of a Letter sent the King August 14. 1686. found in Bishop Tirrel's but imperfect p. 303 Lord Clarendon's Speech in Council on his leaving the Government of Ireland p. 310 A General Abstract of the Gross Produce of his Majesties Revenue in Ireland in the three first years of the Management beginning at Christmas 1682. and ended Christmas 1685. p. 312 Sheriffs for the year 1687. p. 313 Lord Lieutenants and Debuty Lieutenants of Counties p. 324 Privy Councellors appointed by Letters from King James dated February 28. 1684. and such as were sworn since by particular Letters p. 333 The Civil List of Officers and the times of their entring on their Offices p. 334 An account of the General and Field Officers of King James's Army out of the Muster Rolls p. 341 A Copy of the Letter dispersed about the Massacre said to be designed on December 9. 1688. p. 345 Lord Mountjoy's Circular Letter on his going to France p. 346 Judge Keating's Letter to Sir John Temple December 29. 1688. p. 347 Proposals humbly offered to the Earl of Tyrconnell Lord Deputy by the Bishop Meath about the intended search for Arms p. 353 An account of the Conditions made in the Field between the High Sheriff of Gallway and the Prisoners afterwards condemned p. 356 A Copy of a Letter from Bishop Maloony to Bishop Tyrrell the Original found amongst Bishop Tyrrell's Papers March 8. 1689. p. 360 Presentment of the Grand Jury of Tipperary against Protestants p. 365 A List of all the Men of Note that came with King James out of France or that followed him after so far as could be Collected p. 366 A List of the Lords that sate in the pretended Parliament at Dublin held May 7. 1689. p. 369 The names of the Knights Citizens and Burgesses returned to the Parliament beginning May 7. 1689. p. 370 An Address to King James in behalf of Purchasers under the Act of Settlement by Judg Keating p. 377 The Lord Bishop of Meath's Speech in Parliament June 4. 1689. p. 389 Copies of the Orders for giving Possessions p. 388 Albaville's Instructions to the Commissioners of Oyer and Terminer p. 392 A Petition of the Minister of Wexford for his Church and the Order thereupon p. 395 Mr. Prowd Minister of Trim his account of the remarkable Accident that happened upon Plundering the Church of Trim p. 397 General Rosen's Order to bring the Protestants before Derry p. 399 Advertisement as it was published by Mr. Yalden in his weakly Abhorrence concerning Dr. King and Dr. Foy p. 404 Collonel Lutterell's Order for numbering Protestants p. 406 Collonel Lutterell's Order forbidding above five Protestants to meet any where p. 407 THE STATE OF THE Protestants of Ireland Under the late King James's Government IN WHICH Their Carriage towards him is justified and the absolute Necessity of their endeavouring to be freed from his Government and of submitting to their present Majesties is demonstrated INTRODUCTION Containing an Explication of the Doctrine of Passive Obedience and stating the true Notion and Latitude of it 1. IT is granted by some of the highest assertors of Passive Obedience that if a King design to root out a people or destroy one main part of his Subjects in favour of another whom he loves better that they may prevent it even by opposing him with force and that he is to be judged in such a case to have Abdicated the Government of those whom he designs to destroy contrary to Justice and the Laws This is Grotius's Opinion in his Book De jure Belli Pacis lib. 1. cap. 4. § 11. where citing Barclay he says If a King be carried with a malitious design to the destruction of a whole Nation he loses his Kingdom which I grant since a will to Govern and to Destroy cannot consist together therefore he who professes himself an Enemy to a whole People doth in that very act Abdicate his Kingdom But it seems hardly possible that this should enter into the heart of a King who is not mad if he govern only one people but if he govern many it may happen that in favour of one people he may desire the other were destroyed Doctor Hammond asserts Passive Obedience as high as any yet he approves this passage of Grotius and of Barclay in his vindication of Christ's reprehending S. Peter from the exceptions of Mr. Marshall p. 327. of his first Volume Grotius saith he mentions some cases wherein a King may be resisted As in case a King shall Abdicate his Kingdom and manifestly relinquish his Power then he turns private man and may be dealt with as any other such And some other the like 2. And it is observable that generally in all Books and Sermons concerning Obedience to Governors where this case is put suppose a King endeavour to destroy his people there are only two answers given to it one is that his Officers and Ministers ought not to obey him if they do the Law will punish them The other is that this case ought not to be put that we ought not to suppose that any King will designedly endeavour to destroy his people nay the Author of Jovian will not allow us to suppose that any King will attempt in England to Govern altogether by Arbitrary Power and the Sword For says he Chap. 12. p. 272. To suppose this is plainly to suppose the utmost impossibility and p. 273. If a King should shut up the Courts obstruct or pervert Justice he allows that all his good Subjects and all the bad too that tendered their own safety would desert him and Chap. 6. p. 152. He says he should be tempted to pray for the destruction of such a Prince as the only means of delivering the Church Falkner in his Christian Loyalty B. 2. Chap. 5. N. 19 20 tells us But if ever any such strange case as is supposed should really happen I confess it would have its great difficulties He brings in Grotius De jure Belli Pacis lib. 1. cap. 4. N. 7. And Bishop Bilsons Christian Subjection Part 3. p. 519. edit 1585. as allowing it and seems to allow their judgment in the case but then tells us that the case above-mentioned ought not at all to be supposed or taken into consideration All which plainly grants that if a King do in earnest design the destruction of his Subjects and get Ministers and Officers to concur with him in it who are ready to execute his wicked intentions and against whom the Law yields no Protection that in such a case the Subjects may desert their Prince decline his Government and Service and seek Protection where they can find it 3. And indeed whoever considers the Discourses that have been written concerning Non-Resistance will find that the reasons given for it either from the nature of the Thing or Scripture reach only tolerable evils and prove that a man ought to be patient under pressures laid on him by his Governor when the mischief is not
that we could promise our selves no help from his Negative Vote 13. The House of Lords if regularly assembled had consisted for the most part of Protestants and might have been a Check to the King's Intentions of taking away our Laws in a legal Method there being if we reckon the Bishops about Ninety Protestant Lords to Forty five Papists taking in the new Creations and attainted Lords But first to remove this Obstacle care had been taken to reverse the Outlawries of the Popish Lords in order to capacitate them to sit in the House 2. New Creations were made Sir Alexander Fitton the Chancellor was made Baron of Gosworth Thomas Nugent the Chief Justice Baron of Riverston Justin M'Carty Viscount Mountcashell Sir Valentine Brown Viscount Kenmare A List was made of more to be call'd into the House if there were occasion 3. They had several Popish Titular Bishops in the Kingdom and it was not doubted but if necessity required those would be call'd by Writs into the House 4. It was easie to call the eldest Sons of Noble-men into the Parliament by Writ which would not augment the Nobility and yet fill the House But there were already sufficient to over-vote the Protestants for there remain'd of about Sixty nine Protestant Temporal Lords only four or five in Ireland to sit in the House and of Twenty two Spiritual Lords only seven left in the Kingdom of which Dr. Michael Boyle Arch-bishop of Ardmah Dr. Hugh Gore Bishop of Waterford Dr. Roan Bishop of Killalâ—o were excused on the account of Age and Sickness The other four were Dr. Anthony Dopping Bishop of Meath Dr. Thomas Otway Bishop of Ossory Dr. Simon Digby Bishop of Lymerick and Dr. Edward Wettenhall Bishop of Cork and Ross these were oblig'd to appear upon their Writs directed to them and King James was forced sometimes to make use of them to moderate by way of Counterpoise the Madness of his own Party when their Votes displeas'd him But in the general they protested against most of the Acts and entered their Dissent It is observable that all these Acts of this pretended Parliament are said to be by the Advice and Consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal whereas not one Spiritual Lord consented to many of them but on the contrary unanimously protested against them and at passing the Act of Attainder of which more hereafter they were not so much as present They complain'd of this but were refus'd redress and the express mention of their consent continued Of Thirty seven Papist Lords there appear'd besides the new created Lords Twenty four at times of which Fifteen were under Attainders by Indictments and Outlawries two or three were under Age and there remain'd only Six or Seven capable of Sitting and Acting Chancellor Fitton now Baron of Gosworth was Speaker of the House of Lords King James was present constantly in the House and directed them not only in their Debates but likewise in their Forms and Ceremonies hardly one in either House having ever sate in a Parliament before 14. The House of Commons makes the Third Estate in Parliament and 't is by them that the People have a more immediate Interest in the Legislative Power the Members of this House being such as are return'd by the Peoples Free Election which is look'd on as the Fundamental Security of the Lives Liberties and Properties of the Subject These Members of the House of Commons are elected either by the Free-holders of Counties or the Free-men of Corporations And I have already shew'd how King James wrested these out of the Hands of Protestants and put them into Popish Hands in the new Constitution of Corporations by which the Free-men and Free-holders of Cities or Boroughs to whom the Election of Burgesses originally belongs are excluded and the Election put into the Hands of a small number of Men named by the King and removable at his pleasure The Protestant Free-holders if they had been in the Kingdom were much more than the Papist Free-holders but now being gone tho many Counties could not make a Jury as appear'd at the intended Tryal of Mr. Price and other Protestants at Wicklow who could not be tried for want of Free-holders yet notwithstanding the Paucity of these they made a shift to return Knights of the Shire The common way of Election was thus The Earl of Tyrconnel together with the Writ for Election commonly sent a Letter recommending the Persons he design'd should be chosen the Sheriff