their daylie liuing occupations as it shal be shewed at large and yet there are continuall pyracies committed on the sea what order soeuer they take wherby poore marchaÌ„ts are taken prisoners robbed of all they haue The land throughout is very fruitfull gréene and pleasant to beholde but hath a very noysome and pestiferous ayre for such as are not borne in the countrie and yet pepper doth onely growe on this coast although some groweth by Mallacca in certaÌ„e parts of the land but not so much for from hence is it laden and conueyed throughout the whole world The 13. Chapter Of the Ilands called Maldyua otherwise Maldyua RIght ouer against the cape of Comoriin 60. miles into the sea westward the Ilands called Maldyua doe begin and from this cape on the North syde they lie vnder 7. degrées so reach south south east till they come vnder 3. degrées on the south side which is 140. myles Some say there are 11000. Ilands but it is not certainely knowne yet it is most true they are so many that they can not be numbred The Inhabitants are like the Malabares some of these Ilands are inhabited and some not inhabited for they are very lowe ground like the countrie of Cochin Cranganor c. and some of them are so lowe that they are commonlie couered with the sea the Malabares say that those Ilandes in time past did ioyne fast vnto the firme land of Malabar were part of the same land and that the Sea in processe of tyme hath eaten them away so separated them from the firme land There is no merchandize to be had in them but only coquen which are Indian nuttes and cayro which are the shelles of the same nuts that is the Indian hemp wherof they mak ropes cables and other such like commodities those are there to be found in so great aboundance that with them they serue the whole country of India and al the oriental coast of the wood of the same trées they make themselues boats after their manner with all things to them belonging of the leaues they make sayles sowed together with strings made of the nutshelles without any iron nayles and so being laden with the nuttes and other parts of the said trées they come and trafficke with those of the firme land their victuals in the ship being the fruite of the same trée so that to conclude the boate with all her furnitures their marchandises and their victuals is all of this palme trée and that maintaineth all the inhabitants of the Ilands of Maldyua and therewith they trafficke throughout India there are some of these nuttes in the said Iland that are more estéemed then all the nuttes in India for that they are good against all poyson which are verie faire and great and blackish I saw some that were preseÌ„ted vnto the vice roy of India as great as a vessell of 2. tuÌ„nes Indian measure and cost aboue 300. Pardawen which were to send vnto the King of Spaine Of this trée and her fruites together with the vsage thereof I will discourse more at large in the declaring of the Indian trées fruites meane time I will returne to the description of the coasts with their situations From the cape of Comoriin the coast beginneth North east to turne inwards again till you come to the Cape of Negapatan which lyes vnder 11. degrées and is 60. myles distant from the cape of Comoriin From the cape of Comoriin South east by South about 40 miles into the sea lieth the furthest corner of the great Iland of Seylon and so reacheth North and by east vntill you come right ouer against the cape of Negapatan being distant from the firme land the same cape 10. miles and betwéene the firme land and that Iland there lyeth some drie groundes or lytle Ilands whereby it is manie times dangerous for the Shippes that sayle vnto Bengala and the coast of Choâ—amandel which commonly passe through that way The Iland of Seylon is in length 60. miles and in breadth 40. miles from the first and vttermost corner North by east about 18. miles vnder 7. degrées and an halfe lyeth a fort belonging to the Portingals called Columbo which by méere force great charges is holden and maintained for that they haue no other place or péece of ground no not one foot but that in all the Iland it is but a small fort yet very strong and well guarded The soldiers that are therein are commonly such as are banished for some offence by them coÌ„mitted or such as haue deserued death and some dishonest women for some euill fact are put in there to beare them company They fetch al their necessaries out of India and are often times assailed by their enemies the Inhabitants of the Iland and often times besieged but alwaies valiantly defend themselues The 14. Chapter Of the Iland of Seylon THe Iland of Seylon is said to be one of the best Ilands that in our time hath béene discouered and the fruitfullest vnder the heauens well built with houses and inhabited with people called Cingalas and are almost of shape and manners like to those of Malabar with long wyde eares but not so blacke of colour they goe naked onely their members couered they were wont to haue but one King but hauing murdered their king they deuided their countrie into manie kingdomes and not long since a simple barber murthered their chief king with great tyrannie brought the kingdome vnder his subiection driuing the other kings out of the countrie whereof one that was a Christian fled into India and dwelleth at Goa where he is kept maintained at the kings charge This barber as it is said hath made himselfe king and the whole Iland vnder his subiection his name was Raju he liueth verie warily and is verie subtill a good soldier but trusting no man the Chingalans are not his good friends yet they liue in obedieÌ„ce vnder him more through force and feare then for loue or good wil for that he causeth them with great tyrannie to be executed so that no man dareth stirre against him he is likewise a deadly enemie to the Portingall and about a yeare before I came from India he had besieged the fort of Columbo with a great nuÌ„ber of Elephants and men but by meanes of y e Portingals that came thither out of India he was constrayned to breake vp his siege before the fortresse The Iland is full of hils and there is one hill so high that it is reported to be the highest hill in all India and is called Picode Adam The Indians hold for certane that Paradice was in that place and that Adam was created therein saying that yet vntill this daye there are some of his footsteps fouÌ„d vpon that hill which are within the stones as if they were ingrauen and neuer goe out The Iland is full of all sorts of Indian fruites and of al kind of wild beasts as
of the wars by them made one against the other for the gouernment of the country which was so cruell that they once met fought for the space of thrée whole dayes together and neuer ceased where many people were slaine â— and Atabalipa taken in the battel and kept prisoner in the prouince of Tomebamba and there very straightly kept in one of the Kings Castles yet by subtiltie and intreatie made to certaine women he had a copper instâ—â—ment brought vnto him wherewith hee brake the walles of the Castle of Tomebamba and gote out of prison at the same time that his brothers souldiers and captaines were making good cheere drinking their Cicha whereunto they are much addicted and dauncing for ioy of the victorie and being at libertie he fled vnto Qâ—â—to telling his people that he was by his father conuerted into a snake and so crept out of prison at a little hole his father promising him victorie so that his men would once againe returne with him to battaylet whereby his people were so well incouraged that they went with him agayne into the fielde where Fortune fauouring him and being victorious hee tooke his brother Guascar prisoner to whome not long before he hadde beene prisoner and therewith obtained all the Countrey making himselfe chiefe ruler thereof keeping his brother prisoner within Cusco About the same time Franciscus Pizarrus arriued in Peru being Oyuaer of those two mightie kings and by reason of theyr dissension made him maister of so great and rich countries of gold Hee that desireth a larger description hereof may reade the Spannish Histories that write of the description of the new worlde Pizarius being in the Countrey made warre against Atabalipam and in th end ouercame him and for a time kept him prisoner and during his imprisonment hee agréed with Pizario for a certaine ransome and when it was ready hée caused his brother Guascar to be sent for out of Cusco and by the way before he came at him he caused him to be slaine fearing and not without a cause that if Guascar once came before the Spaniard and should declare his misfortune he would without all doubt offer a greater ransome as he had done then hée should pay and by that meanes he shoulde remaine in prison and his brother at libertie hauing hadde al the treasure of his predecessours as also his fathers But Aâ—tabalipa hauing brought his ransom which amounted vnto 3088235. gilderus was not long after by crueltie of the Spaniards without any cause and also against theyr othe and promise most shamefully by certaine Moores at the commaundement of Pizarius openly strangled in the Market place and as some write his body was after burned to ashes This was the 〈◊〉 able end of the mightie K. Atabalipa a man of a meane stature wise and high minded wholly giuen to rule Twenty dayes before his death there appeared a blazing starre which when he perceiued he prophecied that in shorte time after a grâ—at Prince of that country should die not thinking it to be himselfe Guascar and Atabalipa being both dead the gouernment fâ—l vnto Mango Inga the third brother who dying left his kingdome to his son Xaires Topa Inga that maried a wife caled Câ—ya daughter of a noble man called Cuxi Vâ—rcay Guascaris and he before he entred into the gouernement chaunged his name to Mango capa Pachuti Iupan withall making himselfe subiect vnto Philip King of Spaine which hapned 1557. on the sixt of Ianuary being Twelfe day Thus much touching the kings of Peru. A description of the places or townes lying among the hils THrée miles from Cusco lieth the valley Iucay a very pleasant valley lying betwéene two hilles very fresh and wholesome aire as being therin neither ouer hot nor colde and two miles beyond it lieth Tambo another valley wherein are seene great ruines of the kings munition houses And trauelling further you come to Condesuyo a prouince where in times past there dwelt certaine warlike people their townes standing betwéene high hils where there were many wilde and tame beasts Their houses were of stone couered with strawe therein also were many houses and pallaces of noble men They haue all one maner of liuing with the rest the Peruuians offering lambes and other beastes in their churches wherein at certaine times the diuell shewed himselfe the riuers are rich of golde and there are made certayne couerlets of fine wooll cunningly wrought in diuers colours This way before called Andes is very long for it runneth cleane through Peru to the straites of Magellanas wherein there lieth many prouinces and townes and diuers high trees some couered with snowe others with flames of burning brimstone whereby it is very hard to be trauelled specially because therein for the most part it commonly raineth Trauelling many miles further you come to the countrey called Collao wherein is the lake called Tiâ—icaca where there is an Island and therein a Temple of the Sunne wherein they sowed their maiz and kepe their treasure Round about this lake are many villages and therein much good fish is taken Somewhat further you come vnto the town of Plata which is a hundred and fiftie miles from Cusco in the prouince of Chaâ—cas in a colder aire then any other place in all the hilles there are but fewe inhabitants but such as are verie rich and most because of the mynes of Porco and Potosi for Potoâ—i is not aboue eighteene miles from the towne of Plata discouered by the company of Captaine Caruaial for that as some of the Indians with one Ian de Villa Roel a townsman of Plata trauelled thorow the countrey they found a high hil lying in a flat and euen vallie wherein perceiuing certaine tokens of siluer they melted a peece of the Minerall and found it so rich that one quintal made fourscore marks siluer the like whereof was neuer heard of This newes being come to Plata presently the cheefe gouernours of the towne went thither where they diuided vnto euerie man as much as he could doo or labour in whereby such resort came thither that in short time the place was inhabited by more then 7000. men the Indians working and making contract with the Spaniards their maisters how much siluer they wold weekly deliuer This mine is of a wonderfull strange nature because it wil not be molten by blowing with the bellowes neyther in fornaces like other mynes but only in smal furnaces by them caled Guairas which they sette vppon the highest parte of the hill placing the mouthes southwarde from whence the winde dooth continually blowe throwing into the mine fire coales and sheepes dongue whereby the winde made the fire to burne so hot and cleare as that not any bellowes or other instruments coulde doo more and the Peruuians working in this maner by so easie means had so great gain that some of them got weekly besids theyr maisters parte fortie thousande Pezos but by resort it became likewise to be scarse
in all India and the principall enemies that the Portingalles haue and which trouble them continually But the better to know the situation of the countrey you must vnderstande that all the coast seuered from India is the low land lying 8. or 10. miles vpon the coast which is that whereof we speake and is called Cuncam and then there is a high or hilly Countrey which reacheth almost vnto the skies and stretcheth from the one ende vnto the other beginning at Daman or Cambaia to the Cape de Comoriin and the vttermost corner of India and all that followeth again on the other coast called Ghoramandel This high land on the top is very flatte and good to build vpon called Ballagatte and Decan and is inhabited and diuided among diuers Kings and gouernors The inhabitants and natural borne countrimen are commonly called Decaniins and Canaras as in the description of Goa and the territories thereof shal be particularly shewed with the shapes fashions and counterfeites of their bodies Churches houses trées Plantes and fruites c. The 11. Chapter Of the coast of India that is from Goa to the cape de Comoriin and the furthest corner of the lande which is called the coast of Malabar THe coast of Malabar beginneth from Cape de Ramos which lyeth frō Goa Southwardes ten myles and endeth at the Cape de Comoriin in time past called Corii which is 100. and 7. or 8. miles whereon lie the places hereafter following which are inhabited by the Portingals and kept with fortresses first from the said Cape de Ramos to the fortresse of Onor are tenne miles lying full vnder 14. degrées and is inhabited by the Portingalles There is great quantity of Pepper for that they are able euery yeare to lade a shippe with 7. or 8. thousand Quintalles of Pepper Portingal waight it is the best and fullest berries in all Malabar or India This land belongeth to a Quéene named Batycola which is a towne not farre from thence inwardes wherin she kéepeth her Court it is she that selleth the Pepper and deliuereth it vnto the Marchantes Factors that lie in Onor but they must alwaies deliuer their money sixe monthes before they receyue their Pepper otherwise they get it not then she deliuereth the Pepper which by one of the Factors is receyued and laid vp within the fortresse till the shippes of Portingall come thether to take in their lading of Pepper There is likewise much Ryce This fortresse is not much frequented but onely in the time of lading of their Pepper which within fewe yeares hath béene vsed to be laden there for before they vsed not to lade any in that place From Onor to the towne of Barselor are 15. miles and lyeth vnder 13. degrées it is also inhabited by Portingalles as Onor is there is great store of Ryce Pepper from Barselo◠to Mangalor are 9. miles and lyeth vnder twelue degrées and a halfe which also is a fortresse inhabited as the others are by Portingals and hath great store of Pepper and Ryce From Mangalor to Cananor are 15. myles which lyeth right vnder 11. degrées and a halfe This is the best fortresse that the Portingalles haue in all Malabar and there is much Pepper The Malabars without the fortresse haue a village with many houses therein built after their manner wherein there is a market holden euery day in the which all kindes of victuailes are to be had which is wonderfull altogether like the Hollanders markets There you find Hennes Egges Butter Hony Indian Oyle and Indian figges that are brought from Cananor which are very great and without exception the best in all India of the which sorts of victuailes with other such like they haue great quantities also very faire and long mastes for shippes such as better cannot be found in all Norway and that in so great numbers that they furnish all the countries rounde about them It is a very gréene and pleasant lande to beholde full of faire high trées and fruitfull of all thinges so is the whole coast from Malabar all along the shore Among these Malabars the white Mores do inhabite that beléeue in Mahomet and their greatest traffique is vnto the redde sea although they may not doe it neyther any other Indian without the Portingalles pasport otherwise the Portingals army which yearly saileth along the coasts to kéepe them cleare from sea rouers for the safetie of their marchants finding them or any other Indian or nation whatsoeuer at sea without a pasport woulde take them for a prize as oftentimes it happeneth that they bring shippes from Cambaia Malabar or from the I le of Sumatra and other places that traffique to the redde sea These Mores of Cananor kéepe friendshippe with the Portingalles because of the fortresse which holdeth them in subiection yet couertly are their deadly enemies and secretly contribute and pay great summes of money to the other Malabars to the ende that they shoulde mischiefe and trouble the Portingalles by all the meanes they can deuise whose forme and images do follow after those of Goa and Malabar From Cananor to Calecut are 8. miles which lyeth full vnder 11. degrées This towne of Calecut hath in times past béene the most famous Towne in all Malabar or India and it was the chiefe towne of Malabar where the Samoriin which is the Emperour holdeth his Court but because the Portingalles at their first comming and discouering of India were oftentimes deceyued by him they resorted to the King of Cochin who as then was subiect to the Samoriin being of small power But when the Portingals began to prosper in their enterprise and to get possession in the countrey and so became maisters of the sea Calecut beganne to decay and to lose both name and traffique and nowe at this time it is one of the townes of least account in all Malabar and Cochin to the contrarie their King being very rich and richer then the Samoriin so that now he careth noe for him by means of the fauour and help he findeth at the hands of the Portingalles From Calecut to Cranganor are tenne myles and lyeth vnder tenne degrées and a halfe there the Portingalles haue a Fortresse From Cranganor to Cochin are tenne miles and lyeth not full vnder tenne degrées The towne of Cochin is inhabited by Portingals and naturall borne Indians as Malabars and other Indians that are christened it is almost as great as Goa very populous and well built with faire houses Churches and cloysters and a fayre and most pleasant Riuer with a good channell and a hauen a little beyonde the towne towards the land runneth a small riuer or water where sometimes men may passe ouer dry footed on the further side whereof lyeth a place called Cochin Dacyma and it is aboue Cochin which is in the iurisdiction of the Malabars who as yet continue in their owne religion there the King kéepeth his Court It is very full and well built with houses after the Indian manner and
flesh and bloud are mixed together they make many round Balles of the same flesh bloud so mixed each Ball of an ounce waight by the Portingals called Papo which they carrie into all places There are also in that land many Cattes of Algallia or Ciâ—et Cattes and some Amber They haue also horses but smaller then the horses in Europe Géese Hennes Duckes and such like are there in great aboundaunce ryuer and sea Fish are likewise plentifull and all kind of necessaries whatsoeuer The countrie hath many mines of Golde and Siluer but the King letteth it not commonly be carried out of the countrie but kéepeth it in his house for treasure therefore they seeke and procure all things to bee brought into the land notwithstanding they haue great riches in their houses of Gold Siluer and other common Iewels they esteeme more of Siluer then of Golde because the Golde is of many values and prices and the Siluer is alwaies of one price It hath also many Pearles and Alioffar which come out of the Iland and Prouince of Aynao also much Quick-siluer Copper Iron Steele Blick Tin Leade Brimstone and other such like mettales and Amber besides all these riches and innumerable rents that the King of China hath it is said that he hath in euery chiefe shire or Prouince towne a great and vnknowne treasurie It is a common custome in that countrie to weare as we doe here course and common cloth and linnen as also Silke Satin and Brocado which is cloth of Golde and Siluer with faire workes and borders downe to their shooes which they commonly vse because of the great quantitie of Silke that is within the countrie for it is affirmed for a truth that only from the town of Canton there is yearely carried into India aboue thrée thousand Quintals of Silke which are sold by waight besides the Silkes that are yearely carried to the Ilands of Iapaâ— Lucon or Phillippinas and to the land of Siâ—n and other countries bordering about the same and yet there stayeth so much within the countrie that therewith might bee laden whole Fléetes of shippes and would not be missed there is also much Flax and Cotton and so good cheape that it is almost incredible the earthen Pots Cuppes and vessels that are made there are not to bee numbred which are yearely carried into India Portingall Noua Spaignia other waies but the finest sorte may not be carried out of the land vpon paine of death but serue onely for the Lords and Gouernours of the countrie which are so fine that Christall is not comparable vnto it These Pots and Cups are made inwards in the lande of a certaine earth that is verie hard which is beaten smal and then layed to stéepe in Cesterns of stone full of water made for the purpose and when it is well stéeped and often stirred as we do milke to make Butter of the finest thereof which driueth or swimmeth on the top they make the finest worke and vse the courser accordingly whereof some they paint and then they are dried and baked in Ouens The maner to make Earthen Pots and Cups called Porcelleyn-Cuppes by Scaliger is set downe in his Booke of Subtilties in this manner In the 92. Exercise The Cups and earthen Pots that are called Porceleynes whereof also the Earth hath her name are first beaten to small Poulder which they steepe in water and then forme their Pots Cuppes and vessels out of the same which done they burne them vnder the earth and hauing layen in the earth 100 yeares being then full baked and made they are digged foorth and soulde some say that not the Cuppes c. but the stuffe is buried although Iohn Huyghens opinion seemeth to be true and according to their maner saying that they are made of Earth as other Pots and Cannes are made in our countrie The land also aboundeth in Honie Suger and Waxe of all sorts of Spices rootes and plantes as also fruites and much more then in Spaine and other kindes of fruites also which are not knowne heere there are Oranges that are swéeter then Suger there is a kind of fruit called Lechyas which are like Plums but of another taste and are very good much estéemed whereof I haue eaten to conclude it hath of all things that man can wish or desire The rents and reuenewes of the King of China are so great that it is incredible for he hath onely in custome out of a riuer in the Prouince of Canton for Salt that is made there yearly a million and a halfe of Golde whereby men may estéeme the rest accordingly All the Townes in that Countrie are walled about with stone walles and haue Ditches of water round about them for their securitie they vse no fortresse nor Castles but onely vppon euery Gate of the Towne they haue strong Towers wherein they place their Ordinance for defence of y e towne They vse all kinde of armes as Caliuers Bowes Pikes of diuers sortes Rapiers like Falceons Cortlasses and Targets The souldiers when they goe to warre weare Coates downe to their knées lyned with Cotton so that the thrust of a Pike or a Rapier will not readily enter such as are souldiers are paide by the King which are knowen by wearing a red or a yellow Hat whereof there are so many that the number is not knowne they haue Captaines of 10. of 100 of 1000. 10000. 20000. c. Which Captaines may bee knowne by certaine tokens one from the other whereby they know how many men he hath vnder him Euery month they Muster and are paide with Siluer money for they haue no other Coyne and they are péeces of cut Siluer in which sort they pay receiue all their money for the which purpose they doe alwayes carrie about them a paire of Ballaunce with an instrument to cut the Siluer A souldier hath euery moneth the value of a Ryall and a halfe of Spanish money in siluer which is more in that countrie as the value and price of all things goeth there then foure Ducates or twelue Guilders with vs. For Religion and ceremonies they are Heathens without any sparke or point of Mahomets law or of any other sects In many places they pray to the Diuell onely because hee shoulde not hurt them When any man lieth on his death bed they set the picture of the Diuell before him with the Sunne in his left hand and a poinyard in the right hand which Diuell is painted with a very fierce looke and therfore they desire the patient or sicke man to looke well vpon him that hee may bee his friend in the world to come and that yeare hee may not hurt him They pray to the Sunne and the Moone which they thinke are man and wife and when any Eclipse happeneth they make great sacrifices fearing that God will take their liues from them and cleane ouerthrow them whereby they are in great feare They doe all belieue the immortalitie of the soule
