assist his allies For the said peace was not so soone concluded but newes came to the king that the Romanes were arrived at Dyrrhachium that the Parthines and other neighbour nations upon hope of chaunge and a new world began to rise and rebell and that Dimallum was alreadie besieged and assaulted for to that cittie the Romanes bent their power in steed of aiding the Aetolians unto whom they were sent upon high displeasure and indignation that without their advise and consent yea and against the tenor of the accord and covenant they had made a peace with the king Philip upon these advertisements for feare least some farther troubles might arise among the nations and states there bordering tooke long journeis and sped him apace toward Apollonia Thither Sempronius was retired after he had sent Lectorius his Lieutenant with part of his forces and thirteene ships into Aetolia to visit the country and to see in what termes they stood yea and to disturb and breake the peace if possibly he could Philip wasted and spoiled the territories and lands of the Apolloniates and approching the citie with his whole power bad battaile to Sempronius the Romane Generall But after he saw once that he kept himselfe quiet within the citie standing only upon his guard and defence of the walls distrusting also his owne strength as not able to force thecitie by assault and desirous with all to enterteine peace with the Romanes as well as with the Aetolians if he could if not yet at leastwise to have truce with them without effecting any more seeing he could but only rub an old sore and renew cankred malice upon fresh contention and quarell he returned into his owne realme About the same time the Epirotes weery of long warres after they had first sounded the disposition and mind of the Romanes that way sent their embassadors unto Philip to treate about a generall and universall peace affirming that they had assured hope of an honorable end and agreement if his highnesse would vouchsafe to come to a parlie with P. Sempronius the Romane Generall And soone they obteined thus much of him as to passe over into Epirus for the king himselfe was not unwilling thereunto Now there is a citie in Epirus named Phaenice there the king after communication had first with Eropus Darda and Philippus Pretors of the Epirots entred into an enterview also with P. Sempronius At this solemne meeting and conference Aminander the king of the Athamanes was present and other Magistrates of the Epirotes and Acarnanes And first Philippus the Pretour began to speake and request as well king Philip as the Romane Generall to make an end of all warres and likewise to give the Epirotes leave to do the same P. Sempronius propounded and set downe the articles and conditions of peace in this wise That the Parthines Dimallum Bargulum and Eugenium should belong to the Seignorie of the Romanes notwithstanding that they had obteined of the Senate by their Oratours sent to Rome to be annexed to the dominion of Philip king of Macedonie When they were agreed for peace upon those capitulations there were comprised within the league on the kings behalfe Prusias king of Bithynia the Achaeians the Boeotians the Thessalians the Acarnanes and the Epirotes and on the Romanes the Ilienses K. Attalus Pleuratus Nabis the Tyran of the Lacedemonians the Eleans the Messenians and the Atheniens And hereof were instruments and Indentures ingrossed and sealed and truce made for two moneths untill such time as embassadors were sent to Rome that the people might by their suffrages approve of the conditions in that forme So all the tribes in generall graunted the same because the warre nowbeing intended and bent against Affrick they were willing for the present to be discharged of all other troubles P. Sempronius having concluded peace departed unto Rome for to enter his Consulship Now when as M. Cornelius and P. Sempronius were Consuls which was the 15 yeere of the Punick warre the Provinces were assigned unto them in this manner namely unto Cornelius Hetruria with the old armie unto Sempronius the Brutij with the new legions that he was to enroll And to the Pretors in this wise were the Provinces allotted that M. Martius should be lord chiefe Iustice of the citizens pleas and L. Scribonius Libo have the jurisdiction of foreiners together with the government of Gallia Item that M. Pomponius Matho should rule Sicilie and T. Claudius Nero sit as L. Deputie in Sardinia As for P. Scipio his commission was renewed and continued for one yeere longer with the commaund of that armie and Armada which he had conducted before Likewise P. Licinius had his commission newly sealed for to have the charge of the Brutians country with the power of two legions so long as the Consull thought it good for the Common-weale that he should remaine in the government of that Province Also M. Livius and Sp. Lucretius with the assistance of those two legions with which they had defended Gallia against Mago continued still in their roume for another yeere Moreover Cn. Octavius remained in place with commission that when he had delivered up Sardinia and the legion there unto T. Claudius himselfe should with fortie long gallies skoure the feas and guard the coasts along the river within those bounds and limits for which the Senat had given order Vnto M. Pomponius the Pretor in Sicilie were appointed the two legions of the Cannian armie And T. Quintius and C. Hostilius Tubulus Viz-pretours were to governe as they did the former yeere the one Tarentum and the other Capua and both of them were allowed the old garisons As for the government of Spaine it was put to question before the people what two Viz-pretours their pleasure was should be sent into that Province And all the Tribes with one accord gave their graunt that the same Proconsuls L. Cornel. Lentulus and L. Manlius Acidinus should sit as governors in those Provinces as the yeere before The Consuls began now to muster souldiers as wel to enroll new legions for to be sent into the Brutians countrie as also to supply fulfill the number of the other armies according as they were directed by the Senate And albeit Affrick was not yet openly declared a Province but dissimuled by the LL. of the Senate of purpose I beleeve that the Carthaginians should have no ynkling and intelligence thereof before hand yet the whole citie was in good hope and made full reckning that this yeere the warre would be determined and fought out in Affrick and so an end for ever of those troubles This persuasion of theirs had possessed their hearts with much superstition and very forward men were both to report and also to beleeve many prodigious and straunge wonders which dayly were blowne abroad and divulged more and more To wit that there were two sunnes seene that in the night season betweene whiles it seemed day light that in Setia there was a burning
the Romans should prejudice him for feare least they might be thought to be partiall in the cause and respective to him a king their allie and good friend and in favour of him to give up their award against the common enemies both to him and them The commissioners and arbitrators would not infringe and alienate the right of possession but left all as they found it and referred the entire decision of the matter to the Senat of Rome Nothing was there done after this in Liguria for first the enemies were retired for safetie into their wilds and forrests out of the way and afterwards they cassed their armie and slipt away everie man to their owne villages and castles The Consuls likewise were willing to breakup and dismisse their forces and thereupon sent to the LL. of the Senat to know their pleasure in that point who advised the one of them to discharge his owne regiments and repaire to Rome for the election of magistrates the next yeere and the other with his legions to winter at Pisae Armour there ran that the Transalpine French put their youth and serviceable men in armes but it was not knowen what quarter of Italie this multitude thus levied would invade But the Consuls thus agreed togither that Cn. Baebius should be present at the generall assembly at Rome for the election aforesaid because M. Baebius his brother sued to be Consull Then was the assembly holden for the creation of Consuls and elected there were P. Cornelius Lentulus and M. Baebius Tamphilus This done the Pretours also were chosen namely the two Quintij Fabii the one Maximus and the other Buteo T. Claudius Nero I. Petilius Spurinus M. Pinarius Posea and L. Duronius When these were entred into their magistracie the provinces were by lot after this manner disposed The Ligurians fell to the Consuls as for the Pretours Q. Petilius was lord chiefe Iustice for the citizens pleas and Q. Fabius Maximus for the strangers Q. Fabius Buteo had the government of Gaule T. Claudius Nero of Sicilia M. Pinarius of Sardinia L. Duronius of Apulia togither with the Istrians for that the Tarentines and Brundusines had given intelligence that the sea-coasts were much troubled and annoied by the robberies of pirats and men of war from beyond-sea and the like complaints were made by the Massilians of the Ligurian navie For these ca uses order was given and warrants went out for to levie armies that the Consuls should have four legions betweene them conteining in every one 5200 Romane footmen and 300 horse also to enroll 15000 footmen and eight hundred horsemen of Latine allies In the provinces of Spaine both the one and the other the old Pretours continued still in their government with the charge of those armies which they had alreadie and for a supplement to reenforce and make up their broken companies there were appointed three thousand foot and two hundred horse of Romane citizens togither with sixe thousand of the one and three hundred of the other from out of the Latine nation All this while they forgat not their navie at sea And the Consuls had in charge to chuse for that purpose two wardens called Duumvirs who after they had out of the Arsenall thou into the sea twentie ships and set them a slote should furnish them with mariners and those Romane citizens such as had been slaves and were enfranchised and that naturall Romanes free-borne should onely be captaines and have the conduct of the said vessels These two Duumvirs so parted and ordered betwixt them the defense of the maritime coasts with ten ships apeece that the cape of Minerva should be as it were the middle point and marke between them so as the one should guard that part on the right hand as far as to Massilia and the other the left side even to Barium This yeere were seene at Rome and reported from forrein parts many uncouth and straunge prodigies In the church-yards belonging to Vulcan and Concordia it rained sheere bloud and the bishops made relation that the speares of Mars shooke and mooved of their owne accord Also at Lanuvium the image of Iuno Sospita shed tears Moreover the plague reigned so hote in the countrey villages market townes marts and places of frequent resort yea and within the city of Rome that they were not able to furnish the funerals accordingly enterre the dead The LL. of the Senat being in great anguish and trouble in regard of those fearefull tokens and the losse of their people ordained That as well the Consull should kill greater beasts for sacrifice unto what gods they thought good as also the Decemvirs should visit and peruse the propheticall bookes of Sibylla And by vertue of their decree there was a publick supplication proclaimed at Rome for one whole day at all the altars and shrines of the gods and goddesses By their counsell also and direction both the Senate advised and the Consuls also published throughout all Italie for three daies space solemne litanies and devout holydaies The rage of this pestilence was so great that whereas there passed an act by the Senate to enroll 8000 footmen and three hundred horse from out of the Latines in regard that the Ilanders of Corsica were revolted and the Iólians up in arms within Sardinia with which power M. Pinarius the Pretour was to saile over into Sardinia the Consuls made report againe unto them that such numbers of people were dead alreadie and so many lay sicke that it was not possible to levie that proportion of fighting men So the Pretour had commission to furnish out that defect of souldiours with a supply which he was to receive of Cn. Baebius the Proconsull who then wintered at Pisae and from thence directly totake the seas and passe over into Sardinia L. Duronius the Pretour unto whome the province of Apulia was allotted had a commission besides to make inquisition for the Bacchanals for there remained yet some seedes of the former enormities which began alreadie the former yeere to sprout and bud forth But L. Puppius the Pretour last before had entred into the enquirie and search of the matter rather than effected ought and brought it to a finall end and therefore the LL. gave order to this new Pretour to cut off this mischiefe in the spring and breeding thereof before it gat more head a second time and upon growth spred farther Moreover the Consuls by the advise and authoritie of the Senat preferred certaine lawes unto the people as touching the inordinate suite and ambitious seeking after offices of government After all this they brought into the Senate the forreine embassages and gave audience first to them that came from the KK to wit Eumenes Ariarates the Cappadocian and Pharnaces of Pontus But no other dispatch and answer they had than this That they would send certaine Delegates and commissioners to heare decide and determine their controversies After them the Embassadors of the Lacedaemonian exiles and of
that time very yong and not out of his embrodered Praetexta But as touching the king of sacrificers who was to be chosen in place of Cn. Cornelius Dolobella there was debate between C. Servilius the Archbishop and Cornelius Dolabella one of the Duumvirs for the navie For when the bishop would have had him to resigne that office that he might consecrate and inaugurate him the king sacrificer he refused so to doe For which cause the bishop set a round fine on the Duumvir his head Then Dolabella appealed to the people and before them it was to be tried Whether the said fine should be taken off or paied Now when most of the tribes called into the railes for to give their voices advised the Duumvir to obey the bishop and awarded the fine for to be pardoned and remitted in case hee would give over that office which hee had behold it lightened at the very instant from heaven which is the onely ominous signe that interrupteth and breaketh the assemblies of the people Whereupon the Colledge of the bishops made scruple of conscience to inaugurate Dolabella but they consecrated P. Cloelius Siculus who had beene sacred in the second place In the end of the yeare C. Servilius Geminus likewise the Archbishop himselfe departed this world who also was one of the ten Decemvirs deputed for the holy ceremonies And Q. Fulvius Flaccus was by the colledge of the bishops elected bishop in his roume But M. Aemylius Lepidus was created the soveraigne pontife notwithstanding many noble persons made suite therefore Likewise Q. Martius Philip a Decemvir for the holy mysteries was chosen in his place Moreover there deceased Sp. Posthumius Albinus an Augur in whose steed P. Scipio the sonne of Affricanus was elected by the Augurs The same yeare graunted it was to the inhabitants of Cumes at their owne request and petition that they might commonly speake Latine as also to the publicke criers to make portsale of goods in the Latine tongue The Senate gave thankes to the Pisanes for the offer they made of lands wherein to plant a Colonie of Latines And three Triumvirs or Commissioners for that businesse were created namely Q. Fabius Buteo Marcus and Publius both named Popilius and both surnamed Laenas Letters were brought from M. Maenius the Pretor who having the government allotted unto him of Sardinia had commission also to enquire after the practise of poysoning in all places not within ten miles of the citie of Rome importing thus much that he had condemned alreadie three thousand persons and that the informations and presentments multiplied daily by reason of new matters discovered still and therefore either he was to give over that inquisition or to resigne up his province Sardinia Q. Fulvius Flaccus returned out of Spaine to Rome with great honour and renowme for his acts there atchieved Who remaining yet without the citie because of his triumph was created Consull with L. Manlius Acidinus and within few daies after rode triumphant into Rome accompanied with his souldiours whome hee had brought home with him Hee carried in triumph a hundred and twentie golden coronets Moreover in gold one and thirtie pound weight besides 173200 peeces of coine in Oscane silver He dealt to his souldiours fiftie Denarij apeece out of the bootie and pillage which hee had gotren To every Centurion hee gave it double and to the gentlemen of Rome that served on horsebacke triple The like he did in proportion by the Latin allies and to all in generall he paied double wages This year was the law first proposed by L. Iusius a Trib. of the Commons as touching the yeer of the age requisit and meet for to sue for any publicke office or to exercise the same And hereupon it came that the whole race of that familie was surnamed Annales Many yeares after there were created foure Pretors according to the law Baebia which provided that there should be each other yeare foure chosen And these were they who were first elected namely Cn. Cornelius Scipio L. Valerius Levinus Q. and M. both named Mutij and both surnamed Scevolae Vnto the Consuls Q. Fulvius and L. Manlius the government of the same provinces was ordained which to those of the former yeare with like numbers of horse and foot as well cittizens as allies In both provinces of Spaine Tib. Sempronius and L. Posthumius continued still to have the commaund and conduct of the same armies which they had And for to furnish them out the Consuls were enjoined to enroll three thousand footmen and three hundred horsemen of Romanes likewise five thousand foot of Latine allies and foure hundred horse P. Mucius Scevola by lot had the civile jurisdiction within the citie of Rome and commission to enquire into the devillish cast of poysoning both within the citie and without for the compasse of ten miles Cn. Cornelius Scipio was lord cheefe justice in forraine pleas and causes Q. Mutius Scevola was lord deputie in Sicilie C. Valerius in Sardinia Q. Fulvius the Consull before that he went in hand with any affaires of State said he would both discharge himselfe and also the citie of the dutie to Godward in performing the vowes which hee had made Hee declared that on that very day wherein he fought his last battell with the Celtiberians hee had made a vow to exhibite games to the honour of that most mightie and gracious God Iupiter and likewise to build a temple to Fortuna equestris and how thereto the Spaniards had contributed certaine sums of mony So a decreee passed that those plaies should bee set forth and two Duumvirs chosen to give order and bargaine for the edification of the same temple Likewise there was set downe a certaine stint of money to be disbursed for the defraying of the charges to wit not exceeding that summe in the solemnitie of the plaies which was allowed unto Fulvius Nobilior when hee exhibited the like sports after the end of the Aetolian warre Item that for these games he should not seeke or send for gather and raise receive or do any thing contrarie to the Act of the Senate which in the time of L. Aemylius and Cn. Baebius Coss. was made as touching such pastimes This decree the Senate ordained by occasion of the superfluous and excessive expenses emploied about the plaies of T. Sempronius the Aedile which were very chargeable not onely to Italie and the Latine allies but also to forraine provinces The winter this yere was very sharp by reason of snow and all manner of tempesteous weather The trees that were tender and subject to frost and cold were all blasted and killed besides the winter season continued much longer than ordinarie in other yeeres And thereupon the festivall solemnitie of the Latine holidaies were so troubled and disordered by a suddaine and insuportable storme and tempest upon the hill Alba that by an ordinance of the Bishops it was celebrated againe the second time The same
any occasion After these ordinances Italie and Macedonie were nominated for the provinces of the two Consuls and for the Pretors the two civill jurisdictions within the citie of Rome the navie Spaine Sicilie and Sardinia In fine Macedonie fell to Aemylius the Gonsull and Italie to Licinius Of Pretors Cn. Boebius was lord chiefe justice of the pleas of cittizens and L. Anicius of aliens And if the Senate thought good to send the navie any whither Cn. Octavius had the charge thereof as L. admirall P. Fonteius was appointed by lot L. deputie of Spaine M. Ebutius of Sicilie and C. Papyrius of Sardinia All men soone saw that L. Aemylius intended not to goe coldly about the managing of that warre both for that he was not an ordinarie man but singular above all other and also because that night and day hee mused and studied upon nothing else but that which was requisite and pertinent thereunto The first thing of all wherewith he went in hand was this a request to the Senat for to dispatch certaine delegat commissioners into Macedonie to visit the armies there and the armada to make true report upon their certaine knowledge what was needfull to be done for the supply of the forces as well by land as sea also to lie in espiall and estimate as much as possibly they could the kings power moreover what quarter of the province was taken up by our men and which the enemies kept whether the Romanes lay encamped still within the forrests and pases or if they were passed beyond the streights and come into the plaine and even ground who continued trustie allies who were suspected who hung in doubtfull tearmes as whose faith depended upon fortune who seemed to be undoubted and professed enemies how great the provisions were of victuals from whence they were conveighed by land from what places transported by water and lastly what exploits had ben performed the sommer past both by land and sea supposing that by a light given and certein intelligence delivered of these things he might be surely directed in the casting and laying of future plots and designments So the Senat granted out a commission to Cn. Servilius the Cos. for to send as delegats into Macedonie such as L. Aemylius thought good of Whereupon within two daies after Cn. Domitius Aenobarbus and A. Licinius Nerva took their journey as legats and commissioners Newes came in the latter end of this yeere that it rained stones twise namely in the territorie of Rome and likewise about Veij and therefore a novendiall sacrifice was celebrated This yeere there died certaine priests namely Pub. Quintilius Varus a flamine of Mars and M. Claudius Marcellus a Decemvir in whose roume was substituted Cneus Octavius And now noted it was that the magnificence and port of the people of Rome encreased for that in the plaies and games called Circenses exhibited by Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica and Publius Lentulus Aediles Curule three-score and three wild beasts out of Affricke with fortie beares and certain elephants were baired to make sport unto the people When L. Aemylius Paulus and P. Licinius entered their Consulship upon the * fifteenth of March which was the beginning of the yeere following the LL. of the Senate were in great expectancie and especially what the Consull would propose unto them as touching the Macedonian warre which was his proper province But Paulus said that he had nothing to propound and put to counsell seeing that the Delegates aforesaid were not yet returned And at Brundusium quoth he they now are having twise in their voiage upon the sea been driven backe by tempest and cast upon Dyrrhachium But so soone as I am once advertised and have perfect knowledge of those things that first are to bee knowne I will then consult and that will bee within very few daies Now to the end that nothing might stay hinder his journy he told them that the eeven before the Ides of Aprill was appointed for the solemnitie of the Latine feastival holydaies And after sacrifice duly performed upon the Albane hill the Senate should no sooner ordaine but he and Cn. Octavius would set forth and putthemselves on their way As for C. Licinius his Colleague his charge should bee in his absence to provide and send all things requisite and needfull for this warre Meane while quoth hee the embassies of forraine nations may have audience given So when hee had sacrificed as the manner was before they tooke in hand the great affaires of State the embassadours of Alexandria from king Ptolomeus and queene Claeopatra were called in Clad they were in poore array the haire of their head long their beards side and overgrowne and carrying in their hands branches of the Olive tree they entred into the Senate and fell grovelling and prostrate upon the floore Their habite and apparrell was not so simple and mournefull their looke and countenance not so heavie and sorrowful but their speech was more piteous lamentable Antiochus now king of Syria who had sometime ben hostage at Rome under a colourable pretence of honestie and equitie to restore Ptolomaeus the elder to his kingdome made hot war upon his younger brother who then held Alexandria and after a victorie obtained in sea-fight neere Pelusium he made a bridge of hastie work upon the river Nilus over which he transported his armie now laid siege to Alexandria so as by all likelyhood he would shortly by way of conquest be lord of a most rich and wealthie kingdome In which regard these embassadours made pittifull mone and greevous complaint beseeching withall the Senate of their aid and succour to that realme and those kings who were such friendes to their siegnorie and dominion For Persuaded they were that the people of Rome had done so much for Antiochus in particular and were of that account and authoritie with all other kings and nations that if they would but send their embassadours to intimate thus much That the Senat was not well pleased with waging warre upon confederate kings he would presently raise his siege depart from before the walls of Alexandria and withdraw his armie cleane away into Syria But if they protracted the time long and delaied thus to doe then should Ptolomaeus and Cleopatra within a while bee driven out of their realme and forced to come to Rome with some shamefull spot of dishonour to the people of Rome in that they had not set to their helping hand in that extreame daunger of all their fortunes The LL. of the Senate moved with compassion at the praiers of these Alexandrines sent incontinently C. Popilius Lenas C. Decimius and A. Hostilius as embassadors to determine and make an end of the warre betweene those two princes in commission they had first to goe unto king Ptolomaeus and then to Antiochus and to let them both understand that unlesse they surceased and gave over armes they would take him neither for friend nor feere whom it was long of
