knowledge_n of_o the_o method_n in_o which_o ecclesiastical_a affair_n be_v wont_a to_o be_v transact_v in_o these_o most_o remote_a time_n upon_o which_o i_o be_o now_o enter_v and_o that_o the_o understanding_n of_o these_o will_v very_o much_o depend_v upon_o a_o right_a apprehension_n of_o the_o nature_n of_o those_o great_a council_n i_o shall_v have_v so_o much_o occasion_n to_o insist_v upon_o in_o this_o period_n i_o will_v endeavour_v in_o the_o first_o place_n to_o give_v the_o most_o distinct_a account_n i_o can_v of_o they_o and_o that_o from_o foreign_a historian_n as_o well_o as_o from_o those_o of_o our_o own_o country_n and_o here_o be_v the_o manner_n of_o hold_v 5._o parliament_n as_o true_o ancient_a as_o its_o preface_n pretend_v and_o as_o some_o affirm_v that_o it_o be_v we_o shall_v be_v able_a to_o go_v on_o the_o 12._o more_o easy_o in_o our_o account_n of_o these_o council_n but_o because_o there_o be_v many_o thing_n which_o make_v i_o just_o suspect_v the_o antiquity_n of_o that_o piece_n i_o must_v be_v force_v to_o look_v out_o for_o some_o other_o guide_n of_o a_o better_a note_n and_o of_o who_o sincerity_n there_o can_v be_v no_o doubt_n that_o there_o be_v all_o along_o in_o these_o day_n a_o very_a near_o affinity_n between_o the_o polity_n of_o france_n and_o that_o of_o our_o own_o country_n in_o its_o ecclesiastical_a as_o well_o as_o in_o its_o civil_a establishment_n may_v from_o many_o instance_n evident_o be_v make_v appear_v those_o northern_a nation_n who_o about_o 400_o year_n after_o christ_n begin_v to_o overrun_v the_o great_a part_n of_o europe_n be_v very_o much_o alike_o in_o their_o manner_n and_o constitution_n and_o the_o government_n which_o at_o the_o beginning_n they_o settle_v in_o those_o country_n in_o which_o they_o six_v though_o in_o some_o circumstance_n it_o may_v vary_v yet_o in_o the_o main_n be_v the_o same_o too_o now_o the_o parliament_n of_o france_n for_o so_o in_o aftertime_n the_o great_a council_n of_o the_o nation_n be_v call_v by_o they_o as_o well_o as_o with_o we_o be_v first_o bring_v into_o a_o settle_a order_n and_o method_n by_o pepin_n brother_n to_o carloman_n about_o the_o year_n 744_o in_o the_o very_a time_n we_o be_v noâ—_n discourse_v about_o and_o the_o manner_n in_o which_o he_o do_v it_o be_v this_o he_o call_v together_o 160._o his_o bishop_n and_o great_a lord_n to_o a_o council_n at_o soissons_fw-fr and_o there_o with_o the_o advice_n of_o both_o command_v the_o ancient_a canon_n to_o be_v observe_v and_o set_v out_o several_a new_a constitution_n for_o the_o government_n of_o the_o clergy_n as_o well_o as_o of_o the_o laity_n and_o to_o the_o end_n that_o the_o state_n of_o both_o may_v be_v keep_v in_o better_a order_n they_o far_o decree_v that_o from_o thenceforth_o such_o a_o synod_n shall_v be_v hold_v for_o the_o same_o purpose_n once_o every_o year_n and_o thus_o this_o affair_n stand_v for_o some_o time_n till_o about_o eleven_o year_n after_o be_v a_o little_a at_o leisure_n from_o those_o war_n which_o have_v almost_o continual_o exercise_v he_o he_o begin_v to_o put_v his_o kingdom_n into_o a_o better_a posture_n to_o which_o end_n have_v again_o call_v together_o almost_o all_o the_o bishop_n 170._o of_o france_n he_o resolve_v to_o have_v two_o meeting_n hold_v every_o year_n the_o first_o upon_o the_o kalend_n of_o march_n in_o the_o presence_n of_o the_o king_n and_o at_o such_o place_n as_o he_o shall_v appoint_v the_o other_o upon_o the_o kalend_n of_o october_n at_o soissons_fw-fr or_o at_o such_o other_o place_n as_o the_o bishop_n at_o the_o former_a meeting_n shall_v agree_v and_o here_o begin_v a_o manifest_a difference_n 6._o to_o appear_v between_o the_o civil_a and_o ecclesiastical_a synod_n for_o at_o the_o former_a of_o 757._o these_o there_o meet_v not_o only_o the_o bishop_n but_o the_o chief_a of_o the_o lay_v lord_n of_o the_o realm_n in_o that_o be_v law_n make_v both_o for_o the_o civil_a and_o ecclesiastical_a state_n and_o be_v frame_v by_o the_o council_n be_v examine_v and_o confirm_v by_o the_o king_n whereas_o at_o the_o latter_a there_o appear_v only_o the_o bishop_n and_o clergy_n and_o these_o make_v no_o new_a constitution_n but_o only_o 24._o consult_v together_o about_o the_o state_n of_o the_o church_n and_o if_o need_n be_v prepare_v matter_n for_o the_o next_o state_n meet_v or_o else_o take_v care_n to_o order_v the_o reformation_n of_o man_n manner_n according_a to_o the_o law_n already_o make_v such_o be_v the_o polity_n which_o that_o king_n establish_v for_o the_o order_v both_o of_o civil_a and_o ecclesiastical_a affair_n but_o now_o this_o settlement_n begin_v by_o pepin_n be_v very_o much_o improve_v by_o charles_n the_o great_a and_o because_o of_o this_o we_o have_v a_o very_a exact_a account_n give_v we_o by_o hincmarus_n etc._n out_o of_o the_o write_n of_o adalardus_n abbot_n of_o corbey_n and_o a_o near_a relation_n of_o charles_n himself_o it_o may_v not_o be_v amiss_o to_o take_v a_o short_a view_n of_o it_o in_o the_o first_o place_n than_o he_o appoint_v 7._o two_o assembly_n to_o be_v hold_v every_o year_n the_o one_o a_o general_n council_n of_o all_o the_o bishop_n 239._o abbot_n and_o lord_n of_o the_o realm_n the_o other_o more_o select_a consist_v only_o of_o a_o certain_a number_n of_o the_o more_o age_a and_o honourable_a of_o all_o these_o such_o as_o the_o prince_n shall_v think_v sit_v to_o choose_v together_o with_o his_o principal_a minister_n of_o state_n who_o he_o also_o call_v to_o it_o in_o the_o general_n council_n all_o the_o public_a affair_n for_o the_o follow_a year_n be_v settle_v in_o the_o other_o be_v handle_v such_o incidental_a matter_n as_o not_o be_v foresee_v can_v not_o by_o consequence_n be_v provide_v for_o in_o that_o great_a assembly_n and_o yet_o be_v of_o such_o a_o nature_n that_o they_o ought_v not_o to_o be_v defer_v till_o that_o council_n shall_v meet_v again_o in_o both_o these_o council_n though_o chief_o in_o the_o general_n