continue_v 1._o to_o coin_v rose-riall_n spur-riall_n and_o angel_n of_o the_o old_a standard_n of_o twenty_o three_o carat_n three_o grain_n and_o a_o half_a fine_a 10._o to_o coin_v rial_n of_o the_o same_o standard_n and_o unite_v etc._n etc._n twenty_o two_o carat_n fine_a and_o two_o carats_n alloy_n 1._o to_o coin_v rial_n and_o angel_n of_o the_o old_a standard_n of_o twenty_o three_o carat_n three_o grain_n and_o a_o half_a fine_a and_o half_a a_o grain_n allay_v and_o to_o coin_n unite_v and_o crown_n twenty_o two_o carat_n fine_a and_o two_o carat_n allay_v and_o to_o coin_v the_o silver_n money_n of_o the_o old_a standard_n of_o eleven_o ounce_n two_o penny_n weight_n fine_a and_o eighteen_o penny_n weight_n alloy_n 2._o to_o coin_v rial_n and_o angel_n of_o the_o old_a standard_n of_o twenty_o three_o carat_n three_o grain_n and_o a_o half_a fine_a and_o half_a a_o grain_n allay_v and_o to_o coin_n unite_v and_o crown_n twenty_o two_o carat_n fine_a and_o two_o carat_n allay_v and_o silver_n money_n of_o the_o old_a standard_n of_o eleven_o ounce_n two_o penny_n weight_n fine_a and_o eighteen_o penny_n weight_n alloy_n to_o coin_v the_o piece_n since_o call_v guineas_n run_v for_o twenty_o shilling_n 2._o half-guineas_a etc._n etc._n twenty_o two_o carat_n fine_a and_o two_o carat_n allay_v and_o silver_n money_n of_o the_o old_a standard_n to_o coin_v ten_o shilling_n piece_n 2._o twenty_o shilling_n piece_n forty_o shilling_n piece_n and_o five_o pound_n piece_n of_o gold_n of_o twenty_o two_o carat_n fine_a and_o two_o carat_n allay_v and_o silver_n money_n of_o the_o old_a standard_n of_o eleven_o ounce_n two_o penny_n weight_n fine_a and_o eighteen_o penny_n weight_n alloy_n the_o same_o standard_n for_o gold_n and_o silver_n m._n upon_o due_o consider_v this_o history_n or_o relation_n for_o so_o many_o year_n past_a it_o may_v not_o be_v improper_a to_o observe_v to_o your_o lordship_n thereupon_o first_o that_o above_o four_o hundred_o year_n ago_o the_o standard_n for_o the_o silver_n coin_n be_v eleven_o ounce_n two_o penny_n weight_n fine_a and_o eighteen_o penny_n weight_n alloy_n and_o so_o it_o be_v at_o this_o day_n by_o the_o present_a indenture_n of_o the_o mint_n and_o the_o same_o be_v that_o which_o be_v call_v the_o old_a sterling_n or_o easterling_n second_o that_o the_o standard_n for_o the_o gold_n coin_n four_o hundred_o year_n ago_o be_v twenty_o three_o carat_n three_o grain_n and_o a_o half_a fine_a and_o half_a a_o grain_n allay_v and_o at_o this_o day_n the_o standard_n of_o gold_n by_o the_o indenture_n of_o the_o mint_n be_v twenty_o two_o carat_n fine_a and_o two_o carat_n allay_v the_o difference_n of_o which_o be_v only_o one_o carat_n three_o grain_n and_o a_o half_a three_o that_o the_o old_a standard_n obtain_v for_o the_o most_o part_n of_o the_o say_a number_n of_o year_n and_o the_o chief_a deviation_n from_o the_o same_o be_v in_o the_o reign_v of_o henry_n the_o eight_o and_o edward_n the_o six_o the_o which_o be_v premise_v the_o three_o thing_n come_v under_o consideration_n concern_v such_o new_a coin_n as_o his_o majesty_n shall_v think_v fit_a to_o direct_v be_v my_o own_o poor_a opinion_n which_o i_o humble_o offer_v and_o as_o i_o conceive_v with_o some_o clearness_n that_o the_o present_a standard_n of_o fineness_n or_o purity_n ought_v to_o be_v continue_v namely_o of_o twenty_o two_o carat_n fine_a and_o two_o carat_n allay_v for_o the_o gold_n and_o eleven_o ounce_n two_o penny_n weight_n fine_a and_o eighteen_o penny_n weight_n alloy_n for_o the_o silver_n in_o all_o the_o new_a coin_n that_o shall_v be_v now_o direct_v and_o my_o reason_n for_o the_o same_o be_v as_o follow_v first_o because_o our_o ancestor_n who_o wisdom_n we_o have_v no_o cause_n to_o distrust_v have_v for_o many_o age_n endeavour_v to_o keep_v up_o the_o old_a sterling_n or_o to_o a_o standard_n very_o near_o it_o which_o obtain_v as_o evident_o appear_v by_o the_o forego_n narrative_a for_o the_o great_a part_n of_o four_o hundred_o year_n second_o although_o the_o former_a debasement_n of_o the_o coin_n by_o public_a authority_n especial_o those_o in_o the_o reign_v of_o king_n henry_n the_o eight_o and_o king_n edward_n the_o six_o may_v be_v project_v for_o the_o profit_n of_o the_o crown_n and_o the_o projector_n may_v measure_v that_o profit_n by_o the_o excessive_a quantity_n of_o alloy_n that_o be_v mix_v with_o the_o silver_n or_o the_o gold_n and_o although_o this_o be_v enterprise_v by_o a_o prince_n who_o can_v stretch_v his_o prerogative_n very_o far_o upon_o his_o people_n and_o be_v do_v in_o time_n when_o this_o nation_n have_v very_o little_a commerce_n inland_a or_o foreign_a to_o be_v injure_v or_o prejudice_v thereby_o yet_o experience_v present_o show_v that_o the_o projector_n be_v mistake_v and_o that_o it_o be_v absolute_o necessary_a to_o have_v the_o base_a money_n reform_v the_o do_v whereof_o be_v begin_v by_o king_n edward_n the_o six_o himself_o carry_v on_o by_o king_n philip_n and_o queen_n mary_n and_o happy_o finish_v though_o not_o without_o great_a charge_n vexation_n and_o trouble_v the_o only_a offspring_n of_o such_o design_n by_o queen_n elizabeth_n who_o as_o be_v note_v above_o in_o the_o three_o year_n of_o her_o reign_n when_o money_n be_v not_o plentiful_a