time M. Geganius P. Manlius L. Veturius and P. Valerius the sixth time At what time when as but for the siege of Velitre which was like to be for service a long piece of worke rather than for issue doubtfull in the end the Romanes were at rest for any forreine troubles the sodaine and unlooked-for newes of the Gaules war drave the cittie to chuse M. Furius Dictatour the fisth time who tooke unto him for his Generall of the horsmen T. Quintius Penus Claudius writeth that this yeare the Gauls were fought with about the river Anio and that there was that noble combat upon the bridge in which T. Manlius in the sight of both armies slew in single fight a Gaule that had challenged him andgiven defiance and despoiled him of his coller of gold But there be more writers that induce me to beleeve that this exploit was performed ten yeares after and that in this yeare the Gauls had a battaile given them by M. Furius Dictator in the Albanes land where the Romanes had neither doubtfull nor dangerous victorie although the French made them afraid at first in remembrance of their former overthrow Many thousands of this barbarous nation were slaine in field many also fell upon the sword in their campe after it was won Some were scattered fled and those most who tooke the way to Apulia saved themselves from the enemie both by flying so farre and also for that upon feare they were so distracted and parted one from another The Senatours and Commons agreed and made a decree that the Dictatour should triumph Who scarcely had made an end of that war but he was welcomed home with a more hotter and more dangerous Sedition within the cittie For after many sharp bickerings and contentions the Dictatour and Senat both were overmatched and overcome yea forced to accept the Tribunes lawes aforesaid And also malgree the Nobilitie and doe what they could there was an assembly holden for Election of Consuls in which L. Sextius was created Consull the first Commoner that ever fate in Consuls chaire But the broiles staied not there For by reason that the Nobles denied to approve and give assent thereto the matter was like to grow unto a Secession and generall departure of the Commons yea to other fearfull tearmes and perilous threats of civile wars and intestine troubles Howbeit by meanes of the Dictatour the flames were quenched and the discords appeased upon these capitulations Imprimis that the Nobilitie should accord unto the Commons to have one Consull from among themselves Item that the common people should be content that the Nobles might out of the Patritij creat a Pretor or Lord chiefe Iustice for oyer and determiner in causes within the cittie Thus when after long anger the two states of the cittie were growen to unitie and concord the Senate thinking it a worthie matter and good cause they had verely as ever any time before willingly to determin for the honour of the immortall Gods to set out those most stately Roman plaies And whereas before they had continued but three daies to ad one more to celebrate them full foure And when the Aediles of the Commons refused that charge and excused themselves the younger Gentlemen of the Nobilitie cried all with one voice That they would most gladly doe that service and honour to the immortall Gods so as they might be made Aediles for that purpose Thanked they were generally of all hands and the Senate made a decree That the Dictator should propose unto the people that two men of the Nobilitie might be Aediles and that in all the Assemblies and Elections for that yeare whatsoever passed should be ratified by the soveraigne assent of the Senators THE SEVENTH BOOKE OF THE HISTORIES OF T. LIVIVS of Padoa from the foundation of the Cittie of Rome The Breviarie of L. Florus upon the seventh Booke TWO new officers of State to wit the Pretorship and Aediliship of the Chaire were adioined to the rest The cittie was sore visited with the pestilence which was more noted by reason of Eurius Camillus who died therein The remedie and end wheres whiles they sought to procure by bringing in new and strange religions at length they devised stageplaies which then first were set forth M. Pomponius a Tribune of the Commons arrested L. Manlius for his exceeding vigour in taking muster of soldiours and for confining and hardly intreating his owne sonne T. Manlius for no crime or hainous offence And the yoong man himselfe whose confining and misusage was laid unto his fathers charge entred the bed-chamber of the said Tribune drew his skeane and forced him to sweare unto him that he wouldlet fall his suite and proceed no further Then all mischiefes entended were laid apart and had an end Curtius armed at all pieces mounted upon a courser vode headlong into the wide gaping chinke or gulfe within the cittie of Rome and so it presently filled up againe The same yoong Manlius who had freed his father from the troubles of the Tribune entred into comb at with a French man that chalenged any one of the Romane soldiours to single fight flew him tooke from him his colar of gold which he ware about his necke afterwards himselfe and therof was called Torquatus Two Tribes more were added Pontina and Publicia Licinius Stolo was condemned by a law of his owne making because he held in possession more than 500 acres of ground M. Valerius a Colonell of 1000 foot killed a Gaule who chalenged him to fight and that by the means and helpe of araven that setled upon his morion and with tallons and bill annoied his enemie and there upon was he named Corvinus For which vertue and valourous Act he was the yeare next following created Consull being not full three and twentie years old Amitie was concluded with the Carthaginians The Campaines being warred upon by the Sammites craved aid of the Senate against them and when they could not speed yeelded their cittie and territorie to the people of Rome Whereupon it was thought good seeing both they and theirs were now become proprietarie to the people of Rome that they should be defended by force of armes against the Samnites When A. Cornelius the Consull had led his hast into a place of disvantage and was in great perill he was by the industrious service of P. Decius a Coronell saved Who having gained the hill top which commanded the ridge whereon the Samnites lay encamped gave the Consull opportunitie to escape and passe into a plaine ground and himselfe notwithstanding he was environed by the enemie brake through them and gat away The Romane soldiours left in garison at Capua having conspired to keepe the cittie to their owne behoofe were detected and their plot disclosed and for feare of punishment revolted from the people of Rome contrarie to their alleageance but by the pollicie and wisedome of M. Corvinus they were reclaimed from their outrage and restored againe to
therewith he shewed how neere they were of late to utter perill and destruction through quarrels betweene him and his brother Appius admonishing Decius and Fabius both to live so as with one mind and heart they affected and intended the same things He added moreover and said they were men of Action both borne for war and to be soldiors for martiall feats renowmed alreadie but for to maintaine contentions of words and quarrels of the tongue altogether rude and unskilfull and such natures said he were fittest to make Consuls As for nimble heads and sine wits deepely seene in points and quirckes of law full of their eloquent tearmes such as Ap. Claudius was those were meet to be made Lord Presidents of the citie and cheefe Iustices in the common place for to sit in judgement of causes and see the execution of lawes Thus in handling of these matters was that day spent The morrow after according to the Consuls appointment was the Election held both of new Consuls and also of Pretors Q. Fabius and P. Decius were created Consuls and App. Claudius Pretour all absent And L. Volumnius by Act of the Senate and graunt of the Commons had his government proroged and continued in his charge one yeare longer The same yeare were many strange sights and prodigious monsters seen for the turning away of the dangers foresignified and menaced thereby the Senate decreed supplications and Letanies for two daies together Wine and incense for the sacrifices was allowed at the publick charges of the cittie and in procession went both men and women in great number with much reverence to visit the holy shrines and there to doe their devotions These solemne supplications were more renowmed and memorable by reason of a contention that arose among the dames of the cittie in the chappell of Ladie Pudicitia Patritia which standeth in the beast-market by the round church of Hercules The Noblemens wives would not admit into that chappell Virginia the daughter of Aulus who notwithstanding she was noblie descended from the race of the Patruij yet had espoused Volumnius the Consull a Commoner and was married forsooth out of the familie and raunge of the Patruij Whereupon there began some short and cutted shrewd words to be dealt betweene and so as women commonly are soone angrie and set on fire they grew to heartburning and hote contention Whiles Virginia alleadged and said that shee being a gentlewoman and Patritia borne and a chast and honest dame was enteted into the chappell of Patritian Chastitie over and besides she had not been noted for Bigamie but was the wife of one onely husband unto whom she was given and brought a pure maiden and as for her husband and his dignities which he had borne his noble acts that he had atchieved shee had no cause to complaine or be ashamed nay rather she gloried therein right greatly After this shee accumulated these magnificent glorious words with as generous and brave a deed For in the long street where she dwelt she set by and cut off a part of her dwelling house as much as would serve for an Oratotie or petie chappell and there erected an altar And when she had assembled the wives of the Commoners together and had complained of the injurious dealing of the Patritian dames This altar quoth she doe I dedicate unto Pudicitia Plebeia and all you here I exhort that with what emulation the men our husbands in this cittie contend about feats of valor and armes who may doe best so likewise the Matrones and wives strive avie in continence and chastitie and that yee will labour and endevour that this alter may have the name to bee frequented and resorted unto with more reverence and devotion yea and if it bee possible of more chast women than that other of the Nobilitie And so it fel out indeed that from that time this alter also had the same rites in a manner and ceremonies as the other which was more auncient in such sort as no wise but of approved honestie and chastitie and wedded but to one husband during her life might be allowed there to sacrifice and offer oblations But this religious order and institution in lapse and processe of time was prophaned afterwards and divulged and the altar frequented by them that were stained and infamous and not onely by matrones of name and qualitie but also by women of all sorts and degrees until at last through disuse it grew to be utterly forgotten and came to nothing The same yeare the Aediles Curule Cn. and Q. Ogulius accused certaine Vsurers who were convicted and their goods forfeit and confiscate And of that which came into the common chist they caused to be made a brasen portaile in the Capitoll and silver vessels for to furnish out three tables in Iupiter his chappell also the image of Iupiter himselfe in the lanterne or frontispice of the Capitoll sitting in his chariot drawne with foure steeds Moreover at the figtree Ruminalis they erected and set up the images of the foundling babes the first founders of the cittie pendant at the teates of a shee wolfe They paved also with square stone the causey and high way from the gate Capena unto the temple of Mars The Aediles likewise Commoners L. Aelius Paetus C. Fulvius Curvus of the forfeited monie which they levied of the grasiers or farmers of the citie pastures who were condemned and fined exhibited certaine pageants and plaies and set up golden bolles in the temple of Ceres After this Q. Fabius the fift time Consull and P. Decius the fourth entred their government who now had been companions together in three Consulates and in one Censorship men renowmed not more for the honour of their noble exploits in war which was right great than for their loving agreement and concord Which unitie of theirs was not perpetuall to the end by occasion I suppose of the contention of the States that came betweene rather than of any difference betwixt themselves For the Patruij laboured that Fabius should have the province of Tuscane extraordinarily and the Commons were as earnest with Decius to put the matter to a Lotterie Certaine it is that a great contention there was in the Senate But afterwards seeing that Fabius was able there to doe more and make a greater side than his Colleague the matter was brought againe before the people In which assemblie few words passed betweene the parties themselves being martiall men both standing more upon deeds than words Fabius gave out and said that it was an indignitie that another should gather fruit under the tree that hee had planted Also that himselfe was the man who had opened the way through the wood Ciminia and had given entrance and passage for the Romane warre through desart and wild forrests What meant they then to trouble him a man of those yeares with this place of charge in case they minded to give the conduct of this war to any other Generall
footmen seventie Asses apeece to every horsman he gave double and to ech Centurian triple so much Q. Minutius likewise triumphed in mount Albane over the Ligurians and the Boians in Gaule The honor of this triumph as it was lesse in regard of the place and of the name that went of his actes as also because all men knew full well that the charges went not out of the common chest or chamber of the citie so for number of ensignes of chariots and spoiles gained from the enemies it was in manner equall and comparable to the other And of money hee brought well neere as much as Cornelius for of brasse coine hee had in shew 254000 Asses of silver coine in bigate pieces 53200. To common souldiours or footmen to Centurians and horsemen he gave as much as his colleague After this triumph there was a generall assembly held for the election of magistrates wherein were created Consuls L. Furius Purpurio and M. Claudius Marcellus The next day after these Pretours were chosen Q. Fabius Buteo T. Sempronius Longus Q. Minutius Thermus M. Acilius Glabrio L. Apustius Fallo and C. Laelius In the end of that former yeere letters came from T. Quintius with this intelligence That he had fought in battaile raunged with king Philip within Thessalie where the armie of the enemies was defeated and put to rout These letters were first read in the Senate by Sergius the Pretour and then by order from the LL. in the publicke assembly of the people For this happie successe it was ordained That there should be solemne processions for five daies Shortly after there arrived embassadours both from T. Quintius and also from the king The Macedonians embassadours were brought without the citie to the place or hamlet called Villa publica where they were appointed their lodging rich presents were given them allowed they were the charges for themselves and their traine In the temple of Bellona the Senate was assembled where there passed not many words by reason that the Macedonians promised That the king should performe whatsoever the Senate would set downe So according to the auncient custome and manner there were appointed ten Committees or Delegates by whose advise and councell T. Quintius the Generall was to present and tender unto Philip articles and conditions of peace provided that in the said number of Delegates P. Sulpitius and P. Valerius should be comprised by name who when they were Consuls governed the province of Macedonie The same day the Cossanes demaunded and made suite That the number of their coloners or inhabitants might be augmented wher upon an order was graunted That there should be a thousand new enrolled to the former with this proviso that in this number none of them should be matticulated who after the Consulship of P. Sulpitius and P. Villius had beene enemies to the people of Rome The Romane games and plaies were that yeer exhibited as well in the Circus as upon the stage in the Theatre by the Aediles Curulè L. Cornelius Scipio Cn. Manlius Volso which as they were set out with more state and magnisicence than ever before so they were beheld with more joy contentment and pleasure in regard that all things fell out so fortunately in the warres and they were renewed and represented all thrice over As for the plaies called Plebeij they were set forth no lesse than seven times one after another Acilius Glabrio and C. Laelius exhibited those pastimes who also of their silver that arose of fines and forfeitures caused three cast images of brasse to be made and erected them to the honour of Ceres Liber and Libera Now when L. Furius and M. Claudius Marcellus were entred into their magistracie and after question made concerning their provinces the Senate passed a decree That both of them jointly should governe Italie they requested that they might cast lots for Macedonie and Italie together Marcellus more desirous of the twaine of the province of Macedonie alleadged that the peace was not found but counterfeit pretended and deceitfull and that the king would take arms and war againe in case the armie were withdrawne from thence by which words he put the LL. of the Senate into a deepe studie and suspence what to doe or to thinke of it And haply the Consuls had obtained their request but that Q. Martius Rex and C. Atinius Labeo two Tribunes of the Commons protested that they would oppose themselves and crosse it by their negative voice unlesse they might first propose unto the people to know Whether their will and pleasure was to entertaine peace with king Philip or no This bill being preferred and read in the Capitoll before the people was graunted and all the tribes or wards even five and thirtie every one gave their affirmative voice Vti rogâtis i. So bee it as yee demaund And to the end that all men might have more cause to rejoice that peace was confirmed with Macedonie there came heavie newes out of Spaine and letters were divulged abroad containing thus much That C. Sempronius Tuditanus the Viz-pretour in the hither province of Spaine was vanquished in battell that his armie was discomfited and put to flight and divers men of name and marke slaine That Tuditanus himselfe was carried forth of the medley greevously wounded and soone after died The province Italie was assigned for both the Consuls with those two legions which the former Consuls had in charge and order graunted that they should levie and enroll foure new legions where of two should bee sent whether it pleased the Senate to appoint And T. Quintius Flamininus was commaunded to rule his province still with the same armie and his commission of longer government was renued After this the Pretours cast lots for the parting of their provinces L. Apustius Fullo obtained the jurisdiction of the citizens of Rome and M. Acilius Glabres was lord cheefe justice betweene citizens and forrainers Q. Fabius Buteo had the government of the base or farther Spaine and Q. Minutius Thermus of the higher or hither Spaine to C. Lalius fell Sicilie and Sardinia to T. Sempronius Longus And ordained it was that unto Q. Fabius Buteo and Q. Minutius to whom the rule of the provinces in Spaine befell the Consuls should out of those foure legions which they had enrolled deliver one legion apeece which they thought good and of allies and of the Latin nation foure thousand footmen besides and three hundred horsemen to either of them And these Pretours were enjoined to go to their charges with all speed possible The warre in Spaine began afresh in the fift after that the former together with the Punicke war was ended But before that these Pretours went forth to this warre which may be counted as it were new in regard that the Spaniards now first and never before warred in their own proper name without either leader or armie of Carthage and before that the Consuls themselves departed out of the citie order was given