whole kingdome are fairely paued and all along euen and smoth till you come to the hils and the entrance or Frontespicio of the Citties verie costly and workmanly built with thrée or foure Gates one by the other all stricken ouer full of Iron and the stréetes within the Citties and Villages very fairely paued and playned as straight as a line and euen in breadth so that if you stand at the ende of a stréete you may sée to the other ende by reason of the straightnes bee it neuer so long At the end of euery stréete are certaine Vaults made wherein are wares and marchandises of all costly things and prices that man can wish or desire Ouer euery stréete there are diuers Arches made of stone verie finely and cunningly Painted which are set in the stréetes because that all their feasâ—es pâ—ayes and spirituall ceremonies are done by night and then those Arches are placed full of lights and Torches which maketh a goodly shew The houses commonly haue three doores to goe in at whereof that in the middle is the greatest the other somewhat lesse they are commonly low without Sellers vnder grouÌ„d but within very large and broad with great roomes and faire Gardens full of all pleasure and delight The towne where the King is resident is called Xuntien or Taybjin which some men call Quinzay this name Xuntien is as much to say in Chinish speach as heauenly Cittie and lyeth in the Prouince of Paguia of the greatnesse whereof they write wonders for they affirme that within the walles the Towne is as long from the one end to the other as a man on horsebacke may ride vpon a day with a thousand other wonders which for breuitie I omit In this town the King hath his Palace with all pleasures that may or can bee deuised both for him selfe his wiues and his Courte His wiues little or neuer goe abroad so that they are seldome or neuer séene thereby to maintaine their authoritie as also fearing that any mischiefe should happen vnto them there are not in all the countrie any Noble men of name or title as Earles Dukes Viscounts or such like nor that haue any vassales commandements Iurisdictions or proprieties to themselues other then such as are giuen by the King and when they die it returneth againâ— vnto the King and if hee wil he may take it from the children but commonly hee letteth them haue it so they be fit for the place and that with a new giâ—â— and bond to serue the King In all the principall townes where the Viceroyes or Gouernours hold their states there hangeth a picture of the King couered with a Curtaine of cloth of Golde whereunto all Officers Commaunders Loiâ—as Mandorijns c. dayly resort and doe it all reuerence and honour such as belongeth to a King of such estate as if the King himselfe were there in person the Kings title is King and Lord of the world and Sonne of heauen No man throughout all China may beare any weapons nor yet haue them in his house but such as are appointed thereunto and receiue the Kings pay as souldiers whose children succeed their fathers in their places The men of China are great and cunning workemen as may well bee séene by the workmanship that commeth from thence They make and vse waggons or Cartes with sayles like Boates and with wheeles so subtilly made that being in the fielde they goe and are driuen forwards by the winde as if they were in the water they are verie wittie in buying and selling All the traders that kéepe shops haue a Table hanging at their doores wherein is written euery kind of ware they haue to sell All Officers or handicrafts men haue either of them a streete alone and dwell by themselues and their children must vse the like trade after their Fathers deaths whether they were souldiers Iustices or Gouernours When any man is very rich he is licenced not to work notwithstanding he must keepe workmen and keepe open shoppe the money that is vsed throughout all China is Golde and Siluer vnstamped but cut in smal peeces to the value of a penie and so receiued by waight and in like sorte payed Also all wares of what sort soeuer they bee not so much as Hennes Géese Fish and such like but are bought and solde by waight They haue one wife which they call their lawfull wife and as many other as they can well maintaine the sonne of the lawfull wife inheriteth most part of their goods and that which remaineth is equally deuided among the other children they marrie with whome they will except it be with their Sisters or their Vncles children The Bridegrome before he fetcheth the Bride home to his house must indowe her with certaine goods which he giueth to the Bride her selfe and shee giueth them vnto her Father or mother in recompence of their charges for bringing her vp in her youth which done shee goeth home with the Bridegrome and the parents may do what they wil with that which they haue so receiued for their daughters dowrie and spend it as they thinke good and what remaineth thereof after the parents are deade returneth againe vnto the daughter whose husband gaue the same for his wife so that he which hath most daughters is the richest as it is reported by the Pictures heereafter following you may see the forme and manner of those of Câ— as wel men as women as also of the Mandorijns and mightie men or Gouernours as they are carried in the stréetes and goe to sport vppon the ryuers where they refresh themselues with all kinds of dainties The men of China haue manie spéeches but in writing they vnderstand each other in euerie place for they write euerie thing with figures and characters whereof their alphabets are sundrie and innumerable these figures with their paper of diuers colours as also penne and inke you may see at D. Paludanus house so that men had need of a good memorie and long exercise before they can vnderstand them all and read what it is which is the cause that among them such as are learned are so much esteemed Their paper is like that of Auroâ—a but not so white but thinner and smoother they make also of all colors which is very saire they write with pennes of Reedes wherein there sticketh a pensell such as Painters vse Printing painting gun-powder with the furniture thereto belonging haue beene vsed in China many hundreth yeares past and very common so that it is with them out of memorie when they first began Their Chronicles shewe that their first king being a great Nigromancer who raigned manie thousand yeares past did first inuent great ordinance with all things belonging thereunto Printing is likewise very auncient with them for that there are bookes found in those countries of China which were printed at the least fiue or sixe hundreth yeares before printing was in vse with vs in Europe so that it is not founde when
and this is faire and flat land on the top with great goodly fields is by the Indians called Ballagate that is to say aboue the hill for Balla is aboue and Gate is a hill whereby the Portingals doe commonly cal the whole countrie Ballagate although the principall part and the land it selfe is called Decam and also Canara wherof the inhabitants are called Decanijns and Canaras as the Kings also in times past vsed to beare titles and call themselues Kings of Decam But returning to the diuision of the rest of the countries he deuided likewise the land of Ballagate or Decam into Prouinces giuing one part to Imademaluco by the Portingales called Madremaluco and an other part to Cotalmoluco and an other to Melique Verido All the said Captaines were strangers as Turkes Ruines and Corasones except Nisamalucode who was Sonne to a Gentleman of the Kings house and because the King had laine with the mother of Nisamaluco therefore hee boasted himselfe to be of the linage of the king of Decam all the other Captaines were slaues and seruants which the King had brought and placed in those roomes as putting great trust in them thinking that they would acknowledge it and bee thankfull vnto him for the same But it fell out otherwise as wee see it commonly doth and that good is requited with euill for these Captaines in time getting credite authoritie and power were in great estimation and as it were absolute Kings and Gouernours of their Prouinces for that the king neuer troubled himselfe therwith but layde all the charge vppon them whereby they beganne to bee puffed vp with pride and determined to vsurpe the Prouinces vnder him for them and their successors And because it grieued them to be in subiection to an other and at his commaundement they all met together and among them agréed to take their Lord and King prisoner and so euery one of them to be sole commanders of the coūtries they had in charge which they easily brought to effect for that they had all the meanes they would wish or desire as did honour them with the name of Xa which is to say a King whereby they had the names of Adelxa Nisamoxa and Contumixa and all the Kings continued so with the name of Xa which in Persia is a King and Ismael is a proper name whereby Xa Ismael and Xa Thamas are as much to say as King Ismael and King Thamas and of the Turkes and Rumes are called Suffy or Soffy which signifieth a great Captaine The Kings of Decam also haue a custome when they will honor a man or recompence their seruice done and rayse him to dignitie and honour They giue him the title of Nayque which signifieth a Captaine as Salua Nayque and Acem Nayque And whē they will giue a man an honourable title or salutation they call him Rau as Chitarau which is to say strong King and such like titles which among them is a great honour Also Adelham or Hidelcam is called Sabayo which signifieth Seigneur or Lord for the Iland of Goa had a Captaine or Gouernour that was Lord of the towne when the Portingales wanne it first called Sabayo as the Portingales Chronicles of their Indian conquests doe make mention whose house or Palace to this day in the Cittie of Goa is the inquisition house and a place which standeth betwéene the great Church and the same house is as yet called the Pallace of Sabayo The 28. Chapter Of the towne and Ilande of Goa chiefe Cittie of India THe Citie of Goa is the Metropolitan or chiefe Cittie of all the Orientall Indies where the Portingales haue their traffique where also the Viceroye the Arch bishop the Kings Councel and Chauncerie haue their residence and from thence are all places in the Orientall Indies gouerned and ruled There is likewise the staple for all Indian commodities whether all sorts of Marchants doe resort comming thether both to buy and sell as out of Arabia Armenia Persia Cambaia Bengala Pegu Sian Malacca Iaua Molucca China c. The Cittie and Iland of Goa lyeth vnder 15. degrees on the North side and is distant from the Equinoctiall by the way that the Portingales shippes do come thether from Mossambique 400. miles It is an Iland wholly compassed about with a riuer and is aboue thrée miles great it lyeth within the coast of the firme lande so that the Iland with the Sea coast of the firme land doe both reach as farre each as other into the Sea It is only seperated from the firme land by an arme of the Sea or of the ryuer that runneth in by the North side of the towne and so round about the Iland to the South side where it entereth againe into the Sea and is in forme almost like a halfe Moone The ryuer runneth euen vnto the Towne and is indifferent broade there are betwéene the firme land and the Iland certaine small Ilandes that are all inhabited by the naturall borne countrimen and on the other side of the town the ryuer is there so small that in Summer time by wading to the knées in water a man may passe it ouer on foote On the which side the Iland hath a wall with certaine Bulwarkes which y e Portingales of late yeares haue caused to be made to defend them from the firme land in time of warre as it often happeneth for it hath diuers times béene besieged by Dialcan or Hidalcam at the mouth and the entrie of the ryuer On the North side lyeth the land of Bardes which is high land vnder which land the Portingales doe Anker safely out of all danger and there they haue a place to lade and vnlade their wares This land of Bardes is also vnder the Portingall subiection and is full of Villages inhabited with people that are of the firme land lying aboue it called Canarijns who for the most part are Christians but obserue their owne manner of apparell which is to goe all naked their priuie members onely couered This land is full of Indian Palme trées whereon the Indian Nuts called Cocos doe grow as also all the other Ilands lying in the ryuer This land of Bardes is seperated from the firme land by a small riuer which is so little that it cannot almost be discerned from the firme land On the South side of the Iland of Goa wher the riuer runneth againe into the Sea there commeth euen out with the coast a land called Salsette which is also vnder the subiection of the Portingales and is inhabited and planted both with people and fruite like the land of Bardes and is likewise parted with a little ryuer from the firme land Betwéene this land of Salsette the Iland of Goa lie also some small Ilands all full of Indian Palme trées and by the mouth or issue of the ryuer lyeth an Iland which is called Goa Velha that is old Goa from whence there commeth no speciall thing neither is it much inhabited Those lands of Bardes
vse exchanging of moneyes and to buy money when it cometh as tyme serueth to fell it againe for they buy the Rials of eight when the shippes come from Portingale whereof some buy at the least 10 or 12 hundreth and kéepe them till the Moneth of April which is the time when the shippes sayle to China for then are the Rials of eight sought for to carry thether and are commonly worth 25 or 30 in the hundreth profite and then they receiue for them a certain money which at the same time is brought frō Ormus called Larriins that come out of Persia which they buy for 8 or 10 in the hundreth profite kéepe them til the Portingales on the moneth of Septēber come thether and so deliuer them againe for 20 or 25 in the hundreth profite in exchange for Rials of eight as I said before for they must haue these Larriins with them to Cochin to buy pepper and other wares for that it is the best and most profitable money There are yet other sorts of money called Pagodes Venetianers Santhones which are gold al which they doe likewise buy sel so y t there are manie that doe nothing els become rich speciallie he that hath a good stocke This exchange cometh most cōmonlie from the Spiritualtie who do secretly vse it by other mens meanes without any let or hinderance Some there are that liue vpon their rents which they haue by their palme trées whereon the Indian nut called Cocus doth grow whereof they may very well liue and haue well to maintaine themselues for that it is the principall commoditie of that Iland Indorum casae villae et vici circa Goam Indische hutte Lanthuÿsen en dorpen ontrent Goa Contenancijen en habyten der Portugeesers so burgers al 's Soldaten in oost Indien al 's se op die straten comen Hoc habitu qui e Lusitanis Nobilitate aut dignitate clariores in India fere conspiciuntur per plateas obequitant Op dese maniere ryden gemeenlick over stracten die Portugeesche Edellieden Regierders en̄ Raetsheeren Hac forma Lusitanorum nobiliores et qui opulentiores se gestari jubent Op dese maniere laeten haer die Portugeesen draegen die van affcomtste en vermoegen zÿn Fusten welcke die Portugeesen en haer vianden dic Malabaren gebruÿcken ter oorloch en om coopmanschap te voeren There are among them but two manner of people that is married men and soldiers for that all young men vnmarried are named soldiers which is the best name that a man can haue not that the soldiers are any waies bound or vnder the commandement and regiment of any Captain which throughout India is not vsed but when the Portingalles come into India out of Portingall and are ariued there euery man goeth where hee thinketh best although in Portingall euery mans name that goeth in the shippe is written and registred which is done in this sorte euery man is written vp both his name and sirname with a note what pay they receyue of the King whereof some beare the tytle of Fidalgo da Caza del Rey nossas Senor that is a Gentleman of the Kinges house which is the chiefest title there are others named Mozos Fidalgos which is also an honorable title and they are commonly Gentlemens sonnes or by the kinges fauour aduaunced therevnto There are yet others that are named Caualhiero Fidalgo which is not so much as the other two yet it is an honorable title and is the title of a knight who for some valiant act by him done is made knight which they do for a small matter for that if he do any act to be accounted of or bee in a manner at such an action doing presently he is of a Captaine or a Gentleman made a knight whereof they much boast themselues and it is nowe growne so common among them that very Cookes boyes and others as meane as they are made knightes there are others also that are named Mosos da Camara do Numero e do Seruiço which is seruantes to the King some of his chamber some of his accounts and some for his seruice this is the first title or degrée of credite whereby through their good seruice they attaine vnto better and are more glorious of their titles then of all the riches in the world There are also that are named Escuderos Fidalgos that is Esquires which is likewise a degrée of credit Others are named Hommes honorados which is mē of honor and the poorest among them which are not named by any title are set downe for soldiers which are the common and rascall sort these are euery man paide their wages according to their titles and may each man in his qualitie by long seruice or some good action but most by fauour rise to higher degrée for that according to their tytles their seruice is rewarded The Portingalles which saile for India being thus registred written downe the said Register at their arriuall there is deliuered to be kept by one of the kinges Officers therevnto appointed which euery three yeares is likewise changed as other offices are and is called the chiefe Clearke of the Matricola Generall and hath thrée or foure vnder Clearks at his commandement Now in India when summer time commeth and that it is néedefull or necessary to send out an armie for some expedition to be done or for to kéepe the coast to conuoy and safe-conduct the trauelling Marchants that dayly sayle to and from India thereby to defend them and to let the Malabares their enemies from issuing forth to hurt them as notwithstanding they yearly doe then against September which is the beginning of their Sommer the drum is stricken vp and it is proclaimed that whosoeuer will serue the king in his fléete by sea let him come to the Matricola Generall to receyue his money and then by the Viceroy there is ordained a chiefe Captaine and other vnder Captains for euery Fuste and Galley and in euery galley there is about a hundreth men and in euery Fuste thirtie men little more or lesse These are all paide by the Matricola according to their tytles euery man as they are registred when they come out of Portingal and this pay is made euery quarter each quarter contayning thrée monthes that is the common soldier seuen Pardawen called Xeraffins euery Pardawe thrée testones Portingall money and a man of honor nine Pardawen The Moso da Camara or seruant of the chamber eleuen Pardawen so by degrées which done the Captaines bidde their soldiers to a banket and of their own purses giue them something beside their pay for that euery Captaine séeketh to haue the best soldiers and buy much victuailes and other thinges at their owne charges thereby to haue their soldiers good willes and to vse them wel They sit altogether at one table in the Fustes or Gallies where the Captaine vseth the soldiers with great fauour and curtesie for otherwise they woulde not much estéeme him
take their pleasure with their friends and the husband neuer know of it In which sort he continueth foure and twentie houres long but if they wash his féete with colde water hee presently reuiueth and knoweth nothing thereof but thinketh he had slept Deutroa of some called Tacula of others Datura in Spanish Burla Dora in Dutch Igell Kolben in Malaba Vumata Caya in Canara Datura in Arabia Marana in Persia and Turkie Datula Of the description of this hearbe and fruit you may read in the Herballes if any man receaueth or eateth but halfe a dramme of this feed hee is for a time bereaued of his wits taken with an vnmesurable laughter Virginis Lusitanae in India gestus et amictus Cleedinge en dracht van een Portugeesche Dochter ofte Maecht in Indien Matronarum et conjugatarum foras prodeuntium vestitus et ornatus Der Portugeesen gehoude Vrouwen habyt en cÿraet Viduarum Lusit amictus quem iterum nuptae deponunt resumpto nuptar habitu Cleedinge en dracht der Portugeescher We duwen welcke weder houwende afleggeÌ„ weder aen nemende der gehouder dracht Vestitus et comptus Mulierum cujus cunque ordinis et aetatis intra aedes Der Vrouwen cleedinge en hulsel binnen shuys van wat staet en ouder dom die zyn Lectuli quibus Vxores et Filiae Lusitanorum contecte gestantur Coetskens daer de Portugeesche Vrouwen en Dochters bedeckt in gedraegen worden Ratio qua coelo pluvio et alias Lusitanae gestantur comutantibus ante retro et utriumque famulis Mâ—aniere vandie Portugeesche vrouwen en dochters te draegen alst regent en oock op ander tyden met haer slaven en dienaers voor achter en besyden Lusitana templa noctu invisura comitata marito et servis Een Portugeesche vrouwe verselschapt met harc man en slaven des snachts die kercken besoeckende Cachunde in mâ— opinion is made of the mixtures called Galiae Moscatâ— with the sape of sweet wood they are blacke cakes whereon certaine characters are printed at the first very bitter of taste but in the end verie pleasant and sweet they streÌ„gthen the hart the mawe and make a sweet breath And they are not content therewith but giue their husbandes a thousand hearbs for the same purpose to eaâ—e they not knowing thereof thereby to fulfill their pleasuâ—es and to satisfie their desires which can not by any meanes be satisfied They are likewise much vsed to take their pleasures in Bathes by swimming therein which they can very well doe for there are very few of them but they would easilie swimme ouer a riuer of halfe a myle broad This shall suffice for their women now I will proceed to other matters And the better to vnderstand the shapes and formes of their women together with their apparell you may behold it here when they goe to Church and els where both wiues maids and widdows euerie one by themselues as also how they goe in their houses with their dish of Bettele in their hands being their daylie chawing worke also how they are carried in PallaÌ„kins through the stréet with their women slaues round about them also with their husbands and slaues by night going to anie sport or els to Church which they vse after y e maÌ„ner of pilgrimes for theÌ„ they go on foot whereby they thinke to deserue greater reward which by day is not permitted them for they are not so much trusted these visitatioÌ„s or night pilgrimages they hold estéem for a great recreation and fréedome for that they hope watch and looke for the same as children doe for wake-dayes and other playing times likewise the women slaues doe make some account thereof because they doe neuer go abroad but only at such times or to Church on festiuall dayes behind their Pallamkins vpoÌ„ the which dayes they aduertise their louers and leaue their mistresses in the Churches or slip into some shoppe or corner which they haue redie at their fingers endes where their louers méet them and there in hast they haue a sport which done they leaue each other and if she chance to haue a Portingal or a white man to her louer she is so proud that she thinketh no woman comparable vnto her and among themselues doe bragge thereof and will steale both from master mistresse to giue them with the which manie Soldiers doe better maintaine themselues then with the kinges pay and if it chaunceth that these slauish women be with child they are their maisters children who are therwith very wel content for so they are their captiues but if the father be a Portingale or some other frée man when the childe is borne he may within 8 dayes challenge it for his paying the maister a small péece of money for it as much as by law is thereunto ordemed and so the child shall euer after be frée but not the mother but if he stay aboue 8 or 10 dayes and within that time no man cometh to challenge it although it be a free mans child and he after that shall come to aske it then it is the mothers maisters slaue and he may hold it at as high a price as pleaseth him without constraint to sell it and it falleth out verie little or else neuer that the mother destroyeth her child or casteth it away or sendeth it to the father be she neuer so poore free or captiue for they delight more in their children and take more pleasure in carrying them abroad specially when it is a white mans child then in all the riches of the world and by no meanes will giue it to the father vnlesse it should be secretly stollen froÌ„ her and so conueyed away The nursing and bringing vp of the Portingales Mesticos children is that from the time of their birth they are kept naked onely with a little short shyrt like the womens Bain which they weare about their bodies and nothing else till they be of yeares to weare breches or other clothes Some of them are nurssed by their slaues and some by Indian women which they hire whose shape and forme you may sée following the Palamkin wherein the wife is carried euen as they goe bearing their children The 32. Chapter Of the Viceroy of Portingall and of his gouernment in India EVerie 3. yeares there is a new Viceroy sent into India and some time they stay longer as it pleaseth the King but verie few of them hee continueth in Goa which is the chiefe Cittie of India where he hath his house and continuall residence and from thence all other townes in India haue their direction and gouernment From Goa euerie yeare the Portingall armie is prepared and sent out as I said before he hath his counsell Nobles Chancerie and Iustices as they vse in Portingall and all lawes and Iustice are by him executed and fulfilled in the Kings namâ— yet if there be any matter of importante which concerneth the Ciuill lawes they may appeale to Portingall but in
criminall causes no man may appeale but such as haue the degrée of a Gentleman such the Viceroy may not iudge but being prisoners send them into Portingall vnlesse it be by the Kings commaundement he is verie magnificent in his estate and goeth little out but sometimes on Sundaies or holy daies when hee goeth to Church and when hee goeth out of his house the Trumpets and Shalmes standing in the Gallerie of his house do sound he is accompanied by all the Gentlemen and townes men of Goa that haue or kéepe horses with a Gaâ—de of Halbardiers on foote both on each side and behinde him and being in the Church heâ— hath his seate in the Quier lyned with Veluet and nayled with gylt nayles and a cloth with two Veluet cushins vnder his féete and knées and before him a bench with a Veluet Cushen to leane his armes vpon his Gentlemen sit by him but without the Quier and by him standeth his Chaplen that prayeth for him The Archbishop when hee is at the Church sitteth on his left hand in the same manner vpon Carpets Cushens and bench of Veluet where they are serued in all ceremonial order as the Kings of Portingall in their Churches vse to be and when he commeth home againe the Trumpets and Shalmes doe sound as when he went out In the hall of his Palace stand the Gard and in the great hall where his Councell sit are painted all the Viceroyes that haue gouerned in India since the first discouery and conquest thereof and as they new come their pictures are likewise placed there Also in the entrie of the Palace are painted al the ships that since the first discouerie of India euer came out of Portingall into those countries euery yeare by it selfe and the names and surnames of their Captaines with a note ouer euerie shippe which was cast away or had any mischaunce all liuely set foorth for a perpetuall memorie and euerie yeare as any ship commeth thether they are set by the rest The Viceroyes in the last yeare of their gouernment do vse to visite the Forts lying round about the countrie fiftie sixtie or eightie miles long on the North and South side of Goa to see how they are gouerned they looke well vnto them but commonly an other supplyeth their place and if they doe it themselues it is more to fill their purses and to get presents then to further the common-wealth these Viceroyes haue great reuenewes they may spend giue and kéepe the Kings treasure which is verie much and doe with it what pleaseth them for it is in their choyse hauing full and absolute power from the King in such sort that they gather and horde vp a mightie quantitie of treasure for that besides their great alowance from the King they haue great presents giftes bestowed vpon them For it is the custome in those countries when any Viceroy commeth newly ouer that all the Kings bordering about Goa and that haue peace and friendship with the Portingales do then send their Ambassadours vnto him to confirme their leagues with great and rich presents therewith likewise to bid the Viceroy welcome which amounteth to a great masse of treasure these presents in this sort giuen the Iesuites by their practises had obtained of the King and for a time enioyed them at their pleasure looking verie narrowly vnto them that they might not bee deceiued vntill long time since a Viceroy named Don lois de Tâ—ide Earle of Atougia came thether and refused to let them haue them saying that the King being in Portingall knew not what was giuen him in India and that those presents were giuen vnto the Viceroy and not to the King and said the King had no power to giue them to the Iesuites so that hee kept them for himselfe which the Iesuites tooke in euill part and said the Viceroy was an hereticke Yet from his time euer since the Viceroyes haue vsed to keepe them for them selues When the Viceroyes haue continued out their time which is assone as an other Viceroy ariueth at Bardes or any other Hauen in the countrie they doe presently dispatch their Leiuetenants with full power and authoritie in the name of their maisters to receiue possession of the gouernment of India and prepare the Palace for him so that there stayeth not a stoole or bench within the house nor one pennie in the treasure but they leaue the house as bare and naked as possible may be so that the new Viceroy must make prouision for to furnish it and gather a new treasure In the same shippe wherein the new Viceroy commeth thether the old returneth home and because their time of gouernment is so short and that the place is giuen them in recompence of their seruice and thereafter not to serue any more there is not one of them that esteemeth the profit of the commonwealth or the furtherance of the Kings seruice but rather their own particular commodities as you may verie well thinke so that the common speach in India is that they neuer looke for any profite or furtheraunce of the common wealth by any Viceroy as long as the gouernment of thrée yeares is not altered For they say and it is found to be most true that the first yeare of the Viceroyes time hee hath enough to doe to repaire and furnish his house and to know the manners and customes of the countries without any further troubling of himselfe The seconde yeare to gather treasure and to looke vnto his particular profits for the which cause he came into India The third and last yeare to prepare himselfe and set al things in order that he bee not ouertaken or surprised by the new Viceroy when he commeth but that he may returne into Portingall with the goods which he had scraped together The same is to bee vnderstoode of all the Captaines in the Fortes and of all other officers in India Wherefore it is to bee considered how they vse themselues in their places and the Kings seruice whereof the inhabitants and married Portingales doe continually speake but they are farre from the Kings hearing who knoweth not but that his Officers doe him good seruice whereby there is small remedie or amendement to be hoped for The 33. Chapter Of the heathens Indians and other strangers dwelling in Goa IN the towne and Iland of Goa are resident many Heathens Moores which are Mahometans Iewes and all strange nations bordering thereabout euerie one of them vsing seuerall customes and superstitions in Religion The Moores hold Mahomets law and the Iewes Moyses law There are also many Persians Arabians and Abexijâ—s some of them Christians and some of them Moores There is in Goa many Armenians that are Christians and others that goe and come to traffique there as Persians Arabians Banianes of Cambaia Gusarates and Decaniâ—ns c. The Moores eate all things except Swines flesh and dying are buried like the Iewes but the Heathens as Decaniâ—â—s Gusarates and Canaras and other Indians