erect_v a_o distinct_a mint_n in_o the_o tower_n to_o convert_v the_o base_a not_o counterfeit_n money_n into_o sterling_n three_o because_o make_v of_o base_a money_n will_v disgrace_n this_o government_n in_o future_a generation_n the_o critic_n in_o every_o age_n be_v apt_a to_o estimate_v the_o goodness_n or_o badness_n of_o ancient_a government_n by_o their_o coin_n as_o have_v be_v do_v especial_o in_o the_o case_n of_o the_o roman_n and_o a_o temptation_n of_o this_o kind_n ought_v not_o to_o be_v leave_v for_o future_a age_n to_o the_o prejudice_n of_o the_o honour_n of_o the_o present_a king_n four_o although_o it_o must_v be_v acknowledge_v that_o the_o put_v a_o great_a alloy_n into_o the_o coin_n so_o long_o as_o they_o shall_v still_o retain_v so_o much_o purity_n or_o fineness_n as_o will_v render_v they_o answerable_a to_o the_o currant_n price_n of_o silver_n in_o bullion_n will_v be_v no_o real_a injury_n to_o the_o subject_a yet_o it_o must_v be_v consider_v that_o when_o the_o cause_n which_o at_o present_a make_v silver_n scarce_o and_o dear_a shall_v cease_v silver_n itself_o will_v fall_v in_o its_o price_n and_o if_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n the_o coin_n shall_v have_v be_v debase_v then_o after_o the_o retrieve_v of_o the_o trade_n and_o wealth_n of_o the_o nation_n and_o the_o bring_v down_o of_o the_o price_n of_o silver_n thereby_o the_o damage_n which_o the_o crown_n will_v sustain_v in_o its_o tax_n revenue_n and_o loan_n and_o the_o loss_n which_o the_o nobility_n gentry_n and_o commonalty_n especial_o ecclesiastical_a person_n will_v find_v thereby_o in_o the_o payment_n of_o their_o debt_n rent_n and_o annuity_n many_o of_o which_o be_v so_o fix_v and_o establish_v upon_o previous_a reservation_n or_o grant_n in_o fee_n or_o in_o tail_n or_o for_o life_n or_o year_n certain_a or_o be_v so_o payable_a by_o assurance_n already_o perfect_v as_o that_o it_o will_v not_o be_v in_o their_o power_n to_o alter_v the_o same_o proportionable_o to_o the_o debasement_n of_o the_o coin_n and_o the_o loss_n or_o damage_n after_o such_o bring_v down_o the_o price_n of_o silver_n will_v be_v proportionable_a to_o the_o excessive_a alloy_n to_o be_v put_v into_o the_o money_n will_v continue_v and_o have_v duration_n at_o least_o till_o all_o such_o base_a money_n can_v be_v abate_v the_o mere_a reform_v of_o which_o will_v take_v up_o a_o considerable_a time_n and_o be_v a_o new_a trouble_n and_o difficulty_n after_o the_o end_v of_o the_o present_a war_n and_o after_o the_o re-establishment_n of_o the_o trade_n and_o wealth_n of_o the_o kingdom_n five_o our_o present_a standard_n be_v well_o know_v in_o the_o world_n the_o same_o agree_v with_o most_o of_o the_o foreign_a mint_n in_o europe_n and_o all_o foreigner_n that_o deal_v with_o we_o regard_v the_o intrinsic_a value_n more_o than_o the_o extrinsic_a denomination_n and_o exchange_n with_o we_o according_o if_o base_a money_n shall_v be_v make_v the_o intrinsic_a value_n thereof_o will_v be_v uncertain_a or_o may_v be_v dispute_v and_o in_o dispute_n of_o such_o a_o nature_n it_o be_v more_o likely_a that_o they_o will_v gain_v upon_o we_o than_o we_o upon_o they_o and_o so_o the_o exchange_n become_v more_o to_o our_o prejudice_n than_o it_o be_v at_o present_a six_o the_o debase_v of_o money_n by_o public_a authority_n be_v needless_a and_o frivolous_a for_o whatsoever_o advantage_n ground_v upon_o necessity_n can_v be_v propose_v thereby_o will_v arise_v more_o easy_o and_o have_v better_a
round_v but_o this_o practice_n of_o clip_v have_v never_o be_v exercise_v upon_o the_o milled_a money_n and_o i_o think_v never_o can_v be_v because_o of_o its_o thickness_n and_o edge_v although_o no_o further_a provision_n against_o the_o same_o shall_v be_v make_v by_o law_n second_o that_o as_o to_o counterfeit_v the_o hammer_v money_n be_v liable_a thereunto_o because_o the_o tool_n for_o resemble_v the_o same_o be_v cheap_a and_o easy_o make_v and_o procure_v and_o the_o fabrication_n thereof_o may_v be_v perform_v in_o a_o little_a room_n and_o with_o less_o art_n so_o that_o smith_n and_o other_o artificer_n can_v ready_o attain_v thereunto_o but_o the_o engine_n for_o the_o milled_a money_n be_v many_o and_o very_o costly_a not_o easy_a to_o be_v procure_v the_o maker_n or_o user_n of_o such_o engine_n can_v be_v conceal_v without_o great_a difficulty_n and_o the_o milled_a money_n itself_o be_v of_o a_o much_o fine_a print_n than_o the_o other_o require_v more_o solemnity_n skill_n and_o curious_a workmanship_n in_o its_o fabrication_n and_o when_o it_o be_v finish_v show_v better_a the_o true_a colour_n of_o the_o silver_n to_o distinguish_v its_o genuine_a from_o its_o counterfeit_n piece_n which_o latter_a can_v never_o be_v bring_v to_o perfection_n so_o that_o reckon_a only_o since_o the_o say_a year_n 1663._o without_o any_o regard_n to_o the_o precedent_n time_n i_o very_o believe_v for_o every_o single_a piece_n of_o milled_a money_n that_o have_v be_v counterfeit_v or_o rather_o be_v attempt_v to_o be_v resemble_v there_o have_v be_v more_o than_o one_o thousand_o of_o the_o hammer_v money_n not_o only_o counterfeit_v but_o actual_o impose_v upon_o the_o people_n who_o have_v be_v defraud_v therewith_o and_o be_v now_o