feasting and banquetting from my mirth and good cheere by his means have I bene haled hither not halfe waked bu t with mine eies full of sleepe to aunswere in the case of parricide forced I am to plead mine own cause without my counsell without my proctor or advocate If I had bene to speak in the defence of another I would have taken time to studie premeditate frame an oration And yet what was I to hazard there but the reputation of wit and lerning Insteed therof I not knowing for what cause I was sent for heard your majesty first wroth and angry as you were to command us to plead our causes then my brother who hath stood up to accuse me As for him he hath pronounced an Oration studied for devised long before hand but I was allowed no longer time than whiles I heard my selfe accused to bethinke mee what to plead or to examine take knowledge of the matter that he hath laid forth against me In that present moment of time could I thinke you so sodainly taken as I was either give eare to my accuser or consider thinke duly of mine own plea astonied so I was with that sodain trouble unexpected occurrent that much ado I had to understand what I was charged with so far was I from devising what to speake in mine own defence What hope should I have now and in what case were I if I had not my father for my judge at whose hands albeit I am not so well beloved as mine elder brother is yet since I am the partie defendant I ought at leastwise to find as much pittie and compassion For I beseech you ó father to save mee in regard of my selfe and you but he requireth you to take away my life onely for his own assurance and better securitie And what will hee do against me thinke you after you have made over the crowne scepter into his hands who now alreadie thinketh it meet and reason to dispose of my bloud at his good pleasure In uttering of these words the teares gushed forth so aboundantly that they stoppped his mouth so as uneth hee could either speake or draw his breath Then Philip after hee had commaunded them to go apart and communed a while with his friends spake said That he wold not decide their cause upon these words of theirs nor upon one hours debating but by enquirie into both their lives and observing their behaviour in deed and word as well in great matters as in small Hereby they all saw well enough that the accusation of the precedent nights act was sufficiently refuted and evicted and the only thing in Demetrius to be suspected was the over-great favour that the Romanes bare toward him This was the verie seed of the Macedonian warre sowed as one would say during the life of Philip but the warre was after to bee waged most of all against Perseus The two Consuls tooke their journie into Liguria the sole consular province of them both and because they had atchieved their exploits fortunately there ordained there was a solemne procession for one day It fortuned that there came two thousand Ligurians or thereabout to the utmost frontier of the province of Gaule where Marcellus lay in leaguer requesting to bee received under his protection Marcellus after hee had commaunded the said Ligurians to give attendance upon him in the same place required by his letters the advise of the Senat. The Senate gave order to M. Ogulnius the lord chiefe justice of the cittie to write backe againe unto Marcellus to this effect That it was more meete that the Consuls unto whom that government appertained should give order and determine as touching the Ligurians who yeelded and submitted what was expedient for the common weale in that behalfe than the Senate As for them if they were to give their opinion they thought it not good to accept of the Ligurians surrender and being once received then to be disarmed but they were of this mind and advise that it was requisit they should be sent and referred over to the Consuls The Pretours at the same time arrived in their provinces to wit P. Manlius in base Spaine where he had bene governour before during his former Pretourship and Q. Fulvius Flaccus in the higher where he received the armie of Terentius for that other side of Spaine beyond Iberus had bene left without a lord Deputie by occasion of the death of P. Sempronius the Pro. pretour Whiles Fulvius Flaccus assaulted a towne in Spaine named Vrbicula the Celtiberians made head and came upon him where many and sundrie hote skirmishes passed and wherein many Romane souldiours were both hurt and slaine How beit Fulvius held still his resolution and by no forcible meanes whatsoever could be brought to levie the siege The Celtiberians toiled out of heart with divers combats retired and departed The cittie then seeing their succours dislodged and gone within few daies was forced and ransacked and the Pretour gave the pillage thereof to his souldiours Thus Fulvius after hee had gained this towne and P. Manlius when hee had retired and rallied his forces into one place which had beene dispearsed without any other memorable act performed brought their armies within the wintering harbours And these were the exploits in Spaine during that summer season Terentius who was departed out of that province before entred the cittie of Rome in a pettie triumph by way of ovation He carried before him in shew eight thousand three hundred twentie pound weight of silver and fourescore of gold besides two golden coronets weighing 67. pound The same yeare the Romanes were chosen Arbitratours betweene the people of Carthage and king Masanissa as touching their territories came personally to see the place in controversie And thus stood the case Gala the father of this Masanissa had woon the ground in question from the Carthaginians Syphax afterward disseized Gala thereof and consequently to gratifie Asdruball his wives father freely gave the same to the Carthaginians and set them in possession again Now last of al even this very yeer Masanissa had dispossessed the Carthaginians of the same This matter was debated by the parties of both sides in the presence of the Romans with no lesse courage and servencie of spirit than at other times when they tried the issue by dent of sword in open field The Carthaginians laid claime and put in their plea For that first it appertained to their ancestors in right of inheritance afterwards was conveighed to them by the free gift and donation of Syphax Masanissa counterpleaded againe and alledged that hee had both recovered the said territorie as parcell of his fathers realme and also held it by the law of nations and that the case was cleere on his side in regard as well of the just title as also of the present possession wherein he was saying that in this cause he doubted nothing else but that the modestie of
soudered with lead Both these chests had a superscription upon them in Greeke and Latine letters to this effect That in the one of them lay buried Numa Pompilius the sonne of Pompo sometime king of Rome and in the other were bestowed the bookes of the said Numa The owner of this ground opened these coffers by the advise and counsell of his friends and that which carried the title and inscription of the kings sepulture was found emptie without any shew or token of the reliques of a mans body or anything els by reason the bones and all were rotten and consumed in continuance of time after so many yeers past In the other were found two fardels wrapped within waxe candles or ceare-clothes conteining either of them seven bookes which were not only whole and sound but also seemed very fresh and new One seven of them were written in Latin as touching the Pontificiall law the other seven in Greeke entituled The discipline or doctrine of Philosophie such as those daies might affourd Valerius Antias saith moreover That they were the bookes of Pythagoras according to the common received opinion of Numa that he was the disciple of Pythagoras herein giving credit to a probable lie resembling a truth These books were first read by those friends of his who were present at the place where the chests were opened but afterwards as they came into more mens hands to be read it chaunced that Q. Petilius the lord cheefe justice of the citie desirous to peruse those bookes borrowed them of L. Petilius with whom he was familiarly acquainted by reason that the abovenamed Quintus Petilius had chosen the foresaid Lucius into the decurie of the Scribes and Secretaries Who after he had read the titles with the summaries and contents of every chapter and finding the most part thereof tending directly to abolish the state of religion then established said unto L. Petilius that he purposed to fling those bookes into the fire but before hee did so hee would permit him to use what meanes hee thought by order of law or otherwise would serve his turne to recover the said bookes out of his hands and good leave hee should have to take that course without his displeasure or any breach of friendship betweene them The Scribe or notarie aforesaid goeth to the Tribunes for their assistance the Tribunes put the matter over to the Senat before whom the Pretour said plainely That he was readie to take his corporall oth if he were put to it that those bookes ought neither to be read nor kept Whereupon the Senate judged that for such a matter the offer onely of the Pretors oth was sufficient and that the bookes should be burned with all speed possible in the open place of assemblies called Comitium but they awarded withall that there should bee paied unto Q. Petilius the right owner as much money for the bookes as the Pretour and the more part of the Tribunes of the Commons esteemed them worth The Scribe would touch none of the money but his bookes were burnt in the foresaid place before all the people in a light fire made by the ordinarie servitours attending upon the sacrificers The same summer there arose suddainely a great warre in higher Spaine The Celtiberians had gathered a power of five and thirtie thousand men a number more than lightly at any time before they had levied Now as Q. Fulvius Flaccus lord Deputie of that province Hee for his part because he was advertised that the Celtiberians put their youth in armes had raised and assembled as great aids of the confederates as he could but nothing came hee neere to the enemie in numbers of souldiours In the beginning of the Spring hee led his armie into Carpetania and encamped before the towne Ebura after hee had planted a meane garrison within it A few daies after the Celtiberians pitched their tents within two miles from thence under a little hill When the Romane Pretour perceived they were come he sent his brother Marcus Fulvius with two companies of the horsemen of allies in espiall to view the enemies campe willing him to approach as neere to the trench and rampier as hee could and to see what compasse the campe tooke but to forbeare skirmish and in any hand to retire in case he perceived the Cavallerie of the enemies made out against him According to this direction hee did in every respect And so for certaine daies together there was nothing done but onely these two companies of horsemen shewing first and afterwards retiring backe so soone as the Cavallerie of the enemies issued out of their campe At length the Celtiberians also came forth and advaunced forward with all their power as well horse as foot and having set them in ordinance of battell staied as it were in the middes betweene The whole ground was a smooth and even plaine fit to joyne a battaile in There stood the Spaniards I say expecting their enemies but the Romane Pretour kept his men within the rampier foure dayes togither and they likewise of the other side held the same place still in battaile array The Romanes all that while st irred not a foot The Celtiberians then seeing the enemies refused fight held themselves quiet also within their camp onely the horsemen rid forth and they kept a corps de guard to be in readines if peradventure the enemies should be busie come abroad Both of the one side and the other they went out at the back-side of their camp to purvey forage fewel and impeached not one another The Roman Pretor supposing now that after so many daies rest the enemies were borne in hand and hoped fully that hee would never begin first commanded L. Actlius to take with him the left wing of the cavallerie six thousand of the provinciall auxiliaries and to fetch a compasse about the hill which stood behind the enemies and from thence so soone as they heard a crie to run downe a maine and charge upon their campe And because they might not be dscovered in the night time they departed Flaccus the next morning by peepe of day sent out C. Scribonius a colonell of the allies against the enemies campe with the extraordinarie horsmen of the left wing whom when the Celtiberians beheld both approaching neere toward them and also more in number than uually they had bene they put forth all their Cavallerie at once out of the gates withal gave the signal to the Infanterie also to come abroad Scritonius according to the direction given him so soon as ever he heard the first noise shout of the horsmen turned the head of his horse and retired back full upon the campe therwith the enemies followed more freely first the horsemen and within a while the footmen also making full account to be masters of the Roman leaguer that day verily now were they not past halfe a mile When Flaccus supposed that they were trained farre enough from their owne camp for succouring
giving a suddaine assault upon the Romane campe It was about the breake of day when the sentinels upon the rampiat and Corps de guard about the gates might discover enemies comming a farre off and so they gave the alarme Appius Claudius having put out the signall of battaile and in fewe words exhorted his souldiours to fight and play the men led them forth at three gates at once The Celtiberians made head and opposed their forces as they issued foorth At the first the skirmish was equall on both parts for that by reason of the streights of the passage all the Romanes could not fight but after that one had put forward another and followed still apace they were all at length gotten without the trench so as they were able now to display their battaillons to confront their enemies from one point of their battaile to the other where with before they were environned and then they made so forcible a sallie upon them that the Celtiberians were not able to endure their violence For before the second houre of the day they were discomfited and put backe and fifteen thousand of them either died in the place or yeelded their bodies prisoners two and thirtie militarie ensignes they lost and were turned out of the campe the same day and heere an end of that warre For as many as escaped the medley gat them home to their owne townes and quietly afterwards bare the yoke of subjection That yeere were created Censors Q. Fulvius Flaccus A. Posthumius Albinus who made a revieu of Senatours and chose new For president of the Senat they elected M. Aemylius Lepidus the Archbishop Nine they put out of the Senate-house The principall persons noted and disgraced were these M. Cornelius Maluginensis who two yeers before had been Pretor in Spain L. Cornelius Scipio Pretor for the time being and L. chiefe Iustice of the common pleas as well among citizens as aliens and L. Fulvius who was whole brother to the Censor himselfe and as Valerius Antias reporteth equall in degree of calling and his fellow every way The Consuls also after they had made their vowes within the Capitoll went forth to their provinces The one of them to wit M. Aemylius had in charge given him by the Senat to appease the sedition of the Padoans in Venice who as their embassadors made report by factious siding and part-taking were all on a fire with civill warre The embassadours who were gone into Aetolia for to pacifie the like troubles brought word backe That it was not possible to bridle and refraine the furious rage of that nation But the comming of the Consull made all whole among the Padoans and cured the maladie who having nothing else to doe in the province returned to Rome These Censors were the first that caused the streets of Rome to be paved with hard flint and pebble stone within the citie and the high waies and causeys without to be raised with gravell and the sides therof to be well banked and kept in reparations also bridges to be made in divers places a scaffold besides for the Aediles and Pretors to behold the games plaies Moreover the barriers in the race from whence the horses begin to run the Ovales to marke and skore up the number of courses *** Over and besides the goles beyond *** the yron grates and cages *** and at the feasts in the mount Albane for the Consuls They took order besides all this for the paving with flint of the cliffe or descent from the Capitoll and from the gallerie or porch before the temple of Saturne looking toward the Capitoll unto the place called Senaculum and the court Hostilia above it Also the merchants hall or burse without the gate Tergemina they paved with stone and fenced it about with strong stakes and posts of wood The gallerie also Aemylia they caused to be repaired and made an ascent by staires from the Tyber to the burse or merchants hall aforesaid Without the same gate also they paved with pebble stone the gallerie or walking place into the Aventine *** from the temple of Venus The same Censors bargained for the making of walls about Calatia and Oxymum and having made sale of some publicke edifices there they employed the mony raised thereof in making of shops and stalles round about both the market places The one of them that is to say M. Fulvius for Posthumius said plainly that unlesse it were by vertue either of an act of the Senate or graunt of the people of Rome hee would put forth no workes to be made with dispense of their money agreed upon a price for the building of a temple to Iupiter at Pisaurum and at Fundi also to make a conduit for water to be conveighed to Pollentia and at Pisaur um for a way to be paved and Sinuessa *** In these colonies hee caused also a sinke or vault to be made about them to carry away all filthinesse into the river also the market place to be enclosed with porches galleries and shops and three stately halls called Iani with quarrefours or foure throughfares and as many fronts For these workes one of the Consuls disbursed the money and bargained with the Publicanes and undertakers In which regard the inhabitants of those colonies above-named gave his great thankes These Censors were likewise severe and precise in exercising their office for the redressing and reformation of mens maners for many gentlemen had their horses of service taken from them which were allowed them by the cittie A little before the yeeres end there was a solemne procession holden one whole day for the happie atchievement of the affaires in Spaine under the conduct and good fortune of Appius Claudius the Proconsull and twentie head of great beasts were killed in sacrifice And the morrow after they went in another procession with supplications at the temples of Ceres Liber and Libera for that there was reported from the Sabines countrey a mightie earthquake which over-turned many houses After that Appius Caludius was returned out of Spaine to Rome the Senat ordiened that hee should enter the citie with the pompe of an Ovation And now approched the time for the election of new Consuls Much a doe there was and hard hold at this assembly by reason of the multitude of competitors but in the end L. Posibumius Albinus and M. Popilius Laenas were elected Consuls which done the Pretours also were created to wit Cn. Fabius Buteo M. Matienus C. Cicercius M. Furius Crasipes A. Attilius Serranus and C. Cluvius Saxula these three last rehearsed the second time This businesse and solemnitie finished Ap. Claudius Cento entring with Ovant pompe into the citie for his victorie of the Celtiberians brought into the common treasurie 10000 pound weight of silver and five thousand of gold Cn. Cornelius was consecrated the Flamine of Iupiter The same yeere there was set up a painted table in the temple of the goddesse Matuta with this inscription
VNDER THE CONDUCT AND HAPPIE GOVERNEMENT OF TIE SEMPRONIUS GRACCHUS CONSULL THE LEGION AND ARMIE OF THE PEOPLE OF ROME SUBDUED SARDINIA IN VVHICH PROVINCE THERE VVERE SLAINE AND TAKEN PRISONERS EIGHTIE THOUSAND ENEMIES WHICH GRACCHUS AFTER HE HAD MANAGED THE AFFAIRES OF STATE MOST FORTUNATELY DELIVERED MANY CAPTIVES OUT OF BONDAGE AND RECOVERED THE TRIBUTES AND CUSTOMES TO THE COMMON-VVEALE BROUGHT HOME VVITH HIM HIS ARMIE SAFE AND SOUND CHARGED VVITH AN EXCEEDING RICH ECOTIE AND REENTERED THE CITTIE OF ROME IN A SECOND TRIUMPH IN MEMORIALL OF VVHICH EXPLOIT HEE CAUSED THIS TABLE TO BE SET UP AS A PRESENT IN THE HONOUR OF IUPITER Now this table conteined the portraiture of the Iland Sardinia and the picture also and resemblance of sundrie battailes Moreover in this yeere were represented to the people certaine pastimes and shewes of sword-players whereof some were small and of no account but one above the rest exhibited by T. Flaminius surpassed And this hee did in honour of his father deceased with a dole of flesh among the people a great publicke feast besides and stage-playes for foure dayes togither But the principall matter in this festivall solemnitie was this That in three daies space there fought at utterance with unrebated swords threescore and fourteene champions THE XLII BOOKE OF THE HISTORIES OF T. LIVIVS of Padoa from the foundation of the Cittie of Rome The Breviarie of L. Florus upon the two and fortith Booke FYlvius Flaccus the Censor uncovered the roofe of the church of Iuno Lacinia which was selated with marble and all to cover a temple which he had dedicated But by an act of the Senate he was forced to bestow the sclates there againe Eumenes the king of Asia complained in the Senat of Perseus king of Macedonie His inimies done to the people of Rome are here reported for the which defiance was sent and warre proclaimed against him P. Licinius Crassus the Consull unto whom the province of Macedonie was assigned passed over thither and in certaine light expeditions fought sundry battels with Perseus in Thessalie all by horse-service but with bad successe The Senate appointed a day of bearing betweene Masanissa and the Carthaginians touching the territorie in question Embassadours were sent in the associate citties and States and to the consederate kings to request them to continue loiall and fast in friendship by reason that the Rhodians stood in doubtfull tearmes The Censours tooke a review and numbred the citizens of Rome wherein were enrolled in the subsidie bookes 257231. Moreover this booke containeth the fortunate exploits against the Islanders of Corsica and the Ligurians AFter that L. Posthumius Albinus and M. Popilius Laenas the Consuls had before all other things proposed unto the Senate as touching the governement of the provinces and conduct of the armies ordained it was that Liguria should be the charge as well of the one of them as the other Also that both of them should levie new legions and two apeece they were allowed to have therewith to defend the said province keep it in obedience besides ten thousand footmen and six hundred horse of Latine allies Moreover to enrol three thousand foot and two hundred horsemen of Romanes for a supplie in Spaine Last of all commaunded they were to prest fifteene hundred footmen and a hundred horse of Romane citizens with which strenght that Pretour unto whom Sardinia fell should passe over into Corsica there to warre and M. Attilius the old Pretour in meane time to see unto the government of Sardinia This done the Pretours went to cast lots for their provinces A. Attilius Serranus had the place of lord cheefe justice within the citie and C. Cluvius Saxul the jurisdiction betweene citizens and forrainers Vnto Cn. Faebius Buteo fell the higher Spaine to M. Matienus the lower M. Furius Crassipes was to governe Sicilie and C. Ciciretus Sardinia Before that these magistrates tooke their journey the Senate was of advise that L. Posthumius the Consul should goe into Campaine for to limit out the citie-lands apart from the grounds of private persons for that it was seene and knowne that particular men setting out their bounds encroching by little little upon the Commons inprocesse of time held a great part of it in their own possession This Cos. was angrie offended with the Praenestines for that upon a time when he went thither amongst them in qualitie then of a private person to offer sacrifice in the temple of Fortune they did him no honour neither in publike nor private Whereupon before hee departed now from Rome hee addressed his letters before him to Praeneste that the cheefe magistrate should come and meet him upon the way provide him a lodging at their cities charges and at his departure from thence to see that there were sumpter horses and beasts of cariage readie for him Now before this mans Consulship the magistrates of Rome had never beene chargeable to their allies not put them to cost for any thing whatsoever and therefore allowed they were from the citie their mules set out they were with tents and pavillions and all other furniture and provision for the warres to the end that they should not lay upon the allies any such burden Privat lodging they had in friends houses which they enterteined courteously and liberally with reciprocall hospitalitie For at Rome likewise their houses were open to receive those hosts of theirs with whom they were wont before to have kind usage and who had bidden them welcome In like manner embassadours if they were sent by chaunce to any place of a sodaine imposed upon the towns and cities through which they were to passe one sumpter horse onely to farther expence were no allies put for any Romane magistrates This revenge of the Consull for a discourtesie offered due and just though it were yet not to have beene exercised during his magistracie and the silence of the Prenestines proceeding either of too much modestie or over-great feare gave occasion to the magistrates ever since to take it for a priviledge and custome to doe the semblable yea and to charge their allies with more grievous impositions everie day than other in the same kind as if the precedent example had beene approoved In the beginning of this yeere the embassadours who had beene sent into Aetolia and Macedonie made report That they might not come to the speech of K. Perseus for that some said he was absent others that he was sicke and the one as false as the other was untrue howbeit they might evidently perceive and see that preparation was made for warre and that hee would delay no longer but enter into armes In like sort they related that in Aetolia the civill dissention and sedition grew daily more and more neither could the chieftaines of these factions discords be repressed and held in awe by their countenance and authoritie As the citie of Rome was amused upon the continual expectancie of the Macedonian warre before any enterprise
