be_v no_o more_o gold_n give_v in_o substance_n then_o heretofore_o and_o consequent_o the_o velvet_n be_v not_o now_o dear_a than_o it_o be_v then_o during_o the_o reign_n of_o king_n john_n his_o successor_n in_o the_o year_n 1350_o the_o price_n of_o a_o measure_n of_o wine_n be_v indifferent_o take_v be_v at_o 4_o liver_n or_o 8_o shilling_n starling_n and_o in_o his_o time_n be_v the_o golden_a franc_n coin_a and_o value_v at_o 20_o sol_n or_o 2_o shilling_n and_o so_o 4_o frank_v be_v 4_o liver_n the_o say_a measure_n of_o wine_n be_v now_o worth_a 12_o liver_n or_o 24_o shilling_n and_o the_o say_v frank_a of_o gold_n be_v value_v at_o 60_o sol_n or_o 6_o shilling_n so_o that_o four_o frank_n value_v now_o at_o three_o time_n the_o value_n will_v pay_v these_o 12_o liver_n or_o 24_o shilling_n and_o yet_o the_o say_a frank_n do_v not_o now_o contain_v any_o more_o gold_n in_o substance_n than_o they_o do_v then_o proceed_v to_o the_o money_n of_o silver_n he_o take_v his_o 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much_o to_o be_v lose_v upon_o a_o crown_n or_o any_o other_o money_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n albeit_o one_o do_v give_v the_o same_o in_o payment_n for_o the_o same_o price_n he_o do_v receive_v it_o this_o say_v master_n malestroit_n be_v a_o old_a and_o common_a error_n root_v in_o the_o judgement_n of_o most_o man_n that_o be_v far_o from_o the_o mark_n and_o without_o their_o reckon_n as_o he_o will_v manifest_v by_o the_o same_o term_n of_o his_o former_a paradox_n in_o the_o aforesaid_a time_n of_o king_n philip_n de_fw-fr valois_n the_o french_a crown_n aforesaid_a be_v worth_a but_o 20_o sol_n which_o be_v now_o currant_n for_o fifty_o sol_n at_o the_o least_o the_o gentleman_n that_o have_v fifty_o sol_n rend_v or_o income_n do_v receive_v for_o it_o two_o crown_n and_o a_o half_a or_o so_o much_o in_o silver_n according_o for_o which_o two_o crown_n and_o a_o half_a he_o have_v half_o a_o yard_n and_o half_a a_o quarter_n of_o velvet_n after_o the_o rate_n of_o 4_o liver_n the_o yard_n which_o be_v the_o price_n of_o velvet_n then_o now_o for_o this_o 50_o sol_n the_o gentleman_n do_v receive_v but_o one_o crown_n or_o so_o much_o of_o silver_n money_n and_o for_o that_o one_o crown_n he_o can_v buy_v now_o but_o one_o quarter_n of_o a_o yard_n of_o velvet_n after_o the_o rate_n of_o ten_o liver_n that_o velvet_n be_v now_o worth_a whereas_o before_o he_o have_v half_o a_o yard_n and_o half_a a_o quarter_n whereby_o he_o lose_v then_o one_o quarter_n and_o one_o half_a quarter_n of_o velvet_n upon_o his_o crown_n although_o he_o have_v give_v the_o same_o in_o payment_n for_o 50_o sol_n which_o be_v the_o price_n for_o which_o he_o receive_v the_o say_a crown_n and_o so_o proceed_v with_o other_o the_o like_a example_n then_o for_o the_o silver_n money_n the_o gentleman_n say_v he_o who_o during_o the_o reign_n of_o king_n lewis_n have_v 16_o liver_n of_o rent_n or_o income_n do_v receive_v for_o the_o say_v 16_o liver_n five_o mark_n of_o fine_a 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he_o do_v also_o amplify_v with_o other_o example_n add_v thereunto_o further_o that_o if_o any_o man_n will_v object_v &_o say_v i_o care_v not_o what_o the_o crown_n liver_n or_o sol_n be_v worth_a so_o as_o i_o have_v one_o hundred_o liver_n of_o rent_n i_o may_v have_v one_o hundred_o liver_n pay_v i_o and_o that_o i_o can_v pay_v out_o again_o the_o say_v hundred_o liver_n this_o man_n say_v he_o must_v then_o make_v proof_n that_o he_o can_v now_o have_v as_o much_o ware_n for_o two_o sol_n which_o be_v now_o almost_o all_o of_o copper_n as_o he_o can_v have_v have_v in_o time_n pass_v for_o two_o sol_n which_o be_v of_o fine_a silver_n and_o in_o do_v so_o he_o shall_v make_v a_o three_o paradox_n more_o strange_a than_o the_o former_a for_o he_o shall_v go_v about_o to_o prove_v every_o thing_n to_o be_v become_v better_a cheap_a which_o can_v be_v prove_v and_o therefore_o he_o conclude_v still_o with_o the_o former_a first_o paradox_n that_o nothing_o be_v grow_v dear_a the_o substance_n and_o intention_n of_o these_o two_o paradox_n be_v say_v he_o to_o show_v that_o the_o king_n and_o his_o subject_n do_v now_o buy_v all_o thing_n as_o dear_a as_o in_o time_n past_a for_o that_o they_o must_v give_v as_o great_a a_o quantity_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n as_o in_o time_n past_a but_o by_o the_o enhaunce_n of_o the_o price_n of_o the_o money_n of_o gold_n from_o whence_o of_o necessity_n proceed_v the_o embase_v of_o the_o silver_n money_n the_o king_n do_v not_o receive_v in_o payment_n of_o his_o revenue_n such_o a_o quantity_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n as_o his_o predecessor_n in_o like_a sort_n nobleman_n and_o gentleman_n the_o king_n subject_n that_o have_v great_a incom_n do_v not_o receive_v such_o a_o quantity_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n as_o in_o time_n past_a but_o be_v pay_v as_o the_o king_n be_v in_o copper_n in_o lieu_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n for_o which_o copper_n according_a to_o the_o second_o paradox_n they_o can_v have_v so_o much_o ware_n as_o they_o may_v have_v for_o the_o like_a quantity_n of_o gold_n &_o silver_n so_o that_o the_o loss_n which_o we_o think_v to_o have_v by_o the_o grow_a dear_a of_o all_o thing_n come_v not_o by_o give_v more_o but_o by_o receive_v less_o quantity_n of_o fine_a gold_n and_o silver_n than_o we_o be_v wont_a to_o have_v whereby_o we_o see_v manifest_o that_o the_o more_o we_o do_v enhance_v the_o price_n of_o money_n the_o more_o we_o lose_v for_o thereby_o come_v the_o great_a dearth_n of_o all_o thing_n now_o which_o bring_v a_o general_a poverty_n to_o this_o realm_n the_o
