best Soldiers easily broke that Party that oppos'd him and put them to flight sinking some of Ant. Ch. 305. their Ships and taking others with the Men in them and then returning from the Pursuit thought to have done the like with the rest But when he came he found his Left Wing totally routed by Demetrius and him in hot pursuit of them upon which he made back to Citium But Demetrius now being Conqueror committed his Men of War to Neon and Burichus with Orders to pursue the Enemy and to take up such as they found Swimming for their Lives He himself with his own Ships richly adorn'd and those that were taken of the Enemies tow'd along after small Skiffs return'd to his own Camp and Port whence he set out Mean while about the very time of the Fight at Sea Menelaus Governor of Salamis sent out to the Aid of Ptolemy the Sixty Ships compleatly Man'd and Arm'd under the Command of Menetius who Engaging with those Ships in the Mouth of the Harbour P. 671. that were set to keep him in Charg'd through them whereupon they fled for Safety to the Army that was at Land But when the Menetians were in open Sea and perceiv'd that they came too late they return'd back to Salamis This being the Issue of this Fight there were taken above a Hundred Transport Ships wherein there were almost Eight Thousand Soldiers Of Ships of War he took Forty with the Men in them and of those that were bilg'd in the Fight about Fourscore which being almost full of Water in the Hold they hawl'd to Land under the Camp near the City Demetrius had Twenty of his own Ships much damnify'd in this Fight which yet being Refitted and Rigg'd up again prov'd Serviceable as before Afterwards Ptolemy seeing no good to be done in Cyprus return'd in Aegypt But Demetrius having taken in all the Towns and Cities of the Island distributed the Garison Soldiers among his own Companies to the Number of Sixteen thousand Foot and Six hundred Horse And put Messengers on board the Greatest Ship in the Fleet and Ant. Ch. 305. sent them to his Father with an Account of the Victory he had gain'd As soon as Antigonus receiv'd the News he was so transported with the greatness of the Victory as that he put a Diadem upon his Head and from that time assum'd the Stile and Title of a King and allow'd Demetrius to do the same And Ptolemy also not Antigonus takes the Title of a King at all willing to hang the Head at his late ill Success took the Crown and Title of a King to himself likewise and in all his Letters from that time forward wrote himself King And by their Example other Governors of Provinces as Seleucus who had lately subdu'd the Upper Provinces and Lysimachus and Cassander who held the Provinces first allotted them all proclaim'd themselves Kings Having now spoken sufficient concerning these Affairs we shall proceed to give a distinct Account of things further done in Africa and Sicily Agathocles when he heard that the Governors of the Provinces before-mentioned had taken upon them the Dignity of Crown'd Heads judging himself no way inferior to them either as to the Strength and Power of their Arms Largeness of his Dominions or Memorable Actions took upon him likewise the Name and Title of a King But yet did not think fit to wear a Diadem For from the very time of his first aspiring to the Principality he wore a Crown after the manner of a Priest which he never laid aside all the time he was in Contest for the Tyranny Some say that he always wore this because he wanted Hair And now he made it his business to do something worthy of the honourable Title he had assum'd and therefore he led his Army against the Rebellious Uticans and surprising them on the sudden Ant. Ch. 305. Utica took Three hundred of them as they were abroad in the Fields At the first he pardon'd them and requir'd the Surrender of the City But those within refusing so to do he built an Engine and hang'd up all the Prisoners upon it living as they were and so brought it up to the Walls The Uticans though they pity'd the miserable Creatures yet they valu'd more their Common Liberty and therefore lin'd the Walls and resolv'd to abide a Siege Whereupon Agathocles furnish'd his Engine with shot Slingers and Darters and plying them with shot from his Machine began the Siege and so terrify'd them that he even cauteriz'd the Spirits of the Besieg'd Those that were upon the Walls at first scrupled to use their Darts and Arrows having their own Citizens plac'd before them as their Marks amongst whom were some of the Chief Nobility But the Enemy still pressing on with more violence they were forc'd to endeavour to beat off them that were plac'd in the Engine And here it happen'd that the Uticans fell into a suddain and unexpected misfortune through an inevitable necessity For the Greeks exposing the Prisoners they took abroad in the Fields to be Marks to their own fellow Citizens they were constrain'd either to fall into the Enemies hands by sparing their Townsmen or unmercifully to kill a great number of miserable Creatures in defending of the City as in truth it happen'd For while they repuls'd the Enemy with all sorts P. 762. Ant. Ch. 305. of Darts and Arrows and other Weapons the same time as they wounded and gall'd them that manag'd the Engine at the same time they wounded the Citizens that hung at it shooting some through and fastning others with their Darts and Arrows as with Nails to that part of the Machine towards which the Body happen'd to move so that their Ignominy and Misfortune resembled that