that the warre was not given over So these three together with the Alexandrine embassadours tooke their leave within three daies and departed Then the foresaid Delegates returned from out of Macedonie the last day of the feastivall games to Minerva called Quinquatrus and not before they were welcome for so long looked for they were that had it not beene eventide when they came the Consuls would immediately have called the Senat together But the morrow after the Senate sat and those commissioners had audience given Report they made first That with more daunger than profite ensuing the armie entred into Macedonie over those pases and streights where was no way and passage at all Item That the king kept the countrey of Pieria into which the Roman armie was now advaunced and were so neere encamped one to the other that nothing but the river Enipeus between kept them asunder that neither the king made offer of battell nor the Romans were of sufficient strength to challenge and force him to fight moreover that the winter had overtaken them a time unseasonable for warlike exploits that the soldiors were nuzzelled and nourished in idlenesse notwithstanding they had victuals to serve no longer than sixe daies also that by report the Macedonians were thirtie thousand strong Were it so that Ap. Claudius had a good and sufficient power about Lychnidum hee might bee able to trouble the king and put him to his trumpes in a battell but now both Appius and the garrison with him are themselves in extreame jeopardie unlesse with speed either a complete armie bee sent thither or els they drawne from thence where they are into Macedonie Over and besides they related how from the campe they went toward the fleet where they heard say that some of the sea-faring men and marriners were dead of sicknesse others namely those of Sicilie above the rest were gone home againe to their owne houses insomuch as there were not men ynow to serve the ships and those that remained had neither their wages paied and money to put in their purse nor liveries and apparell to hang on their backes As for Eumenes and his fleet they like ships driven to a coast by force of wind and weather without any other eâ—â—and or cause els were come and gone againe and it seemed that the mind of that king was not well setled and resolved But as they reported all of Eumenes suspiciously and in doubtfull tearmes so they assured them of the singular sidelitie and constancie of Attalus his brother When these Legates had spoke then said L. Aemylius Let us debate now in counsell what is to be done as concerning the said warre So the Senate ordained that for eight legions the Consuls and the people should elect an equall number of martiall Tribunes or Colonels the one as many as other that honourable dignitie then out of all those Tribunes thus elected that L. Aemylius should make choise for those two legions which were to goe into Macedonie of whom he would himselfe also that after the solemnitie of the Latine feasts performed L. Aemylius the Consull and C. Octavius the Pretour and admirall of the fleet should depart into their province A third was joined in commission with them to wit L. Anicius the Pretor and lord cheefe justice for strangers And ordained it was that he should passe into Illyricum about Lichnidum for to succeed Ap. Claudius The charge of taking musters was put upon C. Licinius the Consull Hee had commaundement to enroll seven thousand foot citizens of Rome and two hundred horsemen and to charge the Latine allies with a levie of seven thousand footmen and foure hundred horse Also to send letters unto Cn. Servilius who governed the province of Gaule to enroll six hundred men of arms This armie he had commaundement to send with all convenient speed to his colleague into Macedonie so as in that province there should not be above two legions and the sameful and complete conteining six thousand foot three hundred horse a peece As for the surcease as well of the Cavallerie as Infanterie they should be disposed and bestowed in sundrie garrisons And all such as were unmeet for service were to be cassed and sent away Moreover the allies were put to set out and find ten thousand foot and eight hundred horse And those were to serve in garrison under Anicius over and above the two legions which hee was commaunded to lead into Macedonie consisting of five thousand and two hundred foot and three hundred horsemen either of them Also for the navie were enrolled five thousand mariners and rowers Licinius the Consull was appointed to defend and keepe in obedience his province with two legions and to take besides of allies ten thousand foot and sixe hundred horse After these ordinances of the Senate were accomplished L. Aâ—mylius the Consull went forth of the Senate house into the common place before the assembly of the people where hee made a speech unto them in this wise following Me thinkes I perceive and see my good friends and citizens of Rome that yee have shewed more apparent tokens of joy and gratulation in my behalfe for that the province of Macedonie is fallen to my lot than either at the time that I was declared and saluted Consull or that day whereupon I first entred into government and for no other reason in the world but upon the opinion which you have conceived that the Macedonian warre which hath so long continued may be brought by my meanes to such an end as beseemeth the greatnesse and majestie of the people of Rome And for mine owne selfe I have good hope that as the gods in favour have directed this sortilege so they will bee present and propitious unto mee in performing the service In these matters I say I am but carried partly with conceit and partly with hope But this one thing I am assured of yea and I dare affirme and promise on my owne head that I will endevour my selfe and employ all that is in me that this your good opinion of mee may not bee in vaine conceived As for all things necessarie and requisite to this warre both the Senat hath ordained and also for that they have thought good I should depart immediately for which my selfe am well pleased and contented neither in me there shall be any delay my colleague C. Licinius a singular man and of great valour will provide with as great care and diligence as if himselfe had the full conduct of this warre For the effecting whereof see that whatsoever I shall write either to the Senate or to you yee beleeve for true as for running rumours which have no certaine author give no eare and beleefe therto neither feed them with your foolish credulitie For now adaies verily a thing that I have observed to fall out ordinarily in this warre there is no man setteth so little by the common bruites that are blazed abroad but his spirit and
M. Inventius Talva the Pretour or L. chiefe justice for the pleas between citizens and straungers was the onely agent that provoked and incited the people against the Rhodians nay he had promulged and published a bill to this effect That warre might bee denounced against the Rhodians also that out of the magistrates for that yeere they would make choise of some one to bee sent as Admirall with a fleet â—or the mannaging of that warre hoping that himselfe should be the man But this action and proceeding of his was crossed by M. Antonius and M. Pomponius two Tribunes of the commons Over and besides the Pretour to say a truth had broached this matter after a new and strange fashion to the evill example of future times in that he preferred a bill unto the people of his owne head alone without asking the advise of the Senate or making the Consuls acquainted therewith and that in this manner and forme Pleaseth it you and is it your will that warre be proclaimed against the Rhodians whereas alwaies before-time in question of warre the Senats advise was first taken and then the thing was proposed unto the people Likewise the Tribunes of the commons for their part did more than they might and a thing not warrantable by any precedent For it was a custome tradition observed ever of old that no person should interpose his negative to crosse any bill before that private men in particular had their course and time graunted both to persuade ordissuade the same by which meanes many a time it fell out that even they who never professed nor meant to oppose themselves being mooved and induced by the reasons of those that stood up to dissuade and perceiving also by them the inconveniences of such a bill would step betweene and dashall yea and contrariwise such as came of purpose to crosse and nip the same being convinced by the authoritie and borne downe by the important arguments alleadged by those that enforced the said bill would desist and surcease Thus the Pretours and Tribunes strove avie who should doe everything more unseasonably than others The Tribunes impeached and staied the hastines of the Pretour interposing their negative before the time and deferring the matter untill the comming of the L. Generall ********** Whither we have transgressed and offended yea or no that yet remaineth doubtfull but sure we are of this that we suffer all punishments and shamefull ignominies alreadie that can be devised Heretofore when the Carthaginians were vanquished when Philip when Antiochus was overthrowne wee came to Rome from our publicke lodging provided for us at the charges of the citie wee presented our selves my LL. into your Counsel-house to testifie our great contentment for your conquests from the Counsel-house we went directly to the capitoll carrying with us presents and oblations to the honour of your gods But now we the same Rhodians are come unto your Senat clothed in this poor habit and array as you see from out of a base hostelrie and common inne where hardly we could have lodging for our money being commanded in manner of enemies to make our abode without the citie walls we Rhodians I say whom but lately ye feoffed with the graunt of two provinces Lycia and Cyria whom ye graced with all kind of honours and enriched with all manner of gifts and rewards You ordaine as wee heare say that the Macedonians and Illyrians should live free notwithstanding they were in servitude before they levied warre against you Neither speake wee this in envie and repine for any mans welfare and good estate nay wee acknowledge therein the rare elemencie of the people of Rome and will yee then make the Rhodians of friends enemies who during this warre did no more but sit and meddle with neither part Now surely yee Romanes are the men that pretend and give out ordinarily that your warres have good successe and speed well because they be just and righteous neither do you glorie so much in the event and yssue thereof whereby ye are revengers and conquerours as for the beginning and first enterprises in that yee undertake them not without good cause The besieging of Messana in Sicilie by the Carthaginians was the cause that the people of Rome reputed them enemies The assailing of Athens by Philip his intent and purpose to bring Greece into servitude his relieving of Anniball with men and money caused him likewise to be holden for their enemie Thus Antiochus brought upon his owne head the Roman warre for that he being sollicited by theAetolians your enemies came willingly out of Asia and with a fleete sailed over to Greece and when hee had seized upon Demetrias Chalcis and the streights of Thermopylae went about to dispossesse you of the empire And last of all Perseus by levying armes against your allies by killing some of their petie kings and princes by murdering other chiefe personages of sundrie nations and citties gave you just occasions to make warre upon him But what colourable cause can there be pretended of our calamitie if needs we must miscarrie and perish All this while I make no difference between our citties case and that of Polyaratus and Dion our cittizens even those persons whom we have brought to deliver into your hand For suppose that the cause were all one and that wee Rhodians were all faultie and culpable alike what might that crime be for which we are touched in this warre We favoured Perseus and that side you will say and like as in the warre of Antiochus and Philip wee stood with you against those kings so now we tooke part with the K. against you Was that all well In what sort we are wont to aid our associates and how lustily to enterprise warres do but aske of C. Livius and L. Aemylius Regillus the Admirals of your fleets in Asia Your ships never fought at sea without us yet we with our own Armada alone fought a battaile once before Samos a second time in Pamphylia against General Anniball which victorie the thieved was unto us by so much more honourable and glorious for that after we had in an unfortunate fight nere Samos lost many of our ships and the very choise and floure of our youth we nothing terrified and dismaied with so great an overthrow durst turne againe to make head yea and were so hardie as to encounter the kings roiall navie comming out of Syria And all this have I related not by way of boast and to glorifie ourselves for we are not now in case to s tand upon those rearmes but to give you a râ—t by the way and put you in mind in what maner the Rhodians have used evermore to succour their confederats And for the better proofe therof after the deffeature of Philip and Antiochus we received at your hands right great rewards recompence for our service In case the fortune of Perseus had bene so happie as yours is at this present praised be
the Consuls should be a Commoner By which meanes L. Sextius was the first Consul created from out of the Commons But when the nobles denied flatly to approve the same by their assent insomuch as the Commons were at the point of insurrection and readie to leave the citie the discord dissention was at length taken up and appeased by the mediation of the Dictatour and as the nobilitie was content to yeeld unto the communaltie a Consull so the Commons graunted unto the nobles one Pretour or lord cheefe justice within the citie him to be created from out of the nobilitie Graunted also unto them now first it was that two Aediles Curule should bee chosen out of the Patritij The Commons conferred the Consulship upon L. Sextius by whose law it was first obtained and for companion in governement hee had L. Aimylius Mamercus Thus much Livie and Plutarch who altogether with Cassiodorus put down for Consuls L. Aemylius a Patritian and L. Sextius a Commoner The same Diodorus nameth L◠Aemylius Mamercus and Lu. Lateranus Now this Lateranus is the surname of Sextius as appeareth in a table of record in the Capitoll wherein the Consuls are thus to bee seene Mamercinus and L. Sextius Sextinus Lateranus as also in the Sicilian registers they are called Mamercinus and Lateranus In the booke entituled De viris Illustribus of famous men wee find written that it was not L. Sextius but C. Licinius Stolo who was the first Consull chosen out of the communaltie 389 L. Genutius Q. Servilius DIodorus Livie and Cassiodorus shew unto us for Consuls L. Genutius and Q. Servilius Of whome Orosius also and Eutropius make mention According to the records of the Capitoll the Cos. in this first Consulship is thus written Q. Servilius son of Q. nephew of Quintus Ahala together with L. Genutius but in the second the son of M. nephew of Cn. surnamed Amentinensis In the Sicilian registers they be written Genutius and Curtius but corruptly as Sigonius thinketh 290 C. Sulpitius Peticus C. Licimus Stolo THese bee the Consuls reported by Livie and Cassiodorus Diodorus concealeth their surnames Valerius Max. in his second booke and first chapter maketh mention of them so doth Plutarch in his problemes But hee whom all other writers name Stolo the Capitoline records nominate Calvus as also the Sicilian which deliver their surnames Paticus and Calvus 391 L. Aemylius Mamercus II. Cn. Genutius LIvie Cassiodorus declare these for Consuls whom Diodorus in his sixteenth book nameth Cn. Genutius and L. Aemylius In the Capitoll tables in this manner they bee set downe⸫⸫ Mamercinus II. Cn. Genutius sonne of M. and nephew of M. Amentinensis But in the Sicilian registers Mamercinus and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 392 Q. Servilius Ahala II. L. Genutius II. DIodorus nameth the Consuls of this yeere Q. Servilius and Q. Genutius The Sicilian registers Ahala and Genutius Livie and Cassiodorus Q. Servilius Hala and L. Genutius These are they who three yeers before were matched together in the same government 393 C. Sulpitius C. Licinius Calvus THese are by Livie recorded Consuls this yeere Cassiodorus writeth them thus C. Sulpitius II. and C. Licinius Diodorus in this wise C. Sulpitius and C. Licinius Sigonius supposeth they be the same who three yeeres before were colleagues The Sicilian registers give unto Licinius the surname not of Calvus as before but of Stolo and Sulpitius they surname Peticus 394 C. Poetilius Libo M. Fabius Ambustus LIvie and Cassiodorus write the Consuls for this yeere were C. Poetelius Balbus M. Fabius Ambustus But Diodorus M. Fabius and C. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 corruptly for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Capitoline writers give them surnames divers from Livie for they call Libo Visulus but he Balbus And the Sicilian registers goe with those of the Capitoll 395 M. Popilius Laenas Cn. Manlius LIvie and Cassiodorus name this yere Consuls in this sort but Diodorus calleth them M. Popilius Laenatus Cn. Manlius Imperiosus This was the first man of the Popilij surnamed Laenas The reason of which name Cicero rendreth in his booke Brutus saying M. Popilius being Consull and at the same time offering sacrifice in his robe called Laena for that hee was Flamin to Carmenta upon newes brought unto him that the commons were up and risen in a commotion against the Nobles came in that attire habit as he was into the assembly and what with his authoritie of countenance and what with his eloquence of speech appeased the sedition 396 C. Fabius C. Plautius LIvie and Cassiodorus have these above-named for the Consuls this yeere but in Diodorus they are named M. Fabius and C. Plotius In the Capitoline records⸫⸫ Ambustus and C. Plautius Proculus 397 C. Martius Cn. Manlius DIodorus Livie and Cassiodorus name the Consuls of this yeere C. Martius and Cn. Manlius This Cn. Manlius was Consull the first time two yeeres before Cuspinians booke and the Greek records have Rutilius and Capitolinus 398 M. Fabius Ambustus II. M. Popilius Laenas II. THis yeers Consuls are with these names entituled by Livie Cassiodorus Diodorus leaveth out their surnames the numerall notes Cuspinians booke and the Greeke records set them thus downe Ambustus II. and Laenas 399 C. Sulpitius Peticus III. M. Valerius Poplicola IN the foure hundred yeere from the foundation of the cittie and the thirtie five after that it was by the Gaules woon the commons after eleven yeeres did for goe their hold of the Consulship and upon an Interregencie both Coss. of the Patritij entred into government to wit C. Sulpitius Paeticus III. M. Valerius Publicola as Livie saith The same Consuls Diodorus Cassiodorus and the Sicilian registers do report But why the account of time made by Livie disagreeth from this reckoning Sigonus and Onuphrius in his kalender doe give a reason 400 M. Fabius Ambustus III. T. Quintius or M. Popilius IN this yeere also according to Livie both Coss. were Patritij namely M. Fabius Ambustus the third time with T. Quintius although hee writeth that in some Annales in stead of Titus Quintius hee found Marcus Popilius Consull With Livie accordeth Diodorus and Cassiodorus Solinus also who in his fortie one chapter out of Cornelius Nepos writeth that Alexander was borne when M. Fabius Ambustus T. Quintius Capitolinus were Consuls Cuspinians booke setteth forth Ambustus Capitolinus But these Consuls and those that follow are in the Sicilian registers concealed 401 C. Sulpitius Peticus IIII. M. Valerius Poplicola III. BOth Consuls created this yeere were Patritij and namely those who are here set down after Livie and Cassiodorus Diodorus omitteth both their surnames and also the numerall notes and setteth after the former Consuls M. Valerius and C. Sulpitius 402 P. Valerius Poplicola C. Martius Rutilus TO L. Valerius Poplicola was given in fellowship of governement this yeere C. Martius Rutilus of the commons as Livie saith These Cassiodorus calleth P. Valerius and C. Martius Rutilus the second
street whereof a little before wee made mention were two gyant-like images called Colossi resembling two old men naked and holding Cornucopiae in their hand It is commonly received that these were the statues of Saturne and Mars for that certain it is how their temples stood hard by and many evidences there are besides the verie ruines thereof which testifie so much Over-against the hot-houses of Constantine upon the very brow of the hill there standeth to be seene one halfe of a marble tower which the people dwelling therby call * Mesa This men thinke was the tower of the Sunne by the ornaments there reared and set up by Aurelian for this Emperor worshipped the Sunne above all other gods and therefore you shall see stamped in his come this inscription SOLI INVICTO TO THE INVINCIBLE SUNNE His mother also a priest of the Sunne thereupon reared a temple unto the Sunne In the side of the hill neere the foresaid bathes are two horses seene standing the handy-worke of Praxiteles and Phidias These were by report Tividâ—â—â— the kings and translated to Rome That part of the Quirinalis which boundeth upon Vallis Martia was called the mount and temple of Clatra and Apollo Not farre from thence behind this hill there is another rising and ascent where by antique letters it is evident that the old Capitoll stood togither with the chappell of Iupiter Iuno and Minerva Over-against these places enclining toward the right hand where now standeth the church of Saint Vestalis Pomponius Atticus dwelt in an house which came to him by inheritance from his grandsire and was called Pamphiliana They write that this was a most sweete and pleasant seat by reason of a wood neere unto it In the same place was built afterwards the temple of Quirinus kept alwaies shut to signifie that it was an unknowne secret whether Romulus were enterred and lay in the earth or were translated into the number of the gods in heaven There was a porch or walking place there of that name where folke used commonly to meet to dispatch businesses and contract espousals CHAP. XXIII The path way or causey called Alta the house of Sabinus the street and statue of Mamurrus the court and gardens of Salust and the field or plaine Sceleratus THe high causey reaching from the bathes of Constantine to the gate Viminalis along the side of Quirinalis was paved with four esquare stone Vpon that causey at a place called the Pomgranat Flavius Sabinus had an house wherein by report Domitian was borne It is avouched that in old time ther was a street of Mamurrus and that his statue there stood where now is S. Susans church Not far from that church was the court of Salust and his most neat and fine hortyards where the field called Sceleratus lay and reached neere the gate Collina Of those hort-yards as also of the hamlet Tiburtina there yet continue some markes and remnants in the bottome of the valley betweene the very hill and the way which bringeth to the gate Salaria On that little hill is seene the very house of Salust which the people there inhabiting call Salustrium Of this matter see more in Cicero and others Beyond the hort-yards of Salust neere the gate Collina there is an high place like a mount where in times past the vestal votarie Nuns such as were condemned for incontinencie and incest were buried quicke and thereupon all the plaine about it was called Sceleratus together with the way that leadeth thereto CHAP. XXIIII The temples of Salus of Dius Fidius of Fortuna Primeginia of Honor Hercules and Quirinus also the Senate house of women THe mount Quirinalis had very many temples and chappels although the certaine place where they stood is not so well knowne at this day namely one of Apis. That of Salus was painted by Fabius Pictor and burnt in the time of Claudius By Iunius Bubulcus Dictator when he triumphed over the Aequians it was vowed by him Censor put out to making and in his second Dictatourship dedicated Sanctus Dius and Fidius were the Sabines gods which when they left their native countrey and home with all their other houshold gods they carried with them into mount Quirinalis This god forsooth was in words and name three in deed and truth but one as they said These three therfore had one temple built them upon this hil and were called by one name Sanctus The opinion received of which godhead was such that an oth was thought to carie a great power of sanctitie and holines whereby a man in that threefold name and one Dâ—itie avowed and sware thus Me-Dius-Fidius Domitianus a Pretour or lord cheefe justice within the citie of Rome built a temple upon that hill to Fortuna Primigenia Besides in that mount were the temples of Honor and Hercules Likewise the counsell house of women was in the mount Quirinalis at which in former times the wives and dames of the citie met yeerely upon certaine solemne set daies Moreover it is recorded that the feast Agonalia was celebrated in Quirinalis CHAP. XXV The court or Forum Archimonium the pillar Tiburtina the house of Martial the Cirque of Floralia the temple of Flora the shops of Minium and the common ascent called Clivus Publicus BEtweene the hill Hortulorum where of yee may read before in the first booke and the chapter next following and Quirinalis there is a valley fouresquare but lying out somewhat in length In that part thereof which lieth under the mount of Clatra and Apollo was the court called Archimonium For the very church of S. Nicholas which at this day standeth upon that place is named De Archimonijs Not far from it there is another place to wit Pila Tiburtina There stood the house of Martiall as hee himselfe witnesseth Next to it followeth the round Cirque Floralium where yeerly to the honor of the goddesse Flora the feastivall Floralia is celebrated Now this Flora was a famous courtizan or strumpet at Rome who having by her whorish trade gathered a mightie deale of goods together in her last will made the people of Rome her heire with this condition That every yeer they should celebrate the memoriall of her birth day But the Senate thinking this a ridiculous mockerie to honour and dignifie so filthie a thing with such a remembrance they devised a goddesse of floures forsooth called Flora and her upon those holydaies they seemed to please and content that shee would be good to the growth of trees and corne and that they might doe well in their flouring and blouming time To this goddesse wee read that a temple likewise was consecrated Anon you meet with the workehouses where they make Minium i. Vermilion Neere unto which was the Clivus Publicus CHAP. XXVI The hill Hortulorum the temple of the Sun and the sepulchre of Nero. THis little hill Hortulorum containeth but a few things worth the writing Among which is the house of Pincius a