or Mayor being his Creature on receipt of this call'd so many of the Free-holders of a County or Burgesses of a Corporation together as he thought fit and without any noise made the return It was easie to do this in Boroughs because by their new Charters the Electors were not above Twelve or Thirteen and in the greatest Cities but 24 and commonly not half of these on the place The Method of the Sheriffs proceeding was the same the number of Popish Freeholders being very small sometimes not a Dozen in a County it was easie to give notice to them to appear so that the Protestants either did not know of the Election or durst not appear at it By these means the pretended Parliament consisted of the most Bigotted Papists and of such as were most deeply Interested to destroy the Protestant Religion and Protestants of Ireland One Gerrard Dillon Serjeant at Law a most furious Papist was Recorder of Dublin and he stood to be chosen one of the Burgesses for the City but could not prevail because he had purchased a considerable Estate under the Act of Settlement and they fear'd lest this might engage him to defend it Several Corporations had no Representatives either because they were in the Enemies hands or else because the Persons named by the Charter for Electors were so far remote that they could not come in such Numbers as to secure the Elections for Papists against the few Protestants that were left still in the Charters and who lived generally on the place I have mark'd the Boroughs and Counties that had no Representatives in number about Twenty nine few Protestants could be prevail'd with to stand tho they might have been chosen because they foresaw no possibility of doing good and thought it unsafe to sit in a Parliament which they judged in their Conscience Illegal and purposely design'd for Mischief to them and their Religion however it was thought convenient that some should be in it to observe how things went and with much perswasion and Intreaty Sir John Mead and Mr. Joseph Coghlan Counsellors at Law were prevail'd on to stand for the University of Dublin the University must chuse and it could not stand with their Honor to chuse Papists and therefore they pitch'd on these two Gentlemen who were hardly brought to accept of it as thinking it Scandalous to be in so ill Company and they could not prevail with themselves to sit out the whole Session but withdrew before the Act of Attainder
came to be concluded not enduring to be present at the passing of that and some other Barbarous Acts against which they found their Votes signified nothing while they staid There were four more Protestants return'd of whose Behaviour I can give no account or how they came to be return'd The generality of the Houses consisted of the Sons and Descendents of the Forfeiting Persons in 1641. Men that had no Freeholds or Estates in the Kingdom but were purposely elected to make themselves Estates by taking them away from Protestants 15. Now whilst the power of making and repealing Laws was in such hands what Security could Protestants promise themselves from any Laws or what probability was there that any Laws already made in their Favour would be continued Especially if we consider further that this Parliament openly profess'd it self a Slave to the King's Will and he was look'd on as Factiously and Rebelliously inclin'd that would dare to move any thing after any Favorite in the House had affirm'd that it was contrary to the King's pleasure Several Bills were begun in the House of Commons one for erecting an Inns of Court another for repealing an Act commonly call'd Poinings Act which requires that all Acts should be perused by the King and Council of England before they be offered to be pass'd by the Parliament in Ireland but King James signified his Dissatisfaction to these Bills and for that reason they and several others were let fall tho the Irish had talk'd much and earnestly desir'd the Repeal of Poinings Act it being the greatest Sign and means of their Subjection to England There was a doubt made in the House concerning the Earl of Strafford whether he should be attainted for Estate and Life several moved in his behalf but it was carried against him upon this Evidence Colonel Simon Lutterell affirmed in the House That he had heard the King say some hard things of him The King's pleasure therefore was the Law to which we were to trust for our Lives and Fortunes our Enemies having entirely engross'd the power of making and repealing Laws and devolved it on the King's pleasure the very Protestant Lords and Bishops being denied their Priviledge of entering their Protestations against such Votes as they conceiv'd Destructive to the Kingdom The King told them That Protestations against Votes were only used in Rebellious times and with much ado they were allowed to enter their Dissent tho after that was allowed them the Clerk of the Parliament one Polewheele a Nephew of Chancellor Fitton 's shifted them off and did not enter their Dissent to some Votes tho often sollicited and press'd to do it according to the Orders of the House 16. When King James had labour'd as much as in him lay to get a Parliament that would repeal the Penal Laws and Test in England and open the Houses to Papists he found at last that the great Obstacle that rendered the Kingdom so averse to this was the general Fear and Apprehension that the Legislative Authority would be engross'd by them and turn'd against Protestants this was so obvious and reasonable a Surmise that he knew there was no hopes that the People would side with him against their present Majesties if something were not done to satisfie them and therefore to remove this fear he published his Proclamation dated Sept. 20. 1688. wherein he declares himself willing that Roman Catholicks should remain incapable to be Members of the House of Commons if the Protestants of England had reason to apprehend that Papists would engross the Legislative Authority in England and from the Example of Queen Mary's House of Commons to dread such Law givers how much more reason had the Protestants of Ireland to dread that power when entirely engrossed by their most inveterate Popish Enemies whose Interest as well as Religion oblig'd them to divest all those that profess'd the Reform'd Religion not only of the Favour but likewise of the Benefits of Law 17. They sate from the Seventh of May till the Twentieth of July following and in that short time entirely destroy'd the Settlement of Ireland and outed both the Protestant Clergy and Laity of their Freeholds and Inheritances It is not to be exspected I should give an account of all their Acts that which concerns this present Section is to shew how they destroy'd the Protestants real Estates 1. And that was first by an Act of Repeal whereby they took away the Acts of Settlement and Explanation by virtue of which as I have already shew'd two thirds of the Protestants of the Kingdom held their Estates that is all that which is call'd New Interest was lost by this Repeal there is no consideration had in it how any Man came to his Estate but tho he purchased it at ever so dear a rate he must lose it and it is to be restor'd without Exception to the Proprietor or his Descendent that had it before October 22. 1641. upon what account soever he lost it tho they themselves did not deny but many deserv'd to lose their Estates even Sir Phelim O Neal's Son the great Murtherer and Rebel was restor'd 2. In order to make a final Extirpation of Protestants they contrive and pass an Act of Attainder by which all Protestants whose Names they could find of all Ages Sexes and Degrees are attainted of High Treason and their Estates vested in the King the pretence of this Attainder was their being out of the Kingdom at the time of passing the Act as shall be shewn in the next Section 3. Least some should be forgotten of those that were absent and not put into the Bill of Attainder they contriv'd a general Clause in the Act of Repeal whereby the real Estates of all who Dwelt or staid in any place of the three Kingdoms which did not own King Jame's Power or corresponded with any such as they term Rebels or were any ways aiding abetting or assisting to them from the First day of August 1688. are declared to be forfeited and vested in his Majesty and that without any Office or Inquisition found thereof By which Clause almost every Protestant that could Write in the Kingdom had forfeited his Estate for the Packets went from London to Dublin and back again constantly from August to March 1688. and few had Friends in England or in the North but corresponded with them by Letters and every such Letter is made by this clause a Forfeiture of Estate They had intercepted and search'd every Packet that went or came the later part of this time and kept vast Heaps of Letters which were of no Consequence at all to the Government we wondered what the meaning of their doing so should be but by this Parliament we came to understand it for now these Letters were produced as Evidences in the House of Commons against those that appear'd in behalf of their absent Friends or oppos'd the attainting of such Protestants as they had some kindness for and they were
of their Parliament destroyed this Jurisdiction by exempting all that please to be Dissenters p. 203 3. In most Diocesses the Bishops Dead or Attainted ibid. 4. They encouraged the most Refractory Dissenters Quakers against the Church p. 204 5. Likewise leud and debauched Converts ibid. 6. The Kings Courts hindred Bishops Proceedings against debauched Clergymen Instance in Ross and the Bishop of Killmore ibid. 7. King James appointed Chancellors Gordon a Papist in Dublin King James asserted a Power over his Protestant though not over his Roman Catholick Clergy A gross breach of Trust and provoking Temptation to his People p. 205 206 8. Papists encouraged Debauchery and had rather have us of no Religion than Protestants p. 206 Sect. 18. Fourthly By taking away their Churches p. 208 1. Priests declared they would have our Churches Act of their Parliament gave them to them with the Livings as they fell ibid. 2. At Duke Schonberg's landing they set the Rabble to deface them Instance in Trim and other Rudenesses p. 209 3. The Churches seized in Dublin Feb. 24. 1688. to put Arms in September 6. 1689. to search for Arms. Barbarities used in them In October and November the Churches seized throughout the Kingdom ibid. 4. By the Officers or Magistrates of the Army Christ Church Dublin seized p. 210 5. Protestants Complain and press to King James the Act for Liberty of Conscience Are referred by him to the Law ibid. 6. The injustice of this p. 211 7. For a colour to England and Scotland King James issues a Proclamation against seizing Churches which served only to hasten the doing of it ibid. 8. Priests slighted the Proclamation p. 212 9. Applications made to the King for Relief ibid. 10. On behalf of Waterford and Wexford King James Orders Restitution but is refused to be obeyed by the Mayors and Officers ibid. 11. On new Applications from the Protestants he refers Waterford Petition to the Earl of Tyrone Governor of Waterford who calls their Church a place of strength and turns it into a Garrison The Mayor of Wexford turned out but the Church never restored p. 213 12. When King James would have kept his word to us it was not in his Power by means of his Clergy ibid. 13. Act for Liberty of Conscience provides not against Disturbers of Assemblies p. 214 14. Many Disorders committed by their Soldiers in our Churches ibid. 15. Christ Church Dublin shut up September 6. Seized October 27. September 13. all Protestants are forbid to assemble July 13. 