be less than Five hundred only Three and thirty escap'd of whom Pleistarchus himself was one who getting upon a Plank of the Ship when it split was cast on Shore half dead yet being a little recover'd was carry'd to Heraclea and there growing strong again went to Lysunachus in his Winter Quarters having lost the greatest part of his Army by the way About the same time Ptolemy coming with an excellently well-appointed Army out of Aegypt reduc'd all the Cities of Caelosyria to his Obedience but when he lay in Siege before Sidon there came a false Rumour to his Ear that a Battel had been sought wherein Lysimachus and Seleucus were routed and fled to Heraclea and that Antigonus thereupon was hasting into Syria with his Victorious Army Ptolemy giving overlight credit to this Report made a Truce with the Sidonians for five Months and putting Garisons into other Cities which he had taken in those Parts return'd into Aegypt While these things thus pass'd Two thousand Autariats and about Eight hundred Lycians and Pamphilians of Lysunachus his Soldiers fled over to Antigonus out of their Winter-Quarters and Antigonus entertain'd them very courteously furnishing them with such Pay as they said Lysimachus ow'd them and gave them also for a Reward large Sums of Money over and above About the same time also Seleucus with a great Army came down out of the Upper Provinces into Cappadocia and Winter'd his Army in Tents which he brought ready made Seleucus P. 792. for them His Army consisted of Twenty thousand Foot and about Twelve thousand Horse reck'ning in with them his Archers on Horseback and Four hundred and fourscore Elephants and an Hundred Iron Chariots Thus these Kings join'd their Forces resolving the next Summer to decide the Controversie by the Sword But we shall give an Account of the Wars among these Princes in the Beginning of the next Book according as we first design'd FINIS THE FRAGMENTS OF Diodorus Siculus OUT OF Some of his BOOKS that are Lost LONDON Printed by Edw. Jones for A. and J. Churchill at the Black-Swan in Pater-Noster-Row 1699. To the READER THE last Twenty Books of Diodorus Siculus are entirely lost except some Ecclogues or Fragments in Photius his Bibliotheca and others recover'd by Hoes Chelius and published by Laurentius Rhodomannus which contain'd an Account of Affairs for the space of 244 Years or there abouts i. e. from the End of the 119th Olympiad when Antigonus and Demetrius Poliorcetes were routed by Ptolemeus Lagus and the other Confederates An. M. 3650. to the End of the 180th Olympiad at which time Julius Caesar made his first Expedition into Britain which was in the 693d Year of the City as Eutropius accounts Lib. 6. The Reader is desired to observe That these being but Fragments or Pieces of Diodorus recover'd out of the Rubbish as it were of Antiquity the Relations are often broken and new Matter sometimes begun that has no Coherence with what went before Where they are broken they are Noted generally thus The new Matter is easily discern'd by Observation A Fragment out of the Sixth Book of the Bibliotheca of Diodorus Siculus taken out of Eusebius Pamphilus Book II. Evang. Preparation THese therefore are the most remarkable Things that are recorded among the Atlantides concerning the Gods and they say the Grecians use the same Rites and Ceremonies The same things Diodorus says in the 3d Book of his History And the same Diodorus confirms the same Theology in his 6th Book from the History of Euemerus the Messenian where these are his words The Ancients therefore held two Opinions which are brought down to Posterity concerning the Gods Some they say are Immortal and Incorruptible as the Sun Moon and rest of the Stars and likewise the Winds and other Things of the like Nature for none of these have either Beginning or End But there are others they say that are Earthly Gods but for their good Deeds to the benefit of Mankind have attain'd to the highest pitch of Honour and Glory and such were Hercules Dionysius or Bacchus Aristaeus and such like Of these Terrestrial Gods many and various Stories are related by Historians and * Poets Mythologists Among the Historians Euemerus has compos'd a Sacred History and written peculiarly of these Deities Among the Mythologists or Poets Homer Hesiod