likely_a to_o suffer_v great_o thereby_o three_o that_o as_o to_o the_o crime_n of_o melt_v down_o it_o have_v plain_o affect_v both_o the_o hammer_v and_o mill_v money_n in_o their_o respective_a turn_n very_o fatal_o insomuch_o that_o the_o hammer_v gold_n coin_n which_o be_v make_v in_o the_o reign_v of_o the_o several_a king_n and_o queen_n from_o edward_n the_o first_o inclusive_o till_o the_o beginning_n of_o the_o reign_n of_o king_n charles_n the_o second_o which_o will_v amount_v to_o a_o incredible_a sum_n if_o they_o be_v all_o in_o be_v be_v almost_o total_o vanish_v have_v be_v molten_n as_o i_o suppose_v from_o time_n to_o time_n either_o to_o make_v vessel_n or_o utensil_n or_o to_o export_v for_o lucre_n or_o to_o convert_v into_o gold_n coin_n of_o more_o modern_a stamp_n in_o which_o last_o case_v the_o same_o metal_n come_v to_o be_v coin_v over_o and_o over_o again_o it_o be_v evident_a that_o we_o have_v now_o in_o england_n only_o the_o piece_n call_v guineas_n and_o half-guineas_a or_o few_o other_o of_o gold_n coin_n as_o be_v before_o observe_v and_o i_o think_v the_o like_a must_v have_v be_v do_v with_o all_o the_o hammer_v silver_n money_n that_o be_v make_v before_o the_o reign_n 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hope_v both_o will_v be_v secure_v against_o the_o same_o when_o the_o silver_n in_o the_o coin_n will_v fetch_v as_o much_o as_o the_o silver_n in_o the_o bullion_n second_o the_o quantity_n of_o silver_n coin_n clip_v and_o unclipped_a that_o may_v be_v reasonable_o think_v or_o imagine_v to_o remain_v in_o the_o kingdom_n at_o this_o day_n can_v with_o any_o certainty_n be_v compute_v i_o know_v several_a conjecture_n have_v be_v make_v thereof_o very_o different_a and_o as_o i_o think_v without_o any_o ground_n at_o all_o and_o i_o confess_v myself_o to_o have_v none_o but_o such_o as_o follow_v first_o to_o compute_v all_o the_o silver_n money_n coin_v in_o the_o three_o reign_n of_o queen_n elizabeth_n james_n the_o first_o and_o charles_n the_o first_o second_o to_o guess_v how_o much_o thereof_o may_v have_v be_v molten_n or_o lost._n three_o to_o subtract_v the_o latter_a from_o the_o whole_a and_o four_o to_o the_o difference_n to_o add_v something_o for_o the_o small_a remainder_n as_o well_o of_o money_n coin_v before_o the_o reign_n of_o queen_n elizabeth_n as_o of_o those_o coin_v since_o the_o reign_n of_o charles_n the_o first_o the_o silver_n money_n coin_v in_o the_o reign_n of_o queen_n elizabeth_n as_o i_o be_o inform_v by_o the_o master_n of_o the_o mint_n do_v amount_v to_o four_o million_o six_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n but_o by_o a_o copy_n which_o i_o take_v some_o time_n since_o from_o the_o archive_v at_o westminster_n of_o a_o account_n which_o be_v compile_v by_o archbishop_n williams_n which_o i_o take_v to_o be_v more_o exact_a which_o archive_v with_o the_o choice_a collection_n thereof_o be_v since_o burn_v all_o the_o silver_n sterling_n money_n coin_v in_o the_o reign_n of_o the_o say_a queen_n exclude_v some_o base_a irish_a money_n that_o be_v then_o make_v do_v amount_v to_o l._n s._n d._n 4632932._o 3._o 2_o ¾_n the_o silver_n money_n coin_v in_o the_o reign_n of_o king_n james_n the_o first_o as_o the_o officer_n of_o the_o mint_n inform_v i_o can_v be_v know_v at_o their_o office_n because_o their_o memorial_n thereof_o be_v either_o imperfect_a or_o lose_a but_o by_o the_o abovesaid_a copy_n i_o find_v that_o in_o the_o first_o twelve_o year_n of_o his_o reign_n there_o be_v coin_v in_o silver_n sterling_a money_n one_o million_o five_o hundred_o fifty_o eight_o thousand_o and_o fourteen_o pound_n nine_o shilling_n and_o nine_o penny_n and_o i_o find_v that_o in_o the_o last_o seven_o year_n of_o his_o reign_n the_o silver_n money_n coin_v do_v amount_v to_o one_o hundred_o and_o two_o thousand_o nine_o hundred_o and_o eighty_o one_o pound_n nine_o shilling_n and_o eight_o penny_n and_o then_o add_v 39004_o l._n o_o s._n 7_o d._n by_o estimation_n for_o the_o two_o or_o three_o intermediate_v year_n of_o the_o same_o reign_n the_o whole_a of_o the_o silver_n sterling_n money_n coin_v by_o king_n james_n the_o first_o be_v l._n 1700000._o and_o it_o appear_v by_o a_o account_n from_o the_o officer_n of_o the_o mint_n that_o there_o be_v coin_v of_o silver_n money_n in_o the_o reign_n of_o king_n charles_n the_o first_o l._n s._n d._n 8776544._o 10._o 3._o l._n s._n d._n in_o all_o 15109476._o 13._o 5¾_n now_o consider_v how_o far_o this_o sum_n be_v to_o be_v abate_v first_o by_o the_o want_n of_o the_o crown_n half-crown_n groat_n quarter-shilling_n half-groat_n three-half-peny_n piece_n three-farthing_n piece_n and_o halfpence_n of_o queen_n elizabeth_n which_o be_v whole_o sink_v second_o by_o the_o diminution_n of_o the_o number_n of_o the_o shilling_n and_o six-pence_n of_o the_o same_o queen_n many_o of_o which_o may_v be_v suppose_v to_o be_v melt_v down_o recoined_n or_o lost._n three_o by_o the_o loss_n of_o the_o crown_n groat_n twopence_n penny_n and_o halfpence_n of_o james_n the_o first_o and_o charles_n the_o first_o which_o seem_v to_o be_v quite_o go_v and_o by_o the_o melt_a recoining_a or_o loss_n of_o many_o if_o not_o most_o of_o the_o half-crown_n shilling_n and_o six-pence_n of_o those_o two_o