that_o it_o will_v make_v now_o with_o we_o 27_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n the_o ounce_n of_o silver_n be_v esteem_v at_o five_o shilling_n which_o then_o be_v but_o at_o twenty_o penny_n edward_n the_o three_o make_v many_o good_a law_n to_o keep_v the_o treasure_n within_o the_o realm_n and_o for_o the_o advancement_n of_o his_o home_n commodity_n and_o have_v a_o great_a care_n that_o the_o foreign_a commodity_n shall_v not_o over-ballaunce_a his_o home_n commodity_n know_v that_o if_o he_o pay_v more_o for_o they_o than_o he_o make_v of_o his_o commodity_n the_o difference_n must_v be_v make_v up_o and_o balance_v with_o the_o treasure_n or_o money_n of_o the_o realm_n for_o have_v bring_v the_o work_n and_o make_v of_o cloth_n into_o the_o realm_n he_o do_v devise_v by_o all_o mean_n to_o find_v vent_n for_o the_o same_o observe_v a_o due_a course_n for_o to_o prevent_v the_o transportation_n of_o his_o money_n and_o that_o the_o true_a value_n of_o his_o money_n may_v be_v answer_v by_o exchange_n with_o the_o money_n of_o other_o country_n and_o forasmuch_o as_o the_o same_o course_n of_o exchange_n can_v not_o be_v do_v by_o a_o multitude_n of_o people_n so_o convenient_o the_o most_o part_n be_v ignorant_a of_o the_o true_a value_n of_o the_o money_n of_o other_o country_n he_o do_v appoint_v and_o ordain_v a_o exchanger_n who_o do_v make_v exchaunge_n with_o all_o man_n for_o foreign_a part_n according_a to_o value_v for_o value_n and_o specie_fw-la for_o specie_fw-la proceed_v in_o all_o thing_n most_o orderly_o as_o may_v appear_v also_o by_o that_o a_o sack_n of_o wool_n contain_v 13_o tod_n according_a to_o the_o lunar_a month_n of_o the_o year_n every_o tod_n 4_o nail_n for_o the_o 4_o week_n to_o the_o month_n and_o so_o 52_o week_n in_o the_o year_n every_o nail_n 7_o pound_n to_o the_o 7_o day_n of_o the_o week_n and_o so_o 28_o day_n for_o the_o month_n as_o 28_o pound_n for_o a_o tod_n and_o in_o all_o 364_o pound_n for_o so_o many_o day_n of_o the_o year_n richard_n the_o second_o have_v a_o especial_a regard_n to_o the_o overbalancing_a of_o foreign_a commodity_n with_o his_o home_n commodity_n cause_v the_o statute_n of_o employment_n for_o merchant_n stranger_n to_o be_v due_o execute_v and_o if_o they_o can_v not_o sell_v their_o commodity_n within_o a_o convenient_a time_n they_o be_v to_o transport_v the_o same_o again_o and_o if_o they_o make_v not_o their_o return_n in_o commodity_n they_o may_v deliver_v their_o money_n by_o exchange_n but_o only_o to_o the_o exchaunger_n by_o he_o ordain_v and_o none_o other_o henry_n the_o five_o confirm_v the_o former_a statute_n cause_v the_o stapler_n to_o bring_v into_o the_o realm_n in_o return_n of_o their_o wool_n a_o great_a part_n in_o bullion_n and_o the_o statute_n of_o employment_n to_o be_v due_o execute_v and_o the_o like_a be_v do_v by_o other_o king_n henry_n the_o seven_o in_o the_o 3_o year_n of_o his_o reign_n make_v a_o act_n of_o parliament_n for_o explanation_n of_o the_o former_a statute_n prohibit_v all_o manner_n of_o exchange_n or_o rechaunge_v within_o his_o realm_n or_o for_o any_o foreign_a part_n and_o that_o no_o person_n shall_v make_v any_o exchange_n without_o the_o king_n licence_n or_o of_o his_o exchanger_n according_a to_o the_o statute_n of_o richard_n the_o second_o for_o in_o his_o time_n the_o banker_n have_v their_o beginning_n who_o do_v invent_v the_o merchandize_v exchange_n and_o make_v of_o money_n a_o merchandise_n whereby_o they_o find_v the_o mean_n to_o over-rule_v the_o course_n of_o commodity_n and_o to_o advance_v the_o price_n of_o their_o commodity_n abate_v the_o price_n of_o other_o but_o this_o prudent_a and_o politic_a king_n have_v his_o coffer_n store_v with_o stand_a treasure_n do_v for_o the_o furtherance_n of_o traffic_n and_o for_o to_o advance_v the_o price_n of_o his_o commodity_n lend_v great_a sum_n of_o money_n free_o to_o the_o merchant_n and_o whereas_o other_o nation_n come_v into_o the_o realm_n to_o buy_v his_o commodity_n which_o he_o know_v to_o be_v staple_n commodity_n and_o of_o great_a request_n as_o be_v most_o necessary_a for_o the_o use_n of_o man_n he_o do_v inhibit_v they_o the_o buy_n of_o any_o unless_o they_o become_v bind_v in_o recognizance_n not_o to_o carry_v any_o to_o the_o place_n where_o his_o