them he would wander and trauail all over Latium and if he might not rest there he would from thence go to the Volscians Aequians and Hernicks until he came to them that knew how to save the children from the crueltie and inhumane persecution of the fathers Perhaps he should find meanes to stirre coles and kindle warre yea and performe himselfe good service against that most proud king and that most stout and insolent people And seeming withall in great anger and discontentment if they would not regard his complaints readie to depart and go his waies he was kindly intertained and friendly intreated by the Gabians who willed him to be of good cheere and not to meruaile at all that Tarquinius became now at length so ill affected against his own children like as he had tyrannised alreadie upon his subjects and consederates for he would no doubt in the end exercise his fell stomach even upon himselfe for want of other subject matter to worke upon And as to him right welcome he was to them assuring themselues that within a while it would so come to passe that if he with them would set to his helping hand they should remoove the warre from the gates of Gabijunto to the verie wals of Rome After this was he admitted to sit with them in common counsaile In which he used eftsones to say That in other matters he gaue place referred himse to be advised by the ancient Gabines as men more practised and experienced than himselfe but for the warre which ever and anone he persuaded them unto himselfe tooke upon him a speciall insight skil therin as he that knew the strength of both nations and was fully persuaded in the conscience that his kings pride must needs be odious to his subjects which his verie owne children could not brooke and endure Thus whilesby little and little he sollicited the principell citizens to rebell and went himselfe daily in person with a crew of the most forward and able yoong men forraying spoyling and making rodes into the Territorie of the Romanies and that now through his words and deeds which tended to fraud and deceit in the end they began more and more to give credit unto him that one day would deceiue them he was at last chosen Generall for the warre And having made certaine small skirmishes betweene Rome and Gabes in which for the most part the Gabines had the better whiles the simple people God wot saw not his drift and how he caried the matter then all the Gabines from the highest to the lowest thought verily and in good earnest that Sextus Tarquinius was sent them by speciall grace even from God above to be their Captaine and Protector But with the soldiers what with attempting painefull enterprises performing dangerous service and what with dealing prises liberally amongst them it passed how he grew into credit how deerly he was beloved in so much as Tarquinius the Father was of no greater commaund at Rome than Tarquinius the Sonne at Gabes Thus when he saw he had gathered strength sufficient and was fully furnished against all assaies he dispatched unto his fatherat Rome one of his trustie servants with credence to know his will pleasure seeing that the gods had done him this grace that he at Gabes was able to do all in all To this message made the king no answere at all by word of mouth taking the man belike as I verily thinke for one hardly to be trusted But as one musing with himselfe and in a deepe studie what answere to shape he went into a garden on the backe side of the house and his sonnes messenger followed after There walked he vp and downe and said never a word onely with his rod or walking staffe as it is reported he knapt of the uttermost heads and tops of the poppies The messenger wearie with calling for an answere and waiting such attendance returned to Gabes as wife as the came and without effect of his errand He reporteth what he had said and seene namely how the king whether upon anger or hatred or pride ingrasted by nature uttered no speech at all But Sextus knowing by these mysticall and secret circumstances his fathers will and direction made no more adoe but slew the chiefe of the Citizens some by accusations unto the people and others by reason of disgrace they were already in and therby exposed unto violence were soone overthrowen Many of them were openly executed and some whom there was little appearance or colour of justice or none at all to accuse were secretly murdered Divers of their owne accord sled into voluntarie exile or else they were forced into banishment whose goods as well as theirs that were put to death were divided among the people By sweetnes of his largesse of spoile by the profit and wealth that grew to private persons the publike wo and calamitie was nothing felt and seene until such time as the Gabines whole estate dispoiled of counsaile berest of aide and succour yeelded without dint of sword unto the king of Rome Tarquinius having thus gained the towne of Gabes made peace with the nation of the AEquains and renued the league with the Tuscanes After this he converted his mind to the affaires of the cittie among which this was the principall to leave behind him the temple of Iupiter upon the mount Tarpeius for a monument and memoriall of his raigne and name That of two Tarquines kings both it might be said another day that the father vowed it and the fonfinished the same And to the end that the sloore and plot of ground freed and exempted from all other kind of religions might wholly be dedicated to Iupiter and his temple there to be built he determined to exaugurate and to unhallow certain churches and chappels which having been first vowed by king Tatius in the very extremitie of the battell against Romulus were after by him consecrated and hallowed In the very beginning and founding of which worke it is said that the divine power and soveraigne deitie moved the gods to declare the future mightinesse of so great an Empire For when as the birds by signes out of the Augurs learning admitted and allowed the exauguration and unhallowing of all other cels and chappels besides only in that of Terminus they gave no token to confirme the unhallowing thereof which was taken for an ominous presage and thus interpreted That seeing the seat and house of Terminus was not stirred and he the god alone that was not displaced and called forth of the limits to him consecrated it shewed that all should remaine there firme and stable for ever This divine token of perpetuitie being received for good and currant there followed another strange and prodigious signe portending the greatnesse also of the Empire For as they digged for the foundation of the temple there appeared as they say a mans head face and all whole sound which sight imported no doubt
their countrie Moreover this booke containeth the fortunate wares against Hernicks Gaviles Tyburts Privernates Tarquinians Samnites and Volscians HEERE ensueth a yeare of especiall note and marke for the Consulship of a man newly risen also for two new offices the Pretorship and Aedileship of the Chaire Both which dignities they of the Nobilitie purchased to themselves in lieu of granting to the Commons one place of the two Consuls The Commons bestowed the Consulship upon L. Sextius for his good service in propounding the law wherby that promotion was first obtained The Nobles conferred the Pretorship upon Sp. Furius Camillus the sonne of Marcus and the Aedileship upon Cn. Quintius Capitolinus and P. Cornelius Scipio personages of their owne order and degree So gratious were they with the people in Mars filed L. Sextius had companion with him in government L. Aemilius Mamercus one of the Senatours In the beginning of the yeare much debate there was and hard hold both as well about the Gaules who at the first ranged abroad over all Apulia and were now as the report went gathered together as also concerning the rebellion of the Hernickes But all matters being put off for the nonce untill a further time because nothing should be done by this new Consull a Commoner all things were still and quiet as if it had beene vacation or Non terme this onely excepted that the Tribunes muttered and could not endure with patience that for one Consull of the Commons the Nobilitie had gotten to themselves three magistrates all of the Patritij sitting like Consuls with their purfled and pourpled long robes in yvorie chaires of estate And as for the Pretour besides as L. chiefe Iustice to heare and decide causes he was fellow with the Consuls and with the same Auspices and authoritie created Hereupon the Senat was abashed to be instant and to enforce that Aediles of the chaire should be chosen out of the Nobilitie And first it was agreed amongst them that everie second yeare they should be elected forth of the Commons Afterwards indifferently one with another in common withoutthat regard Now when L. Genutius and Q. Servilius were Coss. and all at good rest for any home sedition or forraine warre behold least they should at anytime be void of care and danger there began a great plague In which died as men say one Censor one Aedible Curule three Tribunes of the Commons besides many a dead corps from among the multitude was caried forth proportionable to the rest But above all the bitter death of Camilius and much lamented notwithstanding the long and goodly time he had in this life caused this pestilence to be much spoken of and remembred For the was in truth the onely person in all fortune both of prosperitie adversitie as well in peace as war a rare and singular man before his banishment and during the same more famous and renowned either in regard that the cittie had a misle of him and being taken by the enemie in his absence sought unto him for his helpe or in respect of his happinesse in that together with his owne restitution home he therwith restored his naturall countrie And after this for 25 yeares space for so long he lived afterwards he bare himselfe answerable to the title of so great glorie accounted worthie to be surnamed and reputed a second founder after Romulus of the cittie of Rome All this yeare long and the next which followed when T. Sulpitius Peticus and C. Licinius Stolo were Consuls the sicknes continued By reason wherof nothing was done worth remembrance but that for to obtaine the mercie and grace of the gods there was a Lectisterne solemnised which was the third since the cittie was first founded But when by no device of man nor helpe of the gods the violence of the sickness assuaged their minds consciences were so possessed with superstition that among other pacifications and appeasings of the heavenly yre the stage-plaies a strange and new device for a warlike and martiall people who afore time used onely to behold the solemne games and fâ—ates of strength and activitie in the great Listes or Race called Circus were as men say first begun and ordained But as all beginnings lightly are a small thing God wot it was at first without song and meetre without gesture and action sutable unto song and verse and the same also meere outlandish For the plaiers who were sent for out of Hetruria as they daunced the measures to the minstrell and sound of flute gestured not undecently withall after the Tuscane fashion But in processe of time the youth began to imitate and counterfeit them jesting pleasantly besides one with another and singing in rude rimes and disordered meetre and their gesture was sorting with their jestes and ditties Thus was this thing first taken up and thus with much use and often exercise practised And heereupon our owne countrie Actors and artificiall professours of this feate were called Histriones of Hister a Tuscane word which signifieth a plâ—ier or dauncer But these uttered not as they used afore time in their turnes one after another disordred confused and rude verses like to the loose and baudie Fescenine rimes but went through and rehearsed out whole Satyres full of musicall measures with a set consert of song also to the instrument of the minstrell and with gesture agreeable therunto Certaine yeares after Livius who was the first that after the use of Satyres ventured to set forth an Enâ—erlude of some one argument and uniforme matter is reported to have beene himselfe as they were all no doubt in those daies the author and actor both of his owne verses and songs But being so often called on by the people to play that he became hoarse againe lost his voice he gat leave to set a boy to sing before the minstrels And so being silent himselfe he acted the song with more agilitie and nimblenes of motion a good deale for not employing his voice he had no hindrance of libertie in gesture Then began the plaiers to have others at hand to sing and they themselves used their voices onely in acting their parts in Comedies dialogue-wise After that by this order taken and law of plaies they came from laughter and pleasant conceited mirth and that this pastime sport turned by little and little to a methodicall Art and profession Then the youth leaving to Comoedians the acting of parts in Enterludes began after the old manner to let flie one at another merrie scoffes and jestes interlaced within their rime and meeter which thereupon were afterwards called Exodia and were inserted commonly in the Atellane Comedies Which kind of sport the youth learned first of the Osci and having once taken it up they held it still and would not suffer it to bee distained and dishonested by common plaiers And hereof commeth it that the Actours in the Atellane Interludes were neither displaced out of their own tribe nor made
all that he met and to as many as ran forth affrighted into the streetes This fearefull alarme received from one man was set abroad by many more all over the citie The Magistrates quaking for feare sent certaine to the Castle in espiall to discover the truth and advertised by them that the Castle was surprized indeede by armed men and full of armour for they made the number everything els more than it was were cleane put out of all hope to recover their fortresse So every where they fell to running away the gates were broken open by them that were not well awake and those most part unarmed At one of the gates those companies of the Romanes aforesaid who lay in ambush and were raised with the noyse and clamor brake in and killed all that in this affright ran headlong in their way Thus was Sora woon against the Consuls should come in the morning betimes by breake of day and looke whose fortune it was to scape out of the massacre made in the night and to flye away those they tooke to mercie upon their submission whereof 225. euen those who by the generall voyce of all were pointed at and reputed above the rest the principall actors in that horrible massacre abovesayd of the Romaine Coloners inhabitants and the authors of the revolt they had away with them to Rome bound hand and foote The other multitude they left at Sora safe and unhurt and planted there a garrison All they that were brought to Rome were in the market place skourged with rods and beheaded with the exceeding joy contentment of all the commons whom it concerned most that the multitude which should be sent into sundrie Colonies might in every place live in safetie and securitie of their lives The Consuls being departed from Sora marched forward to make warre upon the lands and territories of the Ausonians for by the comming of the Samnites after the battaile of Lautulae they were all out full of insurrections and commotions and many conspiracies there were in all places about Campania neither was Capua itselfe without blame and faultlesse Nay this matter passed as farre as to Rome where information was made against some of the Nobles and warning given to enquire into them But the whole nation of the Ausonians by reason that the Cities were betrayed like as Sora was reduced under obedience to the people of Rome Ausonia Minturnae and Vestina were the Cities out of which twelve of the chiefe young Gentlemen having conspired and sworne together to betray their owne Cities presented themselves unto the Consuls giving them to understand that their countrymen wished long ago for the comming of the Samnites and so soone as they heard of the battaile before Lautulae made account that the Romanes were utterly vanquished helped the Samnites both with men munition But now say they that the Samnites were chased from thence they lived unresolute in doubtfull termes of peace and shut not their gates in dred upon the Romanes for feare of bringing warre upon themselves yet obstinantly bent to shut them if their army approched toward them In this wavering and doubtfull floating of their minds they might at unwares be sodainly surprised By this persuasion of theirs they encamped neerer and at one and the selfesame time were souldiers sent about those three townes before named some in armour closely to lye in ambush in convenient places neere the walles others in side gownes with swords under them who alittle before day so soone as the gates were set open should enter into those Cities By whome the matter was so handled that at one instant they began to kill the warders at the gates and gave a signall to those armed souldiers who lay in ambush for to rise all at once and come to succour Thus were the gates seized and possessed and three townes in one houre by the same stratageme surprized But because this exploit was performed in the absence of the Captaines there was no stay in execution and carnage but beyond all measure and without all mercy no sexe nor age was spared and so the whole nation of the Ausones before they were detected for certaine of revolt was destroyed and extinguished as if they had warred mortally and bene at deadly feawd The same yeare Luceria came into the hands of the Samnites by reason that the citie had betrayed and delivered the Romaine garison to them but the traytors went not long unpunished for it The Romaine armie chaunced to be not farre from thence and at the first assault the citie standing as it did on a plaine was woon The Lucerines and Samnites both were put to the sword every one and so farre forth procceded their furious rage that when the Senat fate in counsel at Rome about sending men to inhabit Luceria many were of mind that the citie it selfe should be rased to the ground and destroyed for besides the cursed and execrable hatred they bare against them being twise conquered and as often revolted the distance also of the place so remote caused them to mislike greatly and abhorre the confining as it were of their citizens so far from home to live amongst such a kind of people so cruell and dangerous Howbeit their opinion tooke place and prevailed who gave advise that Coloners and inhabitants should thither be sent and to the number of 2500. were there planted The same yeare when as the Romaines found all unloyall unto them and nothing but falshood on all sides at Capua also certaine secret conspiracies of the Nobles and best of the Citie were detected and revealed Touching which the Senates advise was asked and the matter not neglected by them but commissions were appointed and thought good it was that a Dictator should be nominate for to fit upon the same commissions and inquisitions And C. Maenius was created who named M. Fillius Generall of Horse Great was the terrour of that Magistrat and thereupon either for feare or guiltinesse of conscience the two Calavij Ovius and Novius who were the chiefe of that complot before information was given against them by name to the Dictator died and questionlesse by their own hands shortned their daies so avoided the triall of justice and punishment accordingly After that when the inquisition wanted subject matter once about the Capuans the Inquisitors by interpretation of the words in the commission proceeded to Rome saying that the Senate had good warrant to make enquirie and streight search not by name and precisely who at Capua onely but generally who in any place whatsoever had used conventicles and conspired against the Common-wealth and all secret meetings say they packings together for to get dignities Offices were directly against the State Common-wealth so that the Commission extended larger both for person and reall action Yea and the Dictator himselfe nothing gainesaid but that the vertue of his Commission was directed without limitation Hereupon were certaine Gentlemen of the Nobility
the case stood I wil quoth he pay unto my naturall father that kindnesse and love in which I am bound as a debtour to my native countrie But alas for you good father I am right sory for your hard hap who are to answere before God and the world for the betraying of your countrie no fewer times than thrice alreadie Once when you gave counsell and persuaded to forsake the Romanes and to revolt from them againe when you were the principall agent and advised to make peace with Anniball and now this day the third time when you are the only obstacle and hinderance that Capua is not restored againe into the hands of the Romanes O sweet countrie and native soyle of mine take here at my hand this sword wherewith erewhile I was girt and armed for deere love of thee and was fully minded to defend this thy chiefe castle and fortresse and not to spare but embrue it in the bloud of thy mortall enemie take it I say since mine owne father is readie to wrest it from me This sayd he flung his sword over the garden wall into the high way and open street and therewith because he would not grow into any suspition he shewed himselfe againe to the guests within the house and tooke part of the banquet The morrow after the Senate in favour of Anniball solemnely met together in great number in which frequent assembly the beginning of his speech was very pleasant and gracious wherein he gave the Capuans thanks for preferring his amitie before the alliance of the people of Rome and among other faire and magnificall behests to them made he promised that within a while Capua should be the head citie and chiefe State of all Italie whereunto the people of Rome together with other nations should resort for law and justice Mary quoth he there is one that hath no part or fellowship in the societie and league made betweene the Carthaginians and you namely Magius Decius who neither was a Campane nor ought of right so to be called and reputed him I demaund to be delivered into my hands and that in my presence the Senate should be asked their opinion concerning his trespasse and an Act presently entred thereof All of them there assembled allowed of the motion and gave their assent in the end albeit a great sort of them thought both the man unworthie of that hard fortune calamitie and that this was but an ill beginning and a very ouverture to the infringing of the right of their freedome The chiefe Magistrate then went forth of the Counsel chamber sate in the Iudiciall hall or temple and commanded Decius to be attached and to stand before him at his feete and there to answere for himselfe and make his defence Who persisted still in the same stournesse and boldnesse of spirit alleadging that by vertue of the covenants in the league comprised he might not lawfully be pressed and forced thus farre Wherupon he had yrons clapt upon him and commaundement was given that he should have a Lictor attend upon him and so be conveighed into the campe of Anniball All the way as hee was led so long as he was bareheaded and open faced hee went preaching to the multitude that flocked about him and with a lowd voice spake and said Now Capuans yee have the libertie that ye sought and longed for In the open market place at noone day and in your sight lo how I a man inferiour to none in all Capua am led away bound in chaines to die What greater violence could be offered if Capua were woon by assault of the enemie Go forth go meet Anniball adorne hang the citie with rich cloth of tapistrie Register in your Kalender among other holydaies this day of his Entrie that in the end ye may behold this goodly triumph over one of your owne cittizens Vpon the utterance of these words the multitude seemed discontented at the indignitie of this sight Whereupon hee was hood-winked and his head covered and the Sergeant was charged to have him away quickely and make hast out of the gates So hee was brought into the campe and immediately shipped and sent to Carthage for feare least some commotion might arise in Capua upon so unworthie and shamefull a deed and least the Senate also should repent themselves that they had delivered and yeelded out of their hands a principall personage among them also to prevent that no Embassage might be sent unto him for his redelivery wherby he should either offend his new allies in case he denied them their first request or suffer Capua to have alwaies a busie and seditious citizen readie ever to stirre up new troubles if he graunted their suite The ship wherein he was embarked was by tempest cast upon Cyrenae a port towne in the dominion at that time of the KK There Magius fled for refuge as to a Sanctuarie unto the Image of king Ptolomaus and was brought by his guard and keepers unto Alexandria to the kings presence and enformed the king how contrarie to the tenor and priviledge of the covenant he was in bonds by Anniball Whereupon hee was loosed from his chaines and put to the choise whether to Capua or goe to Rome Magius answered that he could not in Capua remaine in safetie and if he went to Rome at that time especially when there was warre betweene the Romanes and Capuans he should bee sooner lodged there in prison like a fugitive runagate than intertained in house for a friend and loving guest and concluded in the end that he would make abode and live the rest of his daies more willingly in no place of the world than in his highnesse realme whom he found alreadie to be the saviour of his life and the redeemer of his libertie and enlargement Whiles these occurrents fell out abroad Q. Fabius Pictor sent as is abovesaid Embassador to Delphos returned to Rome out of a writing he red openly the answer of the Oracle in these words now yee must understand that in this Script were certaine gods and saints named unto whom they should make solemne supplication and the manner also with all ceremonies and complements thereto belonging Then ô Romanes if yee shall so doe your state shall prosper and be more happie your Commonweale shall goe forward better to your mind yea and victorie in the wars shall happen unto the people of Rome But remember that when all things shall goe well on your side and your State shall be saved and preserved yee send unto Pythius Apollo a present according to the merite of a due recompence and of the sylver raised of the pillage prises and spoiles taken from the enemies doe him honour accordingly After he had rehearsed these words truly translated out of the Greeke Originall then he said moreover That so soone as he was departed from the Oracle he presently sacrificed unto all those gods with franke-incense and wine Also that he was commaunded by the
