of March in the fourth year of his reign did authorise certain Commissioners to grant the Mannour of Dale by Letters Pattents under the great Seal of Ireland to A. and his heirs and there is no direction given in the said Commission touching the Tenure to be reserved To prove this by testimony There are Letters Pattents by colour of the said Commission passed unto A. and his heirs to hold by Knights service as of his Majesties castle of Dublin See Baron Dungans Certificate heretofore a Judge of the Kings Bench in Ireland which follows in hac verba The question was whether the said Letters Pattents be void in the whole or only as to the tenure Which Case was argued by the councel of the Lord Dillon in the first place which was Mr. Nicholas Plunket then by Serjeant Catlyn for the King And after by John Pollexfen for the Lord Dillon and then by Osbaldeston Attourney General for the King At the request of Sir Jerom Alexander Knight second Justice of his Majesties Court of common Pleas. I do certifie That concerning the Precedency of the Judges here in Ireland I know that when Hugh Cressey Esq deceased was second Justice of his Majesties Court of Kings Bench in Ireland That Sir Samuel Mayart Knight deceased being then second Justice of his Majesties Court of Common Pleas took Precedency of him as being the antienter Judge And I have often heard and sometimes observed that the second and third Judges of the Courts of Justice here in Ireland took their Precedency in order as they were first sworn Judges And I do know that Sir James Barry Knight then second Baron of his Majesties Court of Exchequer and now Lord Baron of Santrey and Lord Chief Justice of his Majestices Court of chief place took Precedency before Sir William Ryves Knight one of the Justices of the Kings Bench Being sworn second Baron of the Exchequer before he was made one of the Justices of the Kings Bench. And afterwards when Sir William Ryves dyed and I became of course second Justice of the Kings Bench Baron William Hilton then puisne Baron of his Majesties Court of Exchequer claymed Precedency before me as senior Judge and at that time some of the Judges inclined to his Precedency as he was a Senior Judge All which I shall be ready to testifie upon occasion And because it was a Case of great weight and importance it was delivered unto the Judges and they were required by the Lord Deputy and Councel to conferre and consider of it and to return unto them their resolution concerning it but they upon private conference among themselves did not agree in opinion and therefore it was thought necessary for publique satisfaction that it should be argued solemnly by them all And thereupon in Trinity Tearm 1637. the Case was argued accordingly And in that Book is set down all the Judges names that argued it and the order of their Precedency one before another and as in all Cases of Arguments by the Judges the puisne Judge begins first and so it procéeds to the Lord Chief Justice of the Kings Bench last and so it was done in this Case Sir William Ryves that was then puisne Judge of the Kings Bench. He began and argued first Then Sir James Barry now Lord of Santrey and Lord chief Justice of his Majesties Court of Kings Bench but then second Baron of his Majesties Court of Exchequer and second Judge to Sir William Ryves he argued next Then Hugh Cressey Esq one of the Judges of the Court of chief place in that place which Sir William Ashton now enjoyeth He argued next and after him upon another day appointed for the Case Sir Samuel Mayart one of the Judges of the common Pleas and then sitting in that place which I now enjoy Argued next then Sir Richard Bolton chief Baron argued next then Sir Gerard Lowther chief Justice of the common Pleas and then Sir George Shurley chief Justice of the Court of chief place By which the order of Precedency of the Judges in this Kingdome one before another doth appear to be the very same as in England according as they are first sworn Judges and my Predecessor being Senior Judge to Sir Williams Ashtons Predecessor had the place of him Vpon all which matter I conclude First That the right of Precedency belonged unto me at first as we stood unsworn as antient unto Sir William Ashton in the Inns of Court in England and that the same order is to be observed here in Ireland in asmuch as by the Stat. of 33. of H. 8. 3. here in Ireland No man can give advice as a Councellor at Law that hath not been first admitted of an Inns of Court in England And the common Law of England and Ireland which establisheth the Inns of Court in England being the same Secondly That the Courts of law in England nor in Ireland give no Precedency to the Judges at all Thirdly That Sir William Ashtons Letter of a prior date to mine gives him no advantage or benefit at all in the Case Fourthly and lastly That the saving to me of my right of Precedency upon the swearing of Sir William Ashton in the first place bath saved to me my right of Precedency And therefore I ought to be established in it accordingly Thomas Dongan Dated at my Chamber in the Inns this 3. day of January 1661. Jerom Alexander