subject_n keep_v their_o mart_n and_o do_v so_o qualify_v the_o course_n of_o commodity_n money_n and_o exchange_n as_o he_o leave_v a_o incredible_a wealth_n and_o treasure_n in_o those_o day_n when_o the_o west_n indies_n be_v but_o new_o discover_v and_o a_o ounce_n of_o silver_n but_o value_v at_o 40_o penny_n henry_n the_o 8_o in_o the_o 18_o year_n of_o his_o reign_n perceive_v the_o price_n of_o money_n continual_o to_o rise_v beyond_o the_o sea_n after_o remission_n make_v unto_o the_o archduke_n of_o burgundy_n and_o no_o reformation_n ensue_v cause_v the_o angel_n noble_a to_o be_v value_v from_o 6_o shilling_n 8_o penny_n unto_o seven_o shilling_n 6_o penny_n whereby_o a_o ounce_n of_o silver_n be_v worth_a five_o and_o forty_o penny_n afterward_o request_v the_o duchess_n to_o value_v his_o angel_n at_o a_o high_a rate_n as_o be_v before_o show_v which_o be_v clean_o contrary_a and_o then_o cardinal_n wolsey_n obtain_v a_o patent_n to_o alter_v the_o valuation_n of_o money_n as_o he_o shall_v see_v cause_n from_o time_n to_o time_n in_o the_o 22_o year_n of_o his_o reign_n the_o king_n be_v inform_v that_o diverse_a nation_n bring_v abundance_n of_o foreign_a commodity_n into_o his_o realm_n and_o fear_v a_o overballance_a of_o commodity_n for_o that_o those_o nation_n receive_v ready_a money_n for_o their_o commodity_n which_o money_n they_o ever_o deliver_v by_o exchange_n unto_o other_o merchant_n &_o never_o employ_v the_o same_o on_o the_o commodity_n of_o the_o realm_n whereby_o his_o majesty_n be_v hinder_v in_o his_o custom_n and_o the_o commodity_n of_o the_o realm_n less_o vent_v he_o cause_v a_o proclamation_n to_o be_v make_v according_a to_o the_o former_a statute_n that_o no_o person_n shall_v make_v any_o exchange_n contrary_a to_o the_o true_a meaning_n of_o the_o say_a statute_n upon_o pain_n to_o be_v take_v the_o king_n mortal_a enemy_n and_o to_o forfeit_v all_o that_o he_o may_v forfeit_v which_o take_v place_n but_o for_o a_o short_a time_n because_o the_o war_n bring_v all_o thing_n out_o of_o order_n so_o that_o at_o last_o the_o base_a money_n be_v coin_a which_o be_v do_v without_o any_o order_n bring_v diverse_a inconvenience_n to_o the_o realm_n edward_n the_o six_o do_v cry_v down_o those_o base_a money_n of_o his_o father_n and_o cause_v new_a money_n to_o be_v coin_a according_a to_o the_o ancient_a standard_n of_o the_o realm_n and_o do_v also_o prohibit_v very_o severe_o the_o transportation_n thereof_o by_o proclamation_n albeit_o they_o prove_v fruitless_a as_o they_o have_v do_v in_o her_o majesty_n time_n by_o this_o brief_a collection_n be_v to_o be_v see_v the_o great_a care_n these_o noble_a prince_n have_v have_v to_o the_o end_n they_o shall_v not_o find_v themselves_o and_o their_o kingdom_n without_o treasure_n of_o gold_n &_o silver_n draw_v by_o mean_n of_o their_o commodity_n and_o to_o avoid_v not_o to_o fall_v into_o that_o error_n of_o the_o french_a king_n charles_n the_o nine_o who_o after_o the_o massacre_n of_o paris_n find_v the_o treasure_n of_o his_o realm_n exhaust_v and_o his_o subject_n wealth_n to_o consist_v more_o of_o plate_n then_o of_o ready_a money_n be_v advise_v by_o some_o that_o under_o colour_n of_o the_o suppress_n of_o pride_n it_o be_v good_a to_o take_v a_o course_n to_o prescribe_v every_o man_n what_o store_n of_o plate_n he_o shall_v keep_v according_a to_o his_o degree_n and_o quality_n and_o the_o rest_n to_o be_v convert_v into_o money_n other_o be_v of_o opinion_n that_o it_o will_v not_o only_o breed_v a_o discontentment_n unto_o his_o subject_n but_o a_o derogation_n and_o dishonour_n of_o the_o king_n reputation_n see_v that_o the_o estate_n of_o a_o prince_n do_v as_o much_o consist_v by_o reputation_n as_o by_o strength_n wherefore_o like_o good_a politician_n do_v advise_v the_o king_n to_o embase_v his_o money_n which_o will_v cause_v the_o same_o not_o to_o be_v transport_v and_o the_o plate_n to_o be_v of_o course_n convert_v into_o money_n which_o be_v do_v according_o and_o have_v also_o that_o effect_n save_v that_o where_o they_o think_v money_n will_v not_o be_v transport_v they_o find_v themselves_o deceive_v for_o the_o course_n of_o exchange_n be_v not_o look_v into_o by_o they_o which_o do_v cause_v a_o gain_n to_o be_v have_v upon_o the_o money_n and_o so_o long_o as_o the_o gain_n remain_v it_o be_v still_o transport_v whereby_o at_o last_o he_o lose_v the_o plate_n of_o