And when they all fled away amaine he also was carried away in the throng of the rour like as Varro the Consul at the battell before Cannae and as many other Generals elswhere And what good could hee have done to the Commonweale in case hee had staied behind alone unlesse peradventure his death might have cured and remedied the publicke sores and maladies or made amends for the common losses Neither was it for want of victuals nor for that hee light at unwares upon places of disadvantage and daunger ne yet because hee was entrapped within the traines of an ambush marching on end forward without sending his espials before that hee was overcome but even by fine force by dint of sword in open field and in a pight battel And it was not he could doe withall if his owne men were fearfull and timorous the enemies hardie and venturous he had not the rule of their hearts It is long of every one his owne nature to be either bold or heartlesse Two severall daies was he judicially accused at both times a fine of monie only set upon his head in case the matter should go against him At the third Session the witnesses were produced forth to be deposed and give evidence and after that he had bene shamefully reviled and charged with all manner of reproches there were very many upon their oth testified That the first beginning of the fright and flight both was occasioned by the Pretour himselfe and that the souldiers seeing themselves forsaken by him and supposing verily that their captaine and leader was not afraid of his owne shadow but had great reason to feare they likewise turned their backs and fled Vpon which evidence the whole Court was so incensed against him with anger that they cried all with one voice to commense a capitall action for that he was worthie to dye Whereupon arose a new debate and controversie for whereas the Tribune had twise before laid a penall action upon him of monie and now at the third time said that he would have a jurie of life and death go upon him then he called upon the other Tribunes for their helping hand to mitigate this rigor of the Tribune But when those his colleagues made answere againe and said that they would not oppose themselves nor hinder his course but that hee might proceed in the suite at his owne good pleasure more maiorum i. according to the auncient manner used by their forefathers either by order of law or rule of custome and bring him being but a private person to the triall either of a capitall crime or penall trespasse then Sempronius spake and said flatly that he laid upon him a criminall action of treason against the State and requested of C. Calpurnius the L. chiefe Iustice of the citie for to have a day of hearing and judiciall triall by the people Then thedefendant cast about to help himselfe by another remedie namely in case he could compasse that Q. Fulvius his brother might possibly be present at the Session when he should be judged who at that time was a man of great credit and reputation in regard both of the name that went on him for his noble acts and of that great hope which men had of him that he was like presently to be maister of Capua But when this said Q. Fulvius had requested so much by his letters endited to that purpose as effectually as he could devise and to move commiseration and pitie in behalfe of the life of his brother the LL. of the Senate returned this answere unto him againe That it was not for the good of the State that he should depart from Capua thereupon before the Sessions day was come Cn. Fulvius departed of his owne accord into exile to Tarquinij and the Commons made an act and confirmed that banishment of his to be a just due and sufficient punishment for his offence During these businesses at Rome the whole strength and force of warre was bent against Capua and yet the citie was rather streightly beleaguered than forcibly assaulted in so much as neither the servants or bondmen nor the common people were able to endure the famine any longer and send unto Annibal any messengers they possibly could not by reason of the streight watch and ward that the Romanes kept so neâ—re one unto the other At length there was a certaine Numidian offred to go and to escape cleére away who having taken letters unto Anniball to put him in mind to be as good as his promise departed in the night and passed through the mids of the Romane camp and put the Campanes in very good hope to issue forth at all the gates and to make a sally upon the enemie whiles their power and strength served them And verily in many scufflings and skirmishes which they made they got the better for the most part in horsesight but lightly their footmen had ever the worse The Romans for their parts were nothing so much pleased when they had the upperhand at any time as they were discontented and ill apaiâ—d to receive a soile in any kind of service of them who were not onely besieged but in manner overcome alreadie and conquered So they devised a means in the end to make up and supplie by industrie and policie the defect they had in strength and force They chose out of all the Legions certaine lustie young men such as for cleane strength of bodie and lightnes withall were most nimble and swist These had every one of them a light buckler or target shorter than commonly horsemen have and seven javelins or darts apeece foure foot long with yron heads at one end like as those javelins have which they use to launce that are lightly armed and begin skirmishes And every horseman took up one of these behind him on horsebacke used them both to sit the horse and ride and also to leape downe on foot with great delivernesse and agilitie at the signall and token given them Now when as after daily practise and exercise they were able to doe it nimblie ynough and without feare they advaunced forth into the plaine lying betweene their campe and the wall of the citie affronted the horsemen of the Campanes as they stood arraunged in battell array and so soone as they were come within a darts cast the light javelottiers aforesaid dismounted from their horses at a signe given them and behold all of a suddaine out of the Cavallerie there was a battaillon of footmen arraunged who charged the men of armes of the enemies and let flie their shot with greatforce datt after dart which they launced so thicke that they gauled many a horse and wounded also many horsemen Howbeit their feare was much greater by reason of the strange and unexpected manner of fight The Romane horsemen seeing their enemies thus affrighted set too hard and charged upon them lustily chased them and beat them downe even to the citie gates After this the
valuation of their goods For Cato commanded the sergeants to take a note of all the ornaments jewels apparrell of women also of their chariots and coaches if they amounted to the sum of 15000 asses to enroll the same in the Censors booke Item all bondslaves under twentie years of age sold after the last tax of assessment for ten thousand asses or upward that they should bee valued at an higher price by ten fold than they were esteemed worth and that for all these thinges they should pay and contribute to the citie chamber after three in the thousand These Censors cut off all water either running out of any common stream into a priuat house or derived into particular fields and grounds And all hovses either built by privat persons upon common ground or any waies encroching and leaning to publike places they caused to be demolished and pulled downe within thirtie dayes After this they set out divers peeces of worke to be wrought at a price of that money which was ordeyned to that purpose namely to pave certaine pooles with stone to skoure and clense the draughts and sinks wher need was and in the mount Aventine and other parts where none were alredy to make new And particularly of themselves Flaccus caused the causey or wharse to bee made against the waters called Neptuniae that the people might passe too and fro that way and also a street way through Formianum And Cato for his part built two galleries Moenium Titium in the Mineries and bought foure shops for the citie he built there also the stately hall or pallace called Porcia As for the citie revenues they did set and let them foorth to fermers at an exceeding racked rent but al the city works they put out to undertakers by the great at as low a reckoning as they could These leases and bargains aforesaid being once cancelled by order from the Senate and new made at the importunat suit and that with outcries and teares of the Publicanes as well farmers as vndertakers then the Censors by proclamation commaunded those to avoid farre from the subhastation who had disanulled the former leases and bargains and with some little abatement and easing of the former rents they demised the same profits and revenues again to others This was a censureship of great note full of repine ill will and heartburning which troubled and molested M. Porcius as long as he had a day to live for that he was reputed and held to bee the author of that severitie and rigor exercised therein The same yeare two Colonies were erected and inhabitants sent from Rome to wit Pollentia into the Picene territorie and Pisaurum into the Gauls countrie Six acres of land were assigned to every one of the coloners And the same Triumvirs namely Q. Fabius Labio M. Fulvius Flaccus and Q. Fulvius Nobilior were they that both parted the sayd lands and also had the leading and planting of the foresaid Colonies The Consuls that yeare atchieved no memorable exploit at all neither at home in citie nor abroad in warre Against the yeare following they created Consuls M. Claudius Marcellus and Q. Falius who upon the fifteenth of March on which day they entred into their government put to question as concerning the provinces as well their own as the Pretours For there had ben chosen Pretours C. Valerius the Flamin of Iupiter who also the yeare before was in election for the place Sp. Posthumius Albinus and P. Cornelius Sisenna also L. Puppius L. Iulius and Cn. Suinius Vnto the Consuls was assigned the province Liguria togither with the charge of the same armies which P. Claudius and M. Porcius had conducted As for both the provinces in Spaine as well beyond as on this side Iberus they were reserved with their ordinarie forces for the Pretours of the former yeare by speciall commission without casting any lots at all therefore The new Pretours were enjoyned for to dispose and part their governments that C. Valerius the Flamine of Iupiter might exercise one of the jurisdictions of Rome So he was L. chiefe justice for the forreiners and Sisenna Cornelius over the citizens Vnto Sp. Posthumius fell Sicilie to L. Puppius Apulia to L. Iulius Gallia and to Cn. Sicinius Sardinia As for L. Iulius hee was enjoined to make hast and set forward on his journey for the Transalpine Gauls beyond the mountains had passed over by the streights of the forrests and waies unknowne before time into Italie as hath bene beforesaid and were building them a towne in that territorie which at this day is called Aquiliensis This Pretour had in charge to impeach them in that enterprise so far foorth as hee might possibly without warre and force of arms and if there were no other remedie but that they must of necessitie use violence then to certifie the Consuls thereof for agreed it was that one of them should lead the Legions against the Gauls In the end of the former yeare there was a generall assemblie holden for the chusing of an Augur wherin Sp. Posthumius Albinus was created in the joume of Cn. Cornelius Lentulus late deceased But in the beginning of this present yeare P. Licinius Crassus the arch-Pontifie departed our of this world in whose place M. Sempronius Tuduanu was invested for the bishop But C. Seruilius Ceminus was created the archprelat or high priest aforesaid In the honor of P. Licinius at his funerals there was given a dole of flesh and a shew exhibited of 120 sword-fensers fighting at sharp likewise there were represented funerall plaies and games which continned three dayes and after that solemnitie a least was holden during which when the tables were set and spred accordingly all over the grand-place of the cittie sodainly there arose a tempest with great stormes which forced most men to erect tents booths there but after a while when the weather was faire againe they were taken down and had away and men commonly gave out and said That whereas the prophets and wisards had foretold among other their fatall presages that they should be forced to quarter and pitch tents in the market place of Rome now that prophesie was fulfilled and they were freed and excused from farther danger And no sooner were they eased and delivered of that scruple but they were troubled with another for that it had rained blood two daies in the court-yard of Vulcane and the Decemvirs published a solemne supplication for the expiation of that prodigious signe Before that the Consuls departed into their provinces they brought into the Senate for to have audience the embassages come from beyond sea And never before that day were so many men of those forrein parts seene at Rome For from the time that the bruit was blown abroad amongst the nations bordering upon Macedonie that the Romanes gave no dease eare to the complaints and accusations commensed against Philip and that many had sped well by complaining every citie and State in their owne
yet neither the one nation or the other were set at a lesse proportion of souldiours in all their levies Two cautelous meanes and devises there were brought up whereby men chaunged thus their cities at pleasure The law graunted this indulgence to the allies of the Latine nation as many as left yssue of their rase behind them in their house That they should be reputed citizens of Rome By abusing this law some did injurie to their allies other wronged the people of Rome for both they that were to leave such yssue at home gave their children as it were in villenage to some Romane citizen or other whom they liked of with condition to manumise and make them free that they might be tribes or enfranchised citizens And they also who wanted yssue to leave behind them were held as citizens of Rome But in processe of time without any of these colorable pretenses of right without regard of law and respect of yssue they crept in and had the benefit of the Burgeosie and freedome of Rome by their transmigration thither to inhabite by enrolment in the reviews To meet with thes e practices the embassadours craved a remedie for the time to come as also that they would petemptorily commaund all their allies to repaire againe to their own citties with an expresse inhibition that no man should receive any other to be his vassaile and villaine and so to alienate him with intention by that meanes to chaunge the cittie wherein he lived and that whosoever became cittizens of Rome after that maner should not be counted for a cittizen These petitions were graunted by the Senate Then were decrees passed for those provinces of Istria and Sardinia which were in armes to wit for the enrolling of two legions into Sardinia having either of them five thousand and two hundred foot and three hundred horse besides twelve thousand footmen and 600 horsemen of the Latine allies and ten quinquiremes or galeaces with five banks of ores in case the Generall would warpe them out of the arcenall The like number as well of the Infanterie as Cauallerie was assigned for Istria The Consuls also were enjoyned to send to M. Titinius in Spaine one legion with 300 horse besides 5000 footmen of allies and 250 horsemen Before that the Coss. cast lots for their provinces certaine prodigies were reported Namely that in the territorie of Crustumium there fell from heaven a stone into the lake of Mars That in the territorie of Rome there was an infant born like a very stumpe without head feet or hands and a snake or serpent seene four footed That in the market place of Capua many houses were smitten with thunderbolts and lightning Also at Puteoli two ships were set on fire by lightning and burnt Whiles these prodigious wonders were by others related there was seene a wolfe also in the day time at Rome which having entred at the gate Collina after much coursing and hunting with much adoe and noise of them that followed the chase escaped away from them all and passed through the Esquiline gate In regard of these strange tokens the Consuls killed greater beasts for sacrifice and for one whole day a solemne supplication and praiers were made at all the shrines and altars of the gods These sacrifices done and past accordingly as it appertained the Consuls cast lots for their provinces and to Claudius befell Istria to Sempronius Sardinia After this C. Claudius published a law by vertue of an ordinance of the Senate in favour of allies and proclaimed That those allies namely of the Latine nation who either themselves or their ancestors had ben enrolled among the Latine allies during the Censorship of Marcus Claudius and Titus Quintius or any time afterwards should make returned every man into his owne cittie before the first day of November next ensuing And Lucius Mummius the Pretour had in commission to enquire and search for those that returned not accordingly To this lawe and edict abovesaid of the Consull an Act also of the Senate was adjoyned That the Dictatour Consull Interregent Censour and lord cheese justice in the common pleas for the time being should endevour and take order that whosoever were manumised and made free should take an oth That he who manumised or enfranchised him did it not with any intent for to exchange the citie wherein he was and looke who would not thus sweare him they thought not worthie to be manumised But his charge and jurisdiction was afterwards committed to C. Claudius the Consull Whiles these affaires passed at Rome M. Iunius and A. Manlius who had been Consuls the yeere before having wintered in Aquileia in the beginning of the Spring entered with an armie into the frontiers of Istria Where as they made wast and spoile farre and neere as they went the Istrians entred into a commotion and tooke armes rather upon greese of heart and indignation to see their goods thus pilled and ransacked than for any assured hope they had of their sufficience to make head against two armies Having therefore raised a concurse of their able youth from all their cities and States they assembled in hast a suddaine and tumultuarie armie which at the first gave battell and fought more in heat of courage than with persistance of resolution In conflict there were slaine of them to the number of foure thousand the rest abandoned all warre and fled here and there into their cities From thence they sent embassadors first into the Romane campe to crave peace and then the hostages which were demaunded After intelligence given at Rome of these newes by the letters of the Proconsuls C. Claudius the Consull fearing least this occurrence might put him by the government of his province and the conduct of the armie without solemne praiers and vowes made without his Lictors clad in their coats of armes departed sodainly in great hast all of the head by night toward his province and made no man privie thereto but onely his colleague His voyage thither was not so rash and inconsiderate but his carriage there was more foolish and undiscreet for beeing thither come he assembled a generall audience where after hee had very unseasonably reproached Manlius for his running away out of the campe to the great discontentment of the soldiours who were the first that fled and with opprobrious tearmes shaken up M. Iunius also for taking part in this dishonour with his companion in the end hee commaunded them both to avoid out of the province Whereupon the souldiours made answer againe and said That they would then obey the Consuls commaundement when according to the auncient custome of their fore-fathers he had made his solemne vowes within the Capitoll and then taken his leave and departed out of the citie accompanied with his Huishers in their rich cotes of armes warlike Hereat he was so farre entraged with anger that he called upon the treasurers deputie belonging to Manlius for chaines and gyves and menaced to send Iunius and