THE CASE BETWEEN Sir Jerom Alexander Knight second Justice of His Majesties Court of Common Pleas in Ireland And Sir William Ashton Knight second Justice of His Majesties Court of Kings Bench in Ireland CONCERNING PRECEDENCY THE CASE as Sir William Ashton puts it is viz. Sir William Ashton hath a Letter from his Majesty to the Lords Justices Letter dated 3. Novemb. 1660. of Ireland to pass Letters Patents under the great Seal to make him second Justice of the Kings Bench there Dated the 3 Novem. 1660. Sir Jerom Alexander hath a like Letter to make him second Justice of the Court of Common Pleas in Ireland Dated 30 Novemb. 1660. Several Letters Pattents pass to each accordingly both Dated the 19 of Letter dated 30. Novemb. 1660. January 1660. Both Letters Pattents are presented to the Lord Chancellor at the same time Both Letters Patents dated 30. Jan. 1660. both being in place Sir Jerom Alexander demands Precedency and to be first sworn as Antient to Sir William Ashton in the Inns of Court in England and an utter Barrester before him Sir William Ashton demands Precedency and to be first sworn as he was made second Justice of the Court of Kings Bench as having a Precedency before the Court of Common Pleas and as his Letter from the King was of a prior date The Lord Chancellor inquires of the Officers of the Courts then attending his Lordship what the practise therein had formerly been and being informed by them Mr. Patrick Tallant one of whom was the most eminent Attorney in the Court of Common Pleas that the Precedency had alwaies been given formerly to the second Justice of the Kings Bench. Thereupon ordered Sir William Ashton to be first sworn with a salvo Jure to Sir Jerom Alexander if any he had The first question is to whom the right of Precedency belonged at first To Sir Jerom Alexander as antient to Sir William Ashton in the Inns of Court or to Sir William Ashton either in respect of being second Justice of the Kings Bench or as having his Majesties Letter of a Prior date The second question is whether Sir William Ashton being de facto first sworn ought not to have the Precedency as Senior Judge notwithstanding the Salvo Jure to Sir Jerom Alexander WILLIAM ASHTON The Argument for Precedency by Sir Jerom Alexander First I shall agree it to be the Case in all things but in this one thing only which is matter of Fact and resteth in Proof And I do affirm that it was not all the Officers of the Courts there present that did affirm that the Precedency had alwaies béen formerly given to the second See Mr. Tallants testimony under his hand of the 20 of Decem. 1661. in haec verba When the Right Honorable the Lord Chancelor demanded of me who should be first sworn Sir Jer. Alexander or Sir William Ashton I repaired down the stairs to enquire of those whom I conceived better to give an account of that matter then myself And meeting below the stairs with Coll. William Knight I put the question unto him Who answered me that the second Judge of the Kings Bench was alwaies sworn before the second Judge of the Common Pleas. And thereupon I came up again and informed his Lordship the same Pa. Tallant Justice of the Kings Bench nor is it so but the contrary But my Lord Chancellor directed Mr. Tallant who is that Eminent officer of the Court of Common Pleas mentioned by Sir William Ashton in the draught of his Case to inquire how the practise had formerly béen And he méeting with one Collonel Knight inquired of him who told him so and upon that single discourse with Collonel Knight without any conference had with any other of the Officers there present and without any knowledge that he had thereof himself Mr. Tallant returns my Lord Chancellor that answer And thereupon my Lord swears Sir William Ashton first with a Salvo Jure to me Now albeit this makes nothing for Sir William Ashton in the Case When I shall make the contrary to appear Yet I cannot admit of it because it is not the truth And therefore if my Lord Chancellor shall not upon hearing what we can say for ourselves be pleased to determine the difference but shall think fit to transmit it for England I shall humbly desire those words may be left out and the Ease made no otherwise then as it was and that Mr. Tallant may be called to declare his testimony to this relation in the Case But if in the Course of my Argument I make the contrary to appear all that allegation of Sir William Ashtons will be out of doors and fall of itself without any more ado So I shall proceed to argue the points of his Case And shall begin to argue his second point first as most material For if the Salvo Jure to me shall operate nothing we are at an end The first point will never come in question For if Sir William Ashton being de facto first sworn therefore ought to have the Precedency as Senior Judge Notwithstanding the Salvo Jure to me Then the controversie is at an end Therefore I shall indeavour in the first place to probe that this Salvo Jure doth séeme to me my right of Precedency Notwithstanding that de facto Sir William Ashton was first sworn As this Case is And howsoever Sir William Ashton have made this a question in the Case Yet I presume he is so much a Gentleman and so conscientions of his waies that if he shall be satisfied