the_o realm_n be_v convert_v into_o money_n as_o well_o as_o he_o have_v lose_v his_o money_n before_o that_o time_n m._n bodine_n do_v show_v by_o diverse_a example_n that_o there_o be_v not_o so_o much_o silver_n &_o gold_n in_o time_n past_o 300_o year_n ago_o as_o there_o be_v now_o he_o may_v well_o have_v say_v in_o 100_o year_n and_o less_o howbeit_o this_o general_a examination_n be_v to_o small_a purpose_n for_o every_o commonwealth_n be_v to_o make_v a_o particular_a examination_n whether_o they_o do_v proportionable_o participate_v of_o the_o general_a abundance_n or_o plenty_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n find_v now_o adays_o and_o not_o by_o compare_v the_o same_o unto_o the_o quantity_n of_o time_n past_a for_o so_o shall_v they_o be_v deceive_v and_o we_o need_v not_o to_o prove_v that_o there_o be_v now_o more_o gold_n and_o silver_n then_o in_o time_n past_a for_o it_o be_v clear_a in_o every_o man_n judgement_n and_o even_o of_o very_o late_a year_n we_o find_v record_v 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the_o almighty_a to_o have_v your_o honour_n in_o his_o divine_a protection_n and_o so_o in_o all_o humility_n i_o take_v leave_n london_n this_o 16._o of_o januarie_n 1603._o your_o lordship_n most_o humble_a and_o in_o all_o duty_n bind_v gerrard_n de_fw-fr malynes_n england_n view_n a_o sentence_n allege_v without_o application_n to_o some_o purpose_n be_v to_o handle_v a_o matter_n without_o conclusion_n and_o he_o that_o will_v attribute_v unto_o any_o man_n the_o knowledge_n of_o the_o essential_a part_n ground_n or_o pillar_n of_o any_o science_n must_v make_v apparent_a proof_n thereof_o otherwise_o his_o assertion_n be_v like_a cloud_n and_o wind_n without_o rain_n or_o like_o a_o arrow_n shoot_v at_o random_n quòd_fw-la oportet_fw-la patremfamilias_a vendacem_fw-la esse_fw-la non_fw-la emacem_fw-la be_v a_o worthy_a sentence_n to_o be_v due_o execute_v of_o all_o good_a householder_n or_o father_n of_o family_n especial_o of_o prince_n that_o be_v the_o father_n of_o the_o 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no_o more_o can_v the_o law_n of_o prince_n alter_v or_o change_v the_o law_n of_o god_n and_o nature_n by_o justice_n proper_o call_v distributive_a be_v the_o harmony_n of_o the_o member_n of_o a_o commonweal_n maintain_v in_o good_a concord_n howbeit_o much_o hinder_v where_o usury_n be_v tolerate_v which_o give_v cause_n of_o discord_n some_o few_o wax_a thereby_o too_o rich_a and_o many_o extreme_a poor_a the_o operation_n of_o effect_n whereof_o be_v declare_v by_o i_o under_o certain_a simile_n or_o metaphor_n in_o the_o treatise_n of_o saint_n george_n for_o england_n by_o justice_n proper_o call_v commutative_a be_v the_o commerce_n and_o traffic_n with_o other_o nation_n maintain_v observe_v a_o kind_n of_o equality_n which_o be_v requisite_a in_o every_o well_o govern_v commonwealth_n where_o providence_n and_o policy_n cause_v the_o prince_n the_o father_n of_o the_o great_a family_n to_o sell_v more_o than_o he_o buy_v or_o else_o the_o wealth_n and_o treasure_n of_o his_o realm_n
do_v decrease_v and_o it_o be_v his_o expense_n do_v become_v great_a or_o surmount_v his_o income_n and_o revenue_n this_o kind_n of_o equality_n be_v interrupt_v and_o overthrow_v by_o the_o merchandize_v exchange_n as_o in_o the_o treatise_n of_o the_o canker_n of_o england_n commonwealth_n be_v declare_v for_o as_o all_o the_o trade_n and_o traffic_v between_o we_o and_o other_o nation_n be_v perform_v by_o three_o simple_n namely_o commodity_n money_n and_o exchange_n so_o as_o we_o have_v prove_v be_v the_o course_n of_o exchange_n be_v abuse_v become_v predominant_a and_o overrule_a the_o course_n of_o money_n and_o commodity_n whereby_o the_o wealth_n of_o the_o realm_n do_v decrease_v and_o this_o wealth_n can_v proper_o increase_v but_o two_o manner_n of_o way_n namely_o by_o bring_v of_o money_n and_o bullion_n into_o the_o realm_n or_o any_o other_o thing_n which_o be_v not_o buy_v for_o our_o money_n or_o barter_v by_o way_n of_o permutation_n for_o our_o commodity_n and_o by_o buy_v the_o foreign_a commodity_n better_o cheap_a than_o we_o sell_v our_o home_n commodity_n and_o so_o may_v the_o father_n of_o the_o great_a family_n become_v a_o seller_n and_o not_o a_o buyer_n as_o be_v before_o allege_v we_o have_v heretofore_o note_v the_o property_n of_o money_n to_o be_v that_o plenty_n of_o money_n make_v general_o thing_n dear_a and_o scarcity_n of_o money_n make_v likewise_o general_o thing_n good_a cheap_a whereas_o thing_n be_v also_o particular_o dear_a or_o good_a cheap_a according_a to_o the_o plenty_n or_o scarcity_n of_o the_o thing_n themselves_o or_o the_o use_n of_o they_o according_a to_o which_o plenty_n or_o scarcity_n of_o money_n aforesaid_a thing_n general_o become_v dear_a or_o cheap_a whereunto_o the_o great_a store_n or_o abundance_n of_o money_n and_o bullion_n which_o of_o late_a year_n be_v come_v from_o the_o west_n indies_n into_o europe_n have_v make_v every_o thing_n dear_a according_a to_o the_o increase_n of_o money_n which_o like_v unto_o a_o ocean_n divide_v her_o course_n into_o several_a branch_n in_o diverse_a country_n have_v cause_v a_o great_a alteration_n and_o enhance_a of_o the_o price_n of_o every_o thing_n and_o most_o especial_o because_o the_o money_n itself_o be_v alter_v in_o valuation_n in_o most_o country_n so_o that_o the_o measure_n be_v alter_v and_o make_v lesser_a by_o denomination_n there_o go_v more_o number_n to_o make_v up_o the_o tale_n and_o of_o necessity_n other_o thing_n go_v and_o be_v name_v according_o in_o price_n for_o money_n must_v always_o