and other such like oyntments wherewith they ease themselues This sicknes consumeth many Portingalles euery yeare some because they haue little to eat lesse to drink of any meat or drink that is nourishing vse much company of womeÌ„ because y e land is naturall to prouoke theÌ„ thervnto as also y e most part of the soldiers by such means haue their liuing and their maintenance which often times costeth them both life and limme for although men were of iron or steele the vnchaste life of a woman with her vnsatiable lustes were able to grinde him to powder and swéep him away like dust which costeth many a mans life as the Kinges Hospitall can wel beare witnes wherein they lodge whensoeuer they are sicke where euery yeare at the least there entered 500. liue men and neuer come forth till they are dead and they are only Portingals for no other sick person may lodge therin I mean such as are called white men for the other Indians haue an Hospitall by themselues In this Hospitall they are verie well looked vnto by Iesuites and Gentlemen whereof euery month one of the best is chosen and appointed who personally is there by them and giueth the sicke persons whatsoeuer they will desire and sometimes spend more by foure or fiue hundred Duckats of their owne purses then the Kings allowance reacheth vnto which they doe more of pride and vaine glorie then for compassion onely to haue the praise and commendation of liberalitie It is no shame there to lie in the Hospitall for many men go thether willingly although they haue wherewith to keepe themselues in their houses and haue both wife and children These Hospitals in India are very necessarie for the Portingals otherwise they shold consume away like miserable men but by y e means they are relieued whatsoeuer they haue eyther sicknesse wounds secrete diseases pockes piles or any such like there they are healed and sometimes visited by the Viceroy himselfe when he thinketh vpon them and that his commodities come in He that wil not lie there and hath any woundes or priuie diseases may come thether twice euery day and be drest goe his way againe without any question or deniall When they die therein they are by two slaues carried into the Church yarde without eyther singing or ringing onely one man followeth after them throweth some holy water vppon the graue but if the sicke man chanceth to leaue any goods behind him and speaketh vnto the Priestes to bring him to his graue and to say Masses for his soule then they runne thither by heapes and burie him like a man of countenance eyther in the Church or chauncell according to his will and then hath hee singing and ringing enough But returning to our matter of sicknesse pockâ—s and piles with other secret diseases they are in those countries verie common not hidden or concealed for they thinke it no shame more then to haue any other disease They heale them with the roote China there are some that haue had them at the least thrée or foure times and are not any thing at all shunned or disliked for the same but dare both boast and bragge thereof It is not any thing perillous for the bodie insomuch that they had rather haue them and feare them lesse then any of the foresaid diseases The plague hath neuer béen in India neither is it known vnto the Indians but poysoning witchcraft such like whereby some lose their healthes and some their liues is their dayly exercise and very common with them The stone grauel and rupture raigneth much among them specially among married men by reason of the great quantitie of water that they drinke being giuen to all pleasure and riotousnes enioying all what their hearts desire sitting alwayes with their bellies open in their shirtes in a gallerie recreating themselues with the wind which cooleth them sometimes hauing a slaue to scratch and pare their nayles and féete another the head the third holds a Fan to driue away the flées Their is the common vse for two houres after noone where likewise they take an afternoones sléepe and euer as they haue thirst they bring him a dish of conserues or other comfets that the water shoulde not worke too much in his bodie but taste the better With such and the like exercises they do passe the day til night comes on so that commonly they haue all swollen bellies like Bacchus whereby the soldiers and other Indians call them Barrigois that is bellies or great bellies The day both Summer and Winter is there all of a length not much difference onely in the chaunge they haue about an houres difference The sunne riseth at sixe and setteth at sixe When it is noone commonly they haue the Sunne in the middle of the element iust ouer their heades and it giueth no shadowe although it stretcheth somewhat out as the Sunne taketh his course In Goa you may sée both the Poles of the world the North and South starres stande not farre aboue the Horizon And this shall suffice for the times and seasons of the yeare sicknesses and other diseases in India as breuitie requireth The 35. Chapter Of the money waight and measure of India and Goa THe principall and commonest money is called Pardaus Xeraphiins and is siluer but very brasse and is coyned in Goa They haue Saint Sebastian on the one side and thrée or foure arrowes in a bundle on the other side which is as much as thrée Testones or thrée hundred Reijs Portingall money and riseth and falleth little lesse or more according to the exchange There is also a kinde of reckoning of money which is called Tangas not that there is any such coined but are so named onely in telling fiue Tangas is one Pardaw or Xeraphin badde money for you must vnderstande that in telling they haue two kinds of money good and badde for foure Tangas good money are as much as fiue Tangas bad money Wherfore when they buy and sell they bargaine for good or badde money There is likewise a reckoning of Vintiins which is not likewise in coyne but onely named in telling of these foure good and fiue badde doe make a Tangas The lowest and smallest money is called Bazaruco these are fiftéene badde and eightéene good to a Vintiin and three Bazarucos are as much as two Reiâ—s Portingal money It is molten money of badde Tinne so that 375. Bazarucos are one Pardaw or Xeraphiin There is also a kinde of money out of Persia called Lariins which are long very good and fine siluer without any allay These are worth 105. and 108. Bazarucos as the exchaunge goeth little more or lesse They haue a kind of money called Pagodes which is of Gold of two or three sortes and are aboue eight Tangas in value They are Indian and Heathenish money with the picture of a Diuell vpon them and therefore are called Pagodes There is another kinde of gold money which
stand a side vntill hee be past where soeuer they meete The Nayros weare the nayls of their hands very long wherby they shew that they are Gentlemen because the longnesse of the nayles doth let and hinder men from working or doing any labour They say likewise that they do it the better and faster to gripe a thing in their hands and to holde their Rapiers which some Portingales and Mesticos doe likewise vse and hold the same opinion with the Nayros whereof there are many in India which let their nayles grow for the same cause The principallest or chiefest of those Nayros which are leaders or Captaines of certaine numbers of Nayros weare a Gold or Siluer bracelet or ring about their armes aboue their elbowes as also their Gouernours Ambassadours and Kings whereby they are knowne from other men for otherwise they goe all naked Also their Kings rulers and other Captaines and leaders when they goe abroad are garded and accompanied by other Nayros They are verie good and stout souldiers and wil set vpon a man verie fiercely they are also verie full of reuenge so that whensoeuer they fight against their enemies either by water or by lande and that they chaunce to bee thrust into the body with a Pike they are not presently therewith content to lie downe but if they cannot spéedily plucke the Pike forth they will not spare to pull it forth with both their hands and draw it through their bodies therewith to set vpon them that gaue them the wound and to be reuenged on them Habitus et facies Mercatorum Goensium Indorum qui mutandis mercibus valde industrij Habyt en gedaente der â—ndiaensche Coopluyden welcke in hare handel seer cloeck zyn Banjanes e Cambaja populus â—sâ—andis gemmis scribendo supputandoque valdé â—ercitatus Banjanen vun Cambajen in t keâ— van gesteenten schryven en rekenen zeer geâ— Bramenes Idolorum in India Sacerdotes Bramenes der Indiuenscher affgoden Papen ofte Priesters Mâ—aniere van bruylost in t Lant van Ballagate achter Goa gelegen Bramenes cum mortuus est secundum eorum legem crematur uxor autem ejus proe amore sese vivam in ignem cum illo conjicit De Bramene do ot wesende wort nae haer wet verbrant en zyn vrouwe wt liefde haers mans verbrant haer levendich met hem Agricola Indus Canaryn dictus Een Indiaens sant ofte bouwman genaemt Canaryn Indorum liberi pro eorum consuetuâ—â—â—â— pudendis tantum rariori tela contectis Indiaensche kinderen al 's slants manier is 〈…〉 en die scha melheyt met een dun linnen doecksken be 〈…〉 hebbende Miles Indus quem lascarin nominant Een Indiaens soldaet lascarin geheeten Inda meretrix saltando et canendo victum queritans Een Indiaensche lichte vrouwe met dans sen en singen haer cost winnende Legati Regis Ballagatte in urbe Goa comitatus Die staet des Ambassateurs van den Coninck van Ballagatte binnen Goa Scaphae piscatoriae Goensium et Cochinensium alterae ex solido trunco exca vatae alterae e pluribus funibus coagmentatae priores Almadias alteras Tones et Paleguas vocant implent et hashâ—drijs aquae recentis quam ad naves deferentes di vendant quarum magnus illic numerus S 〈…〉 huÿten diemen te Goa en Cochÿn gebruÿckt om te visschen d'eene wt een hout wtgeholt lander wt veel struÿcken met coorden tsamen gebonden déerste worden Almadias â—'andere Tones en Paseguas genaemt die daer in groot getal zÿn welcken verladen â—et cruÿcken vol soet waters daer in gestort om aende schepen te vercoopen Naute Arabes quibus naves suas regendas Lusitani committunt in quibus cum uxoribus ut plurimum habitant Arâ—bischer scheepluÿden welcke die Portugeesen haer schepen vertrouwen te regeren in welcken sij oock met haer wyven meest woonen Habitus Abissinorum quibus loco S. Baptismatis frons nutiritur Habÿten der Abissÿnen wt paep tan slant welcke in plaets van doop gebruÿcken brantmercken in t aensicht Moerianen wt Mocambÿcke en die omliggende contreÿen diemen Caffres noemt sommighe zÿn Christenen sommighe Heydenen en tâ—neestendeel Machometisten The other common people of the Malabares called Polyas are such as are the couÌ„trie husband men and labourers men of occupations fishers and such like those are much contemned and dispised they liue very miserably and may weare no kind of weapon neyther yet touch or be coÌ„uersant with the Nayros for as the Nayros go on the stréetes and they heare him call they step aside bowing their armes and stooping with their heades down to the ground not daring so much as once looke vp before the Nayros be past in other thinges they obserue the customes of the other Indians for that euery man followeth the occupation of his Elders and may not change it for any thing The 43. Chapter Of the Moores and Iewes in India THere are great numbers of Moores and Iewes in al places of India as at Goa Cochin within the land some coming out of other places and the rest borne of Iewes and Moores in that country and so by birth right Indians who in times past by conuersation and company of those Iewes Moores haue bene brought to their sect and opinion In their houses and apparell they follow the manner of the land wherein they are resident amongst the Indians they haue their Churches Synagogues and Mesquitas wherein they vse all ceremonies according to their law but in the places where the Portingales inhabite and gouern it is not permitted vnto them to vse them openly neither to any Indian although they haue their families and dwelling houses and get their liuings and deal one with the other but secretly in their houses they may doe what they will so that no man take offence thereat without the townes and where the Portingales haue no commandement they may fréely vse and exercise their ceremonies and superstitions euery one as liketh him best without any man to let or deny them but if they be founde openlie doing it in the Portingales townes and iurisdictions or that they haue any point of Christian ceremonies mingled among theirs both men and womeÌ„ die for it vnlesse they turne vnto the christian faith as it oftentimes happeneth without the towne of Cochin where the King kéepeth his Court there the Iewes and Moores haue frée libertie to vse their sects and ceremonies openlie for there the Iewes haue made and built very fair stone houses and are rich marchants and of the king of Cochins néerest Counsellers there they haue their synagogue with their hebrue Bible and Moses Lawe which I haue had in my hand they are most white of colour like men of Europa haue many faire women There are manie of them that came out of the country of Palestina Ierusalem thether and speake ouer all the Exchange verie perfect and good Spanish they obserue the Saboth day and other iudiciall ceremonies and hope for the
the fayrest workemanshippe thereof commeth from China as it may be séene by all things that come from thence as desks Targets Tables Cubbordes Bores and a thousand such like thinges that are all couered and wrought with Lac of all colours and fashions so that it maketh men to wonder at the beautie and brightnes of the colour which is altogether Lac they likewise vse Lac to fill their Golde and Siluer workes that is to say haftâ—s of kniues and other thinges which they make very fayre outwardly of Siluer and inwardly full of Lac. The Indians likewise are so cunning that they make Ringes of Gold which to mans sight séeme very fayre and bright as though they were all of massy Gold inwardly they are hollow and stopt with Lac and cannot bee perceyued vnlesse a man bee aduertised thereof There is Lac likewise in Ballagaâ—te and Malabar but very little the greatest quantitie which from thence is carryed throughout India and all other places commeth out of the kingdome of Pegu. The 69. Chapter Of Annil or Indigo ANnil or Indigo by the Gusurates is called Gali by others Nil it is a costly colour and much caryed and trafiqued into Portingall it groweth in India in the kingdom of Cambaia the hearbe is very like Rosemary and is sowed like other Hearbes and when time and season serueth pulled and dryed and then it is made wette and beaten and so certayne dayes after dryed againe and then prepared At the first it is a fine greene but after it is a fayre blew as you sée it when it commeth hether and the cleaner it is from earth and dust the better it is to proue if it be good they burne it with a candle and if then it fall out like fine meale it is good but if it be grosse like sande it is not good also being throwne into the water if it swimmeth it is good but if it sinke it is not good this Annil was more accounted of and commonly more worth then Cloues both in India and in Portingall the King not long since hath farmed it out so that no man may buy it in India nor bring it into Portingall but onely the Farmers as they do with Pepper Annil or Nil as the learned Doctor Camerarius witnesseth which hath had some of the plantes within his garden hath skyâ—coloured leaues being like to the leaues of the Hearbe which in Latine is called Barba Iouis in Dutch Donder baert but somewhat broâ—der The 70. Chapter Of Amber Muske Algallia or Ciuet. AMber by some men is thought to be the fome of a Whale fishe others thinke it to bee the filth and dung of the Whale and others a certain kind of Betumen which floweth out of a well that standeth on the sea side and casteth y e Amber vp but it is to bee thought that it is neyther of the first two for if it were men shoulde continually finde Amber in these Countries spocially on the coast of Biscay where so many Whales are taken yet is theâ—e no Amber found in that place it were rather to bee beléeued that it is a Betumen or pitch proceeding out of some fountaine or Well or some thing that floweth from the bottome of the Sea so driueth vpon the water because it is found in some places and in some places not where it is most found and from whence it dayly commeth is from the coast of Soâ—la Mosambique and on the coast of Meâ—de or Abeâ— It is likewise sometimes found by the Islandes of Maâ—diua and the câ—pe de Comorijn but not much and not so commonly as by Soâ—la and Mosambique There are others that thinke it to be a spungie earth of some vnknowne Island drought or hiddeÌ„ cliffes and by force of the sea in time broken off by peeces and cast vpon the shore like driftes or such like thinges for it is often times found floating and driuing in peeces of ten or twelue and some of fifty or sixtie pannes broad They say that in India there hath bin found whole Islandes of Amber which being well marked by those that found and discouered them whereby to come thether againe and lade thereof when they came to the same place they could not finde them In Anno 1555. there was a péece found not far from the cape de Comoâ—iin that weighed 30. quintales and he that found it thought it to be pitch whereupon he sold it for a small price but afterwardes being knowne it was greatly esteemed likewise oftentimes there commeth Amber that is mingled with shels and all spotted with the dung of Sea foules that sit theron There is Amber of a gray colour with whitish vaines that is the best it is called Amber Griis There is a kinde of Amber which is perfect blacke but not so much esteemed as the gray to prooue if the Amber be good they thrust pinnes into it and that which yeeldeth most oyle is the best It is much vsed among the Indian Noble men and kinges in their daylie meates they vse it likewise much to prouoke lust and to increase nature thereby to bee the more apt for the same as also in many faire workes with muske Ciuet Bemoin and other sweete thinges mixed together whereof they make fine apples and peares wrought about with siluer gold which they beare in their hands to smell vppon and in haftes of kniues handles of pomyards and such like which they make of siluer and Amber within theÌ„ which in diuers places shineth through them These and such like workes are very common in India among the rich and mightie men of the countrie as well Indians as Portingales Ambarium in Latine Ambar in Arabia is a kind of pitch as the Author very well affirmeth cast vp out of some fountaine that standeth in the bottome of the sea which being set in the Sunne doth presently become hard like other thinges that are also taken out of the sea as Corall c. This Ambar by reason of the sweet pleasant smell doth comfort the head and the heart and by the drynes thereof it draweth away consumeth all watery humors out of the stomacke and good against all filthie and foulenesse in a mans body It cureth such as haue the falling sicknes It is good against the rising of the Mother being receiued in and thrust vp into the body to conclude it is good for all old men and for euery cold complection The Almiscaâ— Mosseliat or Muskcat coÌ„meth from China They are beastes like Fores or little Dogs which being killed and beaten and brused they let them lie and rot blood and flesh together which done they cut them in péeces both skinne flesh and blood all mixed togeather and therof make diuers purses which they sowe in a round forme and are in that sort caried abroad sold to diuers men Those purses are coÌ„monly of an ounce waight the péece and by the Portingales are called Papos but the right Papos and perfect
into the danger then they can speake faire and promise many thinges In that sort most of the ships depart froÌ„ Cochiin so that if any of them come safelie into Portingall it is only by the will of God for otherwise it were impossible to escape because they ouer lade them and are so badly prouided otherwise with little order among their men so that not one ship commeth ouer but can shew of their great dangers by ouerlading want of necessaries and reparations of the ship together with vnskilfull Saylers yet for all these dayly continuall dangers there is no amendment but they daily grow worse and worse In this ship called the Boa Viagen were many Gentlemen of the best and principallest that had serued a long time in India trauelling as then vnto Portingall with their certificates to get some reward for their seruice as the manner is and because it was one of the best and greatest ships of that fléet the Ambassador of Xatamas King of Persia went therein to procure a League with the King of Spaine to ioyne with him against the Turke their common enemie but he being drowned the Persian would send no more Ambassadors and yet hee is still in League and good friendshippe with the Portingalles The worst ship that sayleth from Cochin to Portingall is worth at the least a million of gold this was one of the best ships wherby may be considered what great losse commeth by the casting away of one of their ships besides the men for there passeth neuer a yere but one or two of them are cast away eyther in going or comming In the month of September the same yere 1586. there ariued foure ships out of Portingall in Goa called the Saint Thomas S. Saluador the Arrelickias and Bon-Iesus de Carania but of their Admirall S. Phillip they had no newes since their departure from Lisbone On the last of Nouember the same ships departed from Goa some along the coast of Malabar to take in their lading of Pepper and from thence to Cochiin where commonly one or two of them are laden with pepper but other wares are only laden from Cochiin At the same time there was a ship called the Ascention that lay in Goa had made certaine voiages to China and Iapan which ship was brought by the Factors for pepper because the ship Carama by reason of her oldnes was broken in Cochiin and set vpon y e stockes to be new made but not finished by reason of certaine controuersie that fell among the Factors In this shippe called Nossa Senhora da Sancao my Lord the Archbishop sayled vnto Portingall by reason of certaine quarels newly begun betweene the Viceroy and other Councellors and the Archbishop And although by the Viceroy all the Councell and Gentlemen and communaltie of Goa he was intreated not to leaue them yet hee would not be disswaded from his purpose but went to ride vnto the King of whom he was well beloued which the Viceroy and others liked not very well of fearing hee should giue some information to the king which would be smally to their profit and in that minde he vndertooke his Voyage discharging all his seruants sauing some that he kept about him for his seruice leauing no man in his house but only his Steward and my selfe to receiue his rents and keepe his house and because as then the golden Iubileo or pardon of Roome was newly brought into the Indies called La Santa Crusada being granted to the end that with the mony that should bee gathered by vertue therof the Captiues and Prisoners in Africa or Barbary that had beene taken Prisoners in the battaile wherein Don Sebastian king of Portingall was slaine shuld be redéemed which was sent vnto the Archbishop being apointed the Romane Apostolicke Commissarie c. for the same made me the general Clarke throughout al India to kéepe account of the said receits gaue me one of the keyes of the chest wherin the monie lay with a good stipend and other profits belonging to the same during the time of his absence thereby the rather to binde mâ— that I should remaine in his house and keep the same till his returne againe as I had promised vnto him And so he set sayle from Cochâ—n in the month of Ianuary Anno 1587. his Pilot being the same man that cast the Saint Iago away vpon the flats of India as it is said before The ships at that time being ready to set sayle one some foure or fiue dayes after the other as they were laden because they obserue a certaine order therein the better to register al their wares and merchandises it so fel out y t all the other ships being dispatched the Arrelikias only was the last that laded which hauing taken in her whole lading the Officers and some of the Factors being bribed suffered some of the ballast to be taken out in place thereof laded Cinamon because at that time Cinamon was risen in Portingall and at a very high price and therefore the officers and Factors by giftes aforesaid suffered it to be laden in that maner as hauing no other place to lade it in You must vnderstaÌ„d that when the time commeth to set â—aile the ships lying at anker about a mile within the sea where they receiued their lading the reason why they lie so farre is because it is summer time and there the sea is as calme and still as if it were within the land A trumpet is sounded throughout all the towne of Cochiin to call them all on bord wherewith all that will saile doe presently come downe accompanied with their friendes which in smal boates called Tones and Pallenges bring them abord with great store of bread and such like victuals so that you shall manie times sée the shippes hang round about with boats at the least three or foure hundred with such a noise and reioycing as it is wonderfull to heare and somtimes the ships are so laden that the Cables touch the water and besides that the hatches couered with diuers chestes seauen or eight one aboue another hauing no other place to set them in for y e vnder the hatches they are so stuffed that there is not an emptie roome so that when they set saile they know not where to begin nor how to rule the ship neyther can they well for a month after tell how to place all things in order and so was it with this ship which being thus prepared the Viador da Fazenda or the Kinges officers came abord asking them if the shippe were readie to set sayle and depart they say it was ready and he hauing made a protestation or certificate thereof the officers set to their hands as some say but others denie it presently he commanded theÌ„ to wind vp their cables and hoyse anker as the manner is and so let their sailes fall with a great crie of Boa Voyage or God send them good fortune and a merry Voyage