one_o law_n be_v make_v both_o for_o the_o church_n and_o realm_n the_o king_n propose_v to_o they_o what_o he_o will_v have_v they_o debate_v upon_o and_o have_v for_o three_o day_n consult_v together_o they_o lay_v the_o result_n of_o their_o debate_n before_o he_o and_o his_o choice_n and_o approbation_n determine_v the_o matter_n but_o that_o which_o i_o will_v chief_o observe_v 8._o in_o these_o council_n be_v this_o that_o as_o the_o cause_n which_o sell_v in_o to_o be_v handle_v by_o they_o be_v of_o a_o different_a kind_a so_o be_v they_o dispatch_v by_o they_o after_o a_o different_a manner_n if_o the_o matter_n to_o be_v deliberate_v upon_o be_v pure_o spiritual_a in_o that_o case_n the_o bishop_n and_o abbot_n go_v apart_o by_o themselves_o and_o debate_v upon_o it_o if_o it_o be_v whole_o civil_a or_o military_a the_o lord_n alone_o consult_v about_o it_o if_o it_o be_v of_o a_o mix_v nature_n as_o relate_v to_o the_o government_n or_o discipline_n of_o the_o church_n then_o they_o both_o together_o treat_v of_o it_o but_o which_o soever_o it_o be_v still_o the_o king_n consider_v of_o their_o resolution_n and_o determine_v all_o as_o he_o see_v fit_a from_o this_o difference_n both_o of_o the_o matter_n debate_v in_o these_o assembly_n and_o of_o the_o manner_n of_o deliberate_v upon_o they_o the_o same_o assembly_n be_v oftentimes_o call_v both_o a_o royal_a and_o synodical_a council_n thus_o sigebert_n style_v the_o council_n of_o trebur_n under_o the_o emperor_n conrade_n anno_fw-la 1031._o and_o thus_o may_v many_o of_o our_o ancient_a council_n be_v distinguish_v i_o shall_v mention_v only_o one_o in_o which_o a_o learned_a 529._o antiquary_n of_o our_o own_o country_n have_v make_v the_o same_o remark_n the_o famous_a synod_n of_o aenham_n at_o which_o not_o only_o the_o bishop_n and_o abbot_n but_o the_o lie_v nobility_n be_v present_a but_o yet_o the_o most_o part_n of_o what_o be_v do_v in_o it_o relate_v to_o the_o church_n and_o be_v conclude_v by_o the_o clergy_n alone_o who_o go_v apart_o from_o the_o other_o lord_n for_o that_o purpose_n it_o be_v a_o easy_a matter_n to_o show_v that_o 9_o the_o same_o method_n of_o deliberation_n continue_v to_o be_v observe_v not_o only_o in_o our_o more_o ancient_a general_n council_n of_o this_o period_n but_o even_o after_o the_o reduction_n of_o our_o parliament_n to_o the_o form_n in_o which_o it_o now_o be_v but_o this_o will_v lead_v i_o too_o far_o away_o from_o those_o time_n i_o be_o now_o upon_o and_o i_o shall_v have_v a_o more_o proper_a occasion_n hereafter_o to_o take_v notice_n of_o it_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n from_o what_o have_v be_v say_v it_o appear_v that_o the_o method_n of_o transact_v public_a affair_n in_o france_n in_o
those_o i_o shall_v therefore_o think_v myself_o concern_v in_o the_o first_o place_n to_o consider_v now_o among_o these_o not_o to_o mention_v the_o two_o conference_n of_o austin_n with_o the_o 15._o british_a bishop_n i_o know_v of_o none_o more_o ancient_a than_o that_o which_o be_v hold_v before_o king_n oswi_n and_o his_o son_n at_o streanshealch_n in_o the_o monastery_n of_o hilda_n concern_v the_o time_n of_o easter_n the_o form_n of_o tonsure_v and_o as_o florence_n of_o worcester_n add_v some_o 561._o other_o ecclesiastical_a matter_n whether_o king_n oswi_n by_o his_o authority_n call_v this_o synod_n it_o do_v not_o appear_v this_o we_o know_v that_o he_o not_o only_o consent_v to_o the_o meeting_n of_o it_o but_o also_o sit_v with_o his_o son_n in_o it_o and_o manage_v the_o debate_n of_o it_o he_o propose_v the_o business_n for_o which_o they_o meet_v and_o at_o last_o final_o resolve_v what_o be_v to_o be_v hold_v to_o with_o reference_n to_o the_o point_n that_o have_v be_v debate_v and_o though_o the_o argument_n that_o determine_v he_o to_o embrace_v st._n peter_n tradition_n rather_o than_o st._n john_n viz._n that_o he_o keep_v the_o door_n in_o heaven_n and_o therefore_o he_o dare_v not_o contradict_v he_o lest_o when_o he_o come_v thither_o the_o apostle_n shall_v resuse_v he_o entrance_n be_v but_o very_o mean_a and_o suitable_a to_o the_o rudeness_n and_o ignorance_n of_o those_o time_n yet_o we_o see_v what_o authority_n our_o prince_n from_o the_o beginning_n have_v as_o to_o these_o matter_n and_o how_o considerable_a a_o part_n they_o be_v allow_v in_o their_o synod_n but_o more_o eminent_a as_o well_o as_o more_o 16._o exact_a be_v the_o synod_n hold_v by_o theodore_n archbishop_n of_o canterbury_n in_o the_o first_o of_o which_o at_o herudford_n as_o the_o bishop_n 5._o of_o several_a province_n be_v assemble_v so_o do_v they_o agree_v with_o theodore_n upon_o many_o useful_a constitution_n for_o the_o government_n of_o the_o church_n and_o as_o this_o synod_n first_o settle_v the_o discipline_n of_o the_o church_n in_o these_o part_n so_o do_v that_o of_o heathfield_n which_o meet_v about_o seven_o year_n after_o establish_v the_o faith_n of_o it_o it_o admit_v of_o the_o decision_n of_o the_o five_o first_o general_n council_n and_o settle_v the_o catholic_n doctrine_n of_o the_o church_n against_o the_o several_a heresy_n which_o have_v be_v condemn_v in_o those_o council_n in_o both_o these_o synod_n it_o be_v express_o say_v that_o theodore_n preside_v and_o so_o he_o do_v in_o the_o next_o i_o be_o to_o take_v notice_n of_o which_o be_v hold_v at_o atwyford_n anno_fw-la 685._o in_o which_o among_o other_o thing_n st._n cuthbert_n be_v choose_v bishop_n of_o lindisfarn_n and_o upon_o easter-day_n be_v consecrate_a by_o seven_o bishop_n who_o attend_v upon_o the_o king_n at_o that_o solemn_a season_n by_o who_o authority_n these_o council_n be_v call_v it_o do_v not_o sufficient_o appear_v to_o we_o 46._o but_o that_o in_o this_o last_o king_n egfride_n be_v present_a we_o be_v express_o inform_v 43._o and_o the_o constant_a custom_n of_o the_o prince_n in_o those_o day_n will_v not_o suffer_v we_o to_o doubt_v but_o that_o it_o be_v by_o their_o direction_n that_o