1689. all Protestants confined to their Parishes though two or three Parishes have but one Church June 30. more than five Protestants forbid to meet on pain of Death Had King James succeeded at the Boyne we should never have had our Churches again Liberty of Conscience brought to this p. 215 216 Sect. 19. Fifthly By encouraging Converts and ill Treatment of the Protestant Clergy p. 216 1. Protestant Wives severely treated by their Husbands Servants by their Masters Tenants by their Landords ibid. 2. Those that turned escaped Robberies c. p. 217 3. Protestant Clergy sure to be Plundered Bishops of Laughlin and Waterford ibid. 4. Without Horses in the Country and afronted in the Streets of Dublin p. 218 5. Dr. Foy's Treatment for resuting Mr. Hall Dr. King 's in his own Church Mr. Knight's by the Mayor of Scarborough c. ibid. 6. Oaths tendered them and upon their refusal imprisoned Hindred from visiting their Sick by Priests p. 219 7. Forced the Ministers to go about to take the number of their Parishoners p. 220 Sect. 20. Sixthly By Misrepresentations of them and their Principles p. 221 1 2. Priests told ignorant People that our Church allowed the King might oblige all his Subjects to be of his Faith ibid. 3. From the Doctrine of Non-Resistance they told us the King might use us as the Grand Seignior or the French King does his Subjects ibid. 4. King James warned the young Mr. Cecills against our Bishops as ill Men and all false to him p. 222 5. Yalden's weekly Abhorrences Scandalous falshood of Dr. King and Dr. Foy ibid. 6. Defence upon the whole of desiring and promoting King William to rescue us p. 224 7. From the lawfulness of the Grecians to desire or accept the like from a Christian Army ibid. Chap. IV. That there remained no prospect of Deliverance for us but from their present Majesties p. 225 1. There remained no defence for us from the Laws or King James ibid. 2. Unreasonable to trust to a new Miracle ibid. 3. Our Adversaries scoft us with Preaching Patience as Julian did the Christians ibid. 4 Mad at their Prey being rescued by his present Majesty p. 226 CHAP. V. A short Account of those Protestants who left the Kingdom and of those that stayed 228 Sect. 1. Concerning those who went away ibid. 1. Reason of this Section ibid. 2. No Law against Subjects Transporting themselves into the English Dominions ibid. 3. The Danger of staying and no prospect of doing good by their stay in Ireland 229 4. No prospect of being able to subsist in Ireland ibid. 5. The Reason of Clergy Mens going 230 6. The going away of so many of all sorts could not be without sufficient cause p. 231 7. Nor from a sudden and panick fear because it continued to the last p. 232 Sect. 2. Concerning those that stayed p. 233 1. Distribution of those that stayed into four sorts ibid. 2. First The meaner People either could not get away or were left in charge with the Concerns of those that went ibid. 3. Secondly The Gentlemen dreaded to beg or starve in England ibid. 4. Were willing to secure what they had if they could p. 234 5. Were desirous to Protect their poor Dependants ibid. 6. Were useful in interceding for and relieving many Distrest p. 235 7. In Counselling and advising inferior Protestants ibid. 8. Thirdly Those that had Employments their stay of great importance in preserving Records c. p. 236 9. Not safe for them to decline Acting till they were forced p. 237 10. In many Cases they were very beneficial to their Fellow Protestants ibid. 11. The few that did otherwise ought to suffer ibid. 12. Fourthly The Clergy need no Apology for staying Their Serviceableness in several instances p. 238 Conclusion 1. DIsclaiming Prejudice and Partiality p. 239 2. It were to be wished that Commissions might issue to enquire into the Damages of Protestants ibid. 3. The Irish may blame themselves for what they shall suffer in Consequence of these Troubles ibid. Index of the Appendix THE Act of Attainder in Ireland at large p. 241 The Persuasions and Suggestions the Irish Catholicks make to his Majesty supposed to be drawn up by Talbot Titular Archbishop of Dublin and found in Collonel Talbot's House July 1. 1671. p. 298 A Copy of a Letter of the Irish Clergy to King James in favour of the Earl of Tirconnell found amongst Bishop Tirrell's Papers in Dublin p. 301 The Copy
and the old petty Tyrants that claimed not only a Right to all his Tenant's Substance but likewise a power over his life 3. But many of the old Landlords lost their Estates by Outlawries and Attainders for their Rebellion in the year 1641 and for their murthering the Protestants at that time Many of them had sold their Estates and some had mortgaged them for more than their value two or three times to several persons a Practice very common in Ireland but it is observable that it is the humor of these People to count an Estate their own still tho they have sold it on the most valuable Considerations or have been turned out of it by the most regular Proceedings of Justice so that they reckon every Estate theirs that either they or their Ancestors had at any time in their possession no matter how many years ago And by their pretended Title and Gentility they have such an influence on the poor Tenants of their own Nation and Religion who live on those Lands that these Tenants look on them still tho out of possession of their Estates as a kind of Landlords maintain them after a fashion in Idleness and entertain them in their Coshering Manner These Vagabonds reckoned themselves great Gentlemen and that it would be a great Disparagement to them to betake themselves to any Calling Trade or Way of Industry and therefore either supported themselves by stealing and torying or oppressing the poor Farmers and exacting some kind of Maintenance either from their Clans and Septs or from those that lived on the Estates to which they pretended And these pretended Gentlemen together with the numerous Coshering Popish Clergy that lived much after the same manner were the two greatest Grievances of the Kingdom and more especially hindered its Settlement and Happiness The Laws of England were intolerable to them both nor could they subsist under them 4. As to the Popish Landlords who yet retained their Estates it put them out of all patience to find that the Bodough their Tenant so as they call the meaner sort of People should have equal Justice against them as well as against his Fellow Churl that a Landlord should be called to an account for killing or robbing his Tenant or ravishing his Daughter seemed to them an unreasonable Hardship It was insufferable to Men that had been used to no Law but their own Will to be levelled with the meanest in the Administration of Justice and every time they were crossed by a Tenant that would not patiently bear their Impositions they cursed in their Hearts the Laws of England and called to mind the glorious Days of their Ancestors who with a Word of their Mouths could hang or ruin which of their Dependents they pleased and had in themselves the power of Peace and War 5. This Humor in the Gentry of Ireland has from time to time been their Ruin and engaged them in frequent Rebellions being impatient of the Restraint the Laws of England put on their Power tho they enjoyed their Estates and they still watched an opportunity to restore themselves to their petty Tyrannies and were ready to buy the Reftitution of them at any rate The other sort of Gentlemen I mentioned as they called themselves who were outed of their Estates as well as of their Power by the same Laws hated them yet worse and their Clergy pushed them on with all the Arguments that ignorant Zeal or Interest could suggest insomuch that all sober Men as well as Protestants reckoned these the sworn Enemies of the Laws and Liberties of the Kingdom and were assured that they would stick at no conditions to destroy them their Interest Inclination and Principles all concurring to engage them to do it 6. Now these very Men were the Officers and Instruments King James employed and trusted above all others He espoused their Interest from the time that he had thoughts of the Crown they were his Favourites and Confidents and to provide for them he turned his English and Protestant Subjects first out of the Army then out of their Civil Trusts and Employments and lastly out of their Fortunes and Estates He knew very well that the Tempers and Genius of those Men were at enmity to the Laws and fitted for that Constitution of Slavery under which he designed to bring the Kingdoms He found that none were more fawning to their Superiors than they nor did any flatter with more Meanness and Servility and according to the nature of such People none are more insolent and tyrannous to their Inferiors And this was the reason that they were so dear to King James and that he preferred and trusted them rather than his Protestant and English Subjects The Bargain between him and them was plainly this restore us to our former Power Estates and Religion and we will serve you as you please in your own way An Expression that King James and all his Creatures often used and were very fond of 7. These People found that the King 's Legal Power could never restore them to the condition at which they aimed that the Power and Station they desired was absolutely contrary to the Laws in being and that no Legal Parliament would ever alter the Laws and Constitution of the Kingdom to gratifie them No wonder therefore if they espoused and promoted an absolute and despotick Power in the King and if he and they concurred so heartily to introduce it To do them Justice they made no Secret of it but professed it publickly and on all occasions and accordingly practised it in their several Stations They reckoned and called every one a Whig and Rebel that talked of any other Law than the King's Pleasure They were liberal of their Curses and Imprecations on all occasions but they exceeded and became outrageous against any one that durst alledge that their Proceedings were against Law Damn your Laws was frequently their word it is the Kings pleasure it should be so we know no reason why our King should not be as absolute as the King of France and we will make him so before we have done Nay so extravagant were many of them that they would swear with repeated Or ths that all Protestants were Rebels because they would not be of the King's Religion An Expression I suppose they learned from the French Dragoons 8. Some would undertake to argue the Case with such as seemed more moderate amongst them and put them in mind of the possibility of the Change of the Government and that then the Argument would be good against themselves but they had not patience to hear any such thing mentioned And they generally swore with the most bloody Oaths and bitter Imprecations that they would never subject themselves to any King that was not of their own Religion and that they would lose the last drop of their Blood rather than part with the Sword and Power put into their Hands on any consideration whatsoever These were not the Discourses of one or