out of Portingall Their names were S. Antony S. Francisco our Lady of Nazareth and S. Alberto but of the S. Mary that came in company w c them from Portingall they had no newes but afterwards they heard that shee put backe againe to Portingal by reasoÌ„ of some defaults in her and also of the foule weather Eight dayes after the said 4. ships ariued in Goa where with great ioy they were receiued At the same time the Fort called Columbo which the Portingales hold in the Island of Seylon was besieged by the king of Seylon called Ram and in great danger to bee lost which to deliuer there was an armie of fustes and gallies sent from Goa whereof was Generall Barnaldin de Carualho And at the same time departed another armie of many ships fustes and gallies with great numbers of souldiers munition victuals and other warlike prouisions therewith to deliuer Malacca which as then was besieged and in great misery as I saide before thereof was generall Don Paulo de Lyma Pereira a valiant Gentleman and an olde souldier who not long before had bin Captaine of Chaul and being very fortunate in all his enterprises was therefore chosen to bée Generall of that fléet The last of Nouember the foure ships afore said departed from Goa to lade at Cochiin and from thence to saile for Portingale In December after while the Fort of Columbo in the Island of Seylon was still besieged the towne of Goa made out another great fléete of ships and gallies for the which they tooke vp many men within the Citie and compelled them to goe in the ships because they wanted men with a great contribution of mony raysed vpoÌ„ the Marchants and othrr inhabitants to furnish the same of the which armie was appointed general one Manuel de Sousa Courinho a braue gentle man and souldier who in times past had bin Captaine of the said Fort of Columbo and had withstood another besieging whereuppon the king put him in great credit and aduanced him much and after the Viceroyes death he was Viceroy of India as in time place we shall declare He with his armie ariued in the Isle of Seylon where hee ioyned with the other armie that went before and placed themselues in order to giue battaile to Raâ— who perceiuing the great number of his enemies brake vp his siege and forsooke the Fort to the great reioycing of the Portingales and hauing strengthned the Forte with men and victuals they returned againe to Goa where in the month of March Anno 1â—88 they were receiued with great ioy In the month of Aprill the same yeare the armie of Don Paulo de Lyma that went to Malacca ariued in Goa with victorie hauing fired Malacca and opened the passage againe to China and other places the maner whereof was this In their way as they passed the straight of Malacca they met with a ship belonging to the king of Achein in Samatra who was a deadly enemie to the Portingales and the principal cause of the besieging of Malacca In the same ship was the Daughter of the said king of Achein which he sent to be maried to the king of â—oor therby to make a new aliance with him against the Portingales and for a present sent him a goodly péece of Ordinance whereof the like was not to be found in all India and therefore it was afterwards sent into Portingale as a present to the king of Spaine in a ship of Malacca which after was cast away in the Island of â—eâ—cera one of the Flemmish Ilandes where the same peece with much labor was weighed vp and laid within the fortresse of the same Isle because it is so heauie that it can hardly be caried into Portingale But to the matter they tooke the ship with the kings daughter and made it al good prize and by it they were aduertised what had passed betweene the kings of Achein and Ioor so that presently they sent certaine souldiers on land and marching in order of battaile they set vppon the towne of Ioor that was sconsed and compassed about with woodden stakes most of the houses being of straw which wheÌ„ the people of the towne perceiued and saw the great number of men and also their resolution they were in great feare and as many as could fledde and saued themselues in the countrie to conclude the Portingales entred the towne and set it on fire vtterly spoyling and destroying it razing it eueÌ„ with the ground slaying al they fouÌ„d and taking some prisoners which they led away Captiues and found within the towne at the least 2500 brasse péeces great small which were al brought into India You must vnderstand that some of them were no greater than Muskets some greater and some very great being very cunningly wrought with figures and flowers which the Italians and Portingales that haue denyed their faith and become Mahometistes haue taught them whereof there are many in India and are those indéede that doe most hurt when they haue done any murther or other villanie fearing to be punished for the same to saue their liues they runne ouer by the firme land among the Heathens and Mores and there they haue great stipendes and wages of the Indian kinges and Captaines of the land Seauen or eight yeares before my comming into India there were in Goa certain TruÌ„peters and Cannonyers being Dutchmen Netherlanders and because they were reiected and scorned by the Portingales in India as they scorn all other nations in the world as also for that they could get no pay when they asked it they were presently abused and cast into the gallies and there compelled to serue In the end they tooke counsell together and seeing they could not get out of the countrie they secretly got into the firme land of Balagate and went vnto Hidalcan where they were gladly receiued and very well entertained with great payes liuing like Lords there being in dispaire denide their faithes although it is thought by some that they remaine still in their owne religion but it is most sure that they are maried in those countries with Heathen women and were liuing when I came from thence by this meanes are the Portingales the causes of their owne mischiefes onely through their pride hardines and make rods to scourge theÌ„selues withall w c I haue onely shewed in respect of those cast péeces other martiall weapons which the Indians haue learned of the Portingals and Christians whereof in times past they had no vnderstanding and although they had placed all those péeces in very good order yet it should seeme they knew not howe to shoote them off or to vse them as they should as it appeared hereby for that they presently forsooke them and left them for the Portingals With this victory the Portingals were very proude and with great glorie entred into Malacca wherein they were receyued with great triumph as it may well bee thought being by them deliuered from
by reason of the great moysture fell downe to the grounde as also because the stone wherewith they are built is verie soft and their morter the more half earth In the same month of August there happened a foule and wonderfull murther within the towne of Goa and because it was done vpon a Netherlander I thought good to set it downe at large that hereby men may the better perceyue the boldnesse and filthie lecherous mindes of the Indian women which are commonly all of one nature and disposition The thing was thus a young man borne in Antwarpe called Frauncis King by his trade a stone cutter was desirous as many young men are to sée strange countries for the same cause trauelled vnto Venice where he had an vncle dwelling who being desirous to preferre his cosin sent him in the company of other Marchantes to Aleppo in Suria where the Venetians haue great trafficke as I saide before there to learne the trade of marchandise and specially to deale in stones to the which ende he deliuered him a great summe of money This young youth being in Aleppo fell into company in such sort that in steede of increasing his stocke as his vncle meant he should doe he made it lesse by the one halfe so that when the other Marchants had dispatched their businesse and were readie to depart for Venice Frauncis King perceyuing that hee had dealt in such sorte that halfe his stocke was consumed and spent in good fellowshippe knew not what to doe as searing his vncles displeasure not daring to returne againe to Venice vnlesse hee caried as much with him as hee brought from thence in the end hee tooke counsell of some Venetians with whome hee was acquainted that willed him to goe with the Caffila or Caruana that as then was ready to go vnto Bassora and from thence to Ormus in India assuring him seeing hee had knowledge in stones that hee might doe great good and winne much profite in those Countries and thereby easily recouer the losse that by his folly hee had receyued which would turne to his great benefite and likewise no hurt vnto his vncle Which counsell hee followed determining not to returne backe againe before hee had recouered his losse and to the same ende and purpose hee ioyned himselfe with certain Venetians who at the same instant trauelled thether and so went with the Caffila till they came vnto Bassora the best Towne in all those Countries lying vppon the vtter parte of Sinus Persicus that goeth towardes Ormus and from thence by water till they arriued in Ormus where euerie man set vppe his shoppe and began to sell his wares but Francis King being young and without gouernment séeing himselfe so far distant from his vncle made his account that the money he had in hie hands was then his owne and began againe without anie foresight to leade his accustomed life taking no other care but onlie to be merie and make good cheare so long till in the end the whole stock was almost clean spent and consumed and beginning to remember himself and to call to mind his follies past hee knewe not what course to take for that to goe home again he thought it not the best way as wāting the meanes and again he durst not shew himself in the sight of his Vncle. At the last he determined to trauell vnto Goa where he vnderstood he might well get his liuing by setting vp his trade til it pleased god to work otherwise for him and so he came to Goa and being there presently set vp shoppe to vse his occupation But because he found there good company that is to say Netherlanders and other Dutchmen that serued there ordinarily for Trumpetters and Gunners to the Viceroy who did daylie resort vnto him he could not so well ply his worke but that he fell into his wonted course which he perceiuing in the end determined to make his continuall residence in Goa and for the same purpose set downe his rest to seeke some meanes there to abide as long as he liued seeing all other hope was cleane lost for euer returning againe vnto his Vncle or into his owne countrie At the same time among other strangers there was one Iohn de Xena a French man borne in Deepe that in former times was come into India for drum vnto one of the Viceroyes and hauing beene long in the countrie was maryed to a woman of Ballagate a Christian but by birth a More This French man kept a shoppe in Goa where he made Drummes and other Ioyners worke and withall was the Kings Oare maker for the Galleyes whereby he liued in reasonable good sort He had by his foresaid wyfe two sonnes and a daughter and as strangers of what nation soeuer they be vse to take acquaintance one of the other being out of their owne countries speciallie in India where there are very few and do hold together as brethren which to them is a great comfort so this Frauncis King vsed much to this French mans house by whome he was verie much made of and very welcome as thinking thereby to bring him to match with his daughter because of his occupation which is of great account in India because of the great number of Diamants other stones that are sold in those countries and to conclude as the manner of India is that when they haue gotten a man in once they will neuer leaue him he ceassed not with many promises and other wonderful matters to draw Frauncis so farre that he gaue his consent thereunto which afterwardes cost him his lyfe as in the historie following you shall heare the true discourse To make short they were maried according to their manner the Bryde being but 11 yeares old very fair and comelie of bodie and limme but in villanie the worst that walked vppon the earth yet did her husband account himselfe a most happie man that had found such a wyfe as he often times said vnto me although he was so ielous of her that he trusted not any man were they neuer so néere friends vnto him but he in whome he put his greatest trust least suspected was the onelie worker of his woe When he was betroathed to his wife the father promised him a certain péece of money and vntill it were payde he and his wyfe should continue at meat and meale in his father in lawes house and should haue a shop adioyning to the same and whatsoeuer he earned should be for himself When all this was done and the matter had remained thus a long while by reason that the father in law could not performe the promised summe because their houshold increased it came to passe that the old man fel into a sicknesse and died and then Frauncis King must of force pay his part towards the house kéeping which he liked not of thereupon fel out with his mother in law and on a certaine time made his complaint to me asking my counsel therein I
answered him and said I would be loath to make debate betwéene Parents Children but if it were my case séeing I could not obteyne my dowrie I would stay no longer there but rather hyre a house by my self and kéep better house alone with my wife then continue among so manie wher I could not be master In the end he resolued so to doe with much adoe tooke his wife Child w t his slaues and parted houshold hyred himselfe a house set vp his shoppe and vsed his trade so handsomely that hauing good store of worke he became reasonable wealthie But his mother in law that could not conceale her Morish nature after y e death of her husbaÌ„d whether it were for spight she bare to her sonne in law or for a pleasure she tooke therein counselled her daughter to fall in loue with a young Portingal Soldier whom the daughter did not much mislike which soldier was verie great in the house and ordinarilie came thether to meat and drinke and Frauncis trusted him as well as if he had bene his brother in so much that he would doe nothing without his counsell This Soldier called An honio Fragoso continued this beastlie course with Frauncis his wyfe with the helpe of her mother all the while that they dwelt with the mother and it is sayd that he vsed her company before shee was maried although shee was but young which is no wonder in India for it is their common custome in those countries to doe it when they are but eight yeres old and haue the slight to hide it so well that when they are maried their husbands take theÌ„ for very good maides This order of life they continued in that sorte for the space of foure yeares and also after that they had taken a house and dwelled alone by themselues for Antonio Fragoso kept his old haunt and although Francis vsed continually to shut his chamber dore yet was this Portingall oftentimes hidden therin he not knowing thereof where hee tooke his pleasure of his wife At the last one Diricke Gerritson of Enchuson in Holland béeing Godfather vnto Francis Kinges wife comming newly from China desired the said Francis and his wife to come and dine with him at his house without the towne where as then he dwelt and among the rest bad mee minding to bee merrie and made vs good cheare but because the honest Damsell Francis Kinges wife made her excuse that she might not with her credit come where Batchelers were for that they had no such vse in India he desired mée to hold him excused till another time They being there at this feast with the mother in law and her sonne their houshold of slaues that waited vpon them as the maner of India is After dinner was ended and they well in drinke they went to walke in the fieldes where not far from thence there stood a house of pleasure that had neyther dore nor window but almost fallen downe for want of reparations hauing on the backe side therof a faire garden full of Indian trées and fruites the house and garden Francis Kinges father in law had bought in his life time for a small peece of mony for as I say it was not much worth thether they went and caused their pots and their pans with meat and drinke to be brought with them being minded all that day to make merrie therein as indéede they did In the meane time it was my fortune with a friend of mine to walke in the fieldes and to passe by the house wherein they were not thinking any company had bin there going by Francis King being all drunken came forth and saw me wherewith he ranne and caught me by the cloke perforce would haue me in made me leaue my companion so brought me into the garden where their wiues and his mother in law with their slaues sate playing vpon certaine Indian Instruments being verie merrie but I was no sooner espied by them but the young woman presently went away to hide herselfe for her credits sake according to their manner as their manner is when any stranger commeth into the house Not long after supper was made ready of such as they had brought with them although the day was not so far spent and the table câ—oth was laid vppon a matte lying on the grâ—und for that as I said before there was neyâ—her table bench window nor dore within the house The meate being brought in euery man sate downe only Francis Kinges wife excused her selfe that I had shamed her and desired that she might not come in saying for that time shee would eate there with the slaues and although her husband would gladly haue had her come in among vs thereby to shew that he was not iealous of her yet shee would not so that séeing her excuse he let her rest saying it were best to let her stay there because thee is ashamed While we sate at supper where the slaues serued vs going and comming to and fro and bringing such thinges as we wanted out of the place where this honest woman was her husband thinking shee had taken pains to make it ready it was nothing so for that while we were merry together not thinking any hurt in came Antonio Fragoso with a naked Rapier vnder his cloake it being yet day light and in presence of all the slaues both theirs and mine without anie feare of vs lead her away by the hand into one of the chambers of the house hauing neyther doore flore nor window and there putting off the cloth that she had about her middle which he laid vppon the ground to kéepe her from fowling of her body not being once ashamed before the slaues neyther fearing any danger he tooke his pleasure of her but if any mischance had happened that any of the slaues had marked it and bewraied it the said Anthonie had tenne or twelue souldiers his companions and friendes not farre from thence which with a whistle or any other token would haue come to help him and so would haue slaine vs all and taken the woman with him which is their dayly proffit in India but we had better fortune for that hée dispatched his affaires so well with her that wée knew it not and had leysure to depart as he came without any trouble and she well pleased therewith and when the slaues asked her how thee durst bee so bold to doe such a thing considering what danger of life shee then was in shee answered them that shee cared not for her life so shée might haue her pleasure and saying that her husband was but a drunkard and not worthie of her and that she had vsed the company of that fine lustie youth for the space of foure yeres together and for his sake she said shee would not refuse to die yet had she not then beene married to Francis King full foure yeares neyther was shee at that time aboue fifteene or sixteene yeares of
age Not long after shee had done shee came into the garden and as it should seeme had cleane forgotten her former shame where she began both to sing and dance shewing herselfe very merry wherewith all the companie was very well pleased specially her husband that commended her for it When euening was come euery man tooke his leaue and departed to his lodging and when wee were gone wee chanced by our slaues to vnderstand the truth of the fact before rehearsed and what danger we had escaped whereat we wondred much and Francis King himselfe began to be somewhat suspicious of the matter being secretlie aduertised of his wiues behauiour but hee knew not with whome she had to doe nor once mistrusted this Anthonie Fragoso thinking him to be the best friend hee had in all the world yea and that more is hee durst not breake his minde to any but onely vnto him of whome in great secret he asked counsell saying that he vnderstood and had well found that his wife behaued her selfe dishonestlie asking him what he were best to doe and told him further that he meant to dissemble the matter for a time to see if hee could take them together thereby to kill theÌ„ both which the other counselled him to doe promising him his help and furtherance and to bee secret therein and so they departed Anthonio Frâ—â—oâ—o weÌ„t presently vnto his wife and shewed her what had past betweene her husband and him where they concluded vppon that which after they brought to passe thinking it the best course to preuent him Now so it hapned that in an euening in the month of August 15â—â— Francis King had prouided a rosted Pig for supper in his own house whereunto he inuited this Anthonio Fragâ—so and his mother in law who as it séemeth was of counsell with them in this conspiracie and the principall cause of the Tragedy although very stoutly and boldly shee denied it afterwards They being at supper and very merrie at the same time it was my chance to suppe in a certaine place with a Dutch painter whether Frâ—â—ciâ— King sent vs a quarter of the Pigge praying vs to eate it for his sake and to be merrie he that brought it being one of our owne house They had caused him to drinke of a certaine wine that was mingled with the Hearbe Deâ—â—oa thereby to bereaue poore Franciâ— of his wittes and so to effect their accursed deuice for as it appeared hee that brought the Pigge came halfe drunke and out of his wittes whereby we perceaued that all was not well To conclude the Hearbe beganne to worke so that of force hee must needs sleep and the companie beeing departed shee shutte his trappe doore as ordinarily he vsed to doe and laid the key vnder his pillow and went to Bedde with his louing wife where presently hee fell on sleepe like a dead man partly by meanes of the Deâ—â—oa and partly because hee had drunke well About eleauen of the Clocke in the night Anthonie Fragoso all armed and another good friend of his not knowing as hee confessed what Anthonio meant to doe and came to the doore of Franciâ— Kinges house and knocked softly and willed the slaues that slept below to open the dore but they answered him their master was a bedde and that the trappe doore was shut on the in side Francis his wife that slept not wheÌ„ she heard it ran to the window and willed him to bring a ladder and clime vp which he presently did and she holp him in where shee tooke him about the necke kissing him and bad him welcome leading him in by the hand where her husband slept little thinking on the villanie pretended by his wife and such as he held to bee his best friends and to be briefe shee said vnto him There lieth the drunkard and the Hereticke that thought to bring vs to our endes thereby to seperate vs from our loue and pleasures now reuenge your selfe on him if you loue me and presently hee thrust him into the body with his Rapier cleane through the breast so that it came out behind at his backe and being not content therwith gaue him another thrust that went in at the one side and out at the other side and so at the least 4. or 5 thrusts more after he was dead whereby the poore innocent man ended his dayes which done they took all the stones Diamonds that hee had of diuers men to worke as also to sell which amounted at the least to the value of 4â— thousand Pardawes and tooke Francis his own Rapier that hung by him put it into his hand as if they would make men beleeue that hee would haue killed them that in their owne defence they had slaine him but it was well knowne to the coÌ„trarie for that the slaues being below heard all that had past They tooke with them also the childe being of two yeares old and went out of the house but they had not gone farre but they left the childe lying at a doore in the street where in the morning it was found althogh the slaues made a great noise at their mistrisses flight went to fetch y e officers yet they could not find theÌ„ for that night the murtherers went knocked at y e Iesuits cloister desiring them to take them in gaue theÌ„ the most part of the stones saying they had slain the man in their owne defence but the Iesuites would not receiue them although they tooke the stones of purpose to giue them againe to the owners In the morning it was knowne through all the towne not without great admiration and although they sought diligently in all places where they thought or suspected them to lodge yet they could not find them but not long after they were séene in the towne of Chaul which is about thirty miles Northwarde from Goa where they walked fréely in the stréetes without any trouble for there all was couered and few there are that look after such matters though they bee as cleare as the Sunne The dead bodie lay in that sort till the next morning we Dutch men were forced to sée him buried for the mother in lawe woulde not giue one peny towards it making as though she had not any thing to doe with him but holpe the murtherer both with money and victuailes therewith to trauell vnto Portingal and so he sayled in the fléete with vs for I saw him in the Island of S. Helena as bold and lusâ—y as if no such matter had béene committed by him and so ariued in Portingall not any man speaking against him hauing also promised both the mother and wife of Frauncis King that hee woulde come againe with the Kinges pardon and marrie her which I doubt not of if hee once went about it And thus Francis King ended his trauell which I thought good to set downe at large that thereby you may perceyue the boldnes and inclination of the Indian women for there
ten thousand duckets readie money were in doubt that they should not finde wares enough to lade it withall yet in the end it was in a manner laden as well as the other ships were Nowe it was agréed by the owners that sold it that the Maister Gunner and chiefe Boteswaine shoulde kéepe their places stil within the shippe as they had when it sailed to China and Iapen The Gunners name was Diricke Gariâ—son of Enchusen who after he had beene 20. yeares in India was minded as then to saile in that shippe to Portingall with whome because of olde acquaintance and for his company I minded to sée if I could get any place within the shippe And because the farmers of pepper had their factors in India that were DutchmeÌ„ which lay there in the behalfe of the Foukers and Velsares of Ausburg who at that time had a part of the pepper laden in that ship and vse to send in each ship a Factor to whome the King alloweth a Cabine and victuails for the voyage This place of Factor in the said shippe called Santa Crus I did obtaine of the Farmers because they were of my acquaintance Whereupon I prepared my selfe to depart and got a Pasporte of the Viceroy without which no man may passe out of India as also a Certificat out of the Kinges chamber of accountes and out of the Matricola generall wherein all such as come into India are registred with a note of my paye which by the Kings commandement is appoynted to bee paide vppon certificate from thence and withall the time of my residence in India and what place I was imployed in there that when I came into Portingall I might haue recompence if I would aske it or minded to returne againe into India But although I had no such intent yet I must of force obserue this order to make them thinke I would returne againe and the easier to obtaine my Pasport which was easily graunted mée by the Gouernour as also the other Certificates and hauing obtayned them I tooke my leaue of all my friends and acquaintance not without great griefe as hee that was to depart out of his second naturall dwelling place by reason of the great and long continuance that I had made in those countries so that I was in a manner halfe disswaded from my pretended voyage But in the end the remembrance and affection of mâ— true natural countrie got the vpper hâ—nd and ouer ruled me making me wholy to forget my conceipt vnto the contrarie and so committing my selfe my affaires vnto God who onely can direct and helpe vs and giue good successe to all endeuours I entred into my new pretended course In the Month of Nouember 1588. the ships sayled againe from Goa to the coast of Mâ—lâ—baâ— Cochijn to take in their lading And the 2â— of the same month the Santa-Cruâ— set sayle to begin our Viage The 28. day we arriued in Honor a Fort belonging to the Portingals and the first they haue vpon the coast of Malabar which lyeth Southward from Goa eighteene miles in which place we were assigned to take in our lading of Pepper They vsed not before to lade any Pepper in that place so that we were the first that euer laded there but from thence forwards they minded yearely to lade one ship there because the Queene of Batticola that lay not farre from thence and Honoâ— being within her Iurisdiction or kingdom had bouÌ„d her selfe yearely to deliuer seauen or eight thousand Quintales of Pepper so that the Farmers paied her halfe y e mony for the same sixe Months before thee deliuered it and then shee would deliuer it at times For the which cause the Farmers haue their Factor in Honor to receiue it of her by waight and lay it vp till the time of lading commeth The like haue they in all the other Fortes vppon the coast of Malabar as at Mangalar Baâ—selor Cananor Cochijn Coulan c. Nowe to know the right manner of farming of the Pepper you must vnderstand that the Farmers take the same to Farme for fiue yeres and bind themselues euery yeare to send their stocke of readie money for thirtie thousand Quintales of Pepper so that the King will send ships to lade it in The King on the other side bindeth himselfe to performe and to send euerie yeare fiue ships the Farmers bearing the aduenture of the Sea both of their mony sending thether and of the Pepper brought from thence must lade it in India into the ships at their owne costs and charges which being brought into Portingall they deliuer al the Pepper to the King at the price of twelue Ducats the Quintall if any bee cast away or taken vpon the Sea it is at the Farmers charge for the King dealeth not but onely with that which is deliuered him in Portingall being drie and faire laide vp in the Kings store house in Lisbone for the which he payeth not any money vnto the Farmers vntill the said Pepper be sold with the mony wherof he payeth them so that the King without any hazard or disbursing any thing oâ— his owne hath alwaies his money for his Pepper without the losse of any one pennie And in that respect the Farmers haue great and strong priueledges first that no man of what estate or condition so euer he bee either Portingall or of any place in Indiâ— may deale or trade in Peper but theâ— vpon paine of death which is verie sharply looked vnto Likewise they may not for any occasion or necessitie whatsoeuer diminish or lessen the ordinarie stocke of money for the Pepper neither hinder or let them in any sorte concerning the lading thereof which is also verie strictly obserued For although the Pepper were for the Kings owne person yet must the Farmers Pepper be first laden to whome the Viceroy and other Officers and Captaines of India must giue al assistance helpe and fauour with watching the same and al other things whatsoeuer shall by the said Farmers bee required for the safetie and benefite of the saide Pepper For the lading and prouiding wherof the said Farmers are to send their Factors seruants and assistants of what nation so euer they bee except Englishmen Frenchmen and Spaniards vnto euery place to see it laden and dispatched away for other strangers may not goe into India without the speciall licence of the King or his counsell of India The Pepper commonly costeth in India 28. Pagodes the Bhar euerie Bhar is three Quintales and a halfe Portingall waight so that euery Quintall standeth them in twelue Pardawes Xeraâ—â—ius and foure â—angoes Euerie Quintall is 1â—8 pounds and euerie Pardawe thrée Testones or thirtie Stiuers heauie money and euery â—aâ—ga â—iâ—â—e Reijs or sixe Stiuers which is twelue Dollers of sixtie pence Flemish the peece after the rate of Portingall money and twentie foure Stiuers of the like money besides all charges aduenture of the Seas But the great quantitie maketh them gaine the