their_o bishop_n both_o meet_v and_o act_v in_o them_o at_o the_o council_n of_o cloveshoe_n anno_fw-la 742_o not_o only_o ann._n aethelbald_a k._n of_o the_o mercian_n preside_v but_o his_o prince_n and_o officer_n be_v present_a too_o yet_o this_o be_v proper_o a_o ecclesiastical_a synod_n and_o the_o matter_n transact_v in_o it_o all_o relate_v to_o the_o church_n nor_o be_v this_o so_o much_o to_o be_v wonder_v at_o see_v in_o the_o legatine_n synod_n hold_v by_o gregory_n and_o theophylact_fw-mi send_v hither_o by_o pope_n adrian_n the_o first_o for_o that_o purpose_n our_o king_n not_o only_o direct_v the_o 293._o assemble_v of_o they_o but_o together_o with_o their_o noble_n sit_v in_o they_o and_o to_o testify_v their_o consent_n to_o what_o be_v do_v together_o with_o their_o lord_n as_o well_o as_o bishop_n subscribe_v to_o the_o act_n of_o them_o and_o these_o be_v the_o chief_a of_o those_o ecclesiastical_a 18._o synod_n which_o be_v hold_v in_o these_o time_n as_o for_o the_o many_o other_o who_o act_n remain_v to_o we_o they_o be_v manifest_o civil_a convention_n and_o most_o of_o they_o such_o assembly_n of_o the_o state_n as_o be_v afterward_o call_v by_o the_o name_n of_o parliament_n among_o these_o as_o none_o ought_v more_o to_o be_v consider_v so_o be_v none_o more_o plain_o such_o than_o those_o in_o which_o our_o fol._n ancient_a saxon_a law_n be_v either_o draw_v up_o or_o publish_v and_o a_o very_a considerable_a part_n of_o which_o relate_v to_o the_o order_n and_o discipline_n of_o the_o church_n thus_o ina_n make_v his_o law_n with_o the_o 1._o consent_n of_o his_o bishop_n and_o all_o his_o alderman_n k._n alfred_n collect_v his_o with_o 22._o the_o advice_n of_o all_o his_o wiseman_n k._n edward_n the_o elder_a and_o guthrun_n review_v and_o enlarge_v 41._o they_o as_o assist_v by_o their_o wiseman_n and_o though_o in_o the_o preamble_n to_o the_o law_n of_o k._n aethelstan_n we_o find_v mention_v only_o make_v of_o his_o archbishop_n and_o bishop_n because_o they_o indeed_o only_o draw_v up_o those_o law_n which_o be_v more_o proper_o ecclesiastical_a yet_o in_o the_o close_a of_o they_o we_o 53._o be_v tell_v that_o all_o these_o constitution_n be_v publish_v in_o one_o of_o those_o synod_n at_o which_o not_o only_o wulfhelm_v the_o archbishop_n but_o all_o his_o great_a and_o wiseman_n be_v present_a that_o be_v be_v publish_v in_o one_o of_o his_o great_a council_n by_o he_o k._n edmund_n compile_v his_o law_n in_o the_o 58._o assembly_n of_o his_o wiseman_n as_o well_o ecclesiastic_n as_o layman_n so_o do_v edgar_n and_o ethelred_n afterward_o and_o last_o canutus_n in_o the_o preface_n to_o his_o law_n not_o only_o tell_v we_o that_o they_o be_v make_v with_o the_o advice_n of_o his_o wiseman_n to_o 88_o the_o glory_n of_o god-almighty_a the_o ornament_n of_o his_o kingly_a majesty_n and_o the_o good_a of_o the_o commonwealth_n but_o precise_o note_v the_o time_n when_o he_o compile_v they_o namely_o that_o they_o be_v make_v at_o christmas_n in_o the_o city_n of_o winchester_n where_o he_o than_o keep_v that_o feast_n and_o his_o noble_n according_a to_o the_o ancient_a custom_n attend_v upon_o he_o and_o sit_v in_o council_n with_o he_o to_o run_v through_o all_o the_o other_o council_n of_o 19_o the_o like_a nature_n in_o which_o constitution_n have_v be_v make_v and_o debate_n hold_v concern_v thing_n relate_v to_o the_o church_n will_v engage_v i_o in_o a_o needless_a as_o well_o as_o tedious_a research_n i_o shall_v only_o mention_v a_o few_o of_o those_o of_o chief_a note_n which_o together_o with_o those_o before_o speak_v of_o may_v suffice_v to_o give_v we_o a_o right_a understanding_n of_o the_o nature_n and_o quality_n of_o they_o at_o becanceld_a about_o the_o year_n 694_o 219._o wither_a king_n of_o kent_n hold_v a_o general_n council_n and_o if_o the_o relation_n be_v true_a it_o be_v indeed_o of_o a_o extraordinary_a composition_n there_o be_v present_a at_o it_o not_o only_o the_o archbishop_n of_o canterbury_n and_o bishop_n of_o rochester_n with_o the_o lord_n and_o other_o of_o the_o laity_n but_o the_o abbot_n abbess_n priest_n and_o deacon_n of_o the_o clergy_n it_o be_v call_v by_o archbishop_n brithwald_n at_o the_o king_n command_n and_o not_o only_o the_o king_n and_o bishop_n but_o all_o other_o of_o the_o clerical_a order_n subscribe_v to_o it_o at_o berghamsted_n the_o same_o king_n about_o 194._o three_o year_n after_o hold_v another_o council_n with_o his_o bishop_n and_o military_a man_n and_o by_o their_o common_a consent_n make_v several_a constitution_n to_o be_v add_v to_o the_o law_n and_o custom_n of_o kent_n but_o more_o remarkable_a be_v the_o council_n at_o 327._o which_o wulfred_n preside_v under_o kenulph_n king_n of_o the_o mercian_n anno_fw-la 816._o at_o which_o as_o at_o that_o of_o becanceld_a before_o not_o only_o a_o great_a number_n of_o bishop_n be_v present_a but_o together_o with_o the_o king_n come_v also_o his_o prince_n duke_n and_o lord_n and_o all_o these_o be_v surround_v with_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o holy_a order_n abbot_n priest_n and_o deacon_n treat_v with_o one_o accord_n of_o what_o be_v useful_a or_o necessary_a for_o the_o church_n i_o insist_v not_o upon_o the_o synod_n of_o 334._o cloveshoe_n assemble_v by_o beornulfe_n king_n of_o the_o mercian_n anno_fw-la 822_o 824_o and_o both_o which_o be_v evident_o great_a council_n of_o that_o nation_n as_o be_v also_o the_o council_n of_o london_n an._n 833_o of_o kingston_n etc._n an._n 838_o of_o kingsbury_n an._n 851_o of_o winchester_n an._n 855_o of_o