that the right of Precedency did belong to me to be first sworn as we stood unsworn that he will not take advantage of his own wrong and kéep that right from me which he should so gain by a false suggestion But I doubt not but to make it clearly to appear 1 First that the Salvo Jure in the Case have secured unto me what right of Precedency I had to be first sworn as we stood unsworn 2 Secondly That the right of Precedency to be first sworn did properly belong to me as we stood unsworn Notwithstanding his being made second Judge of the Kings Bench And notwithstanding the Prior date of his letter My Lord Chancellor the proper Judge of this controversie And first I conceive that Sir William Ashton will not deny but that my Lord Chancellor is the proper Judge of this controversie and so have power of doing right unto us both This is so undeniable a truth as it néeds no other proof but aconstant usage and custom as through all England so throughout all Ireland which is the Common Law For those customs and usages which are used and accostomed Per totam Angliam per totam Hiberniam are the Common Laws of England and Ireland Then the usual practise and course in these Cases have béen That the Lords The Judges Oath settled by the Stat. of 18. E. 3. Chancellors of
England and Ireland have constantly and continually used to swear the Judges to exercise their Offices according to that Oath prescribed by the Statute of 18. E. 3. Before they enter upon the execution of their places So that Albeit it be the Letters Pattents which makes him a Judge yet without this ceremony of first swearing him to be faithful to his trust c. He cannot take upon him the execution of that Office The King is Fons Justitiae and as Kitchin sayes at first did justice to his people in his own person As Moses did in the time of the old Law until Jethro The King is Fons Justitiae Kitchin advised him to depute Judges under him for lesser matters to ease him ofso great a burthen Thus our Kings of England and Ireland of their Prerogative Royal have the The King have the sole nomination and appointment of his Judges sole denomination and appointment of their Judges Whose Offices being granted to them by Letters Pattents under the Great Seal Yet the Lord Chancellor delivers them to them and not before they have taken the Oaths of Judges as a Feoffment in Fee without livery and Seizin takes no effect So this Oath is as a Livery and Seizin to give them possession of their places A feoffment in fee without livery seizin takes no effect The Lord Chancellor may perform this office as he pleases yet most regularly 't is done in that Court where the party is made a Judge The Lord Chancellor sitting there in person and calling the party before him advertising him of the Kings favour and pleasure causes the Letters Pattents to be read then The manner how Judges ars ussually sworn gives him the Oath then admonisheth him concerning his trust how he ought to be faithful in that and how to carry himself then sets him in his seate and there leaves him My Lord Chancellor of England too is the prime Agent in making of Serjeants The Lord Chancellor of England a prime agent in making of Serjeants at Law at Law out of which the Judges there are still chosen by the King and there he cannot be a Judge that is not first a Serjeant Fortescue 120. Fortescue some times Lord Chancellor of England describes the manner of calling of Serjants in those daies The Lord chief Justice of the common Bench by the councel and assent of all the rest of the Judges have used to chose seven or eight of the discréetest persons that Fortescue de laudibus legum Angliae 117. have most profited in the study of the Laws to be called Serjeants presenting their names unto the Lord Chancellor in writing who by vertue of the Kings writ which he issueth he chargeth every of the persons elect to be before the King at a day by him assigned to take upon him the state and degrée of a Serjeant The manner of calling of Serjeants at Law under a penalty in the Writ mentioned at which day the Lord Chancellor swears them c and so invests them in their degrees of Serjeants And afterwards they are presented at the Common Bench bar unto the Judges in their Fortescue supra 120. Brook 1. par R. 84 party coloured robes Where they are admitted to plead and none but Serjeants Thus the Lord Chancellor hath the sole power by antient usage and custom which is the Law of the land investing every Serjeant and every Judge in taking The Lord Chancellors have the power of order in these cases their degrees and places According to their Seniorities as they are in their degrees one before another Neither in any Country in the world is there any special degree given in the Laws of the same lands but only in the Realme of England Then my Lord Chancellor having made this saving in the Case to preserve Fortescue 120. my right of Precedency I shall in the next place indeavour to proove that it is No degrees given in the law of the same land but in England â—aliâ— and of force to preserve it to me A Saving is the preserving of a right from being lost by an act which otherwise would destroy it And therefore Savings are most