remain_v to_o be_v the_o rule_n and_o square_a to_o set_v a_o price_n unto_o every_o thing_n and_o be_v therefore_o call_v publica_n mensura_fw-la the_o public_a measure_n whereby_o the_o price_n of_o all_o thing_n be_v set_v to_o maintain_v a_o certain_a equality_n in_o buy_v and_o sell_v to_o the_o end_n that_o all_o thing_n may_v equal_o pass_v by_o trade_n from_o one_o man_n to_o another_o this_o money_n must_v have_v his_o stand_a valuation_n only_o by_o public_a authority_n of_o the_o prince_n to_o who_o proper_o belong_v the_o dispose_n thereof_o as_o a_o matter_n annex_v to_o his_o crown_n and_o dignity_n and_o as_o the_o money_n do_v set_v a_o price_n to_o the_o natural_a riches_n of_o land_n so_o do_v it_o also_o set_v a_o price_n to_o the_o artificial_a riches_n proceed_v of_o the_o land_n and_o therefore_o reason_n require_v a_o certain_a equality_n between_o the_o natural_a riches_n and_o the_o artificial_a riches_n that_o plenty_n of_o money_n make_v thing_n dear_a be_v find_v by_o daily_a experience_n whether_o it_o be_v in_o bullion_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n or_o the_o same_o convert_v into_o money_n but_o so_o long_o as_o it_o be_v in_o bullion_n it_o remain_v in_o nature_n of_o commodity_n which_o be_v give_v by_o way_n of_o permutation_n or_o barter_n in_o exchange_n for_o other_o commodity_n plenty_n or_o scarcity_n of_o commodity_n do_v also_o alter_v the_o price_n of_o the_o thing_n want_v or_o abound_v according_a to_o the_o use_n thereof_o which_o be_v ground_v upon_o estimation_n by_o consent_n after_o the_o pleasure_n and_o sensuality_n of_o man_n the_o history_n of_o the_o west_n indies_n make_v mention_v that_o during_o the_o great_a quantity_n or_o abundance_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n that_o be_v find_v about_o fourscore_o year_n past_a and_o the_o rareness_n of_o other_o thing_n a_o cloak_n of_o cloth_n be_v sell_v in_o peru_n for_o a_o thousand_o ducat_n a_o pair_n of_o breech_n of_o cloth_n for_o three_o hundred_o ducat_n a_o good_a horse_n four_o or_o five_o thousand_o ducat_n and_o other_o thing_n then_o in_o use_n and_o rare_a according_o the_o roman_n after_o the_o conquest_n of_o the_o persian_n bring_v such_o abundance_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n to_o rome_n that_o the_o price_n of_o land_n do_v rise_v above_o two_o three_o and_o on_o the_o contrary_a concern_v scarcity_n of_o money_n grafton_n in_o his_o chronicle_n of_o england_n have_v record_v that_o king_n edward_n the_o three_o have_v great_a war_n with_o france_n and_o scotland_n and_o incorporate_n the_o money_n into_o his_o hand_n for_o the_o maintenance_n thereof_o cause_v through_o the_o lack_n of_o money_n the_o price_n of_o commodity_n so_o to_o fall_v that_o a_o quarter_n of_o wheat_n be_v sell_v for_o two_o shilling_n a_o fat_a ox_n for_o a_o noble_a a_o sheep_n for_o six_o penny_n and_o other_o thing_n after_o the_o rate_n the_o consideration_n of_o the_o premise_n make_v the_o two_o paradox_n of_o master_n malestroit_n one_o of_o the_o officer_n of_o the_o french_a king_n exchequer_n to_o be_v most_o paradoxical_a that_o be_v to_o say_v far_o differ_v from_o the_o vulgar_a opinion_n which_o paradox_n upon_o complaint_n of_o the_o people_n of_o the_o dearth_n of_o thing_n in_o france_n he_o present_v unto_o the_o king_n thereby_o to_o qualify_v the_o cause_n of_o their_o complaint_n the_o substance_n whereof_o i_o have_v think_v most_o expedient_a to_o set_v down_o and_o the_o answer_n also_o which_o master_n john_n bodine_n the_o great_a politician_n or_o commonwealth_n man_n of_o france_n have_v make_v thereunto_o together_o with_o my_o explication_n thereof_o and_o replication_n to_o his_o answer_n whereby_o the_o truth_n will_v appear_v and_o how_o thing_n be_v to_o be_v consider_v of_o for_o the_o good_a of_o the_o commonweal_n the_o first_o paradox_n to_o complain_v of_o the_o general_a dearth_n of_o all_o thing_n in_o france_n be_v without_o cause_n see_v that_o there_o be_v nothing_o grow_v dearer_o these_o three_o hundred_o year_n the_o second_o paradox_n there_o be_v much_o to_o be_v lose_v upon_o a_o crown_n or_o any_o other_o money_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n albeit_o one_o do_v give_v the_o same_o in_o payment_n at_o the_o price_n he_o do_v receive_v the_o same_o since_o that_o the_o ancient_a permutation_n say_v he_o have_v be_v change_v in_o buy_v and_o sell_v and_o that_o the_o first_o riches_n of_o man_n which_o do_v consist_v of_o cattle_n be_v transfer_v to_o the_o gold_n and_o silver_n whereby_o all_o thing_n have_v receive_v their_o estimation_n and_o have_v be_v praise_v and_o sell_v for_o it_o follow_v that_o those_o metal_n be_v the_o right_a judge_n of_o the_o good_a cheap_a or_o dearth_n of_o all_o thing_n we_o can_v say_v that_o any_o thing_n be_v now_o dear_a than_o it_o be_v three_o hundred_o year_n ago_o unless_o that_o for_o the_o buy_v thereof_o we_o must_v now_o give_v more_o gold_n or_o silver_n than_o we_o do_v then_o but_o for_o the_o buy_n of_o all_o