any_o pope_n but_o such_o as_o be_v agreeable_a to_o his_o will_n and_o pleasure_n and_o particular_o that_o he_o will_v not_o endure_v any_o synod_n to_o be_v hold_v by_o the_o bishop_n of_o england_n or_o any_o thing_n to_o be_v determine_v in_o any_o ecclesiastical_a cause_n without_o leave_n and_o authority_n first_o have_v from_o he_o to_o empower_v they_o so_o to_o do_v and_o the_o same_o be_v the_o resolution_n of_o his_o son_n after_o he_o and_o though_o be_v necessitate_v for_o the_o sake_n of_o their_o civil_a interest_n to_o yield_v a_o little_a some_o of_o our_o follow_a prince_n do_v submit_v to_o the_o papal_a usurpation_n yet_o no_o soon_o be_v their_o government_n grow_v strong_a and_o their_o peace_n settle_v but_o both_o our_o king_n and_o our_o great_a man_n present_o begin_v to_o assert_v their_o freedom_n and_o to_o cast_v off_o those_o chain_n which_o the_o pope_n have_v watch_v his_o opportunity_n to_o put_v upon_o they_o so_o that_o now_o then_o to_o give_v a_o 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in_o which_o any_o thing_n of_o great_a moment_n relate_v to_o the_o church_n have_v be_v conclude_v i_o have_v before_o observe_v how_o our_o conqueror_n prince_n very_o early_o begin_v with_o great_a solemnity_n to_o keep_v the_o three_o chief_a festival_n of_o the_o year_n and_o to_o be_v attend_v by_o their_o bishop_n and_o lord_n at_o they_o at_o one_o of_o these_o season_n present_o after_o he_o be_v settle_v in_o the_o government_n the_o conqueror_n command_v a_o synod_n to_o be_v hold_v and_o 1070._o make_v use_v of_o the_o pope_n au_o 〈…〉_z rity_n and_o the_o presence_n of_o his_o legate_n to_o strengthen_v what_o he_o have_v to_o do_v in_o it_o have_v thus_o assemble_v the_o bishop_n apart_o 968._o into_o a_o ecclesiastical_a council_n he_o proceed_v not_o only_o to_o deprive_v stigand_n archbishop_n of_o canterbury_n who_o in_o some_o measure_n deserve_v it_o but_o several_a other_o of_o the_o clergy_n for_o no_o other_o real_a reason_n but_o only_o that_o he_o do_v not_o love_v they_o or_o else_o want_v to_o have_v his_o norman_n in_o their_o place_n and_o have_v thus_o proceed_v as_o far_o as_o he_o think_v good_a in_o this_o council_n he_o stop_v still_o the_o next_o solemn_a festival_n and_o then_o in_o another_o synod_n of_o the_o same_o kind_n and_o assemble_v by_o the_o same_o authority_n he_o go_v on_o to_o far_a deprivation_n after_o the_o like_a manner_n as_o he_o have_v do_v before_o it_o be_v at_o a_o like_a meeting_n of_o his_o bishop_n 20._o and_o lord_n about_o two_o year_n after_o that_o resolve_v the_o great_a council_n into_o a_o ecclesiastical_a synod_n he_o determine_v the_o primacy_n of_o the_o archbishop_n of_o canterbury_n over_o the_o archbishop_n of_o york_n and_o subscribe_v his_o name_n to_o the_o act_n of_o it_o what_o that_o synod_n be_v which_o lanfrank_n sometime_o after_o hold_v at_o westminster_n we_o be_v not_o tell_v this_o we_o be_v inform_v that_o it_o be_v call_v by_o the_o king_n command_n and_o that_o he_o be_v present_a at_o this_o as_o he_o have_v be_v at_o the_o other_o two_o whether_o this_o be_v the_o same_o council_n which_o we_o find_v record_v by_o malmsbury_n in_o the_o life_n of_o lanfranc_n or_o whether_o there_o be_v another_o assemble_v the_o same_o year_n i_o can_v tell_v but_o that_o a_o synod_n be_v hold_v about_o this_o time_n at_o london_n we_o be_v 10_o well_o assure_v in_o this_o many_o ancient_a canon_n be_v revive_v and_o the_o foundation_n lay_v for_o renew_v the_o ecclesiastical_a discipline_n of_o the_o church_n and_o because_o this_o have_v not_o sufficient_o determine_v what_o be_v necessary_a to_o be_v do_v the_o next_o year_n after_o he_o hold_v another_o at_o winchester_n etc._n in_o which_o several_a useful_a constitution_n be_v establish_v the_o head_n of_o which_o still_o remain_v to_o we_o these_o be_v the_o chief_a of_o those_o ecclesiastical_a synod_n that_o we_o be_v tell_v be_v assemble_v under_o k._n william_n the_o conqueror_n and_o the_o last_o of_o which_o however_o say_v to_o have_v be_v call_v by_o lanfranc_n who_o also_o preside_v in_o they_o yet_o still_o we_o must_v remember_v what_o we_o have_v before_o in_o general_a observe_v of_o this_o king_n that_o the_o 6._o archbishop_n call_v they_o by_o his_o command_n who_o also_o approve_v their_o act_n before_o he_o suffer_v they_o to_o have_v any_o authority_n in_o this_o realm_n for_o the_o far_a confirmation_n of_o which_o 27._o remark_n let_v we_o only_o cast_v our_o eye_n upon_o the_o conduct_n of_o this_o prince_n as_o to_o these_o matter_n in_o his_o own_o duchy_n of_o normandy_n and_o from_o thence_o we_o shall_v be_v able_a the_o more_o certain_o to_o judge_v what_o power_n he_o claim_v over_o his_o clergy_n in_o his_o new_a dominion_n and_o here_o we_o find_v that_o at_o whitsuntide_n anno_fw-la 1086_o he_o assemble_v his_o parliament_n at_o rouen_n the_o member_n who_o compose_v it_o be_v the_o same_o that_o in_o those_o day_n make_v up_o we_o there_o be_v present_a the_o archbishop_n bishop_n and_o abbot_n of_o his_o territory_n and_o with_o they_o the_o great_a lord_n of_o the_o laity_n be_v meet_v they_o 552._o make_v several_a law_n for_o the_o government_n both_o of_o the_o church_n and_o state_n and_o he_o be_v both_o present_a at_o their_o debate_n and_o by_o his_o authority_n confirm_v what_o have_v be_v agree_v on_o by_o they_o and_o when_o some_o time_n before_o the_o archbishop_n of_o rouen_n hold_v a_o provincial_a synod_n with_o his_o bishop_n and_o clergy_n pure_o to_o consult_v of_o the_o affair_n of_o the_o church_n and_o several_a canon_n be_v compile_v by_o they_o the_o act_n of_o it_o observe_v that_o the_o conqueror_n 311._o be_v himself_o both_o present_a at_o the_o make_n of_o they_o and_o that_o he_o afterward_o confirm_v they_o by_o his_o command_n such_o be_v the_o authority_n which_o this_o prince_n exercise_v over_o his_o synod_n as_o ii_o for_o his_o successor_n king_n william_n the_o second_o he_o be_v not_o at_o all_o less_o but_o rather_o be_v more_o stiff_a in_o assert_v his_o right_n as_o to_o these_o matter_n than_o ever_o his_o father_n have_v be_v insomuch_o that_o be_v on_o a_o time_n desire_v by_o anselm_n archbishop_n of_o 25._o canterbury_n to_o employ_v his_o authority_n to_o the_o restore_n of_o christianity_n almost_o utter_o deface_v in_o his_o realm_n he_o ask_v he_o what_o he_o will_v have_v he_o do_v command_v say_v anselm_n council_n to_o be_v renew_v according_a to_o ancient_a custom_n there_o let_v it_o be_v inquire_v what_o have_v be_v do_v a_o miss_n and_o let_v a_o seasonable_a provision_n be_v make_v for_o the_o remedy_n of_o it_o there_o have_v not_o be_v hold_v a_o general_a council_n of_o bishop_n since_o you_o come_v to_o the_o crown_n nor_o for_o some_o time_n before_o through_o this_o defect_n many_o