king_n one_o can_v hardly_o believe_v there_o be_v now_o in_o be_v of_o the_o coin_n of_o the_o say_v three_o reign_n above_o one_o three_o part_n which_o amount_n to_o five_o million_o thirty_o six_o thousand_o four_o hundred_o ninety_o two_o pound_n to_o which_o if_o there_o be_v add_v five_o hundred_o sixty_o three_o thousand_o five_o hundred_o and_o eight_o pound_n more_o for_o the_o unmelted_a silver_n coin_n of_o charles_n the_o second_o james_n the_o second_o king_n william_n and_o queen_n marry_o and_o for_o the_o small_a quantity_n which_o remain_v of_o those_o which_o be_v make_v before_o the_o reign_n of_o queen_n elizabeth_n then_o the_o whole_a of_o the_o silver_n sterling_n coin_n clip_v and_o unclipt_a hoard_v and_o currant_n now_o in_o england_n will_v be_v compute_v at_o five_o million_o
a_o report_n contain_v a_o essay_n for_o the_o amendment_n of_o the_o silver_n coin_n london_n print_v by_o charles_n bill_n and_o the_o executrix_n of_o thomas_n newcomb_n decease_v printer_n to_o the_o king_n most_o excellent_a majesty_n 1695._o to_o the_o right_n honourable_a the_o lord_n commissioner_n of_o his_o majesty_n treasury_n may_v it_o please_v your_o lordship_n in_o obedience_n to_o your_o lordship_n command_n i_o have_v endeavour_v to_o inform_v myself_o of_o divers_a matter_n which_o concern_v the_o gold_n and_o silver_n money_n and_o of_o the_o most_o practicable_a method_n for_o new_a coin_v the_o latter_a and_o supply_v in_o the_o mean_a time_n sufficient_a coin_n to_o pay_v the_o king_n tax_n and_o revenue_n and_o to_o carry_v on_o the_o public_a commerce_n and_o i_o do_v humble_o represent_v to_o your_o lordship_n that_o i_o have_v make_v diligent_a search_n into_o several_a record_n book_n and_o write_n to_o see_v what_o act_n or_o thing_n have_v be_v former_o 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scalam_fw-la hoc_fw-la est_fw-la as_o the_o aforesaid_a author_n expound_v it_o solveret_fw-la preter_fw-la quamlibet_fw-la numeratam_fw-la libram_fw-la sex_n denarios_fw-la and_o the_o money_n afterward_o decline_v and_o become_v worse_o it_o be_v ordain_v that_o the_o firme_v of_o manor_n shall_v not_o only_o be_v pay_v ad_fw-la scalam_fw-la but_o also_o ad_fw-la pensam_fw-la which_o latter_a be_v the_o pay_v as_o much_o money_n for_o a_o pound_n sterling_n as_o weigh_v twelve_o ounce_n troy_n so_o that_o payment_n of_o a_o pound_n de_fw-fr numero_fw-la import_v twenty_o shilling_n ad_fw-la scalam_fw-la import_v twenty_o shilling_n six_o penny_n and_o ad_fw-la pensam_fw-la import_v so_o much_o as_o weigh_v twelve_o ounce_n and_o in_o the_o time_n of_o king_n henry_n the_o second_o when_o the_o bishop_n of_o salisbury_n be_v treasurer_n who_o consider_v that_o though_o the_o money_n do_v answer_v numero_fw-la &_o pondere_fw-la it_o may_v nevertheless_o be_v mix_v with_o copper_n or_o brass_n therefore_o consilio_fw-la regis_fw-la &_o ut_fw-la regiae_n simul_fw-la &_o publicae_fw-la provideretur_fw-la utilitati_fw-la a_o constitution_n be_v make_v call_v the_o trial_n by_o combustion_n the_o whole_a progress_n whereof_o as_o it_o be_v practise_v in_o the_o exchequer_n in_o those_o day_n be_v exact_o set_v down_o in_o the_o say_a book_n and_o differ_v little_a or_o nothing_o from_o the_o present_a method_n of_o assay_v silver_n for_o its_o fineness_n as_o plain_o appear_v in_o that_o place_n where_o the_o say_v gervase_n treat_v of_o the_o office_n of_o the_o miles_n argentarius_n and_o that_o of_o the_o fusor_n a_o extract_v whereof_o be_v hereunto_o annex_v it_o appear_v also_o that_o the_o crown_n rent_n be_v many_o time_n reserve_v in_o libris_fw-la albis_n or_o blanch_n firme_v in_o which_o case_n the_o payer_n be_v hold_v dealbare_fw-la firmam_fw-la that_o be_v his_o base_a money_n or_o coin_n worse_o than_o standard_n be_v molten_n down_o in_o the_o exchequer_n and_o reduce_v to_o the_o fineness_n of_o standard_n silver_n or_o instead_o thereof_o he_o pay_v to_o the_o king_n twelve_o penny_n to_o the_o pound_n by_o way_n of_o addition_n but_o the_o most_o remarkable_a deceit_n and_o corruption_n find_v in_o ancient_a record_n to_o have_v be_v commit_v upon_o the_o coin_n of_o the_o kingdom_n by_o offender_n be_v in_o the_o time_n of_o king_n edward_n the_o first_o when_o there_o be_v import_v a_o sort_n of_o light_a money_n make_v with_o a_o mitre_n another_o sort_n of_o light_a money_n with_o lion_n upon_o it_o a_o three_o sort_n of_o copper_n blanch_v to_o resemble_v the_o money_n of_o england_n a_o four_o sort_n of_o light_a money_n resemble_v that_o of_o king_n edward_n a_o five_o kind_n that_o be_v plate_v and_o the_o crime_n of_o round_v money_n which_o i_o take_v to_o be_v the_o same_o with_o clip_v be_v then_o in_o fashion_n all_o which_o be_v do_v out_o of_o england_n and_o the_o merchant_n to_o avoid_v the_o search_n at_o dover_n and_o sandwich_n conceal_v the_o parcel_n in_o bail_n of_o cloth_n and_o bring_v they_o in_o by_o other_o port_n les_fw-fr queux_fw-fr choses_fw-fr si_fw-fr elles_fw-fr suissent_fw-la longent_fw-la so_o effert_n say_v the_o book_n else_o mettere_n yent_n la_fw-fr money_n d'englitere_fw-mi a_o nient_a and_o the_o chief_a remedy_n then_o apply_v be_v first_o to_z cry_z down_o all_o money_n that_o be_v not_o of_o england_n ireland_n or_o scotland_n second_o that_o