Orpheus and others of that kind have seign'd most prodigious Stories of the Gods We shall endeavour in short to run over what has been writ by both observing a Mean Euemerus a special Friend of King Cassander being forc'd to undertake some great and weighty Affairs and long and tedious Voyages for the King they say was driven far away through the Ocean Southward and loosing from Arabia Faelix after many days sail arriv'd at certain Islands situated in the midst of the Ocean the greatest of which was one call'd Panchaia in which he saw the Panchaians very zealous and eminent for Religion who ador'd the Gods with magnificent and pompous Sacrifices and rich Gifts both of Gold and Silver They say moreover that the Island is consecrated to the Gods and that there were many other Things in it that were admirable both for their Antiquity and Excellency of Workmanship of which we have given a particular Account in the precedent Books That there is likewise in it upon the top of an high Mountain a Temple dedicated to Jupiter Tryphylius built by him when he convers'd here with Men and govern'd the whole World in which Temple there is a Golden Pillar whereon are distinctly describ'd in Panchaian Letters the Acts of * Coelum Heaven Vranus Saturn and Jupiter Afterwards he says That the first King was Vranus a just and good Man and very skilful in Astrology And that he was the first that ador'd the Heavenly Gods and therefore was call'd * In Greek signifies Heaven Vranus And that he begat on his Wife Vesta two Sons Pan and Saturn and two Daughters Rhea and Ceres He says moreover that Saturn reign'd after Vranus and marry'd Rhea and begat Jupiter Juno and Neptune and that Jupiter succeeding Saturn marry'd Juno Ceres and Themis Of the first of which he begat the Curetes Proserpina of the second and Minerva of the third and that afterwards coming to Babylon he was Belus his Guest And that from thence arriving at the Island Panchaia he erected an Altar to Vranus his Grandfather and then passing through Syria he came to Prince Cassius from whom the Mountain Mâ—un Cassius was call'd Mount Cassius Then travelling into Cilicia he overcame Cilix the Lord of the Country and having at last pass'd through several other Nations was highly honour'd by all and stil'd a God When he had deliver'd these and such-like Things concerning the Gods as of mortal Men he subjoins this Let this therefore suffice in reference to Euemerus who writ the Sacred History And as to what the Greeks sabulously report concerning the Gods we shall endeavour to give as
Intelligence was brought to Alexander of these things he forthwith commanded his Foot in every Regiment to prepare Scaling Ladders and he himself march'd away with his Army to a City call'd Gaza which was next to the Camp and lay first in his way for it was said the Barbarians had fled into seven Towns of that Country Craterus he sent to Cyropolis the greatest of all the Cities and in which a very great number of the Barbarians had shelter'd themselves The King commanded him to encamp near the City and to fortifie his Camp with a Trench and Wall drawn round and place such Engines upon his Bulwarks as he saw occasion to use that the Townsmen being busie in assaulting Craterus might have no leisure to come in to the assistance of other Cities The King himself as soon as he came to Gaza forthwith at the first approach commanded his Men to set Scaling-Ladders round the Walls which were but of Earth and not very high Upon which the Slingers Darters and Archers together with the Foot made an Assault ply'd and gall'd them that defended the Walls with their Darts and shot out of the Engines so that by Showres of Darts and Arrows the Wall was presently clear'd of its Defendants and the Scaling-Ladders in a trice were set to the Walls and the Macedonians enter'd and put all the Men to the Sword for so Alexander had commanded but the Women and Children with the rest of the Prey they carry'd away Thence the King forthwith march'd to another City fortified much like unto Gaza which he took much after the same manner the very same day and dealt with the Prisoners after the same manner as with them at Gaza After this he made to a third City which he took the next day upon the first Assualt In the mean time while he was reducing these Cities with his Foot he sent away his Horse to two other neighbouring Cities with Orders to watch 'em lest the Inhabitants hearing of the taking of the Cities bordering upon 'em and oâ— the King 's near approach should fly and leave the Cities so as he should not be able to pursue with any hopes to overtake ' em And indeed it fell out as he thought which evidenc'd the sending forth of the Horse to be necessary For the Barbarians who still were possess'd of two other Cities seeing the Smoak of the City which was burnt and was over-against 'em besides some who escap'd out of the Overthrow