character_n but_o with_o they_o many_o other_o of_o the_o regular_a clergy_n who_o have_v no_o place_n in_o the_o parliament_n write_v yet_o still_o the_o design_n be_v in_o both_o the_o same_o viz._n that_o they_o may_v thereby_o more_o effectual_o confirm_v what_o have_v in_o parliament_n be_v grant_v to_o the_o king_n and_o the_o monk_n and_o friar_n become_v engage_v by_o their_o own_o consent_n not_o to_o oppose_v the_o levy_n of_o it_o now_o this_o be_v the_o true_a ground_n of_o the_o convocation_n be_v call_v together_o with_o the_o parliament_n custom_n and_o if_o you_o will_v the_o constitution_n of_o our_o government_n found_v thereupon_o do_v indeed_o give_v they_o a_o right_a to_o be_v summon_v when_o the_o parliament_n be_v and_o according_o they_o be_v still_o summon_v together_o with_o it_o but_o as_o they_o have_v no_o custom_n to_o warrant_v they_o to_o deliberate_v or_o enter_v upon_o business_n unless_o the_o king_n please_v to_o allow_v they_o so_o to_o do_v so_o neither_o have_v they_o any_o right_n in_o that_o particular_a but_o the_o king_n be_v still_o as_o much_o at_o liberty_n in_o that_o respect_n as_o if_o there_o have_v never_o be_v any_o such_o custom_n establish_v for_o the_o call_v of_o they_o in_o short_a be_v it_o still_o the_o method_n as_o former_o it_o be_v for_o the_o clergy_n to_o assess_v themselves_o but_o much_o more_o be_v the_o case_n so_o now_o as_o ancient_o it_o seem_v to_o have_v be_v that_o they_o be_v a_o part_n of_o the_o great_a council_n of_o the_o nation_n and_o who_o consent_n be_v requisite_a to_o the_o pass_v of_o parliamentary_a act_n it_o will_v then_o be_v very_o evident_a wherefore_o they_o be_v call_v and_o what_o they_o have_v to_o do_v but_o this_o be_v alter_v and_o yet_o the_o ancient_n summon_v still_o continue_v it_o make_v some_o man_n think_v it_o a_o odd_a thing_n that_o the_o convocation_n shall_v be_v call_v to_o no_o purpose_n not_o consider_v that_o but_o for_o those_o end_n which_o be_v now_o cease_v they_o never_o have_v be_v wont_a either_o to_o be_v summon_v to_o parliament_n or_o at_o the_o same_o time_n with_o it_o and_o that_o those_o be_v determine_v they_o have_v a_o right_n to_o nothing_o but_o a_o summons_n and_o it_o be_v no_o great_a matter_n whether_o they_o have_v a_o right_n to_o that_o or_o no._n and_o this_o may_v suffice_v to_o show_v what_o authority_n our_o king_n have_v by_o the_o particular_a law_n of_o our_o own_o constitution_n to_o assemble_v the_o convocation_n and_o that_o without_o his_o writ_n they_o neither_o now_o can_v nor_o ever_o can_v regular_o come_v together_o by_o any_o other_o way_n i_o proceed_v two_o to_o inquire_v what_o power_n he_o have_v to_o direct_v their_o debate_n when_o they_o be_v assemble_v and_o here_o we_o be_v again_o tell_v by_o the_o same_o person_n who_o authority_n i_o before_o allege_v that_o the_o second_o point_n agree_v upon_o by_o the_o chief_a justice_n and_o judge_n at_o the_o committee_n of_o the_o lord_n be_v that_o the_o convocation_n after_o their_o assembly_n can_v confer_v to_o constitute_v any_o canon_n without_o licence_n de_fw-fr l'roy_fw-fr nor_o be_v this_o any_o more_o than_o what_o the_o statute_n of_o the_o 25_o hen._n 8._o have_v direct_o establish_v when_o have_v recite_v the_o promise_n which_o the_o clergy_n have_v in_o their_o petition_n make_v to_o the_o king_n that_o they_o will_v never_o from_o thenceforth_o presume_v to_o attempt_v allege_v claim_v or_o put_v in_o ure_n enact_v promulge_v or_o execute_v any_o new_a canon_n constitution_n ordinance_n provincial_a or_o other_o or_o by_o whatsoever_o name_n they_o shall_v be_v call_v in_o convocation_n unless_o the_o king_n be_v most_o royal_a assent_n and_o licence_n may_v by_o they_o be_v have_v to_o make_v promulge_v and_o execute_v the_o same_o and_o that_o his_o majesty_n do_v give_v his_o most_o royal_a assent_n and_o authority_n in_o that_o behalf_n they_o thereupon_o enact_v that_o ne_v they_o nor_o any_o of_o they_o frow_fw-mi henceforth_o shall_v presume_v to_o attempt_v allege_v claim_v or_o put_v in_o ure_n any_o constitution_n or_o order_n provincial_a or_o synodal_n or_o any_o other_o canon_n nor_o shall_v enact_v promulge_v or_o execute_v any_o such_o canon_n constitution_n or_o ordinance_n provincial_a by_o whatsoever_o name_n or_o name_n they_o may_v be_v call_v in_o their_o convocation_n in_o time_n come_v unless_o the_o same_o clergy_n may_v have_v the_o king_n be_v most_o royal_a assent_n and_o licence_n to_o make_v promulge_v and_o execute_v such_o conon_n constitution_n and_o ordinance_n provincial_a or_o synodal_n i_o have_v transcribe_v this_o paragraph_n of_o that_o act_n at_o large_a to_o the_o end_v it_o may_v the_o more_o evident_o appear_v that_o the_o intention_n of_o it_o be_v as_o well_o to_o restrain_v the_o clergy_n from_o make_v as_o from_o promulge_v and_o execute_v any_o canon_n without_o the_o assent_n and_o licence_n of_o the_o king_n first_o have_v for_o their_o so_o do_v and_o which_o be_v indeed_o so_o plain_a that_o have_v not_o the_o constant_a practice_n of_o all_o follow_a convocation_n and_o the_o opinion_n of_o the_o most_o learned_a in_o our_o law_n so_o expound_v the_o sense_n of_o it_o yet_o we_o can_v not_o have_v be_v easy_o mistake_v in_o it_o for_o beside_o that_o it_o be_v apparent_o the_o design_n of_o this_o act_n to_o restrâ—ain_v the_o clergy_n from_o do_v somewhat_o which_o they_o have_v be_v wont_a to_o do_v in_o their_o convocation_n the_o statute_n itself_o interpret_v its_o own_o expression_n and_o tell_v we_o that_o by_o presume_v to_o