thing_n we_o do_v not_o give_v now_o more_o gold_n or_o silver_n than_o we_o do_v then_o say_v he_o therefore_o since_o that_o time_n nothing_o be_v grow_v dear_a in_o france_n to_o prove_v this_o he_o do_v allege_v that_o during_o the_o reign_n of_o king_n philip_n de_fw-fr valois_n in_o the_o year_n 1328._o the_o french_a crown_n of_o the_o flower-de-luce_n as_o good_a in_o weight_n and_o fineness_n as_o the_o french_a crown_n of_o the_o sun_n now_o be_v then_o worth_a but_o twenty_o sol_n tournois_fw-fr which_o for_o the_o better_a understanding_n be_v value_v according_a to_o the_o common_a computation_n of_o ten_o sol_n for_o a_o shilling_n starling_n be_v two_o shilling_n in_o those_o day_n say_v he_o the_o french_a ell_n or_o yard_n of_o velvet_n be_v worth_a four_o liver_n which_o be_v four_o crown_n or_o 8_o shilling_n starling_n the_o say_a yard_n of_o velvet_n do_v now_o cost_v ten_o liver_n or_o twenty_o shilling_n and_o the_o french_a crown_n which_o be_v then_o value_v at_o two_o shilling_n be_v now_o value_v at_o fifty_o sol_n or_o five_o shilling_n so_o that_o four_o crown_n do_v make_v the_o say_v 20_o shilling_n yet_o the_o say_a french_a crown_n do_v contain_v no_o more_o in_o gold_n in_o weight_n or_o in_o fineness_n then_o before_o whereby_o there_o
famous_a and_o learned_a master_n john_n bodine_n make_v answer_n unto_o these_o two_o paradox_n first_o show_v how_o m._n malestroit_n have_v abuse_v himself_o to_o use_v the_o example_n of_o velvet_n to_o prove_v his_o assertion_n for_o he_o prove_v that_o velvet_n be_v yet_o unknown_a in_o france_n during_o the_o reign_n of_o philip_n surname_v the_o fair_a and_o that_o although_o he_o shall_v admit_v the_o example_n of_o velvet_n yet_o it_o be_v no_o consequence_n for_o all_o other_o thing_n which_o be_v not_o so_o dear_a proportionable_o and_o concern_v the_o price_n of_o wine_n and_o corn_n he_o do_v prove_v the_o same_o to_o be_v dear_a 20_o time_n and_o more_o or_o less_o upon_o occasion_n conclude_v that_o those_o example_n be_v also_o unfit_a and_o then_o he_o come_v to_o the_o price_n of_o land_n which_o can_v increase_v or_o diminish_v nor_o be_v alter_v of_o their_o goodness_n if_o they_o be_v manure_v whereupon_o he_o take_v occasion_n to_o show_v the_o fertility_n of_o france_n and_o that_o certain_a dukedom_n earldom_n and_o baronny_n be_v now_o worth_a of_o revenue_n as_o much_o yearly_a as_o they_o be_v sell_v for_o in_o time_n past_a the_o land_n be_v so_o much_o rise_v in_o price_n he_o show_v that_o within_o sixty_o year_n all_o thing_n be_v grow_v dear_a ten_o time_n the_o price_n compare_v it_o to_o any_o money_n in_o france_n and_o so_o set_v down_o the_o cause_n of_o this_o dearth_n which_o be_v 5_o in_o number_n 1_o the_o principal_a &_o almost_o only_a cause_n the_o abundance_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n now_o extant_a in_o the_o kingdom_n more_o than_o in_o time_n past_a 2_o the_o monopoly_n 3_o the_o want_n of_o thing_n cause_v by_o excessive_a trade_n and_o waste_v thereof_o 4_o the_o pleasure_n of_o prince_n that_o advance_v the_o price_n of_o thing_n 5_o the_o alteration_n of_o the_o valuation_n of_o money_n concern_v the_o first_o and_o principal_a cause_n he_o say_v that_o the_o enhaunce_n of_o the_o price_n or_o dearth_n of_o all_o thing_n in_o what_o place_n soever_o proceed_v of_o the_o abundance_n of_o that_o which_o give_v price_n and_o estimation_n unto_o thing_n and_o herupon_o do_v allege_v diverse_a example_n plutarch_n and_o pliny_n do_v witness_n that_o paulus_n aemylius_fw-la after_o the_o conquest_n of_o macedon_n against_o the_o persian_n do_v bring_v such_o abundance_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n to_o rome_n that_o the_o people_n be_v free_v of_o all_o impost_n and_o the_o price_n of_o land_n advance_v unto_o two_o three_o part_n in_o a_o moment_n the_o emperor_n augustus_n bring_v such_o great_a riches_n from_o egypt_n that_o the_o price_n of_o usury_n do_v decrease_v and_o the_o land_n become_v much_o dear_a than_o before_o which_o be_v not_o for_o the_o want_n of_o land_n which_o can_v increase_v or_o diminish_v nor_o for_o the_o monopoly_n which_o can_v take_v no_o place_n in_o this_o case_n but_o it_o be_v the_o abundance_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n which_o abate_v the_o estimation_n thereof_o as_o it_o happen_v at_o jerusalem_n at_o the_o time_n of_o the_o queen_n of_o candace_n and_o in_o the_o west_n indies_n when_o the_o spaniard_n become_v master_n thereof_o by_o which_o reason_n the_o emperor_n tiberius_n be_v much_o mistake_v to_o cause_v he_o to_o be_v behead_v that_o will_v have_v make_v glass_n soft_a and_o malleable_a fear_v that_o gold_n and_o silver_n will_v thereby_o have_v lose_v their_o estimation_n whereas_o the_o abundance_n of_o glass_n which_o be_v make_v almost_o of_o all_o stone_n and_o many_o herb_n will_v have_v diminish_v the_o reputation_n thereof_o as_o it_o fall_v out_o with_o all_o other_o thing_n therefore_o say_v he_o we_o be_v to_o show_v that_o there_o be_v not_o so_o