the sea and so the Caruels borded vs telling vs that the men of the Island were all in armes as hauing receiued aduise from Portingall that Sir Francis Drake was in a readines and would come vnto those Islands They likewise brought vs newes of the ouerthrow of the Spanish Fléet before England and that the English men had béene before the gates of Lisbone wherupon the king gaue vs commandement that we should put into the Island of Tercera and there lie vnder the safetie of the Castle vntill we receiued further aduise what wee should doe or whether we should saile for that they thought it too dangerous for vs to goe to Liâ—bone Those newes put our fleet in great feare and made vs looke vppon each other not knowing what to say as being daÌ„gerous for them to put into the road because it lieth open to the sea so that the Indian ships although they had expresse commandement from the king yet they durst not anker there but only vsed to come thether and to lauere to and fro sending their boates on land to fetch such necessaries as they wanted without ankering but being by necessity coÌ„pelled thereunto as also by the kinges commandement and for that wee vnderstood the Earle of Cumberland not to bee farre from those Islands with certaine ships of war we made necessitie a vertue and entring the rode ankered close vnder the Castle staying for aduise and order from the king to performe our voyage it being then the 24. of July S. Iames day We were in al 6 ships that is 5. from East Indies one from Malacca lay in the rode before the Towne of Angra from whence we presently sent three or foure Caruels into Portingal with aduise vnto the king of our ariuall There we lay in great daunger and much feare for that when the month of August commeth it is very dangerous lying before that Iland for as then it beginneth to storme The shippes are there safe from all windes sauing onely from the South and Southeast windes for when they blow they lie in a thousand dangers specially the east IndiaÌ„ ships which are very heauily laden and so full that they are almost readie to sinke so that they can hardly be stéered The fourth of August in the night we had a South winde out of the sea wherewith it began so to storme that all the ships were in great danger to be cast away and to run vpon the shore so that they were in great feare and shot off their péeces to call for help The officers and most of the sailers were on land none but pugs and slaues being in the ships for it is a common custome with the Portingales that wheresoeuer they anker presently they goe all on land and let the shippe lie with a boy or two in it All the bels in the Towne were hereupon rung and there was such a noyse and crie in euerie place that one could not heare the other speak for those that were on land by reason of the foule weather could not get aboard and they in the Shippe could not come to land Our Shippe the Santa Crus was in great danger thinking verily that it shuld haue run vpon the sands but God holy them The ship that came from Malacca brake her Cables and had not men enough aboard the shippe nor any that could tell how to cast forth another anker so that in the end they cut their mastes droue vpon the Cliffes where it stayed and brake in péeces and presently sunke vnder the water to the vpper Dorlope and with that the winde came North West wherewith the storme ceased and the water became calme If that had not béene al the ships had followed the same course for that some of them were at the point to cut their Masts and Cables to saue their liues but God would not haue it so In that ship of Malacca were lost many rich and costly Marchandises for these ships are ordinarily as rich as anie ships that come from India as being full of all the rich wares of China Mâ—luco Laua and all those countries so that it was great pittie to sée what costly thinges as Silkes Damaskes clothes of gold and siluer such like wares fleeted vpon the sea and were torne in péeces There was much goods saued that lay in the vpper part of the ship and also by duckers as pepper Nutmegs and Cloues but most of it was lost and that which was saued was in a manner spoyled and little worth which presently by the kinges officers in the Island was seased vpon and to the Farmers vses shut vp in the Alsandega or Custome house for the Kinges custome not once regarding the poore men nor their long and dangerous Voiage that had continued the space of three yeares with so great miserie and trouble by them indured in Malacca as in another place I haue alreadie shewed so that they could not obtaine so much fauour of the king nor of his officers that of the goods that were saued and brought to land they might haue some part although they oâ—fered to put in suerties for so much as the custome might amount vnto or els to leaue as much goods in the officers hands as would satisfie them and although they made daily and pittifull complaintes that they had not where with to liue and that they desired vppon their owne aduentures to fraight certaine shippes or Caruels at their owne charge and to put in good suerties to deliuer the goods in the Custome house of Lisbone yet could they not obtaine their requests but were answered that the king for the assurance of his custome and of all the goods would send an Armado by sea to fetch the goods which fetching continued for the space of two yeares and a halfe and yet nothing was done for there came no Armado In the meane time the poore saylers consumed all that they had and desperately cursed both themselues the king and all his officers yet in the end by great and importunate sute of the Farmers of the pepper euery maÌ„ had licence to lade his goods in what ship hee would after it had laine there for the space of two yeares and a halfe putting in suerties to deliuer the goods in the custome house of Lisbone where they must pay the halfe more of the same goods for custome to the King without any respect of their hard fortune and great miserie during their long and dangerous Voyage and he that will be dispatched in the Custome house there must sée the officers otherwise it is most commonly three or foure monthes before the goods are deliuered vnto the owners and the best thinges or any fine deuise that the Marchants for their own vses bring out of India if the officers like theÌ„ they must haue them yet they will promise to pay for them but they set no day when so that the poore Marchants are forced to giue them rest and wel contented that
vsed by them but are rather kept short so that not one soldier dareth goe out of the towne without licence and therefore men may quyetlie trauell throughout the Iland both day and night without any trouble Likewise they will not suffer any stranger to trauel to sée the Country and this order was not brought vp by the Spaniards but by the Portingals themselues before their troubles for they would neuer permit it and which is more all strangers that came thether were vsually appointed a certain street wherin they should sel their wares and might not goe out of that stréet Now it is not so straightlie looked vnto but they may goe in all places of the towne within the Iland but not about it to view the coast which notwithstanding was graunted vnto vs by the Gouernor himself who lent vs his horses to ryde about and gaue vs leaue to sée all the fortes which at this time is not permitted to the naturall borne Ilanders neyther are they so much credited We road twice about the Iland which he granted vs leaue to doe by meanes of certaine particular friendship we had with him neyther could the Portingales hinder vs therein because wee were in the Kinges seruice as Factors for the Kinges Pepper and for that they held and accounted vs as naturall borne Portingalles for the Gouernor would willinglie haue had mee to haue drawne a plot of the whole Iland that hee might haue sent it to the King wherein I excused my self yet I made him the town with the Hauen coming in and Fortes of Angra which he sent vnto the King the like whereof you may in this Booke behold for the which the Gouernor was greatlie affected vnto mee and shewed mee much friendshippe Wee had in our Lodging a French Marchant and a Scot that willinglie would haue gone with vs to sée the Iland but could not be suffered for the Portingalles thinke that they would take the proportion thereof and so seeke to defeate them of their right But returning to our matter the Ilandes are verie good and holesome ayre and the diseases that are most common in those Countries though not verie plentiful but only here there one are one sicknes called O Ax that is a kind of bad ayre y t taketh them maketh them altogether lame or half lame of their limmes or of some one limme and an other sicknes that is called O Sange that is a certaine blood that hastelie cometh vppon a man as a swelling in the eyes or other places of the face or of the bodie is as red as blood for as they say it is nothing els but méere blood these are two diseases like the plague and are commonest sicknesses in those Countries which grow by reason of the great windines of the Ilandes that are subiect to all stormes and foule weathers and are vnreasonable moyst which is one of the principall causes of these diseases for the windes are there so strong and dangerous that they consume both the Iron and the Steele of their houses and bring them into powder for I haue seene Iron grates in the Kings Custome house as thicke as a mans arme and the windowes of hard free stone which were so consumed by the wind that the Iron in some places was become as thynne as a straw and the stone in like sort and therefore in those Countries they vse to make their Rooffes and painthouses of stones which they digge in the water out of sandes vppon the Sea coast of those Illandes whereon the wind hath not so great a power to consume it and yet that Custome house had not bene made aboue 6 or 7 yeares before at the most In this Iland besides the two townes there are diuers great villages as S. Sebastians S. Barboran Altares Gualua Villa noua with manie other parishes and hamlets so that for the most part it is built and inhabited sauing onely the places that are wild and full of woods which can hardlie bee trauelled much lesse inhabited Their most traffique is as I said before the wood that groweth in those countries I meane for such as deale in marchandise and the workemen that make it but the rest waight for the fleets that come and goe to and from the Spanish and Portingall Indies from Brasilia Cabo Verde and Guinea all which countries doe commonly come vnto Tercera to refresh themselues as lying very fitly for that purpose so that all the inhabitants doe thereby richlie maintaine themselues and sell at their wares as well handie works as victuals vnto those shippes and all the Ilandes round about doe as then come vnto Tercera with their wares to sell it there For the which cause the English men and other strangers keepe continually about those Ilandes béeing assured that all shippes for want of refreshing must of force put into those Ilandes although at this time manie shippes doe auoid those Ilandes to the great discommoditie of the Ilands and the shippes From Tercera Southeast about 27. or 28. miles lyeth the Iland of S. Michael which is about 20 myles long and is likewise full of Townes and Villages inhabited by Portingalles for ayre and all other thinges like vnto Tercera The chief Towne is called Punta del Gada where there is great traffique of English Scots and French men onlie as in Tercera because of the woad which is more abundant in that Ilande then in all the rest of them for that euerie yeare there is made aboue two hundreth thousand Quintalles of Woad It hath likewise great abundance of Corne so that they helpe to victuall all the Ilandes that are round about them It hath neither Hauens nor Riuers but onlie the broad sea and haue lesse safegard and defence then those which are of Tercera but there they ly not vnder the commandement of any Fort so that many set sayle with all the windes and put to sea which in the road of Tercera they may not doe and therefore the strangers shippes had rather sayle to S. Michaels for there they can not be constrayned to doe anie thing but what they will themselues to doe There is also a company of Spaniards in a Castle that standeth by the Towne of Punta del Gada which is made by the Spaniards for the defence and maintenance of the same towne From the Iland of S. Michaels Southwardes twelue myles lyeth the Island Santa Maria which is about ten or twelue myles compasse and hath no traffique but onlie of pot earth which the other Ilands fetch from thence It hath no Woad but is full of all victualles like Tercera and inhabited by the Portingales There are no Spaniardes in it because it is a stonie Countrie like Tercera and hard to bord whereby the inhabitantes themselues are sufficient and able enough to defend it While I remained in Tercera the Earle of Comberland came thether to take in fresh water and some other victuals but the inhabitants would not suffer him to haue it but
of the Portingales voyage towards the Indies for that there are about 6000. Italian miles to saile before you com to compas this great cape for that from the riuer of Fernando Poo where the head first beginneth to iut into the sea to the furthest point which as I said is called Delli Aguglie that is the néedles the coast from north to south is accounted 2200. Italian miles and on the other side of the same hooke or corner to the point or cape Guarda fuâ— lying ouer against the Iland Socotora the coast from south to north is accounted 3300. Italian miles whereof 1000. Italian miles make 200. Dutch miles and is 660. Dutch miles so that from Lisbon sailing about the coast of Affrica the cape de Bona Speranza to the kingdome of Goa are about 15000. Italian miles and thence to Malacca China is as much againe so that not any people in the world did euer make so dangerous a voyage as the Portingales haue done except within these few yeares certain English gentlemen that not onelie haue performed this voyage but haue sayled round about the worlde This head is called the cape de Bona Speranza that is head of good Hope for that al the ships that saile to India or from India to Portingale do feare the passing of this cape thinking if they passe it to haue passed al danger Now to returne to our matter touching the coast of Affrica hauing passed the cape delli Aguglie there are diuers good hauens for ships to harbor in first Seno Formoso il Seno del Lago because in that place the sea makes a gulfe or entrance wherein are certaine Ilands and hauens alitle further the riuer called S. Christofer runs into the sea in the mouth whereof lieth iii. Ilands and somewhat further there comes a riuer out of the land which the Portingaâ—eâ— call â—eria della Natiuita that is the land of Christs birth bicause it was discouered on the same day downe to the cape de la Pescheria between this cape the riuer Mâ—gnice lieth the kingdome of Burtua which reacheth to the hils of the Moone and so to this riuer towardes the north where the country of Monomoâ—apâ— lieth and on the west side to the riuer Bauagul In this country are many gold veines the people being altogether like the men of Monometapa passing in this maner by the coast you sée y e riuer of Magnice by the which begins the kingdome of Sofala the country of Menomotapa This riuer springeth out of the same lake where Nilus issueth forth runneth into y e sea in the middle of the entrance betwéene two corners of land one called Della Pescheria the other Delli Correnti liyng vnder 23. degrees ½ on the south side of the pole vnder Tropicus Caneri Into this riuer not far from the sea run three other riuers whereof one is called S. Christopher and by the inhabitants of the country called Nagoa the second hath her name of a particular man called Lorenzo Marchoâ— because he found it first and in that country Toroa these two issue out of the hils of the Moone the third is called Aâ—râ—e springing out of the other side of the hills by the golde mines of Mone motapa in some places of this riuer they finde golde as small as sand These three riuers together with the riuer of Magnice running into the sea cast foorth great abundance of water and from the mouth of these three Riuers stretcheth the kingdome of Sosala to the riuer of Cuania which hath receiued hir name from a Castle of the same name inhabited by Mahometanes This riuer of Cuama diuideth it selfe into seuen partes besides the channel that floweth vpwardes al inhabited and very populous and floweth out of the same riuer from whence Nylus doeth issue so the kingdome of Sofala lieth betwéen these two riuers Magnice and Cuama on the sea side yet very small hauing but fewe townes or villages whereof the principall cittie is Sofala lying in an Island of the same riuer giuing the name to the whole country inhabited by Mahometanes their King being of that sect but subiect to the King of Portingale onely because they wil not be vnder the obedience of Monomotapa In the mouth of this riuer Cuama the Portingales haue a fort where there is much traffike for golde iuorie and amber which is found by the slaues vpon the coast bartering the same for linnen made of cotten and for silke brought from Cambaia The people as nowe inhabiting therein were not borne in that country but before the Portingales discouered the land they came out of Arabia Felix with small barkes to traffike there and being once brought in subiection by the Portingales doe nowe inhabite and dwell there being neither Turkes nor heathens In the inward parte of the countrey between those two riuers beginneth the kingdome of Monomotapa wherein are manie golde mines which is carried into all the places round about as well to Sofala as throughout Affrica some being of opinion that out of this country Solomon caused golde and iuorie to be brought into Ierusalem which seemeth not vnlikely for that in this Kingdome of Monomotapa were found many olde and princely buildings very costly both for timber stone chalke and wood which in the countries about it are not found The gouernement of Monomotapa is very great and reacheth ouer many warrelike people all Heathens and Pagans blacke of a middle stature and very swift in the which gouernment are many kings that are subiect to the same and doe often rebell their weapons are dartes and light targets This Emperour holdeth many armies in seuerall prouinces diuided into legions after the maner of the Romanes thereby to defend hys great countrey and to maintaine his estate amongst his men of warre the legion of women is the best which are greatly esteemed of by the King wherein consisteth his greatest power These women do burne theyr breastes because they shoulde not hinder them in shooting like the Amazons whereof the auncient Historiographers make mention these women are very swift expert and cunning in shooting out of their bowes In theyr fight they vse a certayne subtiltie which is that seeming to runne away and flee from their ennemies as being scattered vpon the sodayne returne agayne and do their ennemy great mischiefe especially when they thinke to haue gotten the victory and by that subtiltie are ouerthrowne These women haue places appointed them to dwell in by themselues and at certayne times haue the company of men that they may haue children which if they be boyes they send vnto their fathers if daughters they keepe them The countrey of Monomotapa is in maner of an Island formed in that order by the sea the riuer of Magnice and a parte of the lake from whence the riuer springeth together with the riuer Cuamâ— borduring on the south vppon the Lordes of the cape de Buona Speraâ—za and on the north vpon the kingdome of Monemugi Sayling
and therefore needelesse to rehearse Returning againe to the lake of Nicaragua therein are great fishes and amongest the rest a certaine kinde of fish in Spanish called Manâ— hauing finnes hard by their heades like two hands this fish is almost like an otter of 35. foote long and twelue foote thicke the head and tayle like an oxe small eies hard and hairie skinne of colour light blew with two feete like elophantes feete the sinnes standing out like Kopen feeding their yong ones with their dugges This fish feedeth both on land and in the water they are very familiar with men whereof the Indians tell a most wonderful thing which is that there was a king called Caâ—aâ—amavuis that had taken a yoong Mâ—nate which for the space of six and twenty yeres he kept and broght vp with bread in a lake called Guamabo that bordered vpon his house which fish in time became so tame that he surpassed the dolphin wherof we reade so many histories for that at what time soeuer the kings seruants called him Matto Matto which in Indian spéech is Manisecale or curteous hee would presently come out of the lake and eate meate out of their handes and woulde likewise come out of the water and goe into the house to fetch his meate and there woulde play with the children and when any man was desirous to go ouer the lake he would oftentimes take eight or tenne of them together and swimming beare them lightly on his backe ouer the water in which manner playing with him the Indians kept this fish long time til by some iniury done vnto him he became angry for that vppon a time as a Spaniard would prooue if his skinne were as hard as they reported it to be threw an arrow or dart at him and although it hurt him not yet he felt the sharp point of the arrow and from that time perceiuing that men with beards and in apparel were there they might wel call him but al in vaine for he would neuer come vp againe but in the end when the riuer Aâ—bunicus chaunced to flowe so high that it ranne ouer the bankes and so into the lake Guaniabo the fish folowed the streame and swamme into the sea these kindes of fishes are much seene and taken in that countrey for that their flesh is of a very good taste like hogs flesh which being salted is carried to Nombre de Dios and other places The lake of Nicaragua lyeth not farre from the south sea and about a hundred miles from the north sea running through a riuer that is ful of ships which the Spaniardes called Desaguadera that is falling of water therein Thereabouts in that riuer there are many crocadiles that lay their egges vpon the sands on the riuers sides as bigge as geese egs which being throwne against a stone wil bruised but not breake and in time of hunger are eaten by the spaniards their taste is like a Moschuâ— halfe rotten and by the Indians is accounted for an excellent kinde of meate by Nicaragua the country is rough and sharpe because of the thicke woodes and vneuen hilles where not onely horses but men can hardly passe ouer vnlesse it be with great paine and labour about this countrey for the space of foure months there are certaine Torteâ—ux that doe continue in the sea as also vppon the shoare which lay their egges as the crocadiles doe in the sand vppon the shoare whereof presently by reason of the great heate of the sunne there commeth yoong Torteaux the flesh of this beast being fresh is wholesome and pleasant to eate From Cabo de Gratias a dios to the Rio Grande or Desaguadera as I said before are seuenty miles from Desaguadera to Corobaro are fortie miles from Corobaro to Nombre de Dios fiftie miles betwéene Corobaro and Nombre de dios lieth Veragua and the riuer Swerus these 90. miles lie vnder nine degrees and ½ so that from the poynt of Iucatan to Nombre de Dios are 500. miles As touching the maners of the Indians of Sweren that are about the riuer Swerus dwelling by Veragua they are not much different from the rest onely that they eate no mans flesh in their countrey are many beares tigers and lions that are very fearfull and flee when they see a man there are likewise very great snakes but not venomous and many sea cats there is likewise an other kinde of beast called Cascui in a manner like a blacke pigge hairie with a hard skinne smal eies open eares like an elephant but not ful so open nor hanging down clouen feet and a litle snowt armed like an elephant and of so shril a voyce that it maketh men deafe and is of a good and sauory flesh There is likewise an other wonderful and straunge beast of Gesnerus called a Foxe apâ— on the belly whereof Nature hath formed an other belly wherein when it goeth into any place it hideth her young ones and so beareth them about her This beast hath a body and member like a foxe feete like mens hands or like sea cattes feete eares like a batte it is neuer seene that this beast letteth her yong ones come foorth but when they sucke or ease themselues but are alwayes therein vntil they can gette their own meate also there is another kind of beast called Iguanna or Iuanna not much vnlike our eftes hauing a thing hanging at his chinne like vnto a beard and on her head a combe like a cockes combe vpon his backe certaine sharpe quilles sticking vpright like thornes and amongest the rest some hauing teeth like a sawe with a sharp taile and stretching out sometimes winding like the adder This beast is accounted among the vnhurtfull snakes euery time it layeth it hath fortie or fiftie egs round and as big as a nut whereof the yellow is seperated from the white like hennes egs they are good to eate and very sauory flesh but not roasted either in oyle or butter onely in water this beast feedeth both on land and in the water it climeth trees and is fearful to behold specially to those that knowe not the nature thereof yet it is so gentle quiet that it maketh not any noyse and being taken and bound it liueth at the least tenne or twelue dayes without meate it is of a good and sauoury flesh and is kept for likorishnesse specially the women onely such as haue had the pox if they eate it their paine reneweth Nombre de Dios. NOmbre de Dios is a towne of traffike lying on the north sea so named by Diego de Niquesa a Spaniard that had indured some hard fortune and landing in that hauen with the rest of his men saide â—n Nombre de Dios that is in the name of God and so began his worke againe which before he did pretend and there erected certaine houses giuing the place the name aforesaid this towne lieth east and west vpon the sea side in the middle of a very