attempt_v etc._n etc._n be_v mean_v as_o well_o presume_v to_o make_v as_o to_o promulge_v and_o execute_v any_o canon_n or_o constitution_n without_o the_o assent_n and_o licence_n of_o the_o king_n first_o have_v by_o they_o so_o to_o do_v whether_o the_o convocation_n may_v not_o without_o the_o king_n be_v write_v deliberate_a of_o such_o 8._o thing_n as_o may_v be_v fit_a to_o be_v do_v by_o they_o for_o the_o service_n of_o the_o church_n i_o shall_v not_o undertake_v to_o say_v certain_a it_o be_v that_o they_o may_v not_o so_o deliberate_a as_o to_o come_v to_o any_o authoritative_a resolution_n upon_o any_o particular_a point_n or_o to_o frame_v any_o order_n or_o constitution_n of_o what_o kind_n soever_o it_o be_v without_o the_o king_n be_v leave_v which_o be_v in_o effect_n to_o say_v that_o they_o may_v not_o debate_v synodical_o at_o all_o without_o it_o to_o deliberate_v of_o what_o may_v useful_o be_v consider_v by_o they_o and_o to_o petition_v the_o king_n thereupon_o for_o leave_v so_o to_o do_v this_o as_o it_o be_v no_o attempt_v to_o make_v a_o canon_n etc._n etc._n so_o do_v it_o not_o i_o conceive_v come_v within_o the_o design_n of_o that_o prohibition_n which_o this_o act_n have_v lay_v upon_o they_o and_o if_o the_o king_n allow_v the_o convocation_n to_o sit_v i_o do_v not_o see_v wherein_o they_o will_v transgress_v in_o frame_v such_o a_o address_n suppose_v that_o his_o commission_n have_v not_o before_o prevent_v all_o occasion_n for_o such_o a_o application_n but_o then_o still_o this_o be_v but_o ask_v leave_v to_o act_v as_o a_o synod_n and_o it_o will_v after_o all_o remain_v in_o the_o king_n breast_n what_o answer_v to_o make_v to_o such_o a_o request_n and_o whether_o he_o will_v grant_v they_o that_o leave_v which_o they_o desire_v or_o no_o as_o therefore_o the_o convocation_n can_v meet_v but_o by_o the_o king_n be_v write_v so_o neither_o be_v meet_v can_v they_o proceed_v to_o any_o canonical_a debate_n or_o resolution_n without_o it_o for_o by_o virtue_n of_o this_o act_n they_o be_v forbid_v not_o only_o to_o make_v but_o to_o attempt_v that_o be_v as_o i_o understand_v it_o to_o do_v any_o thing_n that_o tend_v towards_o the_o make_n of_o any_o canon_n without_o his_o warrant_n for_o their_o do_v of_o it_o and_o therefore_o when_o the_o king_n send_v out_o his_o writ_n for_o the_o convocation_n to_o meet_v he_o therein_o reserve_v to_o himself_o the_o privilege_n of_o name_v the_o subject_a which_o they_o be_v to_o deliberate_v and_o resolve_v upon_o for_o have_v mention_v by_o way_n of_o form_n in_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o writ_n that_o for_o certain_a urgent_a affair_n of_o great_a concern_v both_o to_o the_o church_n and_o kingdom_n he_o have_v command_v the_o archbishop_n to_o summon_v the_o clergy_n to_o come_v together_o to_o such_o a_o certain_a place_n and_o at_o such_o a_o certain_a time_n he_o thus_o declare_v what_o they_o be_v to_o do_v when_o they_o meet_v ad_fw-la tractand_v etc._n etc._n namely_o that_o they_o be_v to_o treat_v consent_v and_o conclude_v upon_o the_o premise_n and_o such_o other_o matter_n as_o shall_v more_o clear_o be_v declare_v to_o they_o when_o they_o come_v together_o in_o
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time_n they_o have_v appear_v there_o as_o spiritual_a assistant_n to_o consider_v consult_v and_o consent_n only_o he_o affirm_v that_o they_o never_o have_v voice_n there_o because_o they_o be_v no_o lord_n of_o parliament_n the_o force_n of_o which_o argument_n i_o shall_v leave_v to_o the_o house_n of_o commons_o to_o answer_v in_o the_o mean_a time_n i_o must_v observe_v that_o in_o the_o case_n of_o bird_n and_o smith_n trin._n 4._o jac._n 1._o upon_o a_o deprivation_n make_v of_o smith_n by_o the_o high_a commissioner_n for_o not_o conform_v to_o the_o canon_n of_o the_o church_n the_o lord_n chancellor_n have_v call_v popham_n lord_n chief_a justice_n of_o the_o king_n bench_n coke_n of_o the_o common_a plea_n and_o fleming_n lord_n chief_a baron_n to_o his_o assistance_n it_o be_v agree_v to_o by_o all_o the_o three_o without_o any_o exception_n that_o 783._o the_o canon_n of_o the_o church_n make_v by_o the_o convocation_n and_o king_n without_o the_o parliament_n shall_v 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be_v very_o proper_o draw_v and_o do_v mark_v out_o to_o we_o the_o undoubted_a right_n of_o those_o to_o who_o they_o be_v send_v as_o they_o be_v allow_v of_o in_o those_o ancient_a time_n yet_o how_o little_a they_o may_v signify_v now_o the_o form_n of_o our_o parliamentary_a writ_n in_o the_o praemonentes_fw-la to_o the_o bishop_n do_v alone_o too_o evident_o show_v in_o the_o 6_o edw._n 3._o after_o the_o archbishop_n of_o cant._n and_o bishop_n of_o london_n have_v declare_v 11._o how_o that_o the_o french_a king_n design_v a_o expedition_n to_o the_o holy_a land_n have_v desire_v our_o king_n to_o go_v along_o with_o he_o and_o that_o this_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o call_v that_o parliament_n sir_n jeffery_n le_fw-fr scroop_n add_v by_o the_o king_n commandment_n that_o the_o same_o be_v call_v as_o well_o to_o redress_v the_o breach_n of_o the_o law_n and_o peace_n as_o for_o the_o king_n be_v go_v to_o the_o holy_a land_n the_o bishop_n answer_v that_o it_o do_v not_o proper_o appertain_v to_o they_o to_o counsel_v in_o matter_n of_o peace_n and_o to_o prescribe_v for_o the_o punishment_n of_o evil_n and_o so_o together_o with_o the_o proctor_n of_o the_o clergy_n they_o go_v apart_o to_o consult_v about_o the_o matter_n propose_v to_o they_o in_o the_o 13_o of_o the_o same_o king_n the_o king_n appoint_v commissioner_n in_o his_o stead_n 19_o to_o begin_v and_o continue_v the_o parliament_n we_o find_v the_o dean_n of_o york_n as_o treasurer_n stand_v next_o to_o the_o archbishop_n in_o the_o commission_n and_o in_o the_o parliament_n which_o meet_v the_o michaelmas_n before_o it_o be_v resolve_v to_o hold_v another_o upon_o