Claudius Marcellus the bishop who had been Consull and Censor In his stead M. Marcellus his sonne was consecrated bishop Likewise in the same yeere there was a colonie of two thousand citizens of Rome planted at Luca. The Triumvirs or the commissioners who had the conduct and placing of them were P. Aelius L. Egilius and Cn. Sicinius one and fiftie acres of land and an halfe was set out for them apeece to occupie out of the territorie late conquered from the Ligurians and which had been sometime the possession of the Tuscanes before it was holden by the Ligurians Then came the Consull C. Claudius to the citie of Rome where after he had discoursed before the Senate as touching the prosperous execution of his affaires as well in Istria as Liguria and thereupon demaunded a triumph hee soone obtained that honour and during his magistracie triumphed at once over those two nations In which solemnitie of his triumph hee carried in shew 307000 Deniers and 85702 Victoriates He gave to every common Romane souldiour fifteen Denarij apeece a double proportion to the centurions thrice as much to every horsman But upon the allies he bestowed lesse by the one moietie than to naturall citizens and therfore as they followed his chariot they were silent said never a word a man that had seene them would have said they were malecontent During the time of this triumph the Ligurians perceiving that not only the Consull his armie was brought home to Rome but the legion also at Pisae discharged by T. Claudius thinking now all feare past and overblowne secretly levied a power and having passed over the crosse frontiers by traversing the wayes through the mountaines descended into the downes and wasted the domaines of Modenna and by sodaine assault surprised the verie colonie The newes hereof was no sooner arrived at Rome but the Senate commaunded C. Claudius the Consull to hold the high court for the solemne election with all convenient speed that so soon as new annuall magistrates were created hee might returne into his province and perforce recover this colonie out of their hands So according to the advise and ordinance of the Senate the said assembly was holden wherein were elected Consuls Cn. Cornelius Scipio Hispalus and Q. Petilius Spurinus Then were the Pretors afterwards chosen to wit M. Popilius Lenas P. Licinius Crassus M. Cornelius Scipio L. Papyrius Maso M. Alburius and L. Aquilius Gallus The Consull C. Claudius had his patent sealed againe for one yeere longer to continue in commaund of the armie and government of the province Gallia And for feare least the Istrians likewise should follow the example of the Ligurians he had commission to send those allies of the Latine nation whom he had brought out of his province for to solemnise his triumph Vpon that very day on which the Consuls Cneus Cornelius and Quintus Petilius entered their magistracie and sacrificed each of them an oxe as the manner was in the honor of Iupiter In that beast which Q. Petilius caused to be slaine the liver was found head-lesse When hee had reported this accident unto the Senat he was enjoined to sacrifice another boeufe for to appease the wrath of the gods Moved then it was in the Senate house as concerning the provinces and a decree passed that both Consuls should bee sent to Pisae and against the Ligurians but order was given that whether of them had the charge of Pisae allotted unto him he should when the time came repaire to Rome against the election of yeerely magistrates Moreover there was another braunch of this decree that either of them should enroll two new legions and three hundred horsemen and levie of the Latine allies ten thousand foot apeece and sixe hundred horse And T. Claudius continued still in full commaund untill such time as the Consull was arrived in his province Whiles these matters were thus debated and passed in the Counsel house Cn. Cornelius was called forth by a bailife or huisher And within a while after hee was gone out of the temple he returned thither againe with an heavie and dismaied countenance and declared unto the LL. of the Senate that the liver of that oxe which he also had killed for sacrifice a beast of sixe yeeres old and well liking was consumed and come to nothing and when he hardly beleeved the minister attending upon the sacrifice who told him hereof that himselfe caused the water to be poured forth of the pot wherin the tripes and inwards were sodden where he saw the rest of the tripes and entrals full and whole but all the liver wasted away after a wonderfull and miraculous manner not to be spoken The LL. were much terrified and amazed at this prodigious object and the more perplexed were they for that the other Consull likewise related unto them how in regard that in his sacrifice the liver wanted an head hee had killed three oxen more one after another and yet could not procure the favour and grace of the gods Hereupon the Senate commaunded him still to sacrifice these greater beasts untill such time as he had his desire and the gods were pleased againe Now it is said that all the other gods were well ynough contented and their ire mitigated and appeased onely the goddesse Salus Petilius could not be reconciled unto for all that ever he might doe Then the Consuls and Pretours committed the disposition of their provinces to the arbittement of the lots Pisae fell to Cornelius and Liguria to Pettlius As for the Pretours L. Papyrius Maso was lord cheese justice by lot appointed within the citie of all citizens pleas and M. Aburius had the jurisdiction over straungers M. Cornelius Scipio Maluginensis had the charge to govern the lower Spain L. Aquilius Gallus Sicilie The two Pretors behind requested earnestly that they might not be sent into their provinces namely M. Popilius into Sardinia alledging that Gracchus was able to quiet that Island and the rather for that T. Ebutius the Pretour was by the Senate adjoined to him for assistance neither was it good to enterrupt courses begun the continuitie whereof is the most effectuall meanes to exploit any great important affaires For what with delivering up of the sword by the old L. Deputie and receiving it by the new successour whome it were more meet first to bee trained up in knowledge of the State than to bee put to the managing of State-matters oftentimes the good opportunities of atcheeving brave enterprises passe by and are lost This excuse of Popilius was held for good so approoved Then comes P. Licinius Crassus and he for his part made allegations why he might not go into his province namely by occasion of the solemn sacrifice that he was to give his attendance upon Now the higher part of Spaine was allotted unt him But commaunded was hee either to goe into his province or els to take oth in a frequent and full assemblie of the people
thereof begun thought good it was and requisite that order first should be taken for the expiation of prodigies and the pacification of the gods by way of humble praiers such as were represented and delivered unto them out of the fatall bookes of Sibylla For at Lanuvium were seene as the common voice went certaine shewes and resemblances of a mightie great navie Item At Privernum there grew blacke wooll out of the earth Also in the Veientian territorie neere a towne called Remens it rained stones Moreover all the countrey Pomptinum was overcast as it were with clouds of Locusts and within the land of Gallia there were seen certain fishes to leap from under the clots of earth that were turned with the plow as it took stitch and made surrow For these straunge and fearfull sights the foresaid bookes were looked into and perused and out of them the Decemvirs declared pronounced both unto what gods sacrifice should be offered and what beast were to be slain therfore moreover that the one supplication should bee holden as propitiatorie for those prodigious tokens as also the other which the yeare before had been vowed for the health of the people should now bee performed and holydaies kept therefore So the sacrifices were accomplished according to the order and forme set downe in writing by the Decemvirs The very same yeere was the church of Iuno Lacinia uncovered upon this occasion Q. Fulvius Flaccus the Censor was building of a temple to Fortuna equestris which hee had vowed during the warre against the Celtiberians when he was lord pretour in Spaine His desire and earnest endevor was to straine himselfe that there might not be in Rome a temple of more state and magnificence than this And supposing that it would be a great beautie and ornament unto it in case the roofe were covered with tiles of marble hee went into the Brutians countrey and there he was so bold with the church abovesaid of Iuno Licinia as to untile the one halfe thereof making full account that so much would served for to cover that temple which hee was a building Boates and barges hee had readie for to receive and carrie away the said tiles or sclates without being empeached or controlled for this sacriledge by the allies whom he held in awe and frighted by his Censorian authoritie Now after the Censor was returned to Rome those marble sclates were disbarked out of the foresaid vessels and conveighed to the temple And albeit no words were made from whence they came yet concealed it could not bee And hereupon arose much muttering in the Senate and from all parts thereof they called hard upon the Consuls to have the matter put to question and debated of The Censor was sent for who was no sooner entered into the Senate but both all in generall and also every one in particular had a fling at him and much more sharpely reproched him to his face in these tearmes That hee could not bee content to abuse and violate the most holy and stately church in those parts which neither Pyrrhus nor Anniball ever offered violence unto unlesse he uncovered it also in foule sort and in manner laid it ruinate The lanterne thereof was taken away and gone the rouse left bare and naked exposed and open to raine and soule weather and thereby subject to rot that hee being chosen Censor for to reforme the manners of other to whome it appertained by his office after the auncient maner and custome to see that the temples were close and covert to call upon that all publicke places be kept wind-tight and water-tight and in sufficient repaire that he I say of all others should raunge over the cities of allies and consederate States pulling downe their temples as hee goeth and uncovering the roases of the sacred edifices and in demolishing the churches of the immortall gods commit that which if he did but practise upon the privat houses of allies might seem an unworthie act and a great indignitie and finally by rearing one temple with the ruine of another obligue the people of Rome with the verie guilt of his owne crime as if ywis the immortall gods were not the same in all places but that we must honour and adorne some of them with the spoile of others Now as it was apparent before the matter was put to the censure of the Senate which way the LL. enclined in opinion so immediately upon the proposing thereof they all opined and gave one sentence That order should bee taken with the publicanes of the citie workes for the carrying backe againe of the same sclates to the former temple and that certaine propitiatorie sacrifices should bee offered for the pacification of Iuno As for all ceremonies requisite toward the divine service aforesaid they were with all complements performed accordingly but the farmers who had undertaken at a price to recarie those tiles brought word that they had landed them in the churchyard and there left them because they might not meet with any workeman who could devise with all the skill cunning he had how to bestow them as they were laid and couched before Of those Pretours who were gone into their provinces M. Fabius as he was in his journey toward high Spaine died at Massiles by the way and therefore upon intelligence given thereof by the Massilian embassadours the Senate ordained that P. Furius and Cn. Servilius whome to succeed others were to be sent should cast lost betweene themselves whether of them should continue still in government and have the charge of high Spaine And the lot fell out very well and fit that the said P. Furius who had ruled the said province before should there remaine The same yere by occasion that a good part of the Ligutians and Gaules territorie woon by conquest lay void and was not as yet in the tenor and occupation of any man there passed an Act of the Senate that it should be divided by the poll So A. Attilius the L. chiefe Iustice of the cittie of Rome by vertue of a decree graunted out of the Senat created ten Decemvirs or commissioners for that purpose to wit M. Aemylius Lepidus C. Cassius T. Ebutius Parrus C. Tremellius P. Cornelius Cethegus I and L. both named Apulius M. Caecilius C. Salonius and C. Munatius To every Romane cittizen they set out ten acres apeece and to the Latine allies three About the same time that these affaires passed at Rome there arrived thither embassadours out of Aetolia about their owne civill discords and seditions Likewise there came others from Thessalie reporting what was a doing in Macedonie For Perseus casting now in his mind how to compasse that war which during his fathers life he devised and thought upon endevoured to draw and win unto him not onely all the nations but the citties of Greece by sending his embassages among them and promising liberally more than he performed Howbeit the hearts of the most part were inclined to him and favoured
that in the said Asia they had communication with Eumenes in Syria with Antiochus and in Alexandria with Ptolomaeus who all of them had beene sollicited by sundrie embassies of Perseus howbeit they persisted firme and fast in their processed sealtie and promised to performe whatsoever the people of the Rome would command them Also that they went to the confederated states whome they found true and loiall enough excepting the Rhodians onely whom they perceived to bee floting and wavering as altogether infected and poisoned with the counsell of Perseus Now were the Rhodian embassadours come to answere those things which they knew were commonly bruited abroad touching their citie howbeit the Senat was not of mind to give them audience before the new Consuls entred into their office But they were all of advise to delay no longer the preparation of warre C. Litinius the Pretor had in charge out of the old Quinqueremes which were laid up in the dockes and harbours to repaire as many as might serve at sea to rig also prepare a fleet of 50 saile But if he could not come to make up that ful number then to write unto his colleague C. Memmius in Sicilie for to repaire calke and trim those ships which were in Sicilie that with all speed possible they might be sent to Brundusium The said Pretour C. Licinius was commaunded to enroll of Romane citizens those Libertines such as of bondmen borne had beene enfranchised for marinners and sailers as many as might serve five and twentie ships Cn. Licinius had commission to levie as many of Latine allies for the like number of ships also the same Pretour was enjoyned to charge the Latine allies with eight thousand foot and foure hundred horse A. Atilius Serranus who had beene Pretour the yeere before was chosen to receive these forces at Brundusium and to conduct them over into Macedonie and Cn. Sicinius the Pretour was appointed to have the armie in readinesse for to be transported As for C. Litinius the Pretour he by authoritie from the Senat wrate to C. Popilius the Consull that he should commaund the second legion which had beene longest emploied in Liguria and consulted of most experienced souldiours together with foure thousand footmen and two hundred horse of the Latine allies to be readie at Brundusium upon the With this fleet of ships and forces of souldiours Cn. Sicinius was commaunded to keepe Macedonie untill one were appointed to succeed him and for this purpose his charge of command was continued for a yeere longer All these directions of the Senate were put in execution with great diligence and expedition Eight and fortie Quinqueremes were set aflote out of their docks and L. Percius Licintus was ordained to conduct them to Brundusium the other twelve were sent out of Sicilie Three embassadours were dispatched into Apulia and Calabria to wit Sex Digitius T. Iuventius and M. Caecilius for to buy corne to serve the fleet and the armie Now when all things were provided and in readinesse C. Sicinius the Pretor departed from the citie in his warlike coate of armes and arrived at Brundusium About the end of the yeere C. Popilius the Consull returned to Rome somewhat later than the Senate had ordained who was commanded to take the first time and with all speed to create new magistrates considering that so great a war approached so neere And therefore when the Consull discoursed in the temple of Bellona as touching his exploits in Liguria the LL. of the Senate were nothing well pleased to heare him but instead therof they muttered every where and asked him estsoones Why he had not restored to libertie those Ligurians who were oppressed through the wicked proceedings of his father The election of the Consuls was holden upon the twelvth day before the Calends of March according to the writs that went out wherein were created Consuls Pub. Licinius Gracchus and Caius Cassius Longinus The morrow following the Pretours were elected to wit Caius Sulpitius Galbs L. Furtus Philus L. Canilius Dives C. Lucretius Gallus C. Caninius Rebutius and L. Villius Annalis To these Pretours the provinces were assigned in this manner That two of them should sit as LL. chiefe justices in Rome for civil jurisdiction three other to have the government of Spaine Sicilie and Sardinia so as the sixt onely should remaine not allotted to any place for to be emploied wheresover the Senate would think good and ordained The Consuls elect were commaunded by the Senate upon the solemne day when they were to enter into their magistracie after they had sacrificed greatest beasts as it appertained to pray in this forme That the gods would vouchsafe the warre which the people of Rome intended now to enterprise to speed well and come to happie yssue The same day the Senate decreed that C. Popilius the Consull should set out plaies for ten daies together in the honour of Iup. Opt Max that offrings should be made at all the shrines and altars if so be the commonweale for ten yeeres in the some good estate as now it stood And as the Senat ordaines the Consull vowed in the capitoll that the said plaies should be exhibited and offrings presented of as great valours as it pleased them to set downe This vow was pronounced by the Consul in the presence of no fewer than 150 Senators and according to that form of words which Lepidus the high-priest or soveraigne bishop indited The yeere died certaine Prelates of State to wit L. Aemylius Pappus one of the Decemvirs or superintendents over the holy rites and Q. Falvius a bishop who the yeere before had bene Censor This man had a soule end It fortuned that news came unto him of his two sonnes who then served in the wars of Illyricum how the one was departed out of this life and the other lay sicke of a greevous and dangerous maladie The sorrow for the one and the fear for the other happening to just at one time brake his heart and oppressed his spirits insomuch as the next morning when his servants entered betimes into his bed-chamber they found him hanged by a cord strangled It was thought abroad that he had never beene his owne man since he was Censor and commonly it was spoken That Inno Lacinia in wrathfull displeasure against him for spoiling her temple hereft him of his right wits In the roume of Aemylius M. Valerius Messala was substituted Decemvir and in steed of Fulvius there was elected Archbishop Cneus Domitius Aenobarbus who to say a truth was very young to bee made a priest In that yeere wherein P. Licinius and C. Cassius were Consuls not onely the cittie of Rome and the whole land of Italie but all the princes and States of Europe and Asia were amused respectively upon the warre betweene the Macedonians and the Romanes Eumenes 〈◊〉 of Asia not onely carried an old cankred malice against Philip but also was pricked forward with new despite and anger
the allies the number was augmented so as besides those six hundred horsemen which Cn. Sictnius had conducted alreadie he should of those allies transport over into Macedonie sixteen thousand footmen and eight hundred horse As for Italie twelve thousand footmen of allies and sixe hundred horse were thought sufficient Moreover this prerogative had the province of Macedonie that for Centurions and souldiors the Consull might enroll of the elder sort whome he thought good as many as were not above fiftie yeeres of age In choosing of Tribunes militarie and colonels the old manner was this yeere chaunged in regard of the Macedonian warre to wit that the Consuls by advise and authorities of the Senate should moove unto the people that the said Tribunes might not that yeer be elected by voices of the people but that their elections should be referred to the judgement and discretion of the Consuls and Pretours The charge commaund was thus divided among the Pretors as followeth That Pretour whose lot sell to go whither it pleased the Senat to send was assigned to take his journey to the sleet at Brandusion and there to survey and revise the sea-servitours and looke how many he thought not meet for service them to discharge and to make up the number with chosen Libertines and in any wise to order it so that two third parts consisted of Romane naturall citizens and the other third of allies Item That provision of victuals for the navie and the armie should be brought out of Sicilie and Sardinia And the Pretours of those two provinces had in charge to exact a double tenth of the Sicilians and Sardinians and this graine to be conveighed into Macedonie for the armie Now Sicilie sell to C. Caninius Rebulus Sardinia to L. Furius Philus and Spaine to L. Canaleius C. Sulpitius Galba was L. chiefe Iustice for the citizens of Rome and L. Iunius Annalis for the straungers but C. Lucretius Gallus his lot was to goe where the Senate would employ him Betweene the two Consuls there was some jarre and wrangling rather than any great debate about there province Cassius for his part said That he was by right to warre in Macedonie without any casting of lots for the matter for as much as his colleague might nor enter into lot with him and save his oath For hee being Pretour had sworne solemnly in a frequent assembly of the people because he would shift off and not goe into his province that he had occasion to celebrate sacrifices in a certain place and upon set daies which could not be performed as they ought if hee were at sea And the same as I take it cannot be well done during his absence now that hee is Consull no more than whiles hee was Pretour Howbeit if the Senate be of opinion and judge that more consideration is to be had satisfie Caius Licinius his will now in his Consullship then regard of the oth he tooke before in his Pretorship yet will I notwithstanding accommodate my selfe to the pleasure of the Senate The LL. were consulted with hereabout who judging that it were a proud part to denie him the governement of a province unto whom the people of Rome had graunted the dignitie of a Consulship commanded the Consuls to cast lots Thus Macedonie sell to P. Licinius and Italie to C. Cassius Then they put to lotterie also the conduct and emploiment of the legions whereby the first and third were to be transported into Macedonie the second and fourth to remaine in Italie In the mustering and choise of souldiours the Consuls went more neerely and streightly to worke by sarre than customably they used at other times As for Licinius he enrolled the elder sort also as well for souldiours as centurions and many there were who voluntarily entred their names because they saw how those thrived well and grew rich who had served either in the former Macedonian warre or against Antiochus in Asia Now when as the marshal-Colonels called forth the centurions by name one after another and the principall first there happened to bee three and twentie centurions of them who before time had in these verses Inde pares centum denos iec evit in orbes Romulus Hastatos inâ—-tuitquedecâ—nâ— Et totidem Princâ—ps totidem Pilanus habebat Corpora legitimo quisque merehat equo And that is was the checsest place of 〈◊〉 in 〈◊〉 appeareth Ligothinus in his Oâ—ation sâ—icorring Prinupilares and led in the cheefest and best place c when they were cited they called unto the Trib. of the Com. for to be releeved by their lawfull assistance But two of that fellowship and societie of Tribunes namely M. Fulvius Nobiltor c M. Claudius Marcellus referred them over to the Consuls alledging that by right the knowledge of these matters pertained to those who had plenarie commission to take musters and to manage the war-affaires But all the rest of the Tribunes avowed that they would assume it into their owne hands and determine of that for which they were called unto as competent judges yea and if injurie were offered to their fellow-citizens they would not faile but helpe and succour them All this was debated in the Tribunes-court Thither was M. Popilius a Consular man called to the hearing of this matter and thither repaired the centurions and the Consull also And when the Consull required that the cafe should bee heard and decided in a generall assemblie thereupon the people was summoned to meet in publicke together In which solemne congregation M. Popilius who had beene Consull two yeeres-before spake in the behalfe of the centurions to this effect These martial men quoth he have accomplished their full time of service required by law they carie about them bodies as wel spent c crasie for age as broken by continuall travels howebeit refuse they will nothing but are readie to doe their devoir unto the Commonweale This onely they humbly crave and request that they may not bee assigned to baser places of commaund than wherein they have beene emploied alreadie when they bare armes Then P. Licinius the Consull commaunded the act of the Senat to be openly read wherein it was ordained first To levie warre upon Perseus then to enroll as many as they could of the old experienced Centurions for that warre and last of all to exempt none from soulderie but such onely as were above fiftie yeeres of age After this hee earnestly be sought them in this new warre so neere to Italie and against a prince so puissant neither to binder the Colonels in levying souldiours nor forbid the Consull but that hee might appoint to each man what place and degree was thought to stand most with the good of the Commonweale And in case there arose any doubt and difficultie in this business to submit the decision thereof to the Senat. After that the Consull had delivered his mind Sp. Liguslinus one of them who had appealed to the Tribunes of the Commons requested both the Consull