the poynt is a land which is not ouer lowe where you sée certayne Downes as aforesaide ¶ Here followeth the Nauigation from the Line to the Towne of the Kings called Lyma FRom hence forwarde wee haue declared the coast of Panama in the South sea til you come to the hauen of Quixinus which lieth in the Countrey of Peru now I will goe forward with the course that lieth betweene Quixinus and the towne of Kings so then departing from the poynt de Passos the coast stretcheth south and south and by weast to the hauen called Porto veio or the Old Hauen and before you come thither there lieth the strand called Charaqui wher the ships may put in without any daunger and it is so safe a strand that they may there lay their ships on shoare and mend them if they neede be they neuer so great for it is a good hauen of entraunce onely that in the midle of the entry there lieth certain stones or rugged Islands but the shippes may enter at which side they wil and passe by them without any danger for there is nothing to be shunned but onely that which you sée before your eyes the Olde Hauen lieth vnder one degrée on the south side of the Equinoctiall line and is one of the fiue Townes which the christians or Spaniardes haue built in the flat land of Peru so that Porto Veio signifieth the towne and countrey lying thereabouts which is much ouerrunne wasted because it is a poore vnwholesome country yet it hath certain mines of Sinaragdes which they held long time hidden and by no meanes would discouer them as to this day they yet do They had likewise in times past many golde and siluer vessels which are by the Spaniardes all taken and carried away but now by the kings letters patents being made frée they pay to theyr superiour lords but onely the tenth parte of all their fruits whereby many Spaniards withdrawe themselues from thence séeing their profite to decay The Countrey about Porto Veio was rich of golde where the people made their houses in the trées like birdes nests and because the coast is moorish there is no being for horses whereby it was not so soone subdued by the Spaniardes as also because that out of theyr nests they threw stones iauelines pottes with hot water and whatsoeuer came next to hand whereby they killed many Spaniards wherewith they were forced to couer themselues with boordes and so cut downe the trees before they could ouercome them as also because the Countrey is so rough sharpe and wilde that they could hardely finde prouision for their army there is yet much country thereabouts vnhabited By the Old Hauen two miles within the land is the towne of saint Iacob or Iago which for houses and inhabitants is not inferiour to Porto Veâ—o and thereabouts is the passage of Gainacaua by the Spaniards so called for this occasion that Gaâ—â—acaua the father of Attabalida vpon a certain time sent one of his Captainâ—â— â—â—th a great army to subdue that countrey who minding to passe his people ouer the riuer commanded them to make a bridge of péeces of wood that so they might passe Which being made when his people with their armor and weapons were vppon it the ennemy cutte the ropes wherewith the péeces of wood were fastned together whereby many of them that were vpon it by force of the streame were drowned in the riuer and the rest spoyled by the enemy Which Gainacapa vnderstanding assembled a great number of souldiers and with them departed from Quito and being in the plaine field in open battell he ouercame those people after the which victorie minding to make a passage ouer the riuer that men might passe ouer on foote to the same end he causâ— great numbers of stones and earth to be brought thither and threw them into the riuer being twentie foote broad but whatsoeuer he threw in al wold not preuaile by reason of the great deapth and swiftnesse of the riuer that carried it away by force of the streame which hee perceiuing left off his worke and so departed and therfore the Spaniards haue giuen this place the name of the passage of Gainacaua about the which passage lieth the towne of saint Iacob builded by them About a Spanish mile and a half distant from this town of saint Iacob towardes the south lyeth a round hil by them called Christs Hil. From Porto veâ—o further forward the same course almost foure miles distant in the south lieth the poynt of saint Laurence and two miles and a quarter from thence southwest lieth an Island of the same name which is full a mile in compasse wherein the Indians or Peruuians of the firme land in times past vsed to make their sacrifices and offerings killing many lambes shéepe and some children offering their blood vnto their idolles or diuelles whose figures were made and carued in stone to whome they doe vsually pray When Franciscus Pizarius with his thirteene companions trauelled to discouer Peru they entred likewise into this Island where they found certaine iewells of siluer and golde many cloakes and shertes of very faire and fine wooll so that from that time forwards and for the same cause this Island was called Siluer The poynt of saint Laurence lieth vnder one degrée on the south side of the line And as I sayde before Peru beginneth at the line and stretcheth southwarde vnto Chile The people that dwell vnder the line and thereabouts haue the customes and manners of the Iewes Whereby many men are of opinion that they are issued from the Iews or of the race of Cham they speake hoarsely and in the mouth like the Moores and are much giuen to vncleannesse especially that which is wholy against nature whereby they do not well agree with their wiues but rather despise them The women weare neither hayre nor apparell but onely a certaine aprone before their priuities They plant sowe reape and thrash the corne and wheate meale whereof they make breade which wheate in Peru is called Zara the men weare short shertes without sleeues downe to their nauelles their members being vncouered and some goe naked paint their bodies with a black colour their haire being shauen and cut almost like Friars but they leaue no haire neyther before nor behinde their heades but onely vppon the sides it is likewise a common custome with them to weare many Iewels of golde both in their eares and noses specially emerauldes such as are found in those Countries And although the inhabitants will not discouer the mines yet hath it beene perceiued by certaine rough stones on their arms and legs they weare many beades of gold siluer and small tourqueses also of white and red Teekens and Huyzkens but will not haue their wiues to weare anye such touching the situation of the Countrey it is very hote and vnwholesome and there they haue certayne sore biles that issue out vpon their faces and other partes of theyr
twelue Italian miles and from thence the coast runneth south wherewith you fall vppon the poynt de la Cora in the middle between the Island of Wolues and this point there is a great intercourse or creeke of water hauing very good harber for shippes to anker in it lyeth vnder six degrees on the south side of the line from thence you perceiue 2. Islands both called Islas de Lobos that is Islandes of Sea Wolues because of the great quantity that are thereabouts the first of these Islands lyeth north and south with the first poynt and is distant from the firme land three Spanish miles or 12. Italian miles the other Island lyeth 9. miles further forward and is not ful vnder seuen degrees southwest from the coast till you come to the hauen called Câ—sma and from this first Island you saile northeast southwest to Malabrigo which is the slender or bad defence where there is a hauen wherin their shippes may not enter but with faire weather and such specially as haue great occasion thereby to further their voyage Seuen miles and a halfe further you come to Tarrâ—eâ—sse that is the cliffe of Truxilio which is a verie bad hauen and hath no other harber or defence then onely good ankers and a mile and a halfe within the land lyeth the towne of Truxilio which is also one of the Spanish townes situate in the plaine countrie of Peru it is builded vppon the corner of a Riuer in the vallie of Chimo The countrey thereabouts is verie fruitfull abounding in wheat Mâ—lâ— cattell and water and the towne built in good proportion hauing about three hundred Spanish houses with broade streetes and a great market place rounde about the towne are many fayre gardens and euerie house is serued with water by channels comming out of the Riuer and runneth into all their gardens which are continually greene and full of blossomes wherfore it is saide this towne lyeth in a verie good place compassed about with faire and pleasant meddowes corne fieldes and Pastour groundes where the inhabitants feede their Cattell and likewise plant and sowe theyr Corne. There the Spaniards haue plaÌ„ted many kinds of spanish fruites as porâ—gaâ—nats oranges lemones citrons figs much of the countrie fruit in great aboundance and verie good besides this they haue many foules hens and capons whereby they are prouided of all things of flesh in great aboundance and fish out of the sea which is hard by them also in the riuer The Indians inhabiting about the towne are in subiection to the Spaniards and furnish the towne with all things that are necessarie at this Towne there are whole shippes laden with cotten linnen made by the Indians to sell in other places This towne was made and erected by Marquis Francisco Pizarto the first gouernour of Peru in the yeare 1533 From Truâ— by land vnto saint Michaeâ— another spanish towne and the first place where they inhabited in those countryes are about fiue and fortie spanish miles or an hundred and eightie Italian miles litle more or lesse for that comming from Saint Michaeâ—s to the vallie Motupâ— are fifteene miles and a halfe all sandie and bad way specially where men much cheefely trauell and being past those fifteene miles you enter into certaine vallies and though therabouts falleth certaine small riuers out of the hilles yet they reach not to the vallies but runne into the sands whereby they doo no good and to trauaile this way you must depart out of Saint Micaels in the enening and so go all night and earlie in the morning you come to certain places where you find water to drinke for by night the heate of the sunne doth not hurt some carrie bottles with water or wine and when you come vnto the vally Motupe you enter into the kings hieway very broad euen which I haue occasion to speake of the kings of Peru I will declare more at large This vallie is broade and fruitfull but the riuer that falleth from the mountaine stoppeth before it commeth vnto the sea but because the earth is verie moorish there groweth many trees the people draw their waterout of certaine pits which they dig within the earth their traffike is cotten wool and cloth made thereof three miles from Motupe lyeth the faire fresh vallie of Xaâ—anca which is also three miles great through the which there â—unneth a goodly riuer from whence they fetch water to moysten their grounds this vallie in time past was very populous and likewise the other in this vallie were many houses of great Lords that therein kept their stewards to commaund ouer the rest who were greatly honoured and feared by the common people from this vallie you goe to another called â—uqueme which likewise is great and full of bushes the ruines of the great houses that stood therin yet to bée séene do euidently shew that many people haue inhabited in that vallie a dayes iourney further there is yet another faire vallie called â—â—nto and between these two vallies there is nothing but sandy wayes and drie stony hils where you findâ— neither liuing creatures trees nor leaues but onely certaine birdes that flie ouer it and such as will passe that way must haue good guides lest they loose themselues in the sandie downes and by reason of the great heate of the sun and want of water should faint for thirst From Cinto you come to an other vallie called Coliche through the which there runneth a great riuer called by that name this vally likewise in times past was full of people but nowe for the most part by meanes of the warres they are almost consumed from whence you goe to Zana much like the â—ormer and somewhat further to Palcamayo of all the rest thereabouts the most fruitful and populous the people of this vallie before they were ouercome and subdued by the â—ings of Peru were verie mightie and much esteemed of by their neighbours they had great churches wherein they sacrificed but now al destroyed and ouerthrowne there were likewise many Indians graues Through this vallie there runneth a great riuer that watereth al their groundes and through it also passeth the kings high way and therein were many houses belonging to the king In this vallie they make much cotten work haue al kind of cattel as kine hogs goates and such like beasts and is verie temperate From this vallie you go to another called Cancama not inferiour for fruitfulnesse and pleasure to the other They haue likewise many sugar canes and very good fruit wherein there is a cloyster of Dominican Friers made by Dom di S. Themafe and three miles from thence in the vallie of Câ—â—â—o lieth Tâ—uxâ—lâ— as I said before which valâ—â—e keepeth the name of a Lorde called Câ—â—o who was a valiant Souldiour and liued long time 〈◊〉 warres The kings of Peru greatly esteemed that vallie wherein they builded many houses and gardens of pleasure and through it also passeth the kings high way
with the wales but returning again vnto the coast the hauen of â—xillo lyeth vnder seauen degrees â— and from thence you saile to the hauen of Goanape which lyeth full fiue miles from the towne of â—xâ—lo vnder eight degrees and â— and somewhat further southward lyeth the hauen 〈◊〉 or holie where the shippes put in by it there is a great riuer and a very good water all this coast is without hilles and as I saide before sandy and chalkie vallies This hauen of Porto Santa lyeth vnder nine degrees and further southward about foure miles distant lieth another hauen called Ferrol a very good and sure hauen but hath neyther fresh water nor wood to burne and about foure miles and a halfe further there lyeth a hauen called Casina where there is a Riuer of fresh water and much woodde to burne where the shippes doe ordinarilye refresh themselues it lyeth vnder tenne degrees From Casma the coast runneth south to the cliffes called Los Farollones di Guaura A little further lieth Guarmey wherein runneth a riuer and from thence you sayle the same course to the Barranca or Downes which is fifteene miles towardes the south and foure miles and one halfe further lieth the hauen of Guaura where the shippes may take in as much salt as they will for there is so much that all Spaine and Italie might be furnished with salt from thence and yet they woulde haue sufficient for the country three miles further lie the Cliffes or Farrollones From this poynt which â—utteth out of the land with the same northeast and southweast course you saile sixe miles further to the furthest cliffe that lyeth into the sea These Cliffes lie vnder eight degrées and one halfe from thence the coast turneth againe southeast till you come to the Island of Lyma in the middle way and somewhat more towards Lyma lieth a rocke which is called Salmarina and is vnder seuen or seuen degrées and a halfe This land maketh a barre of defence before Callao which is the hauen of the Towne of Kings or of Lyma and by this defence from the Island the hauen is very safe for the shippes to harbour in Callao lieth vnder twelue degrees and a halfe The way by land from Truxillo to Lima. THe towne of Truxillo lyeth distant from Lima sixtie spanish miles which is 48. duch miles or 240. Italian miles all the which way is sandie vnlesse it be when you passe certaine vallies Now when you set out of Truxillo you come first to the valie of Guâ—nape which is full fiue Spanish miles from thence that is 21. Italian miles which in times past was wel known because of the good drinke called Cica that was made ther no lesse then in Italy Mente Frascon and in Spaine S. Martin are esteemed for the good wines that are there to be solde and this vallie is inhabited and watered as the rest are it hath a verie good hauen where the shippes take in all theyr prouision from thence you come to a little valley where no riuer runneth through but it hath a small water where those of Peru and other trauailers vse to drinke and going further you come to the vallie of Santa which in time past was verie populous and had in it many braue souldiours and captaines for commanders which held stoutly against the Kings of Peru so that they were forced to ouercome them more by pollicie then force they were likewise much esteemed of by their kings that caused many houses pallaces to be built therin as being one of the greatest and biggest vallies in those countries and through it there runneth a verie strong and great riuer which is verie full and high when it is winter in the hilles wherein also were manie Spaniards drownde Nowe they haue a drift to set ouer their passengers therein in time past there dwelt many thousand people nowe there are not aboue 400. left They go apparrelled both men and women with certain maÌ„tles and shirts with bands or rolles about their heades all kindes of fruites both of that countrey and such as are brought out of Spaine do grow therein in great aboundance There likewise they take much fish the shippes that saile along the coast do there take in fresh water and other prouisions two daies iourney from thence lieth another vallie called Guambacâ—o for fruitfulnes other things like vnto the rest about a daies iourney and a halfe further lyeth the valley of Guarmey wherin are many beasts cowes hogs and horses from thence you go to Parmongo no lesse pleasant then the former in it are yet seene certaine faire castles built after theyr manner wherein vpon the walles are painted the Images of certaine beastes and birdes and it is to be wondered at howe they make the water runne out of the riuer so farre into the land whereby it moystneth all the countrey a mile and a halfe from the vallie lieth the riuer Guaman which in our speech signifieth the riuer of the fields and is by them called Barranca which vallie is like all the rest and when it raineth much in the hilles this riuer is verie dangerous A dayes iourney from thence lyeth the vallie of Guaura from the which you go to Lima the vallie wherin it lyeth is the greatest and broadest of all that are betweene it and Tumbez and as it is greatest so was it verie populous wherof at this time there are few left for when the towne began to be inhabited the inhabitants of the towne tooke the countrey and land from those that dwelt in the vallie who after that were likewise destroyed and cleane rooted out This towne next vnto Cusco is the greatest in all the countrey of Peru and the principall for that at this present the Viceroyes of Peru the Archbishop the Councell and the Chancerie wherein all processes are sued and the lawes of the whole countrie administred are resident therein whereby there is great traffike and concourse vnto Lyma because many people come thither out of the townes lying about it In this towne are faire houses some built with Towers and costly galleries the Market place is great and the streetes broade and entring into the market place from whence also you may goe into euerie place of the towne and to the fieldes and into most of the houses there runneth certain channels that conuay water a great commoditie and pleasure vnto the townesmen wherewith they may water all their gardens and orchards which are there verie faire and pleasant vpon the riuer likewise are many water milles made after the manner of our countrey wherewith they grinde theyr corne to conclude therein dwelleth manie rich inhabitants some worth 150000. duckets and from this towne oftentimes there saileth shippes that are worth in value at the least 800000. duckets and some a Million on the east side a little aboue the town lyeth a high hill whereon there standeth a Cruâ—â—fix on another side of the towne the townsmen haue certaine places
some narrower accounting the length from Quito to the towne Delia Platta in this country of Peru are thrée sorts of hilles wherein men cannot inhabite the first parte of the hilles are called Andes which are full of great Woods the country being vnfit and vnholsome to dwell in which likewise were not inhabited but beyonde the hilles the second parte of the hilles taketh her course from the Andes which are verie colde and are great snow hilles so that there also no man can dwell because of the great colde and aboundance of snow which maketh the ground so soft that nothing can grow therin The third parte of the hilles are the Sandie Downes which runne through the plaine land of Peru from Tumbez to Tarapaca where it is so hot that neither water trées grasse nor any liuing creature is seene thereon but onely certaine birdes that flye ouer them Nowe Peru beeing so long and scituate in this manner there are many wilde and desart places not inhabited for the causes before rehearsed and such as were inhabited were great vallies and dales that by reason of the hils are throwded and defended from the windes and snow wherby those vallies and great fields are verie fruitful so that whatsoeuer is plaÌ„ted therein yéeldeth fruit most aboundantly the woods about them bring vp manye beasts and birds the Peruuians that dwel betwéene these hils are wiser stronger and subtiller then those in the plaine countrey lying on the sea coast and apter to gouerne and for pollicy they dwel in houses made of stone whereof some are couered with earth others with strawe because of the raine whereof those in the plaine countrey by the sea side haue no care at all couering theyr houses thereby to keepe them from the sun with painted mattes or boughs of trees out of these vallies lying betweene the hilles there runneth many streames of good water into the south sea and moysten the plain countrey of Peru causing many fruitfull Trees corne and other things necessary for mans life to grow therein as I haue already declared Of the people and countries that are therein lieing from Pasto to Quito THe village of Pasto lieth in the vallie Atris which is in the land of Quillacinga people without shame and good manners as also they of Pasto little esteemed by their neighbours trauailing from Pasto you come to Funez and two miles and ¼ furder to Iles from thence to Gualnatan are two miles and a halfe and from thence to Ipiules two miles and a quarter in al these villages is very little maiz by reason of the colde although they are so neere vnto the line but much Papas and other rootes that are to be eaten from Ipiules you trauaile to Guaca but before you come at it you may see the Kings hie-way which is no lesse to be wondred at then the way that Hannibal made through the Alpes whereof hereafter I will speak also you passe hard by a riuer vpon the side whereof the King of Peru had made a fort from whence he made warre vpon those of Pasto and ouer this Riuer there is a bridge by nature so artificially made that arte coulde not possibly mend it it is of a high and thick rock in the midle whereof there is a hole through the which with great fury the streame passeth and vpon that rocke men may go ouer it this rocke in their speech is called Luâ—â—châ—ca that is a stone bridge about that place is a fountaine of warme water wherein a man cannot endure to holde his handes although the countrie about it and also the riuer are verie colde whereby it is hard trauailing by this bridge also the King of Peru ment to haue built another castle therin to keepe garrison but he was preuented by the Spaniardes ariuall in those countries in this countrie there groweth a certaine fruit as small as plumbs and blacke by them called Mortunnos whereof if any man eateth they are drunke and as it were out of their wittes for the space of foure and twentie houres From this small countrye of Guaca you come to â—usa where y e prouince of Pasâ—o endeth not farre from thence you come to a little hill wherevppon also the Kings of Peru had a castle much defended by the Peruuians and going furder you come to the riuer of Mira where it is very hot an there are many kinds of fruits and certaine faire melons good connies turtle doues and partriges great aboundance of corne barley and maiz from this riuer you trauaile downe to the rich and costly houses of Carangue before you come thither you must first passe ouer a lake in India called Aguarcocia in our speech the opeÌ„ sea because Guianacapa king of Peru at the Spaniards ariuall caused 20000. men of the places thereabout to be assembled destroyed them all because they had displeased him and threw their bodies into that lake making the water red with their blood The houses of CaraÌ„gue are in a little place wherin there is a goodly fountaine made of costly stone and in the same countries are many faire houses belonging to the kings of Peru all made of stone and also a Temple of the same wherein there was alone 200. maides that serued the temple and are verie narrowly looked vnto that they commit no vncleanes if they did they were cruelly punished and hanged or buried quicke with them also were certaine priests y t offered sacrifices and offerings according to their religious manner This Temple of the sunne in time of the kings of Peru was holden in great account being then very carefully looked vnto and greatly honoured wherein was many golde and siluer vessels iewels and treasure the walls being couered with plates of golde and siluer and although it is cleane destroyed yet by roums you may still behold the great magnificence thereof in times past the kings of Peru had their ordinary garison in the houses of Carangue with their Captaines who both in time of peace and warre continued there to punish offenders Departing from the houses of Carangue you come to Oâ—aballo which is also rich and mightie and from thence to Cosesqui and before you come thither you must passe certaine snowie hills where it is so colde that men trauaile ouer them with greate paine from Cosesqui you goe to Guallabamba which is three miles from Quito and because the countrie thereabout is lowe and almost vnder the line therefore it is there very hot yet not so hot that men cannot dwell therein or that it hindereth the fruitfulnes thereof by this discourse you may perceiue the eror of many ancient writers that say that vnder the line by reason of the great heate no man may dwell but to the contrary you see that after their maner they haue both summer and winter in some places colde and in some places hot as also that vnder it there dwelleth many people and there many fruites and seeds do grow In this way you passe