preservation of the Kingdom and that he designed to advance the Popish Irish Interest in Ireland which every Body knows cannot be done without the utter ruin of the English Protestants 3. Yet all this we patiently endured and exercised our Charity in relieving the poor cashiered Soldiers and in putting the ruined Gentlemen into a way of Subsisting which was generally by sending them over Seas to Foreign Service and perhaps their Clamours and Sufferings did contribute to move the Compassion of the Prince of Orange our present Sovereign and forward his Designs 4. In the mean time the new raised Forces and Officers being put into Arms and Command to which they were Strangers into good Cloaths and mounted on Horses for which others had paid behaved themselves with all the insolence common to such sort of Men when unworthily Advanced They every where insulted over the English and had their Mouths continually full of Oaths Curses and Imprecations against them they railed on them and gave them all the opprobrious names they could and if any Chastized them for their Sauciness though ever so much provoked they had the Judges and Juries on their side They might kill whom they pleased without fear of Law as appeared from Captain Nangles murthering his disbanded Officer in the Streets of Dublin but if any killed or hurt them they were sure to suffer as Captain Aston found to his cost who was hanged for killing a Papist upon his abusing the Captains Wife in the Street They immediately ruined all the Protestant Inns of Ireland partly by oppressing them with Quarters partly by paying nothing for what they had in their Quarters and partly by driving away other Guests by their rudeness 5. In this insolence they continued and daily increased till the Prince of Orange came into England But then new Commissions were issued out with all dilligence of one sort or another sometimes five hundred in a day All the Scum and Rascallity of the Kingdom were made Officers every where the Papists arm'd and inlisted themselves and the Priests suffered no Man to come to Mass that did not Arm himself with at least a Skean and half Pike The new Commissioned Officers were obliged without Pay to subsist their Men as they termed it for three months a thing impossible for them to do since most of them were not able to maintain themselves The better sort of their Captains and inferiour Officers had been Footmen or Servants to Protestants One Gentlemans Cowherd was made a Lieutenant but he would fain have capitulated with his Master to keep his place vacant for him if his Commission did not hold Most of them were the Sons or Descendents of Rebels in 1641 who had murthered so many Protestants Many were Outlawed and Condemned Persons that had lived by Torying and Robbing No less than fourteen notorious Tories were Officers in Cormuck ô Neals Regiment and when forty or fifty thousand such were put into Arms without any Mony to pay them we must leave the World to judge what apprehensions this must breed in Protestants and whether they had not Reason to fear the destruction that immediately fell on them they saw their Enemies in Arms and their own Lives in their power They saw their Goods at the mercy of those Thieves and Robbers and Tories now armed and Authorized from whom they could scarce keep them when it was in their power to pursue and hang them And they had all the Reason in the World to believe that a Government that had armed such Men of desperate Fortunes and Resolutions was so far from protecting them which is the only end of all Government that on the contrary it designed to destroy both their Lives and Fortunes The latter of which as will appear by the sequel they have in a manner intirely lost 6. I could never hear any thing pretended for these proceedings except it were either 1. That the Army were the Kings Servants and every Man may employ what Servants he pleases or 2. That Protestants would not concur with the Kings intentions and therefore there was a necessity of dismissing them And 3. as to the general arming the Papists and Plundering the Protestants that it was necessary in order to raise and encourage an Army otherwise the King had had nothing to trust to 7. As to the first of these It is not true that every Man may entertain what Servants he pleases because one ought not to entertain any that are not qualified as the Law requires 2. If it were granted that the Case were the same between the King and his Army as between a Master and his Servants and that a Master might entertain what Servants he pleased neither of which is true yet it is to be considered that where another pays the Servants the Master must be obliged to keep such Servants as well answer the design of such as afford the Wages Now it was the Kingdoms Mony that paid the Soldiers it was given the King by a Protestant Parliament to preserve the Protestant English Interest and suppress the conquered Irish Papists as appears by the Acts themselves it was paid by them out of their proper Fortunes and Estates and for the King to Employ the Mony so given and paid him to Arm those whom it was designed to suppress and destroy those who gave it is the greatest breach of Trust and prevarication of which any can be guilty 8. As to the second Reason that Protestants would not concur with the Kings intentions I believe it is true but the Reason was because the Kings intentions were to destroy the Laws Liberty and Religion Established in his Kingdom they had and would have answered every just intention of the King nay such as were Employed by him had concurred further with him than was perhaps justifiable And his laying them aside as unserviceable to his Designs is a plain Demonstration that those Designs were irreconcilable to the good of the Kingdom and the Protestant English Interest 9. As to the third Reason that it was necessary in order to raise an Army for the King to Arm all the Rascallity of Ireland and to let them destroy the Protestants to subsist and hearten them I answer that this owns a Necessity if not a Design of destroying us and considering that the Papists only by their wicked Counsels had brought that necessity on the Kingdom it can never be imputed to the Protestants by any wise Man as a Crime that they were unwilling to comply with the King to their own Destruction or that they rather chose to be delivered by his present Majesty than ruined by King James and his foolish Counsellors Upon the whole the ordering the Irish Army as it was by King James is a plain Demonstration of his Design to destroy us and a great step towards it and he had effectually done it had not the Providence of God raised up his present Majesty to Relieve us SECT III. Secondly King James's ordering the Courts of
were first Robbed of all and then laid in Goal and that they had no way offended his Majesty or disturbed his Government and begged his favour in their behalf His Majesty heard him but made him no answer instead thereof he fell into discourse of another Affair with a Papist that chanced to be by and that with an Air more than ordinarily pleasant and unconcerned Indeed his Majesty had by one general Order and Proclamation dated July 26. 1689 confined all Protestants without distinction of Age or Sex to their Parishes and Cities though their Occasions were such that he very well knew that this alone without any more was a very great encroachment on their Liberty and a mighty inconveniency to their Affairs especially when it was continued without Reason or Limitation No body knew when this would be relaxed and it was Executed with great strictness till his present Majesties success put an end to it and to the Power that imposed it 8. But least these hardships and restraints should either be avoided by our flight or known in England where King James had a Party to cry up the mildness of his Government and face down the World that the Protestants lived easily and happily under him in Ireland a most strict Embargo was laid on all Ships and effectual care taken to destroy all Correspondence with our Friends there insomuch that to avoid a Goal great numbers of Gentlemen and other persons were forced to make their escapes in small Wherries and Fishing-Boats which before these times durst never venture out of the sight of the Shoar but it seemed more tolerable to every body that could compass it to cross the Irish Seas so famous for their boisterousness and Shipwracks in that hazardous manner than to continue under a Government where they could call nothing their own where it was in the power of any that pleased to deprive them of their Liberty where they durst not Travel three Miles for fear of incurring the severest penalties where they could not send a Letter to a Friend though in the next Town and about the most necessary Occasions and where tho never so cautious and innocent they were sure at last to be sent to a Goal A Government that thus encroached on our Liberties could not expect we should continue under it longer than we needs must and it had been unpardonable folly in us not to desire much more to refuse a deliverance especially from England which if Blood and Treasure or a Possession of five hundred years can give a right to a Country is justly intitled to the Government of Ireland And which if it had no other exception against King James's Government but his Carriage towards Ireland and his attempts to separate it from its dependence on England must be justified by all the World in their laying him aside as a Destroyer of his People and a disinheritor of the Crown of his Ancestors SECT VIII 7. The preparations made by the Earl of Tyrconnel to ruin the Estates and Fortunes of the Protestants by taking away their Arms. 1. 