brought them news of the City being taken with all speed in whole droves fled out of the Cities and fell in among the Horse that were sent forth and multitudes of 'em were knock'd on the Head The King having taken and raz'd these five Towns in the space of two days march'd away to Cyropolis the greatest of their Cities The Walls of this City were higher than any of the rest the Town being built by Cyrus And forasmuch as there were many stout Men and good Soldiers the Inhabitants of the Country were got together into this place the Macedonians could not easily like to the other places take it at the first Assault and therefore Alexander order'd that with the Battering-Rams and other Engines they shou'd batter the Walls and where-ever any Breach was made there forthwith to make an Assault But the King observing the Channel of the River which ran through the City like a little Brook to be then dry and not contiguous or near the Walls but affording a direct Passage for his Soldiers into the City he took with him his Guard Targateers Archers and the Agrians the Barbarians then busie in observing the Engines and those that manag'd 'em and secretly with few at first enter'd through the Channel into the City and broke down the Gates that were in that part and readily let in the rest of the Soldiers Upon which the Barbarians perceiving the City to be enter'd however set upon Alexander's Soldiers and fought and resolutely in which Conflict Alexander receiv'd a Blow on his Head and Neck with a Stone Craterus and many others were wounded with Darts and Arrows but at length the Barbarians were driven out of the Market-place In the mean time those that assaulted the Walls enter'd all being clear of those that should have defended them In the first Conflict at the entring of the City there were slain of the Enemy about eight thousand the rest for they were eighteen thousand that had there put in themselves fled into the Castle who after one day's siege for want of Water surrender'd themselves The seventh City the King took at the first Assault Ptolemy indeed says that it was surrender'd but Aristobulus relates that it was taken by storm and that all in it were put to the Sword Ptolemy writes that all the Prisoners were distributed in the Army and order'd to be kept bound till the King left the Country lest any one of 'em that revolted should be left behind While these things were on foot the Army of the Asian Scythians came to the Banks of the River * Not Genais near the Lake Meotis but another call'd Iaxartes See Pl. N. Hist l. 6. c. 16. Ganais because they heard that some of the Barbarians inhabiting beyond the River had revolted from Alexander and their aim therefore was that if there were any considerable Defection they likewise might act their part in falling upon the Macedonians At the same time Intelligence was brought that Spitamenes had besieg'd those that were left in Garison in the Castle of Patachades Alexander therefore sent Andromachus Medemenus and Caranus against Spitamenes with sixty Horse of the Social Band and eight hundred of the Mercenaries who were under the Command of Caranus But of Foot there were Fifteen hundred Mercenaries with them the King join'd in Commission one Pharnuches for an Interpreter a Lycian by Nation who was well skill'd in the Language of the Barbarians and therefore was judged a fit Person to transact matters with them The King having in the space of 20 days Wall'd the * Call'd Alexandria upon the Banks of Iaxartes call'd Tanais City he had before design'd to build gave it the Greek Mercenaries to be Inhabited by them and to such neighbouring Barbarians as had a mind to remove their Habitations and dwell there and to some of the Macedonians that were Disabled and unfit to bear Arms. Afterwards having Sacrificed to the Gods after the manner of his Country and exhibited the Gymnick Sports and Horse-Courses finding that the Scythians did not March back and leave the River but threw their Darts over for it was there very narrow and after their Barbarous manner gave out most opprobious and railing Language against Alexander as that he durst not fight with the Scythians and if he did he should find by experience how great a difference there was between the Scythians and the Barbarous Asiaticks The King being provok'd with these things resolv'd to pass the River and fall upon 'em and