such_o as_o arrive_v from_o beyond_o sea_n shall_v show_v the_o money_n they_o bring_v with_o they_o to_o the_o king_n officer_n three_o and_o not_o hide_v it_o in_o fardel_n upon_o pain_n of_o forfeiture_n four_o that_o the_o light_a money_n and_o the_o clip_v money_n may_v be_v bore_v through_o without_o contradiction_n five_o and_o that_o the_o same_o shall_v be_v receive_v and_o pay_v by_o weight_n at_o a_o certain_a rate_n and_o that_o the_o person_n have_v such_o clip_v or_o light_a money_n shall_v bring_v the_o same_o to_o the_o king_n changer_n who_o be_v settle_v in_o several_a great_a town_n in_o the_o kingdom_n to_o be_v new_o coin_v and_o by_o what_o i_o have_v read_v in_o libro_fw-la rubeo_n which_o be_v in_o the_o upper_a exchequer_n concern_v the_o changer_n who_o as_o well_o as_o the_o master_n of_o the_o mint_n have_v several_a office_n erect_v in_o divers_a part_n of_o the_o kingdom_n namely_o at_o london_n canterbury_n bristol_n kingston_n upon_o hull_n newcastle_n and_o exeter_n a_o principal_a business_n of_o these_o changer_n be_v to_o buy_v in_o the_o silver_n of_o the_o bad_a money_n que_fw-fr les_fw-fr pollard_n &_o crockards_n &_o les_fw-fr autres_fw-fr mauvaises_fw-fr money_n contrefaits_n soront_v abatue_n and_o there_o be_v a_o writ_n then_o direct_v to_o the_o sheriff_n to_o prohibit_v the_o importation_n of_o clip_v or_o counterfeit_n money_n and_o the_o use_v thereof_o in_o merchandize_v or_o negotiate_v under_o severe_a penalty_n and_o command_v those_o that_o have_v such_o money_n to_o boar_n it_o through_o and_o to_o bring_v it_o to_o the_o king_n change_n to_o be_v new_o coin_v and_o i_o find_v by_o a_o indenture_n in_o the_o three_o year_n of_o queen_n elizabeth_n at_o which_o time_n there_o be_v base_a money_n that_o have_v be_v coin_v by_o public_a authority_n that_o it_o be_v ordain_v that_o fleetwood_n under_o treasurer_n for_o the_o upper_a house_n of_o the_o mint_n in_o the_o tower_n shall_v take_v in_o by_o number_n and_o tale_n the_o base_a money_n therein_o mention_v at_o such_o rate_n or_o value_v as_o be_v appoint_v by_o a_o proclamation_n in_o that_o behalf_n give_v bill_n to_o the_o party_n under_o his_o hand_n for_o the_o receipt_n thereof_o and_o the_o officer_n of_o the_o mint_n be_v to_o melt_v down_o and_o repay_v the_o same_o in_o sterling_a money_n to_o the_o party_n or_o their_o deputy_n show_v and_o deliver_v their_o bill_n have_v regard_n to_o the_o time_n when_o every_o man_n bring_v in_o his_o money_n and_o the_o base_a money_n receive_v and_o the_o sterling_a money_n repay_v be_v to_o be_v enter_v in_o two_o leger_n one_o to_o be_v keep_v by_o the_o say_a under-treasurer_n and_o the_o other_o by_o the_o teller_n and_o the_o comptroller_n and_o assay-master_n be_v to_o keep_v several_a book_n of_o refine_v and_o melt_v the_o base_a money_n to_o the_o intent_n they_o may_v be_v voucher_n to_o the_o say_a under-treasurer_n who_o be_v to_o account_v to_o the_o queen_n for_o the_o whole_a these_o or_o such_o like_a provision_n may_v serve_v well_o enough_o in_o those_o time_n when_o there_o be_v not_o much_o money_n and_o but_o little_a trade_n or_o occasion_n for_o it_o and_o when_o the_o species_n then_o in_o be_v which_o one_o will_v think_v consist_v ancient_o of_o penny_n or_o piece_n of_o small_a denomination_n be_v not_o corrupt_v or_o diminish_v to_o that_o degree_n as_o they_o be_v at_o this_o day_n but_o consider_v the_o present_a
low_a condition_n to_o which_o our_o money_n be_v almost_o general_o reduce_v and_o the_o necessary_a use_n thereof_o in_o daily_a occasion_n and_o particular_o in_o the_o way_n of_o trade_n upon_o which_o this_o nation_n depend_v more_o at_o this_o time_n than_o it_o do_v former_o i_o do_v not_o see_v how_o the_o prudence_n of_o our_o ancestor_n which_o in_o many_o constitution_n relate_v to_o the_o exchequer_n and_o the_o mint_n appear_v to_o have_v be_v transcendent_a and_o admirable_a especial_o in_o matter_n of_o charge_n and_o discharge_v and_o prevent_v fraud_n and_o abuse_n upon_o the_o crown_n can_v without_o the_o devise_v new_a or_o additional_a mean_n and_o method_n be_v make_v applicable_a to_o a_o present_a work_n of_o new_a coin_v the_o silver_n money_n and_o supply_v currant_n coin_n for_o the_o commerce_n and_o for_o the_o payment_n of_o tax_n and_o revenue_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n if_o therefore_o the_o king_n to_o who_o regality_n the_o power_n of_o coin_v money_n and_o determine_v the_o weight_n fineness_n denomination_n and_o extrinsic_a value_n thereof_o do_v solely_n and_o inherent_o appertain_v shall_v judge_v it_o necessary_a to_o have_v the_o old_a or_o present_a species_n of_o silver_n coin_n or_o so_o much_o thereof_o as_o have_v be_v clip_v or_o otherwise_o dimnish_v to_o be_v melt_v down_o and_o recoined_a i_o humble_o conceive_v new_a mean_n and_o method_n for_o do_v the_o same_o must_v be_v devise_v and_o in_o regard_n money_n which_o some_o lawyer_n have_v call_v firmamentum_fw-la belli_n &_o ornamentum_fw-la pacis_fw-la be_v most_o certain_o of_o the_o great_a importance_n to_o his_o majesty_n in_o supply_v the_o tax_n revenue_n and_o loan_n for_o carry_v on_o the_o war_n and_o support_v his_o royal_a estate_n as_o also_o to_o his_o subject_n with_o relation_n not_o only_o to_o