many riuers by bridges whereabouts are greate houses and strange things to be seene and to conclude at this present the Spaniards by them maintaine their cattaile The description of Quito AMong the towns that lie in the hills of Peru and at this time inhabited by the Spaniards Quito is one of the chiefest it lyeth in the valley Annaquito about fiue miles beyonde the south side of the Equinoctial line in time past it was a very faire rich and pleasant towne specially in the yeares of our Lorde 1544. and 1545. then it florished because the gold mines which euerie man regardeth were first found out but by the warres that Pizarro made it is almost destroyed the earth thereabouts seemeth to be vnfruitful yet it is found contrary for in it are many catell as also al other prouision of corne fruit and foule the situation of the countrie is very holesome and pleasant not much vnlike Spaine both for hearbes and seasons of the yeere for that summer beginneth there in the moneths of March and Aprill and continueth til halfe Nouember although there is much cold yet they haue no lesse seede then in Spaine there is likewise much spanish fruite those people are coÌ„monly friendlyer and ciuiler then those of Pasto and of a meane stature and go apparrelled at this time like other Peruuians About Quito there vsed to be great numbers of sheepe y t were not much vnlike camelles but not so great only in forme fit both to carry men and other burdens but not aboue three or foure miles a day and being wearie they lie downe so that they can hardly be forced to rise again there are likewise many hogs and hennes that are bred of our countrie hens great abundance of connies very plesant of taste and no lesse quantity of goates partridges pidgions turtle doues and such like foule among other things which are by the Peruuians laid vp for prouisioÌ„ besides maiz one is Papas which is rounde like a turnup which being sodden or rosted are altogether like chesnuttes another is a kinde of fruit called Quinua y e truncke of the tree or sprig being as high as a man with leaues like beetes whereon grow certaine seeds some red some white wherof they make their drinke and eate it likewise as wee do rice the people are very skilful in tilling the land but not after our manner for there the women do it the men spinne weaue make clothes and looke to their armes From Quito you come to another town caled FraÌ„cisco del quito it lieth on y e north side in the lowest prouince of Peru this town is much colder then warme and hath but few fields about it lieing in a smal valley like a pit al compassed with hills from S. Francisco you go to y e pallaces of Tomebamba being about 30 miles distant and from thence to Panzaleo the inhabitants of this countrie differ something from their neighbours as touching the binding of their heades where by the Indians of all places are knowne they had likewise another speech differing from their neighbours yet al of theÌ„ learned the Cuscan speech which if the fathers did not teach their childreÌ„ they were punished the men weare long haire tied vp with a hairelace they go in shirts without hands or sleeues and close all about them onely where they must put forth their heads and armes ouer the which they weare long wollen mantles and some of cotten the Lords wear such as be verie fine and painted of diuerse coulours their shooes were made of leaues the women goe in long gownes couering all their bodies tyed about them with a wollen bande going many times about their bodies and therewith make themselues a long body ouer the which they weare a fine wollen gowne pinned about their neckes with certaine golden and siluer pinnes which they call Topos hauing great flat heads and very sharp pointes about their heads they tie a faire fillet or headband by them called Ninâ—iâ— to conclude the manner of their apparrel and also that of Cusco is the fairest and best in al America They are verie careful to combe their haire which they weare long they are white of face of good complection and manners wherein they differ much from the women of the plaine country two miles from Pancalco lyeth Mulahallo in times past also verie populous but at this present most consumed on the right side of this villag lyeth a hill of brimstone which wheÌ„ it bursteth out it casts forth many great stones with feareful sights a little further lyeth I'acunga in time past not lesse then Quito as well for houses as other things as by the ruines may yet bee seene From Tacunga you come to Muliambato and from thence to the riuer Ambato and two miles further to Mocia and froÌ„ thence to Rio Bamba lying in the Prouince of Puruaes where there are goodly fields and good hearbes and flowers altogether like Spaine from Rio Bamba you come to Caiambi and then to Tumbâ—z or Teocallas and Ticiquiambi and from thence to Thomebamba in the Prouince of Canares there were likewise great houses of ammunition as also throughout the whole countrey at euery eight ten or twelue miles wherein was al things that belonged to the wars and thereabouts likewise were certaine of the Kings garrisons and captaines hauing commandement of the countries thereby to hold the countrey in peace and to punish such as rebelled though they were their owne sons Thomebamba lay in a plaine countrey where twoo riuers met together and ranne into the sea being nine miles compasse in a colde place where notwithstanding were many wilde beastes as Goates Conies c. there likewise was a Temple of the Sunne made of browne greene and blacke stones like Iasper stones The gates of the Kings Pallace were brauely guilded wherein were set certaine Emeraulds platted in golde From Thomebamba you goe to Bracamoros in our Carde Boamoâ—aces founde out and discouered by Iohn Porzel and Captaine Vergara who therein hadde made two or three fortes thereby to ouerrunne and subdue the places lying about it The Prouince of Bracamoros is about sixtie miles from Quito trauailing along the hill about fiue and fortie miles further lyeth the Prouince of Chichapoyas or Cachapoâ—as wherein the Spaniardes haue a towne called Frontiera on Leuanto where the countrey is verie fruitfull of all kinde of Spices and of rich Golde mynes Leuanto by reason of the scituation of the place is verie strong and well kept as being almost compassed about with a deepe vallie wherein for the most part there runneth a certaine riuer whereby the towne of Frontier builded vppon Leuanto is not easie to bee woonne if the bridges be once broken downe This prouince was built with houses and peopled with inhabitants of the Spanish nation by Alonzo de Aluarado in the yeare of our Lord 1536. Therin are faire and white women fairer then in any other parte of Peru also very gracious and
courteous and withall verie well apparrelled From thence you goe into another Prouince called Gâ—ancas a goodly countrey both those people of Cachapoia and Guanca are subiect to the Spaniardes of Frontiera as also those of Cascayunga people of another prouince In all those Prouinces the kings of Peru hadde their houses of amunition and in some of them rich mynes of Golde Both men and women in these countreyes go apparrelled In time past they hadde their Temples and offered to theyr Idols and were verie rich of Cattell and made much costlie apparrell for the king as yet at this day they doo and many fine couerlets and carpets In those Prouinces there are manie fruitfull trees and the countries are ful of Wheate and Barlie Touching their ceremonies customes burials and offerings they are like all the other Indians they burie much siluer and golde with their dead and some liuing women they offer vnto the Sunne as I will declare when I write of the Kinges of Peru. This Andes or hill beeing past you come to Maiobamba or Moyobamba another great riuer and some places inhabited From Mayobamba you trauaile to Guanuco a towne inhabited by Spaniardes and lyeth about fortie miles from Cachapoya it is likewise called Leon de Guanuco hauing the name of a Spanish Towne by the commaundement of Vacca di Castio borne in Leon. The scituation of this Towne is verie good and wholsome because the morning and night seasons are verie temperate where also by reason of the temperate aire men liue verie healthfull There they gather much Maiz and other graines Quinces Figges Citrons Lemons and other Spanish fruites as also much of their own country fruit besids this there is much Platain because it is a verie good soyle it is thought the towne will increase for all their kine goates horses and other beasts are kept in the fieldes There are likewise many Partriges Pigeons and other Birds wilde Hawkes and tame therewith to catch the other birdes In the hilles there are some Lions Beares and other wilde beasts and in most parte of the places that are vnder the gouernment of this towne the kings high way doth passe and there are likewise many houses for amunitioÌ„ among those people were certaine southsayers and coniurers that were skilful in the course and nature of the starres in time past there were so many of their countrie sheepe that it was incredible which by meanes of the Spanish warres were most part consumed Their houses are of stone and couered with straw The liuing womeÌ„ in those countries are buried with the dead men and are not so vnchaste as others are In their countrey are good mines of siluer Fortie miles further from Guanuco de Lion lyeth another towne inhabited by the Spaniards and builded on the hils by Francisco Pizarro in the kings name in the yeare of our Lord 1539. and called S. Iohan dila vitoria di Guamanga the cause why it was made was chiefly to cleare the passage betweene Cusco and Lyma from inuasion of the Peruuians before the countrey was wholly subdued by this towne there passeth a riuer of good sweete water to drinke and there are verie faire stone houses and some towers the market place is plain and verie great and there it is a wholsome aire for that neither sunne aire nor elements do any hurt but are verie temperate round about the towne the Spaniards haue their houses for cattell which lie in the vallies vpon the riuers side The greatest riuer that passeth thereabouts is called Vinaque where there are many ruines seene of great foure square pallaces built in other sort then the Peruuians vse to do that make theyr houses long and narrow They say those houses were built in olde time by strange people but what they were they knew not There is likewise goodly wheate whereof they make as good bread as any in Spaine and all kindes of fruites in great aboundance from Guamanga to Cusco are fiue and fortie miles little more or lesse in this way you passe the fields of Chiupas where the cruel battell was fought betwéene Vacca di Castra and Dondiego di Almagro and being eight miles beyond Guamanga lyeth Vilcas which is sayd to be in the middle of all the countreyes that are vnder the gouernment of the Kings of Peru for that Vilcas lyeth in the middle betwéene both and is as farre from Quito as from Chile where also were great and costly houses for the king and a temple of the sunne from whence fiue miles further you keepe on the kings high way to Vramarca whereabouts there is a bridge of two arches verie cunningly made that passeth ouer a riuer in breadth 166. paces The Riuer of Vilcas runneth out of the Prouince of Soras verie fruitful and aboundant in victuals golde and siluer mines and of warlike people apparrelled in wollen clothes and wel esteemed of by the kings of Peru. From thence to Andagnayla vpon the Riuer Abamcay are seuen miles and trauailing sixe miles further you come to another Riuer called Apurimâ— there the wayes are verie badde rough and sharp ouer hils and stony waies dangerous to descend for that many horses laden with gold do stumble and fall into the Riuer so are spoyled from Apurima you come to Maâ—ambo and passing the hilles of Vilca conga you come to Xaqui Xaguana which is verie euen but neither long nor broade in this vallie were certaine goodly houses and pallaces of pleasure for the kings of Cusco who vsed to go thither to recreate themselues and is scarce 4 miles from Cusco through the which also passeth the kings high way and otherwiâ—e it wold hardlie be trauelled as hauing certain moorish grouÌ„ds which crosse the way close by the wals and from thence you come to Cusco in times past the cheefe of all Peru and the whole countrey gouerned by the kings made by Mango Capo the first king of that race in a verie rough and sharpe place compassed with hilles and betweene two small riuers whereof one runneth through the middle of the towne and is inhabited on both sides it hath a vallie on the East side the streame that runneth through the towne taketh her course on the west side in this vally because it is colde there are verie few fruitful trees onely certaine Molles whereof hereafter I will speake because therewith they make their drinke On the north side this towne had a Castle vpon a hil which for the greatnesse and strength thereof was much esteemed but now most part destroyed although the foundation and some towers thereof are yet to be séene it hath likewise on the east and north side the Prouince of Andesuyo and Cinciasuyo on the south side the countreys of Callao and Condesuio vnder the which lyeth Callao betwéene East and South and Condesuyo betweene south and west a part of this Cittie was called Hauan Cusco the other Oren Cusco places where the Noble men and Gentlemen and principall of the
towne dwell on the other side the hill Carmenga where there stoode certaine small towers wherein they noted the course of the sunne in the middle where most of the people dwell was a great place from the which there passed foorth high wayes that went into the foure partes of the kingdome and this towne onely was orderly and fairely built with stone houses and richer and mightier then all the other Townes of Peru for that vpon paine of death no man might carrie any gold out of the same therein was the richest temple of the sunne in all the world which was called Curicanche in it was the high Priest by them called Villaona and part of this citie was inhabited by Mâ—timaes which are strangers that all were holden vnder good policie lawes ceremonies of their Idols most wonderfull to heare the Castle was made of so great foure squared stones that ten paires of oxen could hardly drawe one of them so that it cannot be imagined howe by mans handes those stones were brought thither hauing neither oxen horses nor any other beasts to draw withall The houses at this time inhabited by the Spaniards are most built by people of the countrie but are somewhat repaired and made greater in the time of their kings this citie was diuided into foure parts according to the foure partes of the worlde and hadde the names from the foure prouinces that lay vpon each corner of the Cittie and when the Kings were liuing no man dwelling in one quarter of the Citie might remooue houshold into another vppon great paine and punishments inflicted and although this Citie lyeth in a colde place yet it is very holsome and better prouided of all sortes of victuals and greater then any other thorowout all Peru round about it there vsed to be certaine mines of gold but now consumed and are left for the siluer mines of Potosi because now the profit is greater by siluer and lesse danger In this towne was great resort from the parts of Peru for till the nobilitie were forced to send their children thither vnder pretence of learning the speech and to serue the king but were there rather for pannes that in the meane time their fathers might not rise vp against the kings other people dwelling about it were forced to come thither to build houses to make cleane the Castles and to doo other kindes of workes whatsoeuer they should be commaunded about this Cittie there lyeth a great hil called Guanacaure of great account with the kings wher they offered both men and beasts and although in this Citie there were people of all nations as of Chile Pasto Cagnaâ—es Bâ—acamoâ—o Chacapoyas Guancas Charcas Collao c. yet euerie nation dwelt in a place by themselues appoynted for the purpose and helde the ceremonies of their auncetors onely that they were forced to pray vnto and honour the sun as the high God by them called Mocia There were likewise in this Cittie many great buildings vnder the earth wherein there dwelt certain coniurers southsayers and such as told fortunes who as yet are not all rooted out and in those holes there is daily found great quantities of treasor About the Citie are many temperate vallyes wherein there groweth certaine trees and corn although in times past euerie thing was brought thither in great aboundance Vpon the riuer that runneth through the towne they haue their corne milles nowe they haue likewise many Spanish capons and hens as good as any are in Spaine as also kine goates and other cattell although there are but fewe trees yet there groweth much pease beanes tares fitches and such like because therin was the most rich and sumptuous temple of the sunne and high priest I think it not vnconuenient to speak something of their Religion and of the Pettigree of the Kings of Peru and then in bréefe manner to go on with our course of shewing the â—ownes lying on hilles til you come to Arequipa as also the coast reaching to the straights of the Magellanes The Religion of the Peruuians TOuching their Religion they acknowledge and after their manner worshipped a creator of heauen and earth whome they caled Pachacama which signifieth creator a son of the Sun Moone like that in the vallie of Pachacama where they had made a great temple yet they accounted and held the Sun for the greatest God as a creator of all liuing creatures which in Cuscan speech they caled Ticebiracoce and although they had this knowledge and vnderstanding yet they vsed their olde customes not onely to pray vnto the Sunne and Moone but also to trées stones and other things the diuell through them giuing them answeres and because they had no certaine knowledge out of any writings or bookes of the scriptures or of the creation of the worlde neither yet of the floud therefore they obserue that which their forefathers told them which was that a notable and worthy man which they call Con in times past came out of the north into their countries with most swift pase that had no bones nor ioynts in his body neyther was it knit together by any kinde of substance that in one day could throwe downe or raise hilles and fill deep vallies and passe through a place where no wayes nor meanes to passe was found and that this man had made their predecessors giuing them hearbs and wilde fruits to liue vpon and that he being offended with the Peruuians inhabiting the plaine countrey conuerted their fruitfull land into sandie grounds and caused raine not to fall therein yet being moued with pittie because of the beasts and to water the drie fieldes hee opened diuers fountaines and riuers whereby the people might moisten theyr groundes This Con being sonne of the Sunne and Moone in times past they honoured for the highest God vntill an other came out of the south called Pachacama which signifieth Creator who also was ingendered by the Sunne and Moone and of greater power than Con at whose comming Con departed away and this Pachacama conuerted the people made by Con into Sea coltes Beares Lions Parats and other birdes and made other men that were the predecessors of the Peruuians now liuing and taught them the manner of planting and tilling the earth whome they after that esteemed for their God building Churches for him and praying vnto him and called a whole Prouince after his name Pachacama lying foure miles from Lyma as already is declared where in times past the Kings and noblemen of the land were commonly buried which theyr god Pachacama was long time worshipped by them til the comming of the Spaniardes into Peru and after that he was neuer séene Againe it is to be thought it was a Diuell who vsed that manner of subtiltie thereby to deceiue and blinde the people who in those times appeared in forme of a man as it is euident that before the Spaniards arriuall he shewd himselfe in that great costly temple in forme of a man and answered
Ruca who likwise did no speciall thing during his life but onely by his wife Mama Mâ—cay he had diuers sonnes and one among the rest called Iaguar Guacinga Iupangue of whome there is a strange history recited which is y t he being a child of y e age of thrée monthes was taken by certaine Caciquen that are likewise Lordes or kinges that thought to kil him and while they coÌ„sulted amongst themselues coÌ„cerning his death it chanced that as the childe cried certaine drops of blood issued out of his eyes whereby they were abashed estéeming it for a miracle they left the child and departed which being taken vp by a stranger was caried to the king and after that became great and proued a braue souldier so that he ouercam many of his neighbours and brought them in subiection vnder him he had to wife Mama Chipuia and by her had his eldest sonne named Viâ—a Cocham that succéeded him in his kingdome and much increased his dominions after him raigned Pachacoti his sonne borne of Mama Yunta Cayan this Prince was much valanter then al his predecessors whereby he ouercame many people and by him the foundation of the castle of Cusco was first begun and dying he left for heire and successor of his kingdome â—opa Inga Iupangue his sonne borne of Mama Anaberque that followed his fathers steppes and ouercame many people and brought them in subiection and finished the castle of Cusco begun by his father The prouinces by him won were Câ—iâ—e and Quito and he caused the kinges hie-waye so much wondered at of all the worlde to be made from Cusco through the prouince of Charcas vnto Chile in the which way from halfe mile to halfe mile he had placed postes by them called Chasquis which were Indians that went faster then any of our horses to the great ease and contentment of trauailers for by that means they might shorten their way and in three dayes trauaile 120 Lâ—uken that is 240 miles by reason of the swiftnes of the men that bare them and stoode for postes after the Aâ—trican manner in the kingdome of Congo as I haue already declared for that after the ariual of the Spaniardes there were neither horses asses nor mules within the country whereon men should ride or trauaile withal This king dying left issue aboue 150. sonnes among the which one of them named Guaynacapa begotten vpon Mama Oclo his wife succeeded him in his kingdom not any thing inferior for valour wisedom and councell both in peace and war much augmenting and increasing the limites of his countrie obseruing great order and equitie in all thinges both concerning the gouernment of the countrie and the people appointing better orders and manie olde and ancient lawes that were vnfit and not conuenient he caused to be abrogated and newe deuised in their place hee maried a wife called Coyam Pilico vaco by whom hauing no children he maried diuers other wiues so that the number of his children was much greater then his fathers who notwithstanding had 150 sonnes Among his children the eldest was called Guascar Inga his mother being called Raua Oclo and as I said before this king Guainacapa much increased in his kingdome and ouercame many people among the which hee helde so good gouernment and order as it séemed in manner vnpossible specially among such rude simple people that were wholy without learning wherein appeered a most manifest example of great subiection and loue in his subiects towards their naturall Lordes and herevpon to his great honour they made the two notable and costly hie-waies so much esteemed in al couÌ„tries and may well be accounted for one of the seauen wonders of the world for when Guainacapa was gon from Cusco with his armie to make warre against the prouince of Quito distant from thence at the least 500 miles he was forced to passe ouer high hills whereby both he and his people indured great trouble and miserie because 〈◊〉 war was full of hard and rough stones before his returne againe being victorious his subiects in token of great ioy as also for his further â—ase and comoditie because hee and his souldiers had indeed so hard and laboursome a â—ournâ—e cut downe and digged vp all the 〈◊〉 waies and stonie cliffes making the waye euen and plaine so that in some places there were vallyes of twentie or thirtie mens height that were filled vp and made euen with the hilles which way they made in that maner for y e length of fiue hundred miles so plaine and euen that any cart or wagon might trauell theron which way after the Spaniards ariual in the contrie was in diuers places spoiled and destroied to let the Indians from traueling that way and thinking this not sufficient when the saide Guainacapa went to visit his country of Quito and tooke his waie through the plain country they likewise made him another way to fill all the vallies and â—rish places therein and to make them euen which way they made about fortie foote broad on both sides with high walles and in the sandy waies they set great â—roughes with ropes tied vnto theÌ„ because men should not lose themselues in the waâ—e which stretched likewise 500 miles the walles as yet in some places are to be seene but by meanes of their warres the Banks for the most part are taken away and burnt and besides all this he him selfe caused many temples of the sunne and other Idoles and diuers Taâ—â—boâ— which are houses of munition and of pleasure for the benefit and commodity of his successors in time of warre to be made and builded as wel on the hils as in the plain countrie both on the riuer sides as in euery way the riuers whereof are at this day in many places to be seene whereby may be coniectured the greatnes and riches of those kings and the great care they had for the defence and safetie of their countries for that heereby when they trauailed through the countrie not only they and all their companie might lodge in those houses but the houses were still furnished and prouided by the people inhabiting about them not only with victuals sufficient for a whole armie but also with apparel and al kinde of weapons that were vsed in the warrs therewith presently to apparell their souldiers and to make them ready for the warres as bowes arrowes pikes halberds clubbes bils c. for 20000. or 30000 men presently to bee raised wherof there was no want and those houses were some 8 or 10 and some twentie miles at the furthest one from the other neuer further distaÌ„t then a days iourney As touching the ornaments of the kings of Peru which they in steed of crownes and princely septers vsed to weare therby to shew their power and maiestie they ware certaine tassels of red woole bound about their heads hanging downe vppon their shoulders almost couering their eies whereat there hung other threeds which they vsed when they would haue any thing
done or executed giuing that thrid vnto one of the Lordes that attended on them and by that commandement gouerned the prouinces and by that token they commaunded al whatsoeuer they would desire which by their subiects was with so great diligeÌ„ce and dutiful obedience fulfilled that the like was neuer knowen in any place throughout the world and if hee chanced to command that a whole prouince shuld be clean destroyed and vtterly left desolate both of men and all liuing creatures whatsoeuer both yong old if he sent but one of his seruants to execute the same although he sent no other power or aide of men nor other commission then one of the theerds of his Quispell it was sufficient and they willingly yeelded themselues to all dangers of death or destruction whatsoeuer These kings were borne in chariots or seats made of beaten golde borne on the shoulders of 1000. Lordes and councelours at times thereunto appointed wherof if any of them vnaduisedly stumbled staggered he was presently put to death and no man spake vnto the king at any time but they brought him certaine presents and if they went to speake with him ten times in a daie so often must they preseÌ„t him with new gifts it was likewise accounted for a great fault so looke y e king in the face Being in the wars and hauing ouercome any countrie or prouince they obserued the ancient custom of Rome which was to take the people with them that they might not rise vp or rebell against them yet with great diffrence from the Romaines for that hauing won â—ame land or prouince they tooke many or â—â—we out of it according to the number of people that were therein if these whom they had conquered inhabited in a hot countrie they were placed in another warme country if theirs were cold they likewise went into a cold countrie where they had the lands deuided among theÌ„ that each man might liue vpon it And it the naturall countâ—â—men of any prouince or place wâ— to â—â—bel against their prince the kings Liâ—tenants and CoÌ„maunders vsed the 〈◊〉 as â—hat is the strange people to keep them in subiection and to the contrarie if the Mitimaes seemed once to stirre or rise vp they kept them in subiection by the naturall inhabitants and by this policie they maintained their countrie in great peace and quietnesse Besides this they vsed another meanes not to bee hated of their subiects for that they neuer tooke the rule or authoritie of any people that were subdued by them from the Caciquen or Lords that were nobly borne if any of them disliked thereof they punished him yet gaue his office either to his children or to his brethren commaunding them to bee obedient when they went to hunt and take their pleasures which they call Chico they assembled many men together according to the scituation of the countrey some times foure or 5000. men whom they placed in a ring together that many times compassed at the least two or three miles and so singing a certain song they followed each other foote by foote vntil they were so neare togither that they might reach hands and yet nearer till they could imbrace each other the nerer they went together the closer they made the ring by which meanes al the beasts by them inclosed they killed as they thought good with so great a noyse and crie as seemed incredible not much vnlike the maner of the Duch Princes in their general huntings specially of the Wolues onely that they haue not so many men nor sing not yet make a great noyse The beasts that they take are wild Sheepe Rheen Foxes Lions blacke Beares Cattes many Hogges and other beasts foules as Turtle doues Quailes Spetchten Parrots Hawkes c. The tributes and talages that the kings receiued of their subiects were things of their owne increase out of the countreyes that were vnfruitfull they brought him Hoopwik of Crocadiles by them called Caymans and many other wormes This Guaynacapa renewed the temple of the sunne in the Citie of Cusco couering the wals and ruffes with plates of gold and siluer and as I said before the prouince and countrey of Quito was woon by him which countrey pleased him so well that for a time hee continued therein meane time leauing his eldest son Guascar Iuga Mango and other of his children in Cusco to gouerne the countrey and in Quito hee married another Wife daughter to the Lord of the same prouince and by hir he had Atabalipam a son whom he greatly loued and when he trauailed to Cusco hee left him and others in Quito yet before he dyed he went once againe to Quito partly because the country liked him so well and partly to sée his sonne Atabalipam and there before he dyed hee ordained that the countrey and towne of Quito shuld remaine to his sonne Atabalipam and his heires for euer as beeing taken from his forefathers which his sonne Guascar after his fathers death would not permitte and for the same cause raised warres against his brother which in the ende was the ouerthrow and subiection of Peru whereof as in the life of Gualcaâ— that after his fathers death ruled all the countrey vnto Quito it appeareth Guascar signifieth a cord or cable for that at the time of his birth the king caused a cable of gold to be made as great as two hundred Indians could carry hee vsed likewise a plate of golde whereon hee sate worth at the least 25000. duckets which after fell into the hands of Francisco Pizarro first gouernour of Peru and all his vessel was of golde whereby it appeareth that golde was likewise much esteemed by them The Kings in Cusco had many goldesmiths shoppes therein to make and worke al kinde of vessels Iewels and images of men beastes foules and hearbes of golde al in good proportion and although theyr Goldsmithes vsed not any iron tooles yet they make most excellent workmanshippe although somewhat groser and plainer then ours The manner of working was in this sort first they tooke the siluer or golde that they would melt and put it in rounde or long melting vessels made of cloath pasted about with earth and beaten colours which being drie they set it in the fire with as much golde and siluer therein as they would melt or as it would hold and so with fiue or sixe reedes blowe so long about it vntill the mettall melted and became redde hot and the skimme being taken off it being taken out of the melting vessell euerie man had his part which they sitting vppon the earth with blacke Keâ—ciâ—ick stones made in form like hammers they forged framed theyr images of Gods vessels and Iewels of gold chaines and formes of all kinde of beastes birdes and hearbes with all manner of things But to returne vnto our former matter the Sonnes of Guaynacaâ—a called Guascar and Atabalipa were the cause of the destruction ruine and ouerthrowe of the countrey of Peru by reason