much_o gold_n and_o silver_n in_o time_n past_o three_o hundred_o year_n ago_o as_o there_o be_v now_o which_o may_v easy_o be_v know_v for_o if_o there_o be_v money_n within_o the_o realm_n it_o can_v be_v so_o well_o hide_v but_o that_o prince_n in_o their_o necessity_n and_o occurrence_n will_v find_v the_o same_o whereas_o it_o be_v well_o know_v that_o king_n john_n in_o his_o great_a necessity_n can_v not_o find_v 60_o thousand_o frank_n let_v it_o be_v crown_n for_o his_o ransom_n but_o do_v remain_v a_o prisoner_n to_o the_o king_n of_o england_n for_o the_o space_n of_o 8_o year_n in_o like_a sort_n the_o king_n of_o scot_n be_v prisoner_n can_v not_o find_v mean_n for_o his_o ransom_n of_o a_o hundred_o thousand_o noble_n until_o the_o french_a king_n charles_n the_o five_o pay_v the_o same_o make_v alliance_n with_o robert_n the_o king_n of_o scot_n anno_fw-la 1371._o king_n saint_n lewis_n be_v in_o the_o like_a predicament_n be_v prisoner_n in_o egypt_n and_o the_o ancient_a history_n do_v record_n that_o for_o want_v of_o silver_n money_n be_v make_v of_o leather_n with_o a_o nail_n of_o silver_n whereby_o appear_v the_o great_a want_n of_o silver_n and_o gold_n in_o france_n in_o those_o day_n whereas_o come_v to_o our_o age_n we_o shall_v find_v that_o the_o king_n do_v find_v in_o paris_n in_o six_o month_n beside_o the_o income_n and_o revenue_n more_o than_o three_o million_o 4_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n which_o after_o 10_o pound_n for_o the_o pound_n starling_n be_v 340_o thousand_o pound_n starling_n herunto_o he_o have_v add_v a_o comparison_n between_o certain_a revenue_n and_o money_n give_v in_o marriage_n with_o prince_n and_o their_o kindred_n in_o those_o day_n with_o the_o like_a do_v by_o prince_n of_o late_a year_n and_o how_o italy_n through_o peace_n and_o mean_n of_o their_o traffic_n have_v draw_v all_o the_o gold_n unto_o they_o the_o treasure_n in_o europe_n be_v general_o increase_v since_o the_o discovery_n of_o the_o west_n indies_n for_o it_o be_v incredible_a say_v he_o and_o yet_o true_a that_o since_o the_o year_n 1533_o there_o come_v from_o peru_n more_o than_o one_o hundred_o million_o of_o gold_n and_o twice_o as_o much_o in_o silver_n then_o he_o come_v to_o the_o cause_n of_o the_o increase_n of_o the_o wealth_n and_o treasure_n of_o france_n show_v how_o the_o spaniard_n run_v to_o the_o uttermost_a corner_n of_o the_o world_n for_o gold_n silver_n and_o spice_n do_v come_v unto_o they_o for_o their_o corn_n linen_n cloth_n and_o diverse_a other_o commodity_n on_o the_o other_o side_n how_o the_o english_a man_n scot_n the_o people_n of_o norway_n swaden_n and_o denmark_n be_v continual_o dig_v a_o infinite_a number_n of_o mine_n even_o to_o the_o very_a centre_n of_o the_o earth_n for_o metal_n and_o mineral_n for_o to_o buy_v their_o wine_n prune_n and_o other_o commodity_n and_o most_o especial_o their_o manna_n of_o salt_n which_o god_n send_v as_o it_o be_v from_o heaven_n their_o climate_n be_v more_o apt_a thereunto_o then_o that_o of_o other_o country_n which_o cause_v the_o fleming_n to_o come_v with_o their_o empty_a vessel_n to_o buy_v the_o same_o for_o ready_a money_n for_o the_o maintenance_n of_o their_o traffic_n of_o saltfish_n and_o this_o be_v the_o first_o cause_n the_o second_o be_v the_o increase_n of_o people_n which_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o civil_a war_n which_o cease_v between_o the_o house_n of_o orleans_n &_o burgundy_n be_v much_o augment_v until_o the_o trouble_n for_o religion_n whereas_o the_o war_n of_o neighbour_n country_n be_v but_o a_o necessary_a purgation_n of_o the_o ill_a humour_n of_o the_o body_n of_o their_o commonwealth_n and_o the_o war_n at_o home_n have_v before_o that_o time_n waste_v the_o country_n overthrow_v husbandry_n and_o spoil_v all_o handiwork_n the_o englishman_n have_v sack_v their_o town_n burn_v their_o village_n murder_v and_o rob_v the_o most_o part_n of_o their_o people_n and_o gnaw_v the_o rest_n to_o the_o bone_n howbeit_o within_o these_o 100_o year_n the_o town_n have_v be_v re-edify_v village_n new_a build_v wood_n increase_v &_o the_o people_n augment_v in_o such_o sort_n that_o colony_n of_o frenchman_n have_v be_v send_v into_o other_o country_n to_o inhabit_v they_o and_o the_o spaniard_n be_v negligent_a and_o lazy_a be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n in_o arragon_n and_o navarre_n without_o any_o labourer_n or_o any_o other_o workman_n but_o only_o frenchmen_n which_o be_v more_o serviceable_a and_o active_a another_o cause_n of_o the_o riches_n of_o france_n be_v the_o trade_n have_v since_o their_o king_n francis_n the_o first_o with_o the_o turk_n and_o barbarian_a &_o the_o bank_n of_o lion_n erect_v in_o his_o time_n bring_v abundance_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n into_o france_n when_o he_o pay_v 8_o upon_o the_o hundred_o for_o money_n and_o his_o successor_n ten_o afterward_o 16_o and_o 20_o upon_o urgent_a necessity_n which_o make_v the_o florentine_n lugueses_n genoese_n german_n and_o other_o to_o come_v &_o dwell_v in_o the_o realm_n by_o which_o mean_v also_o the_o