'T Is Property that makes Government necessary and the immediate end of Government is to preserve Property where therefore a Government instead of preserving intirely ruins the Property of the Subject that Government dissolves it self Now this was the State of the Protestants in Ireland the Government depriv'd them contrary to Law and Justice nay for the most part without so much as the pretence of a Crime of every thing to which persons can have a Property even of the necessaries of life Food and Rayment To lay this more fully before the Reader I will shew First That King James took away the Arms of Protestants Secondly That he took away their personal and Thirdly their real Estates 2. When his present Majesty made his descent into England King James had an Army of Papists in Ireland consisting of between 7 and 8000 of which near 4000 were sent over to him into England there remain'd then about 4000 behind scattered up and down the Kingdom which were but a handful to the Protestants there being Men and Arms enough in Dublin alone to have dealt with them When therefore the News came that K. J. had sent Commissioners to treat with the Prince of Orange it was propos'd by some to seize the Castle of Dublin where the Stores of Arms and Ammunition lay the possibility of this was demonstrated and the Success extreamly probable insomuch that the persons who offer'd to undertake it made no doubt of effecting it they considered that the Papists besides the 4000 of the Army were generally without Arms that those who were in Arms were raw and cowardly and might easily be supprest that to do it effectually there needed no more but to seize the Deputy Tyrconnel who had not then above 600 Men in the City to guard him and secure it that their hearts were generally sunk and they openly declar'd themselves to be desirous to lay down their Arms proposing to themselves no other Conditions but to return to the station in which they were when K. J. came to the Crown This was so universally talk'd of by themselves that if any one could have assured them of these terms there was no doubt but they would readily have comply'd and have left the Lord Tyrconnel to shift for himself nay it is probable the wiser sort amongst them would have bin glad that the Protestants had seiz'd him and he himself commanded some Protestants to signifie to their Friends in England that he was willing to part with the Sword on these terms so he might have leave to do it from K. J. But the Protestants had bin educated in such a mighty veneration to the very name of Authority and in so deep a sense of Loyalty that notwithstanding the many provocations given them and their fear of being serv'd as in 1641 the memory of which was still fresh to them they yet abhorr'd any thing that look'd like an Insurrection against the Government and generally condemn'd the design of medling with the Lord Deputy tho they knew he was no Legal Governour and uncapable by the Law of that Trust. Especially the Lord Mountjoy laboured for his safety and prevented the forementioned proposal of seizing him and the Castle with as much industry as if he himself had bin to perish in it The truth is it was an unanimous resolution of all the Protestants of the Kingdom that they would not be the Aggressors and they held steadily to their resolution None offered or attempted any thing till they saw the whole body of the Papists in Ireland forming themselves into Troops and Companies and these new rais'd Men permitted nay put under a necessity to rob and plunder for their subsistence They pitied the hard Fortune of K. J. and notwithstanding they were half ruin'd themselves when he came into the Kingdom yet if he had carried himself with any tolerable moderation towards them and his
consideration of their Friends whom their Enemies treated barbarously in their sight could prevail with them to give up themselves or their cause but by patience and resolution they wearied out their Enemies and instead of letting them make approaches to their Walls they enlarged their Out-works upon them and made them confess after a Siege of Fifteen Weeks that if the Walls of Derry had been made of Canvas they could not have taken it The same may be said of the People of Enniskillin who lived in a wild Country and untenable place surrounded with Enemies on every side and removed from almost all possibility of Succour being in the heart of Ireland yet they chose to run all Hazards and Extremities rather than trust their Faithless Enemies or contribute to the ruin of the Protestant Interest by yielding After almost all their Gentry of Estates or Note had left them or refused to joyn heartily with them they formed themselves into Parties and though in a manner without Arms and Ammunition yet by meer Resolution and Courage they worsted several Parties of the Enemy and almost naked recovered Arms and Ammunition out of their Hands and signalized themselves in many Engagements by which they not only saved themselves but likewise did considerable Service to the Protestants that were under the Power of King James for this Handful of Men by their frequent Incursions and carrying off Prisoners in every Engagement terrified even the Papists of Dublin into better Humour and more moderate Proceedings as to the Lives of Protestants that lived amongst them than perhaps they would otherwise have been inclined to They saw from this that their Game was not so sure as they imagined and the Prisoners taken by those of Enniskillin were Hostages for their Friends that lived in Dublin and the Humanity with which the Prisoners were used there was a Reproach on the Barbarity exercised by the other Party In short it appeared that it was neither Malice nor Factiousness that engaged them in Arms but meer Self-preservation and the Obligation of their Tenures and Plantations by which they were bound to keep Arms and Defend themselves and their Country from the power of the Popish Natives which were then Armed against them 13. But to return to the Lord Deputy's Proceedings in his new Levies in order to gain time and delude the Protestants he sent for the Lord Mountjoy out of the North after he had compounded the business of Derry and perswaded him to go with Chief Baron Rice to King James into France to represent to him the weakness of the Kingdom and the necessity to yield to the Time and wait a better opportunity to serve himself of his Irish Subjects The Lord Tyrconnel swore most solemnly that he was in earnest in this Message and that he knew the Court of France would oppose it with all their Power for said he that Court minds nothing but their own Interest and they would not care if Ireland were sunk to the Pit of Hell they are his own Words so they could give the Prince of Orange but Three Months diversion but he added if the King be perswaded to ruin his fastest Friends to do himself no Service only to gratify France he is neither so Merciful nor so Wise as I believe him to be If he recover England Ireland will fall to him in course but he can never expect to Conquer England by Ireland if he attempts it he ruins Ireland to do himself no kindness but rather to exasperate England the more against him and make his Restoration impossible and he intimated that if the King would not do it he would look on his Refusal to be forced on him by those in whose power he was and that he would think himself obliged to do it without his Consent 14. Every body told the Lord Mountjoy that this was all sham and trick and that the design was only to amuse the Protestants and get him who was the likeliest Man to head them out of the way But his Answer was that his going into France could have no influence on the Councils of England who were neither privy nor Parties to it and if they had a mind to reduce the Kingdom it was easy to do it without his Assistance that he must either go on this Message now the Deputy had put him upon it or enter into an actual War against him and against such as adhered to King Jame's Interest that he did not think it safe to do the latter having no order or encouragement from England but on the contrary all the Advice he received from thence was to be quiet and not to meddle that he was obliged to King James and neither Honour Conscience nor Gratitude would permit him in his present Circumstances to make a War on his own Authority against him whilst there was any possibility of doing the business without one Upon these considerations against the general Opinion of all the Protestants in Ireland he undertook the business and went away from Dublin about the Tenth of January 1688 having first had these general Concessions made him in behalf of the Protestants 1. That no more Commissions should be given out or new Men raised 2. That no more of the Army should be sent into the North 3. That none should be questioned for what was passed And 4. That no Private House should be garrison'd or disturb'd with Soldiers these he sent about with a Letter which will be found in the Appendix But he was no sooner gone but the Lord Deputy according to his usual Method of Falshood denyed these Concessions seemed mighty angry at the dispersing the Letter and refused to observe any of them The first News we heard from France was that the Lord Mountjoy was put into the Bastile which further exasperated the Protestants against King James and made them look on him as a Violater of Publick Faith to his Subjects As for the Lord Deputy this clearly ruined his Credit if ever he had any amongst them and they could never after be brought to give the least belief to what he said on the contrary they look'd on it as a sure sign that a thing was false if he earnestly affirmed it 15. But it was not yet in his power to master them he had not sufficiently Trained and Exercised his Men but as soon as he found that nothing was to be feared from England before the End of Summer and that he was assured King James would be with him soon he laid aside his Vizour and fell upon disarming them It was no difficult matter to do this for in the very beginning of King James's Reign the Protestant Militia had been dissolved and though they had bought their own Arms yet they were required to bring them into the Stores and they punctually obeyed the Order Such of the Protestant Army as remained in the Kingdom after their Cashiering were likewise without Arms being as I shewed before both disarmed and strip'd upon