the_o octave_n of_o hilary_n the_o archbishop_n be_v order_v to_o summon_v their_o respective_a convocation_n to_o be_v ready_a to_o meet_v with_o it_o in_o the_o 18_o of_o the_o same_o edw._n 3._o at_o the_o open_n of_o the_o parliament_n complaint_n be_v make_v that_o sundry_a of_o all_o estate_n be_v absent_a whereat_o the_o king_n do_v no_o less_o muse_n than_o he_o be_v thereat_o offend_v wherefore_o he_o charge_v the_o 43._o archbishop_n for_o his_o part_n to_o punish_v the_o default_n of_o the_o clergy_n and_o he_o will_v do_v the_o like_a touch_v the_o parliament_n and_o in_o the_o same_o session_n the_o resolution_n ibid._n be_v take_v that_o the_o king_n shall_v end_v the_o war_n he_o be_v engage_v in_o either_o by_o battle_n or_o a_o honourable_a peace_n the_o king_n agree_v and_o in_o order_n thereunto_o the_o clergy_n of_o cant._n grant_v he_o a_o triennial_n disme_n and_o the_o commons_o two_o fifteen_o of_o county_n and_o two_o dime_n of_o city_n and_o to_n it_o be_v the_o usual_a custom_n of_o the_o commons_o in_o those_o day_n to_o begin_v such_o bill_n as_o they_o think_v necessary_a to_o have_v pass_v by_o petition_n to_o the_o king_n in_o parliament_n thus_o they_o do_v in_o this_o parliament_n 18_o edw._n 3._o which_o be_v end_v the_o bishop_n and_o clergy_n exhibit_v their_o petition_n also_o be_v in_o number_n seven_o whereto_o the_o king_n answer_v and_o the_o same_o comprise_v in_o the_o statute_n for_o the_o clergy_n still_o extant_a in_o the_o preamble_n of_o which_o the_o king_n take_v rastall_a notice_n of_o the_o triennial_n disme_n grant_v to_o he_o by_o the_o prelate_n and_o procurator_n of_o the_o clergy_n of_o both_o province_n in_o the_o 1_o rich._n 2._o we_o again_o find_v the_o clergy_n petition_v in_o like_a manner_n and_o in_o the_o 21_o of_o the_o same_o king_n the_o commons_o by_o sir_n john_n bussey_n their_o speaker_n pray_v the_o king_n that_o forasmuch_o as_o divers_a judgement_n be_v heretofore_o undo_v for_o that_o the_o clergy_n be_v not_o present_a therefore_o they_o pray_v the_o king_n that_o the_o 368._o clergy_n shall_v appoint_v some_o to_o be_v their_o common_a proctor_n with_o sufficient_a authority_n thereunto_o and_o the_o bishop_n thereupon_o appoint_v sir_n thomas_n piercie_o their_o proctor_n to_o assent_v in_o the_o name_n of_o the_o clergy_n and_o by_o virtue_n whereof_o when_o the_o parliament_n take_v a_o new_a oath_n to_o the_o 371._o king_n the_o bishop_n and_o abbot_n themselves_o take_v it_o and_o sir_n thomas_n piercie_n as_o proctor_n for_o the_o clergy_n be_v swear_v to_o the_o same_o and_o when_o in_o the_o same_o parliament_n sir_n john_n bussey_n offer_v the_o king_n a_o subsidy_n from_o the_o commons_o and_o thereupon_o desire_v his_o general_a pardon_n the_o clergy_n give_v the_o like_a power_n to_o sir_n william_n â—e_n scroop_n of_o wilts_n to_o answer_v for_o they_o that_o they_o late_o do_v to_o sir_n thomas_n piercie_n and_o when_o final_o upon_o the_o advice_n of_o sir_n john_n bussey_n the_o lord_n be_v require_v again_o to_o swear_v not_o to_o alter_v any_o thing_n of_o what_o be_v do_v in_o this_o parliament_n not_o only_o the_o bishop_n and_o temporal_a lord_n do_v so_o but_o sundry_a
of_o the_o proctor_n of_o the_o clergy_n and_o most_o of_o the_o commons_o by_o hold_v up_o their_o hand_n affirm_v that_o they_o will_v do_v the_o same_o now_o the_o main_a thing_n do_v in_o this_o parliament_n and_o for_o the_o effectual_a performance_n whereof_o they_o be_v so_o solicitous_a to_o have_v such_o a_o authority_n concur_v as_o may_v admit_v of_o no_o exception_n be_v to_o annul_v the_o proceed_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o gloucester_n and_o his_o adherent_n in_o the_o 10_o and_o 11_o year_n of_o this_o king_n and_o to_o prevent_v the_o like_a violence_n for_o the_o time_n to_o come_v and_o in_o the_o statute_n make_v to_o this_o purpose_n there_o be_v express_a mention_n therefore_o make_v of_o the_o proctor_n of_o the_o clergy_n consent_v thereunto_o as_o in_o the_o second_o and_o twelve_o chapter_n of_o the_o act_n of_o that_o parliament_n may_v morâ—_n full_o be_v see_v and_o though_o in_o other_o place_n they_o be_v not_o particular_o mention_v yet_o since_o those_o who_o allow_v the_o least_o to_o they_o do_v confess_v that_o their_o assent_n be_v take_v to_o what_o be_v do_v we_o must_v conclude_v that_o they_o be_v comprehend_v under_o the_o general_a name_n of_o the_o commons_o even_o when_o they_o be_v not_o express_o distinguish_v from_o they_o from_o what_o have_v be_v say_v it_o appear_v that_o the_o inferior_a clergy_n be_v not_o only_o 49._o heretofore_o a_o part_n of_o the_o parliament_n but_o do_v meet_v and_o act_n in_o it_o but_o now_o after_o what_o manner_n they_o do_v so_o do_v not_o so_o plain_o appear_v it_o have_v be_v the_o opinion_n 84._o of_o some_o who_o have_v be_v very_o well_o verse_v in_o the_o antiquity_n of_o our_o country_n that_o at_o first_o the_o two_o house_n not_o only_o meet_v in_o the_o paint_a chamber_n at_o the_o open_n of_o the_o parliament_n and_o at_o such_o other_o time_n as_o the_o king_n come_v to_o it_o but_o ordinary_o sit_v and_o vote_v together_o but_o as_o those_o who_o assert_v this_o be_v force_v to_o confess_v that_o it_o be_v even_o then_o the_o custom_n of_o the_o several_a estate_n to_o retire_v and_o consult_v by_o themselves_o of_o any_o difficult_a matter_n that_o come_v before_o they_o and_o so_o return_v again_o and_o joint_o deliver_v their_o opinion_n so_o we_o be_v assure_v that_o they_o have_v very_o early_o their_o several_a place_n to_o meet_v in_o and_o their_o several_a speaker_n too_o to_o manage_v their_o debate_n in_o the_o 6_o edw._n 3._o the_o parliament_n 11._o meet_v about_o the_o affair_n of_o scotland_n the_o bishop_n and_o clergy_n go_v apart_o by_o themselves_o the_o duke_n and_o baron_n by_o themselves_o and_o afterward_o they_o deliver_v their_o joint_a answer_n to_o the_o king_n and_o so_o they_o do_v in_o the_o 40th_o year_n of_o that_o