their_o trade_n and_o commerce_n but_o also_o to_o all_o other_o ordinary_a mean_n of_o livelihood_n the_o say_v mean_n and_o method_n for_o re-establish_a the_o coin_n and_o the_o many_o weighty_a thing_n depend_v thereupon_o aught_o to_o be_v well_o excogitated_a and_o to_o be_v consider_v and_o adjust_v by_o person_n of_o the_o great_a judgement_n and_o sagacity_n and_o if_o i_o have_v not_o be_v enjoin_v by_o your_o lordship_n i_o shall_v scarce_o have_v adventure_v upon_o a_o subject_a so_o very_o difficult_a and_o curious_a i_o have_v employ_v my_o thought_n chief_o upon_o such_o matter_n as_o be_v reduceable_a to_o the_o follow_a head_n viz._n first_o concern_v the_o standard_n of_o the_o gold_n and_o silver_n coin_n and_o the_o establishment_n of_o a_o just_a and_o reasonable_a foot_n for_o the_o course_n of_o the_o same_o second_o concern_v the_o present_a state_n and_o condition_n of_o the_o gold_n and_o silver_n coin_n three_o whether_o it_o be_v or_o be_v not_o absolute_o necessary_a at_o this_o time_n to_o re-establish_a the_o same_o four_o the_o propose_v of_o mean_n that_o must_v be_v obtain_v and_o the_o proper_a method_n to_o be_v use_v in_o and_o for_o the_o amendment_n of_o the_o silver_n money_n five_o to_o consider_v what_o must_v supply_v the_o commerce_n pay_v tax_n etc._n etc._n whilst_o the_o clip_v money_n be_v under_o its_o new_a fabrication_n as_o to_o the_o particular_n first_o of_o the_o standard_n this_o proper_o bring_v under_o consideration_n two_o matter_n relate_v to_o the_o coin_n namely_o the_o degree_n of_o fineness_n and_o the_o weight_n of_o the_o piece_n in_o treat_v upon_o which_o i_o shall_v humble_o take_v leave_n to_o observe_v this_o method_n first_o to_o explain_v what_o be_v mean_v by_o sterling_a money_n second_o to_o set_v down_o historical_o the_o proportion_n of_o fine_a gold_n and_o fine_a silver_n with_o the_o respective_a allay_v which_o the_o master_n or_o worker_n of_o the_o mint_n have_v be_v hold_v to_o observe_v in_o the_o fabrication_n of_o the_o money_n of_o this_o realm_n by_o their_o respective_a indenture_n which_o i_o have_v find_v out_o begin_v with_o those_o in_o the_o time_n of_o king_n edward_n the_o three_o the_o far_a extant_a and_o end_v with_o the_o indenture_n of_o the_o mint_n now_o in_o be_v three_o to_o propose_v the_o standard_n of_o fineness_n which_o in_o my_o humble_a opinion_n ought_v to_o be_v continue_v for_o the_o new_a coin_n which_o his_o majesty_n may_v be_v please_v to_o direct_v at_o this_o time_n with_o my_o reason_n for_o the_o same_o to_o be_v deduce_v from_o the_o experience_n of_o former_a time_n and_o a_o impartial_a regard_n to_o present_a circumstance_n four_o to_o set_v forth_o how_o the_o value_n of_o the_o gold_n and_o silver_n in_o our_o english_a coin_n have_v be_v raise_v from_o time_n to_o time_n which_o consider_v the_o weight_n and_o number_n of_o piece_n in_o a_o pound_n troy_n five_o to_o offer_v my_o humble_a opinion_n upon_o that_o subject_a in_o reference_n as_o well_o to_o the_o old_a coin_n now_o in_o be_v and_o unclipt_a as_o also_o to_o the_o new_a money_n which_o may_v be_v direct_v to_o be_v make_v as_o aforesaid_a together_o with_o my_o reason_n for_o the_o same_o to_o be_v also_o ground_v upon_o the_o experience_n of_o former_a time_n and_o a_o due_a consideration_n of_o present_a circumstance_n all_o or_o most_o of_o which_o point_v be_v of_o great_a moment_n to_o be_v well_o weigh_v in_o this_o affair_n i_o do_v humble_o pray_v your_o lordship_n that_o i_o may_v discuss_v they_o several_o first_o it_o be_v believe_v by_o some_o author_n and_o not_o without_o reason_n that_o in_o the_o most_o ancient_a time_n when_o money_n be_v first_o coin_v within_o this_o island_n it_o be_v make_v of_o 5._o pure_a gold_n and_o silver_n like_o the_o money_n now_o currant_n in_o some_o other_o nation_n particular_o in_o hungary_n and_o barbary_n where_o they_o have_v piece_n of_o gold_n call_v ducat_n and_o sultaness_n and_o in_o the_o kingdom_n of_o industan_n where_o they_o have_v piece_n of_o silver_n call_v rupee_n which_o i_o have_v see_v and_o wherein_o as_o i_o be_o inform_v there_o be_v little_a or_o no_o alloy_n and_o that_o afterward_o it_o be_v find_v convenient_a in_o the_o fabrication_n of_o the_o money_n to_o have_v a_o certain_a quantity_n or_o proportion_n of_o base_a metal_n to_o be_v mix_v with_o the_o pure_a gold_n and_o silver_n the_o word_n sterling_n be_v introduce_v and_o have_v ever_o since_o be_v use_v to_o denote_v the_o certain_a proportion_n or_o degree_n of_o fineness_n which_o ought_v to_o be_v retain_v in_o the_o respective_a coin_n compose_v of_o such_o mixture_n as_o aforesaid_a there_o be_v some_o author_n that_o fancy_v this_o word_n sterling_n take_v its_o name_n from_o a_o castle_n in_o scotland_n as_o if_o it_o be_v first_o coin_v there_o some_o have_v derive_v it_o from_o a_o star_n or_o astracism_n which_o they_o imagine_v to_o have_v be_v impress_v thereupon_o there_o be_v those_o that_o fetch_v it_o from_o the_o name_n of_o a_o ancient_a indenture_n or_o bond_n which_o be_v take_v by_o the_o jew_n those_o old_a usurer_n for_o security_n of_o their_o debt_n and_o which_o be_v call_v the_o jew_n star_n but_o other_o think_v it_o come_v from_o the_o name_n of_o a_o people_n call_v easterling_n