but by the legal course of Juries But King James and his Parliament intended to do the work of Protestants speedily and effectually and not to wait the slow methods of proceeding at the Common Law They resolv'd therefore on a Bill of Attainder and in order to it every Member of the House of Commons return'd the Names of such Protestant Gentlemen as liv'd near him or in the County or Burrough for which he serv'd and if he was a stranger to it he sent into the County or Place for information they were in great haste and many escaped them on the other hand some that were actually in King James's Service and fighting for him at Derry of which Cornet Edmund Keating Nephew to my Lord Chief Justice Keating was one were return'd as absent and attainted in the Act. When they had made a Collection of Names they cast them into several Forms and attainted them under several Qualifications and accordingly allow'd them time to come in and put themselves on Tryal the Qualifications and Numbers were as follow 1. Persons Attainted of Rebellion who had time given them till till the Tenth of August to surrender themselves and be tryed provided they were in the Kingdom and amenable to the Law at the time of making the Act otherwise were absolutely Attainted One Archbishop One Duke Fourteen Earls Seventeen Viscounts and one Viscountess Two Bishops Twelve Barons Twenty six Baronets Twenty two Knights Fifty six Clergymen Eleven hundred fifty three Esquires Gentlemen c. 2. Persons who were absentees before the Fifth of Novem. 1688 not returning according to the Proclamation of the Twenty fifth of March attainted if they do not appear by the First of September 1689. One Lord. Seven Knights Eight Clergymen Sixty five Esquires Gentlemen c. 3. Persons who were Absentees before the Fifth of November 1688. not returning according to the Proclamation of the Twenty fifth of March attainted if they do not appear by the First day of October 1689. One Archbishop One Earl One Viscount Five Bishops Seven Baronets Eight Knights Nineteen Clergymen Four hunder'd thirteen Esquires Gentlemen c. 4. Persons usually resident in England who are to signifie their Loyalty in case the King goes there the First of October 1689. and on His Majesties Certificate to the Chief Governour here they to be discharged otherwise to stand attainted One Earl Fifteen Viscounts and Lords Fourteen Knights Four hunder'd ninety two Esquires Gentlemen c. 5. Absentees by reason of sickness and noneage on proving their Loyalty before the last day of the first Term after their return to be acquitted and restor'd in the mean time their Estates Real and Personal are vested in His Majesty One Earl Seven Countesses One Viscountess Thirteen Ladies One Baronet Fifty nine Gentlemen and Gentlewomen 6. They vest all Lands c. belonging to Minors Ladies Gentlewomen in the King till they return and then upon Proof of their Loyalty and Faithfulness to King James they are allow'd to sue for their Estates before the Commissioners for executing the Acts of Repeal and Attainder if sitting or in the High Court of Chancery or Court of Exchequer and upon a Decree obtain'd for them there the Sheriffs are to put them in possession of so much as by the Decree of one of those Courts shall be adjudged them The Clauses in the Act are so many and so considerable that it never having been printed intire I thought it convenient to put it into the Appendix Perhaps it was never equall'd in any Nation since the time of the Proscription in Rome and not then neither for here is more than half as many Condemned in the small Kingdom of Ireland as was at that time proscribed in the greatest part of the then known World yet that was esteemed an unparallel'd Cruelty When Sir Richard Nagle Speaker of the House of Commons presented the Bill to King James for his Royal Assent he told him that many were attainted in that Act by the House of Commons upon such Evidence as fully satisfied the House the rest of them were attainted he said upon common Fame A Speech so very brutish that I can hardly perswade my self that I shall gain credit to the Relation but it is certainly true the Houses of Lords and Commons of their pretended Parliament are Witnesses of it and let the World judge what security Protestants could have of their Lives when so considerable a Lawyer as Sir Richard Nagle declares in so solemn an occasion and King James with his Parliament approves that common Fame is a sufficient Evidence to deprive without hearing so many of the Gentry Nobility and Clergy of their Lives and Fortunes without possibility of pardon and not not only cut off them but their Children and Posterity likewise By a particular Clause from advantages of which the former Laws of the Kingdom would not have deprived them though their Fathers had been found guilty of the worst of Treasons in particular Tryals 7. I shall only add a few Observations on this Act and leave the Reader to make others as he shall find occasion 1. Then this Act leaves no room for the King to pardon after the last day of November 1689. if the Pardon be not Enroll'd before that time the Act declares it absolutely void and null 2. The Act was conceal'd and no Protestant for any Money permitted to see it much less take a Copy of it till the time limited for Pardons was past at least Four Months So that the State of the Persons here attainted is desperate and irrecoverable except an Irish Popish Parliament will relieve them for King James took care to put it out of the power of any English Parliament as well as out of his own Power to help them by consenting to another Act of this pretended Parliament Intituled An Act declaring that the Parliaments of England cannot bind Ireland and against Writs of Errors and Repeals out of Ireland into England 3. It is observable with what hast and confusion this Act was drawn up and past perhaps no man ever heard of such a crude imperfect thing so ill digested and compos'd past on the World for a Law We find the same Person brought in under different Qualifications in one Place he is expresly allow'd till the First of October to come and submit to Tryalâ— and yet in another Place he is attainted if he do not come in by the First of September many are attainted by wrong Names many have their Christian Names left out and many whose Names and Sirnames are both put in are not distinguished by any Character whereby they may be known from others of the same Names 4. Many considerable Persons are left out which certainly had been put in if they could have gotten their Names which is a further proof of their hast and confusion in passing the Bill It is observable the Provost Fellowâ— and Scholars of the Colledge by Dublin are all omitted the Reason was
this Minister that he frequently both in his Proclamations and Acts of Parliament ascribes the saving of Ireland to him and assigned him above the value of 20 m. Pounds per Annum to support his new Title of Duke out of the forfeited Estates of Protestants most of them Condemned unheard on publick Fame only This Person therefore was the true Enemy of King James he drove his Master out of his Kingdoms he destroyed him by his pernicious Councils and the Kingdom of Ireland by his exorbitant and illegal Management and therefore he and such other wicked Councellors and Ministers are only answerable for all the Mischiefs that have sollow'd and it is much more reasonable the destruction should fall on them who were the Authors than on the Protestants against whom they design'd it APPENDIX AN ACT For the Attainder of divers Rebels and for preserving the Interest of Loyal Subjects HUMBLY beseech your Majesty the Commons in this present Parliament assembled That whereas a most horrid Invasion was made by your unnatural Enemy the Prince of Orange invited thereunto and assisted by many of your Majesty's rebellious and trayterous Subjects of your Majesty's Dominions and such their inviting and assisting made manifest by their perfidious deserting your Majesty's Service in which by your many Princely Obligations besides their natural Duties they were bounden and having likewise to obtain their wicked ends raised and levied open Rebellion and War in several places in this Kingdom and entered into Associations and met in Conventions in order to call in and set up the said Prince of Orange as well in Ulster and Connaught as in the other Provinces of Munster and Lienster To quell which your Sacred Majesty's late Deputy in this Kingdom Richard then Earl and now Duke of Tyrconnel before your Majesty's happy Arrival in this Kingdom and your Sacred Majesty since your Arrival here have been necessitated to raise an Army to your Majesty's great Charge and Expence And though the said Rebels and Traitors after their having the impudence to declare for the Prince and Princess of Orange against your Sacred Majesty were with all mildness and humanity called in to their Allegiance by Proclamations and Promises of Pardon for their past Offences and Protection for the future And though some of the said Proclamations assured Pardon to all such as should submit themselves and that no Persons were excepted in the last Proclamation besides very few not exceeding Ten in number and few or none of any note came in in obedience thereto and that very many of the Persons who came in upon Protections and took the Oath of Allegiance to your Majesty were afterwards found amongst the Rebels in open Arms and Hostility when taken Prisoners or killed such Protections being found with them So villanous were they by adding Perjury to their former Crimes That it may be Enacted and be it Enacted by your most Excellent Majesty by and with the Advice and Consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons in this present Parliament Assembled and by Authority of the same that the Persons hereafter named being Persons who have notoriously joined in the said Rebellion and Invasion and some of which are upon Indictments condemned some executed for High Treason and the rest ran away or abscond or are now in the actual Service of the Prince of Orange against your Majesty and others kill'd in open Rebellion viz. Francis Marsh Lord Archbishop of Dublin James Butler Duke of Ormond Richard Boyle Earl of Cork Cary Dillon Earl of Roscomon William Earl of Strafford Edward Brabazon Earl of Meath John Earl of Mulgrave Vaughan Earl of Carberry William O Bryan Earl of Inchiquin Charles Coote Earl of Mountrath Henry Moor Earl of Drogheda Charles Talbot Earl of Waterford and Wexford Hugh Montgomery Earl of Mountalexander Richard Earl of Ranelagh Sidney Earl of Leicester Villers Viscount Grandison James Annesly Viscount Valentia and Earl of Anglesey George Viscount Castleton Sâ—udamore Viscount Sâ—udamore of Sligoe Luâ—bly Viscount Luâ—bly of Waterford Wenman Viscount Wenman of Tuam Buckley Viscount Buckley of Cashel Francis Boyle Viscount Shannon John Skevington Viscount Mâ—ssareene Cholmundy Viscount Cholmundy of Kells Richard Boyle Viscount Dungarvâ—n alias Lord Clifford Maurice Berkeley Viscount Fitz-Harding of â—eerehaven William Caulfield Viscount Charlemont Morrough Boyle Viscount Blessington James Lane Viscount Lanesborough Daâ—ney Viscount Down William Stewart Viscount Mount joy Adam Loftus Lord Lisburn Ezekiel Hopkins Lord Bishop of Derry William Sheridan Lord Bishop of Killmore William Digby Lord Digby of Geashell Henry Lord Blany of Monoghan Henry Lord Herbert of Castle-Island Sherrard Lord Sherrard of Leytrim Lord Wâ—rton Robert King Lord Baron of Kingston Richard Coote Lord Baron of Coloony Charles Petty Lord Shelburne Henry O Bryan commonly called Lord Ibrickan Robert Dillon commonly called Lord Kilkenny-West William O Bryan commonly called Lord O Bryan Son to the Earl of Inchiquin Robert Lord Lucas Sir Arthur Royden of Moyra Baronet Sir Arthur Cole of Newland Baronet Sir Robert Reading of Brareil Baronet Sir William Temple Baronet late Master of the Rolls Sir Francis Blundell of Edenderry Baronet Sir Laurence Parsons of Bi r Baronet Sir Richard Reynells of Dublin Baronet Sir Christopher Wandesford of Castle Comber Baronet Sir Thomas Southwell of Castlematres Baronet Sir Simon Eaton of Dunmoylen Baronet Sir Emanuel Moore of Ross Baronet Sir Robert Southwell of Kinsale Baronet Sir John Osborne of Baronet Sir Robert Staples of Lissane Baronet Sir James Caldwell of Bellick Baronet Sir John Humes of Castle-Humes Baronet Sir Francis Hamilton of Castle-Hamilton Baronet Sir Arthur Longford of Summer-Hill Baronet Sir William Francklin of Belfast Baronet Sir Oliver St. George of Headford Baronet Sir Robert King of Rockingham Baronet Sir William Gâ—re of Mannâ—r-Hamilton Baronet Sir William Courtney of New-Castle Baronet Sir William Tichburn of Bewly Baronet Sir Samuel Barnadiston Baronet Sir Robert Cottrill of New-town Knight Sir Joshua Allen of Dublin Knight Sir Matthew Bridges of the same Knight Sir Phillips Coote of Killester Knight Sir John Temple of Palmerstown Knight Sir Charles Meredith of Green-Hills Knight Sir Richard Ryves of Dublin Knight Sir Richard Stevens late of Dublin Knight Sir John Edgeworth of Lissane Knight Sir Robert Clayton Knight Sir Richard Buckley of Dunlavan Baronet Sir Henry Fane of Loghgurr Knight Sir Robert Holmes of Ardagh Knight Sir Richard Hull of Leamcon Knight Sir Matthew Dean of Cork Knight Sir Henry Ingoldesby of Dangen Knight Sir John Topham Knight Sir Francis Brewster of Brewsterfield Knight Sir Albert Cunningham of Mount-Charles Knight Sir Tristrum Beresford of Ballykelly Baronet Sir John Magill of Gill-Hall Knight Sir Nicholas Atcheson of Mullaghbrack Knight Sir George St. George of Dummore Knight Thomas Coote of the City of Dublin Esq Richard Foster Esq William Worth Esq lately one of the Barons of the Exchequer John Eaton Esq Counsellor at Law Lieutenant Joseph Stopford Ensign Thomas Stanly Captain Oliver Long Captain Thomas Flower Lieutenant Buckridge Lieutenant