them Neither is it to be wonder'd at inasmuch as the Honours given to the Gods are various some sort of Honours given to one and others to another especially those Honours of later time Nay those Honours given to some of the Hero's differ from Divine Honours 'T is not therefore fit to confound these things nor to advance Men above themselves and all Mankind besides and to degrade the Gods by Worshipping them with the same Worship wherewith we adore Men. Alexander himself would not suffer any private Man to usurp the Regal Dignity and Honours due to himself though he gain'd 'em by the unjust Suffrages of the People much more justly therefore may the Gods be angry if any mortal Man assume to himself Divine Honours or accept of them from others However let Alexander be esteem'd as in truth he is by many degrees the most Valiant of them that are Valiant the greatest King amongst all other Kings and amongst Generals the most Worthy to Command But as for thee Anaxarchus 't is thy Duty above any other to instruct Alexander in these things that have been spoken and to dâ—ter him from the contrary for thy Conversation he daily makes use of in order to improve in Wisdom and Learning Neither does it become thee to be the beginner of this Discourse but rather to remember that thou art not advising Cambyses or Xerxes but the Son of Philip descended from Hercules and Achilles whose Ancestors came out of Argos into Macedonia and maintain'd their Empire not by Arbitrary Power but by Ruling according to the Laws and Customs of the Macedonians But Divine Houours were not confevr'd upon Hercules himself by the Grecians while he was living nay nor when he was dead before the Oracle at Delphos commanded that he should be worshipp'd as a God But if there be but few that are in the Country of the Barbarians we ought to entertain the same Sentiments with them And I earnestly entreat thee Alexander to remember Greece for whose sake this Expedition was undertaken by thee in order to add Asia to Greece And now consider whether when you return thither you can be able to compel the free People of Greece to adore you as a God or excepting them of Greece you can impose this Dishonour and Slavery upon the Macedonians only or whether it be fit that quite different Honours be there allow'd you being the Grecians confer only those that are Human according to the Custom and Manner of the Greeks when at the same time only the Barbarians worship you as a God after the manner of Barbarians But if it be objected That Cyrus Son of Cambyses was the first of all mortal Men that was ador'd by Men as a God ana that since that time this Adoration has continued amongst the Medes and Persians yet you are to consider how his Pride was curb'd by the Scythians a poor and indigent People And how other Scythians again reduc'd Darius to more sober Thoughts of himself and the Athenians and Lacedaemonians Xerxes and Clearchus and Xenophon Artaxerxes only with Ten thousand Men and Darius now overcome by Alexander when at that time no Divine Honours were decreed to him When Calisthenes had spoken these and other things to the same purpose Alexander took it very heinously but what he said was very grateful and acceptable to the Macedonians which being known Alexander sent some to urge the Macedonians to remember the Adoration of the King upon which there being a great silence those among the Persians that were most Eminent for Birth and Honourable for Age all rose up together and * Prostrated themselves ador'd him But Leonatus one of Alexander's Friends when he saw one of the Perfians sordidly prostrating himself he fell a laughing at the poor and mean Gesture of the Persian at which Alexander was at the first very angry but was afterwards pacifi'd Some write that the King drank in a golden Bowl to them with whom he had made the Compact to adore him in a Ring as they sat and that the first that pledg'd him presently arose and * By Pâ—ystratâ—â— ador'd him and then kiss'd him and so in order the rest did the same one after another But when it came to Calisthenes's turn he rose up and drank off the Bowl and when he had done without adoring him drew near to the King to kiss him Alexander was then accidentally discoursing with Hephestion and therefore did not mind whether he omitted the Adoration or not But Demetrius the Son of Pythonax one of Alexander's Friends observing when Calisthenes approach'd to kiss Alexander inform'd him that Calisthenes had not ador'd him upon which the King turn'd away from him and thereupon Calisthenes said he must now be discarded with the Loss of a Kiss I cannot indeed praise either any of these things that tended to Alexander's Dishonour or the Moroseness of Calisthenes for I conceive it had been enough for him modestly to have carry'd himself and for him who would serve the King to promote his Affairs to the best advantage as far as ever he was able And therefore I am of Opinion that Calisthenes was not without just cause hated by Alexander by reason of the unseasonable liberty of his Speech and foolish Malepertness For which reason I believe Credit was more easily given afterwards to his Accusers by whom he was charg'd to be in the Conspiracy with the Pages against the King's Life and to others who affirm'd that they were put on to it by him The Conspiracy was thus There was an Order formerly made by Philip that from among the Sons of the