king_n when_o the_o pope_n have_v send_v hither_o to_o demand_v tribute_n and_o homage_n to_o be_v pay_v to_o he_o we_o be_v tell_v that_o the_o bishop_n go_v apart_o by_o themselves_o the_o 102._o other_o lord_n by_o themselves_o and_o the_o commons_o by_o themselves_o and_o be_v return_v from_o their_o several_a place_n and_o meet_v together_o they_o all_o declare_v their_o unanimous_a resolution_n to_o oppose_v the_o pope_n demand_n in_o the_o 50th_o of_o the_o same_o edward_n we_o 120._o find_v mention_v make_v of_o the_o place_n where_o the_o commons_o sit_v viz._n the_o chapterhouse_n of_o the_o abbot_n of_o westminster_n and_o three_o year_n before_o this_o upon_o a_o demand_n of_o money_n make_v by_o the_o king_n to_o carry_v on_o 116._o his_o war_n the_o commons_o send_v to_o the_o lord_n house_n to_o desire_v a_o conference_n with_o they_o and_o they_o present_o agree_v to_o the_o proposition_n and_o go_v into_o the_o chamberlain_n chamber_n to_o treat_v with_o they_o it_o be_v in_o the_o 51st_o year_n of_o this_o king_n 5._o that_o we_o find_v the_o first_o express_a mention_n make_v of_o the_o speaker_n of_o the_o house_n of_o commons_o though_o there_o want_v not_o very_o probable_a conjecture_n to_o prove_v that_o they_o have_v one_o long_o before_o that_o upon_o such_o time_n as_o the_o whole_a parliament_n meet_v and_o as_o long_o as_o they_o continue_v to_o sit_v together_o the_o proctor_n of_o the_o clergy_n meet_v together_o with_o they_o be_v not_o to_o be_v doubt_v their_o writ_n summon_v they_o to_o the_o same_o place_n and_o upon_o the_o same_o business_n and_o we_o can_v doubt_v but_o that_o they_o meet_v according_o at_o the_o open_n of_o every_o parliament_n together_o whether_o upon_o the_o division_n of_o the_o two_o house_n as_o the_o bishop_n continue_v to_o sit_v with_o the_o one_o so_o the_o proctor_n of_o the_o clergy_n do_v also_o sit_v at_o first_o with_o the_o other_o i_o be_o not_o able_a to_o say_v but_o from_o the_o time_n that_o they_o have_v a_o distinct_a prolocutor_n of_o their_o own_o we_o must_v conclude_v that_o they_o meet_v distinct_o and_o upon_o all_o the_o division_n we_o meet_v with_o in_o the_o most_o ancient_a roll_n of_o parliament_n the_o method_n still_o be_v for_o each_o estate_n to_o consult_v together_o the_o lord_n temporal_a by_o themselves_o the_o commons_o by_o themselves_o and_o the_o bishop_n and_o clergy_n by_o themselves_o and_o when_o we_o consider_v the_o method_n that_o have_v be_v take_v from_o the_o beginning_n of_o summon_v each_o of_o these_o to_o parliament_n how_o the_o temporal_a lord_n have_v their_o writ_n particular_o direct_v to_o they_o the_o commons_o they_o direct_v to_o the_o sheriff_n of_o each_o county_n and_o the_o bishop_n and_o clergy_n they_o join_v together_o it_o may_v seem_v not_o improbable_a that_o as_o they_o be_v summon_v after_o a_o distinct_a manner_n to_o the_o parliament_n so_o they_o sit_v too_o and_o that_o the_o bishop_n and_o proctor_n of_o the_o clergy_n not_o only_o occasional_o consult_v together_o but_o ordinary_o act_v as_o one_o of_o the_o three_o estate_n of_o the_o realm_n there_o in_o what_o place_n the_o clergy_n use_v to_o meet_v i_o have_v not_o find_v but_o as_o their_o other_o convocation_n be_v usual_o hold_v at_o st._n paul_n so_o it_o be_v not_o improbable_a but_o that_o upon_o these_o occasion_n they_o may_v have_v sit_v there_o also_o it_o be_v the_o custom_n of_o the_o parliament_n 93._o in_o the_o time_n of_o henry_n the_o 8_o that_o the_o lord_n do_v not_o sit_v upon_o convocation-day_n because_o then_o the_o bishop_n be_v absent_a and_o sit_v with_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o clergy_n this_o be_v in_o use_n in_o the_o one_a year_n of_o that_o king_n and_o afterward_o we_o find_v that_o certain_a day_n be_v appoint_v every_o week_n for_o the_o convocation_n to_o sit_v and_o on_o those_o the_o lord_n only_o meet_v and_o adjourn_v but_o enter_v not_o upon_o any_o public_a business_n be_v we_o well_o assure_v of_o the_o antiquity_n of_o this_o custom_n it_o will_v go_v a_o great_a way_n towards_o the_o confirm_v of_o what_o i_o before_o propose_v and_o be_v join_v with_o those_o two_o thing_n of_o which_o we_o be_v certain_a namely_o first_o that_o upon_o all_o great_a debate_n it_o be_v the_o manner_n of_o the_o bishop_n and_o clergy_n to_o go_v aside_o and_o consult_v with_o one_o another_o and_o then_o by_o the_o archbishop_n or_o some_o other_o of_o the_o bishop_n report_v their_o opinion_n to_o the_o other_o estate_n and_o second_o that_o they_o separately_z give_v subsidy_n to_o the_o king_n as_o also_o the_o lord_n and_o commons_o seem_v to_o have_v ancient_o do_v will_v prompt_v we_o to_o conclude_v the_o constitution_n of_o our_o parliament_n to_o have_v be_v original_o this_o that_o when_o the_o three_o estate_n meet_v together_o as_o at_o the_o open_v of_o every_o session_n they_o be_v still_o wont_a to_o do_v and_o be_v by_o some_o suppose_a to_o have_v always_o do_v at_o the_o first_o the_o proxy_n of_o the_o clergy_n as_o well_o as_o the_o commons_o either_o come_v up_o to_o the_o house_n of_o lord_n or_o they_o all_o attend_v the_o king_n in_o the_o paint_a chamber_n afterward_o when_o they_o sit_v separately_z each_o state_n meet_v and_o consult_v by_o its_o self_n only_o the_o bishop_n and_o parliamentary-abbots_n as_o they_o appear_v there_o under_o a_o double_a capacity_n so_o they_o sit_v and_o vote_v according_o with_o the_o clergy_n in_o convocation_n as_o member_n of_o that_o estate_n on_o convocation-day_n at_o other_o time_n with_o the_o lord_n in_o the_o upper_a house_n as_o member_n of_o the_o baronage_n of_o england_n by_o virtue_n of_o their_o barony_n and_o thus_o have_v i_o account_v for_o the_o 50._o first_o original_a of_o the_o convocation_n as_o it_o be_v ancient_o a_o member_n of_o the_o parliament_n of_o this_o realm_n and_o be_v still_o summon_v by_o the_o same_o writ_n by_o which_o the_o bishop_n be_v call_v to_o parliament_n at_o this_o day_n