that produced such Fatal Effects ought to be insisted upon or embraced If the King of France had not been too generous and too Christian a Prince were it not a sufficient Motive for him to reject the King in his Disgrace that upon those rotten Principles rejected his Alliance yet those and only those Principles will be made use of to perswade you there that you must not think of your own Restauration and Assurance at Home first but go into England to restore the Catholicks And if there be any other Adherents of the King 's there and that it will be time enough to think of your own Restauration after Which is the same as to say at Dooms-day For never a Catholick or other English will ever think or make a step nor suffer the King to make a step for your Restauration but leave you as you were hitherto and leave your Enemies over your Heads to crush you any time they please and cut you off Root and Branch as they now publickly declare And blame themselves they have not taken away your Lives along with your Estates long ago nor is there any Englishman Catholick or other of what Quality or Degree soever alive that will stick to sacrifice all Ireland for to save the least Interest of his own in England and would as willingly see all Ireland over inhabited by English of whatsoever Religion as by the Irish and yet by their fine Politicks they would perswade the Irish to come and save their Houses from burning whilst they leave their own on fire Which is no better than to look upon People as so many Fools when every body knows that Charity begins at Home that one's Charity for himself is the Rule and Measure of that he ought to have for his Neighbour diliges proximum tuum sicut teipsum Is it not a better and more Christian Politick for the King and all that are faithful unto him to restore first a whole Kingdom that stands out for him when all the rest failed to their Birth-right which they have been out of these Thirty Six Years only for being obstinately Loyal to his Father Brother and himself than to displease those who have been and are still Loyal and who can get any Condition they please from the Enemy to join with them by thus pleasing or trimming with those who never were or ever will be True or Faithful and when they are thus restored and no Enemies left in their Bowels that can do his Majesty or them any Harm then to go in a strong Body together with his Majesty into England join with all such that will prove Faithful and Loyal and so restore his Majesty to his Throne and each one to his right I would fain know from these trimming Politicks whether it be not securer and more honourable for the King to offer all fair Means and shew his Clemency to his People when he is in Condition to force them to what he pleases to exact of them than to be daily undervaluing himself by offering them all the fair Means imaginable which they slight and scorn because they seeing he has no Means to force them or do them Harm think he does all only out of fear and not by any sincere or true Affection And I would fain further know if it be not better and greater Policy for him to put the Kingdom of Ireland still so Loyal unto him upon the best and highest Foot both Ecclesiastical and Temporal he can contrive and yet granting it nothing but its natural Right and Due that it may be a Check upon the People of England who are ready every New-Moon to Rebel then to keep it still in a continual Slavery and full dependance on such perfidious and inconstant People and himself deprived of the support he can still have from thence against their Revolt I dare averr if Ireland were put upon such a foot by the King he shall never fear any Rebellion in England especially if Scotland be faithful to him and France a Friend all which can now be well contrived and concerted But when all is done I would fain yet know from those Politick Trimmers by what Law of God or Man Ecclesiastical or Politick they think Ireland is bound to be the Sacrifice and Victim of the Rebellion of England either for to hinder those turbulent People from Rebelling or for to Reconcile them to their Duty by giving them forsooth as Recompence the Estates of those unfortunate Catholicks and send themselves a begging I dare say no Catholick in England much less a Protestant who would so easily give his consent and advice that the Estates of the Irish Catholicks may serve as a Recompence for the English Rebels would willingly give a Plow-Land of his own Estate to Reconcile all the Rebels of England to their Duty if he were not afraid to lose his own whole Estate by the Rebellion and yet would advise to do to others what he would not have to be done to himself contrary to the great Rule and Maxim of Nature and Christianity Quod tibi fieri non vis alteri ne feceris I would fain further know from this Politick Trimmer so large of other Peoples Goods and so sparing of his own if one Province in England had revolted against their King as the whole Kingdom does now and that the rest of the Provinces continued faithful would they think fit or prudent to give their Lands and Estates to those Rebels for laying down their Arms and go beg themselves Or would the King expect or desire it from them No sure but rather that they should take up Arms and joyn with His Majesty to reduce and punish such Rebels in lieu of recompencing them with the Loyal's Estates And is not that the case of the Irish Why do you not then judge alike Or if you do not look upon an Irish man as a Fool why will you have him do what you say is not fit for your self or other fellow-Subjects to do in like case And sure you must think him a Fool and after-wit as you use to say if he will be perswaded by your Trimming Politick to leave his own Estate to his Enemy and come to save yours who would but laugh at him the next day at the best for his folly If their great and long Vexations have not given the Irish better understanding and know how little regard all the English whatsoever have for them they deserve to be dealt with like Fools But who would think it were Prudent or Politick for the King to bring a great Body of Men out of Ireland into England or Scotland leaving behind him in Ireland a considerable strong Party of Phanaticks all Enemies whatever outward shew they make to the contrary to rise in Arms as soon as they see the King turn his Back to them and they get a supply from their fellow Rebels out of England which will not be wanting at any time and so cut the Throats
Foxon John Power John Banner Henry Nugent William Mackentosh Charles O Danniel Arthur Dillon Lord Brittas Allen Bellingham John Brown Thomas Carleton Robert Nugent Captain Pagez Captain Durass Nicholas Kemish No. 20. A List of the Lords that sate in the pretended Parliament at Dublin held the 7th of May 1689. The Nobility of Ireland May 7th 1689. Sir Alex. Fitton Kt. Baron of Gausworth Lord Chancellor Dr. Mich. Boyle Lord Archbishop of Armagh Primate of all Ireland Rich. Talbot Duke of Tyrconnel Earls Nugent Earl of Westmeath Mac Donel Earl of Antrim Barry Earl of Barrymore Lambert Earl of Cavan Mac Carty Earl of Clancarty Power Earl of Tyrone Aungier Earl of Longford Forbese Earl of Granard Dungan Earl of Lymerick Viscounts Preston Viscount Gormanstown Butler Viscount Montgarret Dillon Visc. Costello and Gallen Nettervill Viscount Dowth Magennis Viscount Iveagh Sarsfield Viscount Kilmallock Bourk Viscount Mayo Butler Viscount Ikerin Dempsy Viscount Glanmalier Butler Viscount Galmoy Barnwell Viscount Kingsland Brian Viscount Clare Parsons Viscount Rosse Bourk Viscount Galway Brown Viscount Kenmare Mac Carty Viscount Montcashel Cheevers Visc. Mount Leinstor Bishops Anth. Dopping Bish. of Meath Tho. Otway Bishop of Ossory and Kilkenny Edw. Wetenhall Bishop of Cork and Rosse Symon Digby Bishop of Lymerick and Ardfart Barons Bermingham Baron of Athenry Courcy Baron of Kinsale Fitz Morris Bar. of Kerry and Lixnare Fleming Baron of Slane St. Laurence Baron of Howth Barnwall Bar. of Tremblestown Plunket Baron of Dunsany Butler Baron of Dunboyne Fitz Patrick Ba. of Upper Ossory Plunket Baron of Lowth Bourk Baron of Castle-connel Butler Baron of Cohair Bourk Baron of Brittas Blaney Baron of Monoghan Malone Baron of Glenmalun and Courchey Mac Gwyre Baron of Eniskillin Hamilton Baron of Strabane Bellew Baron of Duleek Bourk Baron of Bophine Nugent Baron of Rivers-own N o. 21. The Names of the Knights Citizens and Burgesses returned to the Parliament beginning the 7th of May 1689. Com. Ardmagh Arthur Brownloe Esquires Walter Hovendon Esquires Bur. Ardmagh Francis Stophard Esquire Constantine O Neile Esq 16th of May 89. Bur. Charlemont Com. Antrim Carmick O Neile Esquires Randal Mac Donel Esquires Bur. Carrickfergus Burrough Belfast Mark Talbot Esq Bur. Lisbourn Daniel O Neile Esq 20th May 89. Bur. Antrim Com. Catherlogh Dudley Bagnal Esquires Henry Lutterel Esquires Bur. Catherlogh Mark Baggot Esquires John Warren Esquires Bur. old Laughlin Darby Long Esquires Daniel Doran Esquires Com. Cork Justin Mac Carty Esq Sir Richard Nagle Knight Town of Youghall Thomas Uniack Aldermen Edward Gough Aldermen Town of Kinsale Andrew Murrogh Esquires Miles de Courcey Esquires Bur. Baltimore Daniel O Donavan Esquires Jeremiah O Donavan Esquires Bur. Bandonbridge Charles Mac Carty of Balloa Esquires Daniel Mac Carty Reagh Esquires Bur. Cloghnerkilty Lieut. Coll. Owen Mac Carty Daniel Fyn Mac Carty Esq Bur. Middletowne Dermot Long Esquires John Longan Esquires Bur. Moyallow John Barret