as_o the_o first_o worker_n of_o it_o in_o england_n of_o which_o latter_a opinion_n be_v the_o author_n of_o a_o very_a old_a treatise_n concern_v money_n enter_v at_o large_a in_o the_o red_a book_n abovesaid_a in_o the_o time_n of_o king_n edward_n the_o three_o for_o my_o own_o part_n i_o do_v not_o believe_v the_o word_n sterling_n denote_v the_o degree_n of_o fineness_n or_o goodness_n as_o aforesaid_a be_v know_v in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o conqueror_n in_o regard_n there_o be_v no_o mention_n thereof_o in_o libro_fw-la judiciario_n or_o the_o doomsday_n book_n which_o value_v every_o manor_n as_o it_o be_v worth_a in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o confessor_n and_o conqueror_n respective_o in_o money_n ad_fw-la numerum_fw-la or_o ad_fw-la pensam_fw-la or_o ad_fw-la pondus_fw-la but_o not_o in_o sterling_a money_n and_o yet_o the_o denomination_n of_o sterling_n be_v soon_o after_o introduce_v because_o the_o statute_n of_o the_o twenty_o five_o of_o edward_n the_o three_o refer_v to_o ancient_n sterling_n and_o so_o do_v the_o old_a indenture_n of_o the_o mint_n and_o the_o ancient_a entry_n concern_v money_n by_o read_v of_o which_o it_o seem_v evident_a to_o i_o first_o that_o a_o sterling_a or_o easterling_n in_o a_o restrain_a sense_n signify_v nothing_o but_o a_o silver_n peny_n which_o at_o first_o be_v about_o three_o time_n as_o heavy_a as_o a_o penny_n be_v now_o and_o be_v once_o call_v a_o lundress_n because_o it_o be_v to_o be_v coin_v only_o at_o london_n and_o not_o at_o the_o country_n mint_n second_o that_o the_o word_n sterling_a and_o standard_n be_v synonimous_a term_n three_o that_o the_o ancient_n sterling_n of_o england_n mention_v in_o
guineas_fw-la and_o a_o half_n shall_v be_v cut_v from_o a_o pound_n weight_n of_o such_o gold_n will_v avail_v nothing_o and_o that_o the_o only_a remedy_n to_o fix_v these_o gold_n coin_n upon_o a_o right_a foot_n will_v be_v the_o re-establishment_n of_o the_o silver_n coin_n which_o as_o soon_o as_o achieve_v according_a to_o these_o proposition_n will_v in_o all_o likelihood_n and_o probability_n present_o reduce_v the_o guineas_n to_o about_o twenty_o five_o shilling_n apiece_o by_o the_o most_o natural_a and_o easy_a way_n without_o fix_v any_o limit_a price_n thereupon_o by_o public_a authority_n which_o if_o one_o be_v to_o judge_v by_o past_a experience_n will_v never_o be_v observe_v at_o least_o for_o any_o time_n a_o corollary_n the_o abovementioned_a balance_n of_o trade_n be_v as_o be_v before_o observe_v the_o original_a cause_n of_o the_o scarcity_n of_o silver_n in_o england_n and_o of_o the_o loss_n by_o the_o foreign_a exchange_n or_o remittance_n he_o that_o can_v propose_v any_o proper_a expedient_n either_o to_o lessen_v that_o balance_n or_o convert_v it_o to_o our_o advantage_n aught_o to_o be_v well_o hear_v but_o any_o proposal_n which_o suppose_v the_o balance_n of_o trade_n must_v be_v rectify_v before_o our_o coin_n be_v amend_v or_o a_o reasonable_a foundation_n can_v be_v fix_v for_o the_o course_n of_o the_o same_o do_v but_o postpone_v the_o cure_n of_o a_o disease_n which_o may_v destroy_v we_o before_o such_o a_o remedy_n can_v take_v effect_n the_o true_a and_o reasonable_a adjustment_n of_o that_o which_o be_v call_v by_o the_o french_a pied_a the_o monoye_n and_o by_o other_o ancient_o pes_fw-la monetae_fw-la be_v and_o be_v of_o principal_a consideration_n in_o this_o whole_a affair_n and_o therefore_o i_o hope_v your_o lordship_n will_v excuse_v i_o for_o have_v be_v so_o prolix_a in_o the_o subject_a of_o the_o standard_n the_o second_o general_n head_n concern_v the_o present_a state_n and_o condition_n of_o the_o gold_n and_o silver_n coin_n it_o can_v be_v think_v improper_a before_o the_o enterprize_v of_o a_o work_n of_o so_o great_a importance_n as_o the_o re-establishment_n of_o the_o money_n and_o determine_v a_o new_a foot_n for_o the_o course_n of_o the_o same_o to_o be_v instruct_v with_o as_o much_o certainty_n as_o be_v possible_a in_o thing_n of_o this_o nature_n in_o the_o present_a state_n plight_v or_o condition_n of_o the_o coin_n of_o this_o realm_n wherein_o one_o must_v necessary_o consider_v several_a matter_n of_o fact_n whereof_o some_o can_v be_v know_v or_o find_v out_o and_o other_o can_v only_a be_v estimate_v or_o guess_v at_o i_o have_v endeavour_v as_o much_o as_o i_o can_v in_o a_o little_a time_n to_o inform_v and_o satisfy_v myself_o in_o the_o particular_n follow_v first_o the_o several_a form_n or_o fashion_n which_o have_v be_v use_v in_o the_o fabrication_n of_o the_o money_n and_o which_o of_o they_o have_v be_v and_o be_v most_o likely_a to_o be_v most_o secure_a against_o clip_v and_o counterfeit_v second_o the_o quantity_n of_o silver_n coin_n clip_v and_o unclipt_a that_o may_v be_v reasonable_o think_v or_o imagine_v to_o remain_v in_o the_o kingdom_n at_o this_o day_n three_o how_o far_o the_o clip_v piece_n now_o in_o be_v may_v be_v conjecture_v to_o have_v be_v diminish_v in_o their_o weight_n and_o upon_o consideration_n of_o these_o article_n i_o have_v endeavour_v to_o compute_v the_o loss_n which_o upon_o recoining_a the_o clip_v money_n must_v be_v bear_v either_o by_o a_o public_a aid_n or_o by_o particular_a person_n or_o by_o