also of all the Citties and countries of the whole kingdome of Spaine in particular with their proper names and by-names so that a man may thereby both shape vnto himselfe a representation and memoriall of those rents as well in grosse as in seuerall and also vnderstand the number of Cities and countries throughout all Spaine Hoping that it will be accepted in as courteous sort as it will be dilectable to all those that are desirous of nouelties A note or instruction what sorts of monies are vsed in Spayne wherewith they make their accountes FIrst you must vnderstande for the better explanation of y e matter ensuing that in Spaine they vse to reckeÌ„ by Marauedies as wel in great sums is in little and when they passe aboue a hundred thousand in number that is to say tenne times a hundreth thousande they call it a Quento which is properly a million of Marauedies Vnder which two names and diuisions the saide rentes reuenewes c. shal be set downe and declared according to the ordinances and customes vsed in the Kinges Chambers of accountes throughout the whole Countrey of Spain and you must know that 34. Maranedies are a Spanish Ryall of siluer being vi d. English money and 11. Spanish Rials are a Ducket which is fiue shillings vi d. English money and euery Quento or million of Marauedies is 2673. Duckets 8. Ryals and 26. Marauedies which is 735. l. v. sÌ„ x. d. ½ English money These Marauedies shal be written and set down after the Spanish manner that is when the summe amounteth aboue hundreths of Marauedies then they set this marke V. before beginning from the thousandes vpwardes so that thereby you may the better and more easily know them at the first sight which for your more ease and better intelligence I haue set downe as hereafter followeth and this I trust shall suffice for instruction herein The 1. Chapter The rents demaines and reuenews of the King in his kingdomes of Spaine Naples Sicilie Aragon c. and in all his Lordshippes except the kingdome iurisdiction of the Crowne of Portingall which we will hereafter report by themselues THe Salinas that is the salt landes belonging to the Crowne of Spaine are yearely taxed to pay vnto y e King ninety thrée Quentos 93. Quentos For the tenthes of the sea for marchandises that come out of Biscay and the Prouinces of Guipiscoa with the 4. hilly townes lying on the sea coast they pay for all wares sent from thence by land into Castilia after the rate of one in euery ten and is paid in the custome houses of Victoria Horduna and Valmas Ceda amounting yearely for the King vnto the summe of seuentie Quentos â—0 Quentos The tenth of the sea for wares that passe through the kingdome of Leon by the hauens of Sanabria and Villa Franca yéelde yearely the summe of one Quento 1. Quento The tenth of the sea for wares that passe out of the principality of Asturias by the towne of Ouieda pay yearely the summe of Q. 375 V 000. The rentes of the Prouostes office within the towne of Bilbau which is for thinges that come into the towne pay yearely for the King Q. 490 V 000. The 2. Chapter A declaration of the Alcauales and third-pennies which are paid in Spaine TLl the Alcauales thirdes and other rentes which the king of Spaine hath in all the Prouinces Townes villages and Countries of al his kingdomes and Lordshippes as also what euery towne with their territorie and precinctes doe seuerally pay that you may the plainelier sée and vnderstand you must first learne what these rents of Alcauales are and what they do signifie namely of all goods marchandises houses lands and of all other thinges whatsoeuer they may be none excepted it is the custome in Spaine to pay y e tenth pennie to the king and that at euery time and as often as such goods wares houses lands or whatsoeuer els are sold froÌ„ one to another this tenth pennie is called Alcaual likewise all handie crafts men Mercers Haberdashers and other trades that buy and sell in their said trades as also Butchers Fishmongers Inkéepers or any other trade occupation victualling or hand worke whatsoeuer must euery man pay a tenth pennie of all thinges whatsoeuer they sell and as oftentimes as they doe sell any thing where vpon euerie Citie towne c. doth compounde and agrée with the king for a yearely somme to be paide into his coffers so that there are certain which do farme the same of the king pay it yearely accordingly which summes are receyued cleerely into the kings coffers all costes and charges deducted To the same end there are in euery chiefe towne and prouince of the countrey diuers receyuers appointed to take all accounts and summes of money in the kings behalfe that arise of the said Alcaualaos and again to pay out of the same the Iuros that is such summes of money as the king by warrant appointeth to be paide vnto certaine persons as also other assignations appointed likewise to be paide which paymentes the said receyuers doe set downe in account for their owne discharge and thereof as also of their receipts do make a yearely and general account into the kings Exchequer Now to vnderstand what y e third pennie is it is thus that many yeares past the Cleargie of Spaine did of their owne frée willes giue and graunt vnto the King the thirde pennie of all spirituall liuings rentes and reuenewes which they did towards the aide maintenance and defence of the Catholike and Romish religion which is likewise receyued by the said receyuers and officers of the Alcaual and as I said is called Tercias and are likewise rented out and farmed by the said receiuers in euery seuerall Cittie and iurisdiction some of these Alcauals the King hath sold and others he hath bestowed vpon some men for rewardes whereof mention shall bee made as time and place requireth THe towne of Burgos w t the iurisdiction therof payeth yearly for Alcauala and Tertias the summe of 17 Q. 329 V 880 The Bayliwicke of Burgos which is called Bureba and lyeth close by Burgos payeth yearly the summe of 2 Q. 646 V 000 The hill of Oca payeth yearely the summe of 34 V 000 The Bayliwicke of the Prouince of Rioxa payeth yearly 3. Q. 757 V 000 The Bayliwicke of Hebro payeth yearely 2 Q. 346 V 000 The Bayliwick called the Hook of Hebro payeth yearely 1 Q 402 V 000 The towne of Victoria payeth yearly 269 V 000 The Prouince of Guipiscoa payeth yearly 1 Q 181 V 000 The Iron of the same Prouince of Guispiscoa payeth yearely custome 150 V 000. The seuen Bayliwickes which are of olde Castilia on the hils pay yearly 942 V 000 The valley of Mena which is in the same old Castilia payeth yearely the summe of 229 V 000 The Prouince of the towne
defence maintenance of the said Countries and places so that the rents and reuenewes of the Crowne of Portingale doe amount vnto the sum of 220000 Duckets at 5. shillings 6. pence the Ducket amounteth vnto in English monie to the summe of sixe hundreth and fiue thousand poundes The 5. Chapter Of the yearely charges disbursed by the Kinges of Portingale THe fées and payments due to the ministers Iustices of the lawes and ordinances of the countrie of Portingale for the executing of their offices doth amount vnto yearely the summe of 100000 duckets The rentes which the King bestoweth yearely as giftes and rewardes vnto such as haue done him seruice which being dead returneth vnto him againe doe yerely amount vnto the summe of 300000 duckets The Iuros which are bought for monie and fee farme or continuall rents to bee paide out of the kinges reuenewes customes and other demaynes yearely and are neuer released but remaine from heire to heire are yerely 150000 Duckets The charges of Maintayning the castles and fortes in Africa and Barbarie doe yerely amount vnto the summe of 300000. duckets The charges of maintaining fiue Gallies yearely 50â—00 Duckets The charges of the armie that doth yerely conuay the Indian ships thither fetcheth them back againe amount vnto 300000. Duckets The Moradien that is the wages which the king payeth to his seruants called Mocos da Camara Caualheâ— Fidalgos and other titles as an honour to such as hee will shew fauour vnto or els in reward of anie former seruices or in respect their Ancetors were true and faithfull seruitors to the king with those titles they are called seruantes of the kinges house which is a great honour they doe receiue a yearely stipend although not much towardes their charges of finding prouision for their horses although they can hardly saue a paire of shooes and yet neuer come on horses backe all their life time but it is onely a token of the Kinges fauour and good will wherein the Portingales doe more glorie and vaunt themselues then of any thing in the world yet is it not of much importance and verie little paie it amounteth yearely to 80000. Duckets The charge of the king of Portingales house is yearely the summe of 200000. Duc. which was wont to be farmed as at this day it is for the charge of houshold of Don Alberto Cardinall of Austria Gouernour of Portingale for the defence and maintenance of the Castles and Forts of Portingale the summe of 200000. Duckets So that the charges aforesaid doe amount vnto in all the summe of 1680000. duckets at fiue shillinges sixe pence the ducket is in English monie the summe of foure hundereth sixtie and two thousand pounds which being deducted out of the receates of Portingale aforesaid that amount vnto 605000. poundes English monie there resteth yearely for the king of Spaine Coffers one hundreth fortie and three thousand pounds English monie The 6. Chapter Of the Towne of Lisbone THe towne of Lisbone hath â—2 parish Churches and aboue eleuen thousaÌ„d houses wherin there are aboue â—0 thousand dwelling places accounting the Court and the place thereunto belonging it hath in people aboue 120000. whereof 10000. of them at the least are Slaues and Mores which estimation is made according to the church bookes which the Parsons Vicars and Curats are bound to doe once euerie yeare euerie one in his parish among these are not accounted such as follow the Court neyther Cloysters Cobents Hospitalles nor any other houses of religion for that in all they would amount vnto as much as the houses of the citie also of other Churches Cloysters and Chappels of the virgin Marie and other Saints which are no parishes there are so many that they can not be numbred The Towne hath aboue 350. streetes besides crosse waies and lanes that haue no thorow fare which are likewise a great number The 7. Chapter A short discourse of the pettigrees of kinges of Portingale vntill Phillip now King of Spaine and Portingale Sonne of Charles the fift Emperour of Rome THe first king of Portingale was named Don Alfonso Henriques sonne of Earle Henry who as the Chronicles rehearse was sonne of the Duke of Lorraine others thinke hee was sonne of the king of Hungarie but the truest Histories doe report him to be of Lorrane and that he came into the King of Spaines Court being desirous to imploy himselfe in the warres of the Christians against the Mores which as then held the most part of the countrie of Spaine and the whole land of Lusitania or Portingale warring continually on the King of Spaine and other Christians bordering on the same in the which warres hee behaued himselfe so well and did so valiantly that the King knew not how or in what sort to recompence him better then by giuing him his daughter in mariage with her for a dowrie gaue him the countrie of Portingale that was as much as he had conquered and brought vnder his subiection with all the rest if he could win it with the name and title of Earle of Portingale his sonne aforesaid called Don Alfonzo was borne in Anno 1094. who wan the most part of the countrie of Portingale from the Mores after his fathers death was called Prince of Portingale which name and title he enioyed for the space of 27. yeares which title in Spaine no man may beare but the Kings eldest son and heire vnto the Crowne and being of the age of 45. yeares was crowned king of Portingale by the fauour speciall priuiledge of the Pope of Rome as then being by that meanes Portingale became a kingdome This first King maried when he was 52. yeares of age and had one sonne and 3. daughters and besides them one bastard son and a bastard daughter he raigned 46. yeres and died in the towne of Coyinbra his body being buried in the Cloyster of Santa Crus erected by him as also the Cloysters of Alcobaca and Saint Vincent without Lisbone called Saint Vincent de Fora This King first wonne the Towne of Lisbone from the Mores by the aide help of the Flemmings and Low countrimen which came thether with a Fleet of Ships being by stormie weather forced to put into the riuer that were sayling to the holy land whether for the furtherance of Christian religion they as then trauelled which as I suppose was about the time that the Christians won the great City of Damyate in the couÌ„trie of Palestina where those of Harlame did most valiantly defend themselues and shewd great valour as the Sword Armes as yet extant doe well bare witnes which Fleet being come thether at such time as the said king besieged the said towne of Lisbone hee vnderstanding that onely cause of comming was to imploy their forces against the Infidels and vnbeleeuing Christians friendly desired them séeing it was Gods will they should ariue there at so conuenient a time to aide him against his enemies shewing them that they might
as well imploy their forces there as in the holie land to increase the faith of Christ and ouerthrow the enemies of the same whome if it pleased God to prosper as he doubted not but by their helpes to haue the victorie they might as then fulfill their pretended voiage both to the glory of God their owne honors which in the ende they agréed vnto in the which seruice they so well imployed themselues that they not only holp him to winne Lisbone but many other places thereby placing the king in his kingly seat for which their good seruice the king acknowledging himselfe much bound and beholding vnto them in recompence thereof he indowed them with many priuiledges and fréedomes more than his natural subiects â—nioyed which hee bound both him and his successors kinges of that countrie to kéepe obserue one whereof was that all Dutchmen that would dwell within his Countrie or traffique with in the same should bee free of all impostes and excises for all things that they should vse and haue in their owne houses and for themselues and their familie that they might weare what sort of apparrell and Iewels they would and of what stuffe soeuer with their wiues and families although they were Portingale women which is forbidden to the naturall Portingales for that they haue a law concerning apparrell what kinde of stuffe euerie man according to his estate and qualitie shall weare also to goe by night and at vnaccustomed houres when occasion serued them in all places with fiue or sixe seruants with light or without and with what armes or weapons they would which is not permitted to the inhabitantes themselues that no Iustice should haue power to atach or arest any man in their house or execute any Iustice vpon them for what cause soeuer it were treasoÌ„ only excepted but onlie by their owne law by the king himselfe ordained appointed called Iuis dos-Alemaines or the Dutch law also that their houses might not be taken whether they were hired or their owne fée simples for the kinges seruice or any of his Court as all other his subiects houses are as néed requireth that they might not bee compelled to vse or serue any office in the countrie or for the king as the Portingales doe neyther yet rated to pay any contribution for the common profit of the countrie trauelling through the Countrie should for their monie be serued before any other man with many other such like priueledges which for breuitie I omit onely I haue set downe the principallest of them thereby to shew as their owne Chronicles declare through whome and by whose help the Portingales at this day doe possesse and enioy that which they hold in the said Countrie of Portingale which priuiledges are yet as they haue alwaies béene without anie deniall firmely holden and maintained and by all the kinges successiuely confirmed from time to time with dayly increasing of the same by meanes of the continuall pleasures done vnto the said kings of Portingale by the said Nation as it is well knowne Don Sancho Sonne of the aforesaid king was the second king of Portingale hee was borne in Anno 1154. and crowned king at the age of 31. yeares hee had issue 15. children Sonnes and Daughters and raigned twenty seuen yeares he died in the towne of Coymbra in the yeare of our Lord 1212. being 58. yeares of age and lieth buried in the Cloyster of Santa Crus by his Father Don Afonso the second of that name the third king of Portingale was crowned at the age of 25. yeares he had issue two sonnes in his time liued Saint Dominick Saint Francis and Saint Anthonie he died in anno 1223. lieth buried in the Cloyster of Alcobassa Don Sancho Capello his son fourth king of Portingale was crowned at the age of 16. yeres and died in the towne of Toledo in the yeare of our Lord 1247 and is buried in the great Church of Toledo After his death was chose King his brother the Earle of Bolonhien and was the fifth king of Portingale hee raigned 31. yeres and died in Lisbone in the yeare of our Lord 1279. and is buried in the Cloister of Alcobassa Don Deniis his sonne was Crowned in Lisbone the sixt king of Portingale being of the age of 18. yeares he raigned 46. yeres and died in the towne of Saint Arein in the yeare of our Lord 1325. the 20. of Ianuary being 64. yeares of age and lyeth buried in the Cloyster of Oliuellas which is about 2. miles from Lisbone which he in his life time had erected he maried with Donna Isabella daughter to Don Pedro king of ArragoÌ„ she was cannonised for a Saint her Sepulcher is in the towne of Coymbra which shee builded where her body doth many miracles After him raigned his sonne Don Afonso o Brauo which is the valiant hee was crowned in the towne of Arem at the age of 35. yeares and was the seuenth king of Portingale hee died in Lisbone in the month of May Anno 1356. he lieth buried in the high quire of the great Church hee ouercame the Mores in Salado fighting in aide of the king of Castille His Son Don Pedro was the eight king of Portingale and ruled the land with great Iustice temperante and peace died in the yeare of our Lord 1366. and lieth buried in the Cloyster of Alcobassa hee had issue one sonne called Don Ferdinand and before hee maried he had two bastard sonnes by Dona Ines or Agnes de Castro called Don Ioan and Don Denniis After the death of the aforesaid king Don Ferdinand his son was crowned king and was the ninth king of Portingale he maried Dona Lianor Gonsalues Telles whom he tooke by force from her husband called Larenca Vaaz da Cunha to whome shee was maried and banished him the land neuerthelesse he was verie louing to his subiectes and punished all offenders and vagabondes hée raigned 17. yeares and died without issue in the yeare of our Lord 1383. being of the age of 43 yeares and lieth buried in the quier of S. Francis Church in the towne of S. Arein After this kings death Don Ioan king of Castillia with his wife Dona Beatrix came into Portingale by force to possesse the Crowne of Portingale but Don Ioan bastard son of the aforesaid king Don Pedro bastard brother to Don Ferdinand the last king withstood him and fought with the said king of Castille whome he ouercame in the field called S. Ioris where for a perpetuall memorie of his victorie he erected a great rich Cloyster which hee called the Cloyster of the battaile or victorie because he won the field in the same place against the Castilians This bastard Don Ioan was Crowned king of Portingale being of the age of 31. yeares was the tenth king he liued 76 yeres and died in Anno 1433. the 14. of August and lieth buried in the same Cloyster of
the battaile by him erected hee wonne the Castle and towne of Septa from the Mores in Barbaria or Affrica and was Father to the Infant Don Ferdinand that is Canonized for a Saint After him raigned his sonne Don Duarte or Eduart and was the 11. king of Portingale he liued 42. yeares whereof he raigned 5. yeares king hee died in the Pallace of the couent of Thomar in Anno 1438. he lieth buried in the Cloyster of the battaile Don Alfonso his sonne was borne in S. Arein in the yeare of our Lord 1432. and because he was but 6. yeares of age wheÌ„ his Father died his vncle the Infant Don Pedro raigned in his place vntill the yeare of our Lord 1448. Then the said Don Afonso was himselfe crowned king was the 12 king of Portingale he died in S. Arein in y e same chamber where he was borne the 28 of August 1481. and lieth buried by his Ancestors in the Cloyster of the battaile After his death raigned his sonne Don Ioan the great called the seconde of that name being the 13. King of Portingal he was borne in Lisbone the 4. of May anno 1455. hee did openly himselfe being present cause Don Fernando Duke of Beâ—ganca vpon the market place of the towne of Euora to be beheaded on the 22. of Iune in An. 1483. with his owne hand with a Poynyard slew Don Domingos Duke of Begia brother to his wife Dona Lianor presently calling Don Manoel the said Dukes brother gaue him the same Dukedome with all that belonged therunto he liued 40. yeres and died at Aluor in the bath the 25. of October An. 1495. lieth buried in the Cloister of the battaile by his Ancestors died without issue By his last Wil and Testament he gaue the Crowne of Portingale vnto Don Manoel Duke of Viseu who was crowned king of Portingale was the 14. king hée was crowned in Alcacer do Sal the 27. of October An. 1495. he caused all the Iewes in his land eyther willingly or by force to such as refused it to be christened in the yere of our Lord 1499. and caused all the Mores that dwelt at Lisbone without the gate of Moreria to be banished whereof the gate to this day holdeth the name In the â—â—me of this king there happened an insurrection of Portingales in Lisbone against the new Christened Iewes whereby they slew certaine hundereths of them both men women and children burning some of them with a thousand other mischiefes robbing their houses shops and goods for the which the king did great Iustice and finding out the principall beginners of the same caused them to bée punished This king did first discouer and by his captaines souldiers conquered y e Countries and passages into the East Indies and y e orientall countries for spices also the hauens passages in Prester Iohns land hee likewise conquered the towns fortresses of Saffâ—in Azamor in Affrica he died in an 1521. vpon S. Luces day lieth buried in the Cloyster of Bethlehem by the dutchmeÌ„ called Roysters After his death raigned his son Don Ioan the 3. was the 15. king of Portingale he was borne in the month of Iune in Anno 1502. in the citie of Lisbone where he was crowned in anno 1521. he was simple curteous mild and a great friend vnto all religious persons as also to all students he fouÌ„ded the vniuersitie of Coymbra and other colledges died the 11. of Iune An. 1557. lieth buried in the Cloyster of Bethelem or Roysters After his death was crowned Don Sebastian and was the 16. king of Portingale he was son to the Prince of Portingale eldest sonne to the aforesaid Don Ioan that maried with Dona Ioana daughter to the Emperour Charles the fift and Sister to Phillip king of Spaine which Prince dying before his father left his wife great with childe of this Don Sebastian who after the death of his Grandfather was Crowned king of Portingale he was born on Sebastians day in the yeare of our Lord 1553. hee passed with a great armie into Africa to conquere the countrie in the yeare 1578. where hee with most of his Armie was slaine the rest taken prisoners and so died without issue After this ouerthrow and death of the said king Don Sabastian was Crowned Don Henricke a Cardinall vncle vnto the saide Don Sabastian and was the 17. King of Portingale and died without issue in Anno 1580. leauing by his last will and testament for heire of the Crowne of Portingale Don Phillip king of Spaine as lawfull successor vnto the same for that his Father Charles the 5. maried the eldest daughter of the king Don Manoel which was mother to Don Phillip king of Spaine and sister to the grandfather of Don Sebastian and of the aforesaid Don Henrick although there had bin another brother of the said don Henrick named Don Luiis who dying left a son called Don Antonio that was Prior de Ocrato of the order of the knightes of the Crosse of S. Iohns whome the Portingales chose for their king but by meanes of the great power and might of the king of Spaine who by monie had gotten the greatest part of the nobilitie of Portingale to hold with him partly by monie and partly by force he got the kingdome into his hands and subiection driuing Don Antonio out of the countrie so in anno 1581. he came into Portingale in Lisbon was crowned king in the cloyster of Thomar by all the 3 estates of the countrie that is the nobility spiritualtie and commons is the 18. king of Portingale who as yet liueth raigneth ouer the same countrie whereby the Crowne of Portingale is now fallen into the handes of the kinges of Spaine hauing continued in the handes of the kinges of Portingales for the space of 442. yeares which their successors till then inioyed being of the race and progenie of the house of Loraine Thus endeth the fourth Booke FINIS TYPVS ORBIS TERRARVM QVID EI POTEST VIDERI MAGNVM IN REBVS HVMANIS CVI AETERNITAS OMNIS TOTIVSQVE MVNDI NOTA SIT MAGNI TV DO CICERO Exacta acurata deliucatio cum orarum maritimarum tum etiam sororum terrestrium quae in regionibus China Cauchinchinâ— Cambojn siue Câ—ampa Syao Malaca Aracan Pegu una cum omnium vicinarum iusu latum descriptione ut sunt Samatra Java utraque Timora Molucca Philippinâ— Luconja de Leqveos dicta nec non insulae Japan Corece reliquaeque omnes adsacentes ubj etiam adnotauimus scopulos â—reviâ—i omniaque Vadosa loca siquce alia a quibus periculum navigantibus Qvemadmodum singula hoc aeâ—o à Lusitanis nauium gubernatoribus còmperta inaâ—â—gitata in tobulaâ— relaâ—a fuere Equoâ—um recentibus ac emen daâ—is tabulis perqà m studiose haec destribi ex primiâ— curavimus in eorum hominum coÌ„modum quibus ista usvi voluptatia