of Castlemore Esquires David Nagle of Carrigoone Esquires Mannor and Borough of Rathcormuck James Barry Esquires Edward Powell Esquires Mannor of Donerail Donello Donovan Esq John Baggot Jun. of Baggotstown Esq Bur. Charleville John Baggot of Baggotstown sen. Esq John Power of Killbelone Esq City of Cork Sir James Cotter Knight John Galway Esquire Com. Cavan Phil. Reyly of Aghnicrery Esquires John Reyly of Garryrobock Esquires Bur. Cavan Phil. Oge O Reyly Esquires Hugh Royly of Larha Esquires Bur. Belturbet Sir Edward Tyrrel Baronet Tuit of Newcastle Esq Com. Clare David O Brian Esquires John Mac Nemara of Crattelagh Esquires Bur. Ennis Florence Mac Carty of Dromad Esquires 10. Ma. 89. Theob Butler of Szathnogalloon Esquires 10. Ma. 89. Com. Down Murtagh Magennis of Greencastle Esquires Ever Magennis of Castleweian Esquires Bur. Hilsburrow Bur. Newry Rowland Wite Esquires Rowland Savage Esquires Bur. Bangor Bur. Keleleagh Bernard Magennis of Balligorionbeg Esq Tool O Neile of Dromankelly Gent. Bur. Down New-town Com. Dublin Symon Lutterel of Luttrels town Esquires Patr. Sarsfield Jun. of Lucan Esquires Bur. Swords Fra. Barnwell of Woodpark Co. Meath Esq Robert Russel of Drynham Esq Bur. Newcastle Tho. Arthur of Colgans town Esquires John Talbot of Belgard Esquires City of Dublin Sir Michael Creagh Knight Terence Dermot sen. Alderman Colledge of Dublin Sir John Mead Knight Joseph Coghlan Esq Town of Drogheda Henry Dowdal Esq Recorder Alderm Christopher Peppard Fitz George Com. Donnegall Lifford Ballyshannon Killebeggs Donnegall St. Johns-town Sir William Ellis Knight Lieut. Coll. James Nugent Com. Galway Sir Ulick Bourk Baronets Sir Walter Blake Baronets Bur. Athenree James Talbot of Mount Talbot Esquires Charles Daly of Dunsandale Esquires Bur. Tuam James Lally of Tullendaly Esquires William Burk of Carrowfrila Esquires Town of Galway Oliver Martin Esquires John Kirwan Esquires Com. Kilkenny John Grace of Courts-town Esquires Robert Welsh of Cloonesby Esquires Bur. Callaim Walter Butler Esquires Thady Meagher Esquires Bur. Thomas-town Robert Grace senior Esquires Robert Grace junior Esquires Bur. Gowran Richard Butler Esquires Walter Keily Dr. of Physick Esquires Coll. Robert Fielding by a new Election Bur. Inishoge Edward Fitzgerald Esquires James Bolger Esquires Bur. Knocktopher Harvy Morris Esquires Henry Meagh Esquires City of Kilkenny John Rooth Esq Mayor James Bryan Alderman 4th May 1689. Bur. Kells Patrick Everard Esquires John Delamare Esquires Bur. St. Canice Com. Kildare John Wogan Esquires George Aylmer Esquires Bur. Naas Walter Lord Dungan Charles White Esq Bur. Athy William Fitzgerald Esquires William Archbold Esquires Bur. Harristown James Nighell Esquires Edmund Fizgerald Esquires Bur. Kildare Fracis Leigh Esquires Robert Porter Esquires Kings County Heward Oxbourgh Esquires Owen Kerrall Esquires Bur. Philips-town John Conner Esquires Heward Oxbourgh Esquires Bur. Banagher Terence Coghlan Esq Terence Coghlan Gent. Bur. Birr Com. Kerry Nicholas Brown Esq Sir Thomas Crosby Knight Bur. Tralee Morrice Hussey of Kerties Esquires John Brown of Ardagh Esquires Bur. Dingle Icouch Edw. Rice Fitz James of Ballinleggin Esq John Hussey of Cuhullin Com. Lym Esq Burr Ardsart Coll. Roger Mac Elligott Esquires Cornelius Mac Gillicuddy Esquires Com. Longford Roger Farrell Esquires Robert Farrell Esquires Bur. Lanesborough Oliver Fitzgerald Esquires Roger Farrell Esquires Town of Longford Com. Lowth Thomas Bellew Esquires William Talbot Esquires Bur. Atherdee Huh Gernon Esquires John Rabe Esquires Bur. Dundalk Robert Dermott Esquires John Dowdall Esquires Bur. Carlingford Christoph. Peppard Fitz Ignatius Esquires Bryan Dermod Esquires Dunlier Com. Lymerick Sir John Fitzgerald Baronet Gerald Fitzgerald Esquire commonly called Knight of the Glynn Bur. Kilmallock Sir William Harley Baronet John Lacy Esquire Bur. Askeaton John Bourk of Carrickinohill Esquires Edward Rice Esquires City of Lymerick Nicholas Arthur Aldermen Thomas Harrold Aldermen Com. Leitrim Edmond Reynolds Esquires Irrel Farrell Esquires Bur. James-town Alexander Mac Donnel Esquires 15 th May 1689. William Shanley Esquires 15 th May 1689. Carrickdrumrusk Com. Mayo Garret Moor Esquires Walter Bourk Esquires Cartlebar John Bermingham Portreeve Thomas Bourk Esquire Com. Meath Sir William Talbot Baronets Sir Patr. Barnwall Baronets Bur. Ratoath John Hussey Esquires James
Regiment he with other his Associates having often before plundred broken and despoyled the Seats of our Church without interruption or disturbance resolved on Christmas-day at night to brake and plunder our Altar on which we had that day celebrated the Holy Communion and to that end he with two more about midnight entered the Church This Keating immediately attempted to brake one of the folding doors leading to the Communion Table and endeavouring with all his force to wrest the door from the hinges immediately as he thought saw several glorious and amazing Sights But one ugly Black Thing as he call'd it gave him a great Souse upon the Poll which drive him immediately into so great disorder that he tore all the Cloaths off his Back and ran Naked about the Streets and used all mad Bedlam pranks whatever He was put into the Dungeon where he remained for the space of 14. dayes without either Meat Drink Cloaths or any thing necessary for the support of nature would not take as much as a drop of cold water continually Rav'd of the Spoyls of the Church and saying That he took the most pains in breaking and taking off the Hinges and yet got the least share for his pains From the Dungeon he was removed to one Thomas Kelly's house in the Town where he behaved himself as in the prison neither eating bit nor drinking drop or admitting a ragg to cover his Nakedness and about eight dayes after he removed from the Dungeon dyed in a sad and deplorable manner I was so curious as to enquire of those that knew him very well whether ever he was Mad before or lyable to any such disorders they all assured me that they never knew any thing of that nature by him in the whole course of his life so that I think we may very well look upon it as the immediate Hand of GOD. SIR I dare assure you that this is a great Truth and so evident and manifest that it hath challeng'd and extorted an Acknowledgment from all parties whatever Neither the Romish Clergy nor any of the Officers of the Regiment who are all Papists do in the least disown it And it had this influence and effect upon all Souldiers and Papists that from that time forth never any of them were known to enter plunder or disturb our Church We have an account that another of Keatings companions at the very same time was struk Mad in the very act of breaking the Communion Table and that within very few hours after he dyed but they politickly conceal'd it and buryed him privately soon after for fear it should be known but the certainty of this I dare not Affirm but am sure some of their most sober and serious Clergy did freely own it George Prowd Trim 1st March 1689. No. 28. General Rosens ORDER to bring the Protestants Before Derry Conrade de Rosen Mareschal General of all his Majesties FORCES DEclares by these Presents To the Commanders Officers Souldiers and Inhabitants of the City of Londonderry That in case they do not betwixt this and Monday next at Six a Clock in the afternoon being the 1 st of July 1689. Agree to Surrender the said place of London-derry unto the KING upon such Conditions as may be Granted them according to the instructions and power Leiutenant General Hamilton formerly received from the KING That he will forthwith issue out his ORDERS from the Barony of Inishone and the Sea-Coasts round about as far as Charlemont for the gathering together of those of their Faction whether Protected or Not and cause them immediately to be brought to the Walls of London-derry where it shall be Lawful for those that are in the Town in case they have any pity for them to open the Gates and receive them into the Town otherwise they will be forced to see their Friends and nearest Relalations all starved for want of Food he having resolved not to leave one of them at home nor any thing to maintain them And that all hope of succour may be taken away by the Landing of any Troops in these parts from England He further Declares That in case they refuse to submit he will forthwith cause all the said Country to be immediately Destroy'd that if any Succour should be hereafter sent from England they may perish with them for want of Food Besides which he has a very considerable Army as well for the Opposing of them in all places that shall be judg'd necessary as for the Protecting all the rest of his Majesties dutiful Subjects whose Goods and Chattels he promises to Secure destroying all the rest that cannot be brought conveniently into such places as he shall judg necessary to be preserved and burning the Houses Mills not only of those that are in actual Rebellion but also of their Friends and Adherents that no hopes of escaping may be left for any man Beginning this very day to send his necessary Orders to all Governours and other Commanders of his Majesties Forces of Colerane Antrim Carrickfergus Belfast Dungannon Charlemont Belturbet Sligo and to Col. Sarsfield commanding a flying Army beyond Ballyshany Col. Sutherland commanding another towards Iniskillen and the Duke of Berwick another on the Fin-water to cause all the Men Women and Children who are any wayes related to those in Londonderry or any where else in open Rebellion to be forthwith brought to this place without hopes of withdrawing further into the Kingdom that in case before this said Monday the 1 st of July in the Year of our Lord 1689. be expired â—hey do not send Us Hostages other Deputies with a full sufficient power to Treat with Us for the Surrender of the said City of Londonderry on reasonable Conditions that they shall not after this time be admitted to any Treaty whatsoever And the Army which shall continue the Siege and will with the assistance of God soon reduce them shall have Orders to give no Quarter or spare either Age or Sex in case they are taken by Force But if they return to their Obedience due to their Natural Prince he Promises them that the Conditions granted them in his Majesties Name shall be Inviolably observed by all his Majesties Subjects and that He himself will have a care to Protect them on all occasions even to take their parts if any Injury contrary to the Agreement should be done them making Himself responsible for the performance of the Conditions on which they Agree to Surrender the said place of Londonderry to the KING Given under my Hand this 30th day of June in the Year of our LORD 1689. Le Mareschal Rosen No. 35. The Indictment of Dennis Connor in which the Counterfeit Letter to Mr. Will. Spike is inserted Term ' Hillar ' quinto sexto Jacobi Regis COm' Dublin ' Scilicet Juratores pro Domino Rege Sacrament ' suum dicunt proesent ' quod Dionisius Connor nuper de Dublin ' in Com' Civit ' Dublin ' Yeoman eâ—…o