both_o and_o to_o make_v such_o other_o remark_n and_o inference_n as_o may_v be_v suitable_a to_o the_o present_a occasion_n in_o all_o which_o my_o sense_n and_o opinion_n be_v humble_o present_v to_o your_o lordship_n in_o the_o manner_n follow_v as_o to_o the_o particular_n all_o the_o money_n we_o have_v now_o in_o england_n both_o gold_n and_o silver_n be_v reducible_a to_o two_o sort_n the_o one_o stamp_v with_o the_o hammer_n and_o the_o other_o press_v with_o a_o engine_n call_v the_o mill._n the_o gold_n or_o silver_n of_o the_o hammer_v money_n be_v first_o cast_n from_o the_o melt_a pot_n into_o long_a bar_n those_o bar_n be_v cut_v with_o sheers_n into_o several_a square_a piece_n of_o exact_a weight_n for_o sovereign_n angel_n crown_n half-crown_n shilling_n etc._n etc._n then_o with_o the_o tongue_n and_o hammer_n they_o be_v forge_v into_o a_o round_a shape_n after_o which_o they_o be_v blanch_v that_o be_v make_v white_a or_o refulgent_a by_o neal_v or_o boiling_n and_o afterward_o stamp_v or_o impress_v with_o a_o hammer_n to_o make_v they_o perfect_a money_n this_o method_n of_o make_v money_n with_o the_o hammer_n as_o appear_v in_o the_o say_v red_a book_n be_v practise_v in_o the_o reign_n of_o king_n edward_n the_o first_o who_o among_o other_o great_a achievement_n of_o his_o most_o prudent_a government_n leave_v that_o of_o restore_a and_o establish_v good_a money_n for_o the_o use_v of_o his_o people_n to_o recommend_v his_o name_n to_o subsequent_a generation_n he_o send_v for_o mr._n william_n de_fw-fr turnemire_n and_o his_o brother_n peter_n and_o other_o from_o marseilles_n and_o one_o friscobald_n and_o his_o companion_n from_o florence_n and_o employ_v they_o in_o the_o work_v this_o kind_n of_o money_n and_o the_o buy_v and_o exchange_v of_o silver_n for_o that_o purpose_n for_o which_o he_o have_v thirty_o furnace_n at_o london_n eight_o at_o canterbury_n beside_o three_o the_o archbishop_n have_v there_o twelve_o at_o bristol_n twelve_o at_o york_n and_o more_o in_o other_o great_a town_n in_o all_o which_o place_n they_o make_v the_o say_v hammer_v money_n of_o silver_n supply_v by_o the_o king_n changer_n establish_v at_o the_o same_o place_n who_o according_a to_o certain_a rate_n or_o price_n prescribe_v to_o they_o take_v in_o the_o clip_v round_v and_o counterfeit_v money_n to_o be_v recoined_n and_o buy_v gold_n and_o silver_n of_o the_o merchant_n and_o other_o to_o be_v fabricate_v into_o new_a money_n at_o the_o same_o time_n ordain_v quod_fw-la proclametur_fw-la per_fw-la totum_fw-la regnum_fw-la quod_fw-la nulla_fw-la fiat_fw-la tonsura_fw-la de_fw-la nova_fw-la moneta_n sub_fw-la periculo_fw-la vitæ_fw-la &_o membrorum_fw-la &_o amissionis_fw-la omnium_fw-la terrarum_fw-la &_o tenementorum_fw-la etc._n etc._n and_o this_o kind_n of_o hammer_v money_n continue_v through_o all_o the_o reign_v of_o succeed_v king_n and_o queen_n till_o about_o the_o year_n of_o our_o lord_n 1663._o when_o by_o several_a warrant_n and_o command_v of_o king_n charles_n the_o second_o to_o wit_n by_o one_o warrant_n date_v the_o five_o of_o november_n 1662._o one_o warrant_v date_v the_o eight_o of_o april_n 1663._o and_o a_o three_o warrant_v date_v the_o twenty_o four_o of_o december_n 1663._o the_o other_o sort_n call_v mill_v money_n be_v first_o fabricate_v to_o be_v currant_n in_o england_n in_o this_o manner_n first_o the_o gold_n or_o silver_n be_v cast_v out_o of_o the_o melt_a pot_n into_o long_a flat_a bar_n which_o bar_n be_v draw_v through_o a_o mill_n wrought_v by_o a_o horse_n to_o produce_v the_o just_a thickness_n of_o guineas_n half-guineas_a crown_n half-crown_n shilling_n etc._n etc._n then_o with_o forcible_a engine_n call_v cutter_n which_o answer_v exact_o to_o the_o respective_a size_n or_o dimension_n of_o the_o money_n to_o be_v make_v the_o round_a piece_n be_v cut_v out_o from_o the_o flat_a bar_n shape_v as_o aforesaid_a the_o residue_n whereof_o call_v sizel_n be_v melt_v again_o and_o then_o every_o piece_n be_v weigh_v and_o make_v to_o agree_v exact_o with_o the_o intend_a weight_n and_o afterward_o carry_v to_o other_o engine_n wrought_v secret_o which_o put_v the_o letter_n upon_o the_o edge_n of_o the_o large_a silver_n piece_n and_o mark_v the_o edge_n of_o the_o rest_n with_o a_o grain_n the_o next_o thing_n be_v the_o blanch_a perform_v as_o above_o and_o at_o last_o every_o piece_n be_v bring_v to_o the_o press_n which_o be_v call_v the_o mill_n wrought_v by_o the_o strength_n of_o man_n and_o there_o receive_v the_o impression_n which_o make_v it_o perfect_a mill_v money_n by_o due_o reflect_v upon_o these_o different_a kind_n and_o consider_v that_o the_o principal_a offence_n against_o the_o coin_n of_o the_o realm_n have_v be_v and_o be_v either_o clip_v counterfeit_v or_o melt_v down_o it_o may_v be_v proper_a to_o remark_n first_o that_o the_o crime_n of_o clip_v have_v be_v practise_v upon_o the_o hammer_v money_n in_o all_o age_n more_o or_o less_o but_o most_o exorbitant_o of_o late_a year_n notwithstanding_o the_o many_o example_n of_o justice_n for_o that_o the_o offender_n make_v a_o excessive_a profit_n by_o do_v a_o thing_n so_o easy_a in_o itself_o that_o even_o woman_n and_o child_n as_o well_o as_o man_n be_v capable_a of_o the_o act_n of_o clip_v or_o