Macedonian Nobility when they grew up to Men's estate choice should be made of some from time to time to attend upon the King both to be Squires of his Body and Gentlemen of his Bedchamber These Youths when the King was about to ride receiv'd the Horses from the Querries and led them to the King and after the Persian manner help'd him to mount and waited upon him whenever he went forth a Hunting Among these there was one Hermolaus the Son of Sopolides who studied Philosophy and was Scholar to Calisthenes The Report is That a wild Boar in the course of Hunting meeting Alexander this Hermolaus prevented the King who was aiming at him and kill'd the Boar. The King hereupon being in a rage to have the Opportunity of killing the Boar snatch'd out of his hand commanded that the Youth should be whipt in the presence of all the other Pages and have his Horse taken from him Which Disgrace he not being able to bear open'd his Mind to Sostrates the Son of Amyntas one of his Companions of the same Quality and his Bosom Friend and declar'd to him that his Life wou'd be but a Burden to him unless he could revenge the Injury done him upon Alexander and it was no difficult matter to persuade Sostrates being his special Friend to join with him in this Traiterous Conspiracy Antipater
that the Name of the King was only chang'd but that the Government should not be manag'd a jot worse than it was when his Father was alive He courteously likewise gave Audience to the Ambassadors and desir'd the Grecians that they would have the same Kindness for him that they had for his Father which he so esteem'd as that he look'd upon it as part of his Inheritance Then he employ'd himself in the frequent Trainings of the Soldiers and in Martial Exercises and brought the Army readily to submit to his Commands Attalus the Uncle of Cleopatra Philip's other Wife conspir'd to gain the Kingdom and therefore he resolv'd to take him out of the way For Cleopatra was brought to bed of a Son a few Alexander â—n rives how to kill Attalus Days before the Death of Philip and Attalus was sent a little before as General with Parmenio his Colleague with an Army into Asia where by his Bribes and fair Tongue he so gain'd the Hearts of the Soldiers that the Army was wholly at his Devotion Therefore the King conceiv'd he had just cause to be jealous of him lest if he should side with the Grecians who he knew were his Enemies he should by that means gain the Kingdom to himself Therefore he made choice of Heccateus one of his Friends and sent him with a considerable Army into Asia with Command to bring over Attalus alive if Ant. Ch. 333. he could and if he could not effect that to take the first Opportunity to kill him When he came into Asia he join'd his Forces with Attalus and Parmenio and watch'd a fit Opportunity to execute what he was commanded In the mean time Alexander being inform'd that many of the Greciani were hatching some Mischief in order to new Commotions his Thoughts were greatly perplex'd and Conspiracies among the Grecians against Alexander disturb'd For the Athenians Demosthenes stirring them up against the Macedonians rejoyc'd at the News of Philip's Death and resolv'd that the Macedonians should no longer domineer over Greece To this end they sent over Ambassadors to Attalus and privately consulted with him concerning the Management of the whole Affair and stirr'd up many of the Cities to assert their Liberties The Etolians made a Decree to recall the Exiles of Acarnania whom Philip had driven out of their Country The Ambrociots by the Persuasion of Aristarchus drave outthe Garison that was there and restor'd the Democracy The Thebans likewise decreed to cast out the Garison that was in the Citadel of Cadmea and that Alexander should never with their Consent have Command in Greece The Arcadians Ant. Ch. 333. also as they were the only People that refus'd to give their Consent that Philip should be General of Greece so they now rejected Alexander The rest of the Peloponnesians as the Argives Eleans Lacedaemonians and some others were with all their might for their own Government To conclude many of the Nations beyond Macedonia waited for an Opportunity to rebell and great Commotions there were among the Barbarians in those Parts Notwithstanding all which and the Fears that were every where in the Kingdom and though he was but a Youth yet in a short time beyond all expectation he overcame all those Difficulties and made all plain and clear before him reducing some to their Duty by fair and smooth Words and others through fear and dread of Punishments and the rest he compell'd by force to stoop to his Sovereignty In the first place he so far gain'd upon the Thessalians both by Promises of large Rewards and by his smooth and courteous Language telling them how near of kin he was to them by his Descent from Hercules that they by a Publick Decree declar'd