frequent in Acts of Parliament to preserve mens rights that they be not lost Which to pass without a Saving were A Saving what it is otherwise extinguished Several kinds of rights Cook 1. Instit 345. Now there are several kinds of Right As. 1 Jus recuperandi 2 Jus intrandi 3 Jus habendi 4 Jus retinendi 5 Jus percipiendi 6 Jus possedendi So that this worâ—â— Right is of a large extent and in a Saving doth include Plow Com. 487. b. 488. a. every one of these Rights And more And as it is said in that Case that it stands with reason and justice that that Right shouldbe alwaies preserved to him to whom it doth belong And therefore this word Saving saith Plowden extendeth to preserve unto a man everything that is his It is a general word and shall in the Saving be extended to that thing which a man pretends right unto or in which he hath an estate Thus in Fiâ—eâ— the right of the Land includeth and passeth the state of the Land Cooks Instit 1. 345. esse jus Stat. West 2. 3. jus summum As cognovâ—t tenementum Praed esse Jus ipsins B. And so in the Statute of West 2. ca. 3. The Statute saith defendere Jus suum which is Statum suum Then the Case of my Lord Dyer concerning the Deanary of the Cathedral Dyer 10. Eliz. 273. Church of Wells which was first surrendred and afterwards extinct by Act Parliament Saving to all strangers their rights c. and this adjudged a preserving of all the rights of strangers whatsoever that had any estates made them by the Deane or Chapter before Then in Pophams Reports Pophams Rep. 16. there is a Case to this effect viz. The Town of Gloster made a County with a Saving that the Justices c. may sit there That King R. 3. by his Letters Pattents doth grant to the Burgesses of Gloster and unto their successors that the Town of Gloster shall be a County of it self several and distinct from the County of Gloster Saving to the King His Heirs and Successors that the Justices of Assize and Gaol Delivery and Justices of the Peace of the said County may at all times enter into the said Town and hold and kéep the Assizes and Sessions there for the said county And it was adjudged by all the Justices that this was a good saving whereby the Judges of Assizes and Justices of the Peace might enter into the Town and kéep the Assizes and Sessions there for the County at large For as the King by his Letters Patents may make a County and except this from any County so in the making of it he may except and save to himself what part of the jurisdiction and priviledge
for the better qualifying of them for other imployments both The Seniority goes according to the admittance both in the house and abroad at home and abroad They have degrees given them also as in the Vniversities and not degrées only but also a state no less solemn then theirs And as in the Vniversities he that is first matriculated and so received into the fellowship of the Vniversity hath the Precedency of all that come after him So it is in the Inns of court All students take their places according to their admittances into those societies whereof they are made members Which is done by the several Benchers of those houses to whom they are presented And as this admittance and the receiving thereof gives us Precedency in the house at all méetings and exercises within the house so it doth abroad As at all readings in the Inns of chancery whether two from every of the four houses are sent to argue the Readers case There every man takes his seniority according as he hath béen admitted in any of the Inns of court without distinction The degree of the bar gives seniority to all that slip their time And when they take their Degrée of the Barr still they continue their seniorities unless it happens as often it doth that some do slip their time and do not take their degrée till afterwards and then he looses his antiquity to all that have taken their degrees before him for the Degrees gives the seniority The same rule is holden as to calling to the Bench. The same rule is holden as concerning those that are called to the Bench. He that is first called hath his seniority accordingly The same rule is concerning Serjeants at Law when called The manner shewed herein before The same order is observed concerning the call of Serjeants all are sworn according to their Seniorities And as a Barrester at Law cannot regularly be called till he be seven years standing a student So no man can be made a Serjeant at Law till he be sixtéen Fortescue 120. years a student in some one of the said four Inns of Court and a Barrester and hath been a reader in the house whereof he hath béen a member To be a double reader how ment Some will have it that he must be double Reader before he be made Serjeant But that may be ment of reading in the Inns of Chancery and then in the Inns of court as commonly all did heretofore that were made serjeants and yet that is no certain rule For now serjeants are commonly called that have but read in the Inns of court alone some have béen called that have not read at all as Sir Thomas Heatley who was made puisâ—e to all that call of serjeants though he were senior to many of them that were called with him which 2 Par. Crook Rep. 671. proves