rent_n levy_v upon_o the_o city_n of_o paris_n be_v bring_v to_o amount_v unto_o 3_o million_o and_o three_o hundred_o and_o fifty_o thousand_o pound_n tournois_fw-fr yearly_a and_o the_o city_n will_v be_v much_o rich_a if_o there_o be_v a_o house_n as_o at_o genes_n call_v the_o house_n of_o s._n george_n which_o take_v all_o the_o money_n that_o man_n will_v bring_v after_o the_o rate_n of_o 5_o upon_o the_o 100_o and_o do_v deliver_v out_o the_o same_o to_o the_o merchant_n to_o traffic_v therewith_o after_o two_o and_o three_o upon_o the_o hundred_o like_v as_o the_o great_a emperor_n antony_n and_o alexander_n severus_n do_v which_o do_v deliver_v money_n at_o 4_o per_fw-la 100_o and_o augustus_n deliver_v money_n free_o without_o interest_n to_o they_o that_o will_v give_v surety_n to_o restore_v double_a the_o value_n if_o they_o do_v not_o pay_v it_o at_o the_o time_n limit_v by_o these_o mean_v their_o subject_n get_v much_o and_o prince_n be_v not_o drive_v to_o borrow_v or_o to_o pill_v their_o subject_n but_o do_v rather_o diminish_v their_o impost_n and_o so_o he_o conclude_v that_o the_o abundance_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n be_v the_o cause_n partly_o of_o the_o dearth_n of_o thing_n the_o second_o cause_n of_o the_o dearth_n of_o thing_n namely_o the_o monopoly_n he_o do_v pass_v over_o as_o a_o matter_n not_o considerable_a to_o the_o thing_n entreat_v of_o which_o be_v say_v he_o when_o merchant_n artificer_n or_o laborer_n do_v assemble_v themselves_o to_o set_v a_o price_n upon_o the_o commodity_n or_o their_o handiwork_n with_o the_o augment_v of_o wage_n for_o the_o prevent_n whereof_o he_o commend_v the_o abolish_n of_o their_o fraternity_n or_o company_n procure_v by_o the_o mean_n of_o their_o chancellor_n the_o three_o cause_n of_o the_o dearth_n by_o the_o want_n of_o thing_n come_v to_o pass_v by_o the_o excessive_a trade_n of_o the_o thing_n and_o by_o the_o waist_n thereof_o it_o be_v certain_a say_v he_o that_o we_o have_v our_o 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pay_v 72_o thousand_o crown_n for_o a_o diamond_n rather_o than_o king_n henry_n shall_v have_v have_v the_o same_o present_o the_o nobility_n and_o the_o people_n do_v give_v themselves_o to_o study_v and_o to_o buy_v precious_a stone_n and_o when_o king_n henry_n begin_v to_o make_v little_a account_n of_o the_o stone_n their_o general_a estimation_n and_o price_n be_v abate_v whereof_o there_o be_v many_o example_n in_o like_a sort_n for_o the_o art_n of_o paint_v the_o prince_n of_o the_o east_n and_o alexander_n the_o great_a have_v bring_v they_o into_o such_o credit_n that_o a_o picture_n of_o venus_n issue_v out_o of_o the_o water_n which_o apelles_n have_v make_v be_v buy_v for_o 60_o thousand_o crown_n alexander_n give_v for_o his_o 200_o talent_n that_o be_v 36_o thousand_o pound_n starling_n apelles_n himself_o make_v no_o difficulty_n to_o buy_v a_o picture_n of_o protogenes_n for_o 50_o thousand_o crown_n conclude_v with_o other_o example_n that_o the_o pleasure_n of_o 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be_v better_a conceal_v then_o speak_v of_o for_o they_o bring_v with_o they_o all_o licentiousness_n and_o excess_n as_o a_o spring_n of_o vice_n of_o the_o calamity_n and_o misery_n of_o a_o commonwealth_n if_o any_o man_n shall_v here_o object_v say_v he_o that_o if_o thing_n do_v still_o become_v dear_a partly_o through_o the_o waist_n and_o partly_o also_o for_o the_o abundance_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n no_o man_n shall_v be_v able_a to_o live_v because_o of_o the_o dearth_n it_o be_v true_a but_o the_o war_n and_o calamity_n happen_v to_o a_o commonwealth_n do_v stay_v the_o course_n hereof_o as_o we_o may_v see_v that_o the_o roman_n have_v live_v with_o great_a scarcity_n and_o to_o speak_v proper_o in_o great_a misery_n almost_o five_o hundred_o year_n when_o they_o have_v but_o copper_n money_n of_o a_o pound_n weight_n and_o without_o stamp_n until_o king_n servius_n and_o they_o make_v no_o silver_n money_n but_o 485_o year_n after_o the_o foundation_n of_o rome_n and_o 62_o year_n after_o they_o make_v money_n of_o gold_n and_o here_o he_o take_v occasion_n to_o compare_v the_o price_n of_o thing_n alter_v during_o the_o government_n of_o the_o roman_n and_o the_o law_n make_v by_o they_o for_o the_o suppress_n of_o abuse_n and_o that_o all_o their_o gold_n and_o silver_n come_v unto_o they_o in_o a_o hundred_o and_o twenty_o year_n by_o the_o spoil_n of_o all_o the_o world_n which_o be_v bring_v to_o rome_n by_o the_o scipion_n paul_n aemylius_fw-la marius_n sylla_n lucullus_n pompey_n and_o caesar_n especial_o by_o the_o two_o last_o for_o pompey_n do_v conquer_v so_o much_o land_n as_o make_v the_o revenue_n of_o the_o empire_n to_o come_v unto_o 8_o million_o and_o one_o half_a of_o crown_n caesar_n notwithstanding_o all_o his_o expense_n &_o prodigality_n bring_v to_o the_o