him General of Greece as that which descended to him from his Father Having gain'd this Point he brought over the bordering Nations to the same Good Opinion of him Then he went to Pyle and in the Senate of the Amphictyons he so manag'd his Matters that by the General Consent of all he was created Generalissimo of all Greece He assur'd the Ambrociots Alexander made General of Greece in a kind and smooth Oration made to them That he had that Kindness for them that he would presently restore them to that Liberty which they so lately sought to recover But to strike the greater Terror into those that regarded not his Words he came with a swift March with an Army of Macedonians in an hostile manner into Baeotia and encamping near Cadmea struck a Terror into the City of the Thebans About the same time the Athenians hearing of the King 's coming into Boeotia slighted Ant. Ch. 333. him no longer For the Quickness of the Youth and his diligent dispatch of Business greatly terrify'd the Revolters Hereupon the Athenians order'd every thing they had in the Country to be brought into the City and the Walls to be repair'd and guarded as well as they could and sent Ambassadors to Alexander to beg pardon that they had no The Athenians send Ambassadors to Alexander sooner own'd his Sovereignty and order'd Demosthenes to accompany the Ambassadors But he came not with the other to Alexander but return'd from Citherone to Athens either because he was afraid upon the account of the Speeches he had publickly made against the Macedonians or that he was not willing to displease the Persian King For it is reported that he had receiv'd great Sums of Money from the Persians to beat down the Interest of the Macedonians by his Orations Which was hinted they say by Eschines in one of his Speeches wherein he upbraids Demosthenes for taking of Bribes in these Words Now the King's Gold plentifully bears all his Charges But this will not serve his turn long for * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a debaucht Course Covetousness is never satisfy'd with Abundance But to proceed Alexander return'd a very courteous Answer to the Ambassadors which freed the Athenians from their Fears and he order'd all the Ambassadors and * Of the Amphictyons Members of the Council to meet him at Corinth where when those who were usually Members of the General Council were come the King by a gracious Speech so prevail'd with the Grecians that they created him General of all Greece and decreed him Aid and Assistance against the Persians in order to revenge the many Injuries the Greeks had receiv'd Ant. Ch. 333. from them Having gain'd the Honour he thus sought for he march'd back with his Army into Macedonia Having now given an Account of the Affairs of Greece we shall relate next what things were done in Asia For Attalus presently upon the death of Philip began to set up for himself and to that end made a League with the Athenians in order by their joint Concurrence to oppose Alexander But afterwards he chang'd his Mind and fent a Letter written to him by Demosthenes to Alexander and in many smooth and flattering Expressions endeavour'd to
clear himself of all those Crimes and Miscarriages that were laid to his charge However he was afterwards kill'd by Hecateus according to the King's Command upon which the Macedonian Army in Asia laid aside all Thoughts of a Defection for that Attalus was now gone and Parmenio greatly lov'd Alexander But being we are now about to write of the Kingdom of Persia it 's necessary that we begin our Relation a little higher Lately in the Reign of Philip * Darius Ochus Ochus poison'd by Bagoas Ochus rul'd over the Persians hated by all for his Ill Nature and Cruelty towards his Subjects Bagoas therefore a Colonel in the Army and an Eunuch but a wicked and beastly Fellow poison'd the King by the help of his Physician and plac'd the King's youngest Son Arses upon the Throne He likewise murder'd the New King's Brothers who were yet very young that being thus bereft of his Relations he might be more observant to himself But the Young Man abhorring the Wickedness of this Wretch and plainly by many Tokens discovering his Design to punish him Bagoas smelling it out murther'd Arses and Arses murder'd by Bagoas all his Children in the Third Year of his Reign The Royal Family being thus extinct and none of that Race left who could make any Title to the Crown he advanc'd one of his Friends call'd Darius to the Kingdom He Ant. Ch. 333. was the Son of Arsanus the Brother of Artaxerxes King of Persia But the Fate of Bagoas was very remarkable for having habituated himself to Cruelty he resolv'd likewise to poison Darius in a medicinal Potion But this Treason being discover'd the King sent Bagoas justly punish'd by Darius friendly to speak with him and when he came deliver'd to him the Cup and forc'd him to drink it off And indeed