that reading in an Inns of court is necessary to precede the calling and degrée of a serjeant at law Some call them serjeants of the Quoife And that procéeds from this You may observe them to wear a white Quoif of silk it Fortescue de laudibus legum Angliae 120. and 121. should be in token or sign that all are thus graduate which is the principal and chief insignment of habite with which Serjeants at law in their creation are decked and neither the Justice nor yet the serjeant shall ever put off the Quoife no not in the Kings presence though he be in talk with him Fortescue ibid. What a Judge is But a Judge is no degree in the Law saith Fortescue but an office only and a room of authority for to continue during the Kings pleasure And in England he cannot be a Judge unless he be made aserjeant at Law first Order and precedency amongst the Judges And we shall find order and Precedency amongst them also Both in England and Ireland The Lord chief Justice of the Kings Bench takes his place before the Lord chief Justice of the Common Bench and the Lord chief Justice of the Common Bench before the Lord chief Barron and the Lord chief Barron before all the puisne Judges of every the Courts of Law and then the puisne Judges of all the Courts one before another as they are sworn one before another See 2 par Crooks R. 170 par 24. Judge Fosters case Swearing first gives the Seniority Sir Thomas Foster Serjeant was sworn a Justice of the common Bench. And Sir Edward Heron being an antienter Serjeant then he was sworn one of the Barrons of the Exchequer and because Serjeant Heron was sworn after See Crooks 2. Rep. 197. the other and though both in one day yet he lost his antiquity to Foster for that reason only No Saving no Precedency But there was neither any demand of Precedency nor any Saving in that Case as in this case of mine for I did all things in order to preserve my right And am therefore confident I shall not loose it The next is Sir George Crooks own case who in Michaelmas Tearm 4. Sir George Crooks own Case in his 1. Rep. 127. Caroli Being then a Judge in the Court of common Pleas was removed into the court of Kings Bench and before his removal Justice Yelverton then a fellow Judge with him in the same Court. And Sir Thomas Trevor and Vernon being then Barrons of the Exchequer were his puisnes who pretended that by his removal and his taking the Oath de novo in the Kings Bench he had lost his Precedency to them and therefore claimed the place of him But it was ruled by all the Judges for Sir George Crook but upon this reason that albeit he were new sworn yet he never ceased to be a Judge And therefore his swearing de novo in another Court did not loose him his Precedency which he had before First By all which it doth appear that all students of any of the Inns of Court in England have Precedency one before another as they are admitted in time one before another And secondly That all Barresters Benchers and Serjeants at Law have Precedency one before another as they are called to those degrées one before another Thirdly That an puisne Judges take their Seniorities as they are sworn one before another Fourthly That all Barresters Benchers Serjeants and Judges when more come at one time to be sworn together each is sworn according to his Seniority which he hath before others at the time of his swearing His Majesties Letter of a prior date doth give Sir William Ashton no right of Precedency before me at all The next thing that is confiderable in this Case is what his Majesties Letter of a prior date doth opperate to give to Sir William Ashton precedency before me His Majesties Letter imports no more but his Majesties pleasure thereby signified and direction given to make him a Judge So is only an act of choise and of no more effect
were a foolish presumption if a lapidary should undertake to state the value and lustre of a Jewel that is lockt up before he opens the Cabinet It is also necessary that those that study the law should be first called to the barr before they be admitted to plead and make the law their profession as wel â—or trying of their abilities as that they take the Oaths of supremacie and allegiance as all Protestant Lawyers do to witness their loyalty unto the King and his Government For how can the King trust him to practise the Law under 〈…〉 〈…〉 James 〈…〉 Knight 〈◊〉 second Baron of his Majesties him in his Courts to be conversant amongst his Records to have that opportunity by frequent discourse with his people to seduce them from their religion and obedience I say how can the King trust such men that will not acknowledge him to be the supream Head and Governour of his Kingdomes aswell in thâ— Church as in the state And Piety is the greatest Policy of all the rest And there is another statute in Ireland which if I understand it aright takes away that objection or scruple of conscience rather why they are so nice to take the Oaths of Supremacy and Allegiance as they are penned in the statut which commands the taking of them and which all Protestant Lawyers I say do take before they be admitted to the Barr. It is the Statute of 28. of H. 8. ca. 13. here in Ireland by which it is enacted and