Darius was judg'd worthy to enjoy the Kingdom being look'd upon as the most Valiant Man among the Persians For heretofore when Artaxerxes was engag'd in a Battel against the Cadusians one of the Enemy of a strong Body and couragious Spirit challeng'd any of the Persians there present to a single Combat which when none would dare to undertake this Darius enter'd the List and kill'd the Cadusian For which he was highly rewarded by the King and gain'd the chiefest Reputation for Valour among the Persians And for this reason also he was accounted worthy of the Crown of Persia and began to Reign about the same time that Philip dy'd and Alexander succeeded in the Kingdom The Valour therefore of Alexander meeting with such a Man as this for his Adversary to cope with was the occasion so many Battels were fought for the Empire with that Resolution as they were But these Matters will appear more clear hereafter when things come to be distinctly and particularly related For the present we shall return to the Ant. Ch. 333. orderly course of the History * Darius Codomannus conquer'd by Alexander Darius being advanc'd to the Throne of Persia a little before the Death of Philip he was contriving how to avert the War threatned and bring it over to Macedonia it self But when he was dead and so the King freed from that Fear he slighted and despis'd the Youth of Alexander But being for his Valour and Activeness of Spirit in dispatch of Business at length created General of all Greece the Fame and Valour of the Young Man was * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in every Man's mouth And Darius now began to look about him and employ'd his chief Care to raise Forces and fitted out a great Fleet and made choice of the best Officers he could procure to Command his Army which was now very great and numerous among whom Memnon the Rhodian was one a Brave man both for Valour and Discipline Him the King Commanded to march to * Cyzicus an Island in the Propontis and a City there Cyzicus with Five thousand men and to endeavour to take in that City Who in order thereto march'd his Army over the Mountain Ida. Some fabulously report that this Mountain was so call'd from Ida of Meliseus It is the highest Mountain of any about the Hellespont In the middle is a Cave as if it A Description of Mount Ida. were made of purpose to entertain the Gods in which it is reported That * This was Paris the Son of Pâ—iam called Alexander who decided the Controversy between Juno Minerva and Venus by giving the Golden Apple to Venus as the fairest Paus l. 5. c. 19. Alexander gave Judgment concerning the Goddesses Here it 's said the * The Sons of Minerva and Apollo Idei Dactyli were born who were the first that were taught to work in Iron †Cybele by the Mother of the Gods A thing also very Wonderful and Remarkable is ascrib'd to this Place For at the rising of the * In August Dog-Star there is such a Serenity and Calmness of the Air upon the Top of the Mount as if it were there above all Storms and Winds and then even at Midnight the Sun seems to rise so as that its Rays appear not in a Circular Form but casts abroad Flames of Fire here and there at a great distance so that it seems as if Flakes of Fire in several Places overspread the Earth which within a little while after are contracted into one Body till they come to the quantity of Three * Three hundred Foot Plethras At length when the Day is at hand there appears as it were the compleat Body of the Sun inlightning the Air as it uses to do at other times But to proceed Memnon having pass'd over this Mountain assaults Cyzicum on a sudden Ant. Ch. 333. Memnon and was very near surprizing of it But failing in his Design he harrass'd the Country and return'd loaden with a rich Booty In the mean time Parmenio took Grynnius by Storm and sold all the Inhabitants for Parmenio takes Grynnius Slaves Then he besieg'd Pitane but Memnon approaching the Macedonians in a Fright quitted the Siege Afterwards Callas with a Body of Macedonians and other Mercenaries fought with the Persians in the Country of Troas and being overpower'd with Number was beaten and forc'd to retire to Rhetium And in this Condition was Asia at that time Alexander having quieted all the Commotions in Greece march'd with his Army into Thrace which struck such Terror into those People that had caus'd Tumults and Disorders there that he forc'd them to submit to his Government Then he invaded Peonia and * Now Dalmatia or Sclavonia Illyria and the People bordering upon them and having subdu'd those that had Revolted he likewise brought under his Dominion the Barbarians next adjoyning While he was engag'd in these Wars he receiv'd Intelligence that many of the Graecians were about to Revolt and that a considerable Number of the Greek Cities particularly Thebes had already actually rejected his Sovereignty He was hereupon in a great Rage