ordained that all and every ecclestastical Judge Ordinary Chancellor commissary Official Vicar general and other ecclesiastical Officer and Minister Stat. 28. H. 8. cap. 13. here in Ireland of what dignity preheminence or degree soever they shall be And all and every temporal Judge Justice Mayor Bailiff Sheriff under Sheriff Escheator Alderman Jurate Constable Headburrough Bursholder and every lay Officer and Minister to be made neated elected or admitted within this land of what estate order degree or condition soever he shall be from and after the said first day of Novemb. mentioned in the said statute shall before he take upon him the execution of the said Office make take and receive a corporal Oath upon the Evangelists before such person or persons as have or shall have authority to admit him that â—e from thence forth shall utterly renounce refuse relinquish and forsake the Bishop of Rome and his Authority power and Jurisdiction and that he shall never consent or agrée that the Bishop of Rome shall practise exercise or have any manner of authority jurisdiction or power within this land but that he shall resist the same at all times to the uttermost of his power And from thenceforth he shall accept repute and take the Kings Majesty to be only supream head in earth of the Church of England and of Ireland and that to his cunning wit and uttermost of his power and without fraud guile and other undue means he shall observe kéep maintain and defend the whole effects and contents of all and singular Acts and statutes made and to be made within this land in extirpation and extinguishment of the Bishop of Rome and his authority and all other Acts and Statutes made and to â—e made in reformation and corroboration of the Kings power and supream head in earth of the Church of England and of Ireland and this he shall do against all manner of persons of what estate dignity degree or condition they be and in no wise do attempt nor to his power suffer to be done or attempted directly or indirectly any thing or things privily or apertly to the let hinderance damage or derogation thereof or of any part thereof by any manner of meanes or for any manner of pretence And in case any Oath be made or hath béen made by him or any person or per-persons in maintainance defence or favour of the Bishop of Rome or his Authority or Jurisdiction or power he repute the same as vain and annihilate so help him God and all Saints and the holy Evangelists Cowels interpreter word office and Minshaw upon the word office And the word Office Minister do certainly comprehend and intend all those Irish that now practise the Law For the word officium doth signifie the function by virtue whereof a man hath some imployment in the affairs of another as the King or of any other common person and therefore should take this Oath they at least that are admitted to practise the Law And this Act of Parliament was made also in the time of Popery and by all the Sages of this Kingdome of Ireland by the Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons of the land all Papists whereby this question is clearly determined that the King is supream head of the Church And why should they more scruple to confess it now then they did then when their own Popish Bishops and Clergy Piers and Commons asserted it And Acts of Parliament are Established with such gravity sapience and universal consent of all the Realme and for the advancement of the weal publique that they ought to be maintained and supported For as Fortescue Fortescue ai cap. 18. Cok. 10. R. 138. case of Chester Wills ad idem saies of the statutes of England so may we of our Irish statutes Quod Hiberniae Statuta non principis voluntate sed totius regni assensu conduntur quo populi laesuram illa efficere nequeant vel non eorum commodum procurare prudentia enim et sapientia ipsa esse reâ—erta putandum est dum non unius aut centum solum consultorum virorum prudentia sed plus quam Trecentorum electorum hominum qualem numero olim Senatus Romanorum regebatur edita â—â—nt And Acts of Parliament made by King Lords and commons of Parliament are as well of the laws of Ireland and therefore to be expounded by the Judges of the Laws of Ireland although the Acts concern ecclesiastical and spiritual jurisdiction That the Judges of Ireland â—â— in England do take place and precedencie one before another as they are sworn one before another Then for a close of all I shall make it to appear That it hath béen the constant usage and custom here in Ireland as in England That the Judges of Ireland as in England do take their Precedencies one before another as they are first sworn Judges one before another and according to the Course and manner of England The case of tenures upon the commission of defective titles argued by all the Judges of Ireland and printed 1637. By my Lord chief Justice of the Kings Bench in Ireland that now is And for this I shall cite you a printed Case in the point The Case of Tenures upon the commission of defective titles Some of the Judges now being Judges then and can witness it viva voce if néed be The Case was this King James by Commission under the great Seal dated the second day