commonweale which law A. Terentius Arsa a Tribune of the Commons promulged as touching five Quinquevirs to be created who should set downe lawes to gage the Coss. authority For the Commons complained That their governement was too great intollerable and therfore required that it might be abated and made more moderate Which law after it had been for six yeers together hotely canvassed by the Trib. to no effect in the end waxed cold againe by reason that the said Trib. obtained a graunt to double their own number But afterwards upon occasion that Romilius Veturius the Coss. bare themselves too extreame in rigor against the Commons refusing warfare the said law was set on foot againe and the suit followed more hotly than before Whereupon when the LL. of the Senat were doubtfull what to doe at length they resolved upon this point whereof the principall adviser was T. Romulius to create certain lawgivers who should set down the rights and priviledges both of nobles and commons And looke what ordinances by them were decreed the same should bind both the one state and the other The Commons agreed to this determination and so three Embassadours namely Sp. Posthumius Albus Au. Manlius Vulso and Serv. Sulpitius Camerinus were sent into Greece to learn the statutes customs rights and lawes of the Atheniens and other cities of Greece and the same to bring with them to Rome These went their embassage when Atinius and Tarpeius were Consuls and three yeeres after returned with the said lawes whiles Sestius and Menenius were Consuls Now when the Tribunes were instant and called hard upon them to begin once for to make these positive lawes and that now alreadie Ap. Claudius and T. Genetius were elected Coss. for this yeere there passed an act of the Senat according to the advise of Ap. Claudius That all other magistracies should surcease and 10 Decemvirs be created in consular nay in roiall authoritie absolutely without libertie of appealing from them to the people who should choose as well out of their owne customes and ordinances as the forreine lawes above-said the best and most profitable to the common-weale and set downe the rights of the people of Rome And looke what they prescribed and presented if the Senate and people of Rome allowed therof that should stand in force and bind the whole bodie of the state for ever When this act was approoved by the Commons the Consuls resigned and gave over In whose stead were chosen Decemvirs consular namely Ap. Claudius T. Gentius the same that gave up their Consulship Spar. Posthumius Serv. Sulpitius Au Manlius those that went in embassie from the Coss. to Athens T. Romulius C. Iulius P. Sestius Pub. Horatius all men of Consular calling and such as had been Consuls before Besides Sp. Veturius according to Livie Diodorus and Dionysius although Dionysius calleth Posthumius by the name of Publius and not Spurius as Livie and Diodorus doe Likewise Livie fore-nameth Veturius Lucius Dionysius Titus but Diodorus and the Capitoline stone Spurius These Decemvirs began their government in the 301 yeere after the foundation of the citie as Live writeth and after him Cassiodorus goeth But the avouchers of the Capitoll records say it was the yeer 302 with them agreeth Solinus But Varro whome Onuphrius followeth accounteth the yeer 303. These sat in judgement and ministred justice to the people by turnes every one his tenth day on which day the said chiefe justice bare the soveraigne port with his 12 Lictors before him the other nine had but one sergeant apeece to give attendance and the singular concored among themselves which otherwhiles was an agreement profitable when they were private prooved exceeding great equitie to others 304 BY this time the Commons besides that they detested the name of Coss. no lesse than KK found no misse of the Tribunes assistance nor sought once after it seeing the Decemvirs yeeld one unto another in reciprocall appealing With great affection therefore and endeavour as well of nobles as commons there were created for this yeere also Decemvirs in Consuls authoritie absolutely without appeale Ap. Claudius the secondtime Q. Fabius who had been four times Consull M. Cornelius Maluginensis brother of L. Cornelius who had been Consull in the yeere 295 Manius Sergius L. Minutius T. Antonius Merenda M. Rabuleius and three likewise of the Commons Q. Petilius K. Duilius and Sp. Oppius Cornicen as witnesseth Diodorus Dionysius and Livie although the gentile names for the msot part are by Diodorus omitted 305 WHen the more part of the former yeer was past and that upon the adding of two other tables to the former ten there remained no more to doe in case the said tables were once in the high court and assembly of the Centuries passed why the common-weale should have any need of the Decemvirs insomuch as the commons expected that soone after the solemne court and assembly aforesaid for creation of Consuls should be published then the Decemvirs without any word at all made of that election or assembly came abroad guarded with whole troupes of young gentlemen Patritians and demeaned themselves more proudly and insolently to every man But before the yeere was fully expired by occasion of the lecherous lust of Ap. Claudius who chalenged a maiden one of the commons daughters as a bondservant according as Livie more at large writeth and also of the commons insurrection and departing into the Aventine the foresaid Decemvirs gave over their magistracie and when Q. Furius the high Pontifex called a generall assembly of the tribes ten Tribunes of the Commons were againe chosen and so at length in another assembly of Centuries for the Consuls holden by the Interregent created there were Consuls L. Valerius Potitus M. Horatius Barbatus THese Consuls Onuphrius casteth upon a third yeere of the Decemvirs although Livie seemeth to dissent to the end that hee might jumpe with the account of the Capitoll which he supposeth to be collected by Varro for by their calculation the triumphs of these Consuls declared in the Capitoll records are engraven upon this verie yeere i. 304 so as it appeareth evidently that part of this yeere was taken up by the Decemvirs and part by the Consuls Tacitus and Rufus write that the Decemvirs continued but two yeeres 306 LIvius putteth down for Consuls Sp. Herminus and T. Virginius Caelimontanus Cassiodorus saith L. Herminus and T. Virginius Dionysius writeth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and Diodorus thus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Greeke records Herminius Tricostus whereby Onuphrius feareth that it be corruptly written in Diodorus Sructus for Tricostus for Structus was surname of the Servilij and not of the Virginij As for his colleague Herminius that he is to be fore named Lars besides Diodorus Dionysius Valerius also sheweth in his tenth booke where he writeth thus The fore-name of Lars is derived from the Lares 307 M. Geganius Macerinus C. Indius THese are recorded likewise to be the Consuls this yeere The surname
instituted by Romulus Centuriata by Serv. Tullius Tributa brought in by the Tribunes of the people and the first author therof was P. Volero Curiata and Centuriata were Auspicata i. performed with the solemnitie of observing the approbation of the birds and the Senatours Tributa were held by the Commons only penes quos non erant auspicia and required neither Auspicia nor authoritatem i. the allowance of the Patres And as in Comitiis Centuriatis the richer and greater men had the vantage so in Curiata and Tributa the poorer sort for their number went away with the better In the Curiata comitia at the first untill Serv. Tullius his reigne passed the election of KK and other magistrates judgements in capitall matters and lawes But in latter times they served onely for two lawes i. de imperio or de re militarium in which the Consull or others chosen to their magistracie in Centuriatis comitijs had authoritie of commaund in the armie the other de adoptione and these lawes were called Curiatae In the Centuriata comitia from the time of Servius Tullius passed the elections of Consuls Decemvirs Tribunes consular Censours Pretours and such greater magistrates and confirmed they were by Curiata Also judgement of capitall matters and the lawes named Centuriatae In this there was one Centuria drawne forth by lot out of all the rest to give their voices first and that was called Praerogativa After which were called to their suffrages the Centuries of the first and second Classis and they were named Primo-vicata the rest which followed were called Iurevocatae Tributa served for the creation of Tribunes Aediles of the Commons and other inferiour magistrates Also the laws as touching peace or enfranchising allies judgements penall and fines and those ordinances concerning the good of the Commons called Plebiscita Some have thought amisse that Curiata and Tributa comitia were both one but Curiata were more auncient and of greater state as beeing Auspicata and ex authoritate Patrum Herein onely they agreed togither and differed from the Centuriata that in delivering their voices the Tribes and Curiae were intermingled wheras the Centuries were sorted and gave their voice according to their degree age and abilitie in the Censors book Congius or Chus A measure among the Romanes conteining 6 Sextarij and every Sextarius about 20 ounces so that Congius receiveth X. librales mensuras as appeareth by the old pourtraict thereof in brasse with these two characters X.P. 1. ten pound VVhereby in round reckoning it may go for our wine gallon or somewhat better And for that great persons were wont at first to give dole unto the common people of wine or oyle by the Congij all other donatives and largesses of that kind were afterwards called Congia is Consull one of the soveraign yeerely magistrates in Rome succeeding in the place of KK so named a Consulendo either of asking counsell of the people and Senat in State matters and withall giving his owne advise and providing for the good of the weale-publicke or else of judging for so Consulere signifieth as when we say boni consulere And Livie saith that Praetores Consules and Iudices may be taken one for another Two of them were usually chosen everie yeer as appeareth by the law of the 12 tables RECIO IMPERIO DUO SUNTO IIQUE PREAEUNDO IUDICANDO CONSULENDO PRAETORES IUDICES CONSULES APPELLANTOR c. Corona hath divers significations in Livie Corona urbem cingere i. to invest a citie round about with armed men and to give the assault from all parts at once Sub corona vendere servos i. to set slaves in open market either having guirlands on their heads as the manner was or environed about with a guard of souldiours which also is called Corona militum Sundrie guirlands or chaplets there were moreover called Corona wherewith souldiours were rewarded by their captaines or they honoured by their souldiours besides those that were presented to Generals by their friends and well-willers or offered to the honour of the gods as Obsidionalis or Graminca which was a wreath of a cuich grasse called Gramen given to him that delivered an armie from streight sieges and was by the whole armie bestowed upō that savior Civica made of oke branches for him that in battell saved the life of his fellow citizen Muralis resembled the battlements of walls which he received of his captaine that first skaled the walls and mounted over in the assault of cities Castrensis in forme of a pallaisade or rampier made with pales or strong stakes the honour of him who first entred the enemies campe Navalis or Rostrata pourtraied with the stemmes or breake-heads of shippers called Rostra his reward that first bourded the enemies ship and gave the first meanes of a navall victorie These were the principall For others there were not so ordinarie as namely Explorateria garnished and set out with the sunne moone and other stars bestowed upon them that did speciall service in espial and discoverie of the enemies quarters Cunia were parishes in Rome 30 in number instituted by Romulus Certaine halls besides appointed for assemblies convocations about church matters and religion whereof some were old called simply Veteres others new named Novae As for Curia Hostilia it was the ordinarie auncient place of publicke counsell within Rome Curio the priest belonging to each Curia or parish aforesaid and Curio Max. the chiefe superintendent over them all D D. Decius a forename for Decius although it were the gentile name of a house grew afterwards to bee a forename as Paulus and likewise forenames at the first came to name families as Posthumius D. Decimus a forename likewise as of that Brutus surnamed Albinus who killed Caesar. Decemvirs were magistrates officers or fellowships ten in number Decemvirs legibus scribendis were ten men chosen to make laws in Rome who afterwards usurped the soveraigne authoritie and tyrannized Decemviri sacrorū were certain priests who had the keeping and perusing of Sibyls bookes of destinies and thereout gave order for sacrifices and expiation of prodigies Decemvirs ten iudges or ministers of iustice selected out of the great court or counsell of the hundred Centumvirs and they were called Decemviri Sclitibus indicandus assistant they were to the Preteour of L. chiefe iustice Dictatour a soveraigne magistrat above all others in Rome from whome no appeale was granted meere absolute and king-like but that his time of rule was limited within sixe months ordinarily so named either because he onely said the word and it was done or because hee was Dictus i. nominated onely by one of the Consuls and not otherwise chosen usually in some time of great daunger of the state Hee was called also Pretour Maximus and namely when he was made for the ceremonie of striking up or driving a naile also Magister Populi as Cicero 3 defin Moreover he was sometimes appointed to ordeine and hold solemne feasts in
regard that it had rained stones Duumvirs magistrates two in number of divers sorts Duumvirs capitales judges to sit upon life and death from whome it was lawefull to appeale to the people Duumviri sacrorū out of the Patritiās ordeined for dedication of temples preparing the sacred beds for the gods called Lectisternia and for the bookes of Sibylla these afterwards were increased to five and so to ten See DECEMVIRI Duumviri Navales two wardens of the navie ports and sea-coasts E EPulones were certaine priests whose office was to prepare and set out the solemne feast for Iupiter called Epulum and for other gods Of them were three called Triumviri Epulones and after seven Septemviri Epulones F FAeciales were the Heraults of whom there was a colledge of 20 the principall of them was Paterpatratus as it were their Deane And according to Plutarch hee ought to bee a man that had children of his owne and his father living for having the charge of making peace and alliances it behoved that he should be a person accomplished as well to looke before as behind 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to regard what is past and what is to come the one was signified by his father the other by his children Fasti signifieth sometimes festos dies i holidaies and in that sence Ovid entituleth his bookes Fasti wherein he setteth downe the ordinarie feasts of every month Otherwhiles they are put for law-daies wherin the L. chiefe iustice of Pretour might use these three words Do Dico Addico which betokē to give leave to the partie for to plead to minister law and justice betweene plantife and defendant and to pronounce the sentence and award Flamines certaine priests among the Romanes they tooke that name of Filamen a filet of wollen yarne that they used to weare upon their heads Three of thē there were Patritij and those were called Majores namely Dialis for the service of Iupiter 2. Martialis of Mars 3. Quirinalis of Romulus deified Of Commoners were twelve more called Minores deputed to inferior charges and the meanest of them all attended the service of Pomona the goddesse of appuls and such fruits Fortune a great goddesse in Rome entituled with many and sundrie surnames Fo rs Fortuna a goddesse of Rome whose temple was in Transtyberina region where shee was honored and worshipped of idle persons such as professed nothing but lived of their rents only and namely for that she came unlooked for and undeserved Fortis Fortuna i strong fortune so called for her power especially in battaile Publica when she favoured the common wealth Mascula good to the male kind Muliebris to the female Virilis kind to folke of ripe yeeres Primigenia gracioús to the first begotten or the eldest Equestris either for running to helpe with great speed or assistant in horse-service Obsequens pliable and easily intreated to accomplish all their vowes and desires Parva for advancing meane and obscure persons to wealth and worship Seta for the kind and seasonable ripening of corn and fruit Prospera which was alwaies present and vouchsafed her helping hand Mala when contrariwise shee was backeward and evermore crossed their designes Viscata for that many a one hath beene by her enticements snared and entangled Redux 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Bene Sperans Respiciens Propria Virgo Calva Convertens gracis 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quasi astuans caca Vitrea c. See Alexander ab Alexandr Marlian Forum Romanum or Latium The great common place at Rome wherein causes were pleaded and audience given to publicke Orations Vnder the name of Forum were other places also and courts as also markets distinguished by their proper adjuncts as Forum Boarium Olitorium c. Furca VVhereof slaves were called Furciseri was a kind of forke or gibbet which slaves carried upon their shoulders when they were scourged by their maisters either about the Forum or Cirque whereupon afterwards they were crucified and executed howbeit some thinke they bare it onely for a publicke shame G GAbinus cinctus was a kind of habite and wearing of a gowne after the Gabines fashion when it was cast over the shoulder so backeward that it seemed to compasse and gird round the whole bodie In that manner the Consull clad used solemnely to see open the dores of Ianus temple before hee went to the warres Genius Geny were supposed to bee 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and pararij brokers as it were between men and the gods or rather interpreters and Salutigeruli messengers betweene of a middle nature betwixt the one and the other Calius Rhodigin lib. 2. cap. 3. But according to Empedocles each one was thought to have his angell from the very day of nativitie unto whome they used to sacrifice upon their birth day as to their protector Also every place had their peculiar Genij and then were they called Lares as Rurales and Permarini in Livie Galli Priests of Cybele that guelded themselves in a frantike furie and used in their service to her for to strike and beat upon tabers and drummes H HAsta Besides the ordinarie signification signifieth the Centumvirall or Decemvirall jurisdiction in supplie or assistance of the Praetorian for that they set up a speare to bee seene at the place of judgement Also it betokeneth port-sale when they sold either goods or slaves to him that would bid most at such a speare Moreover the putting forth of the cities works called Vliro tributa to certain Publicanes or undertakers by the great at a price and it was called Subbastatio I IAnus is a god in Rome sometime represented Bifrons with two faces signifying the time passed and that to come otherwhiles Quadrifrons and betokeneth the foure times of the yeere having in his right hand a character resembling three hundred in the left another shewing three score and five according to the daies of the yeere But in the plurall number Iani betoken certaine hals or great four square buildings with foure prospects and crosse thorow fares whereof were divers in Rome Ides Eight daies in every month of an old word Iduo to devide for that they commonly fall about the middest of the month namely upon the thirteenth or fifteenth daies according to Horace Idus tibisuns agenda quidies mensem Veneris marina findit Aprilem Interdicted of water and fire were they who for some crime were banished Which judgement although it was not by expresse sentence pronounced yet by giving order that no man should receive such an one into his house but denie him fire and water the two necessarie elements of life he was condemned as it were to a civile death and this was called Legitimum exilium But voluntarie exile was when a man to avoid the paiment of a greevous fine or imprisonment went out of the way of his owne accord and left his native countrey Iugerum which commonly I translate Acre seemeth among the Romanes to bee in measuring of land the Basis ground and foundation
those make 90 three more out of ech tribe which then were but three one by Romulus himselfe and as this number made the bodie of the Nobilitie or Senate at the first so out of every Curia he chose ten of the most personable and active young men to the nūber of 300 which he called Celcres to guard his person From whence came the order of the knights or gentlemen of Rome a mean degree betweene the two estates of Nobles and Commons as it were the seminarie to replenish the Senate whē the places were void and to augment the number of them These were called Patres Conscripti Ascripti and Selecti And like as the former were named Patres Majorum gentium so the latter sort Minorum gentium alluding to the severall raunges of the gods who were some of them Majorum gentium such as ever were coūted in heavē termed also Selecti others Minorum gentiū who had bin men and were after cannonized gods The offspring and progenie of the Patres were Patritȳ in opposition evermore of Ptebei i. Commoners Porticus were either the porches and other stately buildings before temples as belonging unto them or else goodly galleries walking places apart by themselves under which men retired in the raine and where they used to walke to coole themselves in summer Prada bootie pillage or saccage in the own kind as it was gotten from the enemie to wit slaves prisoners beasts goods armour c. Manubia the mony raised of such pillage or prey sold. Pratour one of the superior magistrats of Rome In the citie he ruled as L. chiefe justice in the province he commanded as L. governour and deputie and was General in the field as well as the Consull At first the name of Consull Pretour and Iudges was all one Praerogative centuria were those centuries in Comitijs Centuriatis which by lot had the first place in giving their voices the rest that followed were called Primo-vocatae Iure-vocatae delivered their suffrages in their course Praetexta toga a robe embrodered of purple common to men and women Ingenuitatis insignt ornamentum Cicero in Verrem 3. VVhereby it appeareth that it was allowed but to certain persons and as P. Manutius writeth to 6 sorts 1. The children of the Patritȳ until 17 yeeres age 2. All Senators upon festival daies 3. VVardēs at the games or plaies called Compitalitȳ 4. Al magistrates as well in the citie as in the colonies or bourrough townes incorporate called Municipia and Maisters of Confraternites 5. All priests and among them the Augurs 6. They that triūph And this differed frō the rest rest being wrought with gold and damask worke It seemeth that these differed likewise one from the other in the manner of the guarding laid broader or narrower as also in the rich or deep colour wherupon they were called Dibaptra or that some of these robes were alone purple other but parcell And whereas the gentlemen of Rome are said Purpuram induere it is to be understood either of angusti-clavus or else of some lighter colour as the violet and not of that rich red purple which is skarlet For that robe which was done upon our Saviour Christ one of the Evangelittes called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and other two 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Fullarius the Chickmaster or pullitier one that had the charge and overseeing of the sacred chickens kept in a pen or coupe for auspicia who by observing their gesture or feeding betimes every morning related what was foretokned thereby good or bad See more in AUSPICIA Pro-consull Pro-pretour Pro-questor Pro-consule Pro-pretore Pro-questore Some have thought that they should bee writt\̄e otherwise thus but they are in mine opinion out of the way for in deed Pro-consull is he who having bin Consull went out of his magistracie at the yeeres end and nathlesse was sent foorth into his province againe with full Consular authoritie whereas Proconsule to speake precisely is the Viz-consull namely one that having never bene Consull created but some private person yet upon an urgent occasion might for the while supplie the place of the Consull The same is to be said of the rest And hereof you may read in the Oration of Cicero prolege Manilia Howbeit in my translation of Livie I have sometime used Viz-pretour and Viz-consull for Pro-pretour and Pro-consull because that maner of composition frameth wel with our tearmes in English Moreover wee read once in Livie of a Pro-dictatour in the proportionable signification to the other Q Vadrigati were the Denari Romani having the stampe of a chariot drawn with foure horses called Quadriga Quadrans a peece of base brasse coine or poise at Rome the fourth part of As which is a cue and a c. Quaestors were inferior officers in Rome as treasurers to receive and lay out the citie-monie where of there were Vrbani Provinciales and Castrenses Quastorium a plot or quarter in the Romane campe where the treasurer lodged and other officers of the campe Q. Quintus the forename of sundrie Romanes Quindecemviri the same that Duumviri first and Decemviri sacris faciundis Their number was fifteene and albeit they were encreased by Sylla Dictator to sixtie yet they reteined still the name of Quindecemviri Quintana was a gate in the Romane campe at which provision was brought into serve the market Read the annotation in the end of English TACITUS Quinqueviri Mensarij were certeine men five in number appointed upon occasīo to discharge the debts of the commons so called of Mensa a table set out in publicke place upon which they either counted or weighed their money Quinqueviri muris reficiendis were five officers at Rome chosen extraordinarily for repairing of the wals and turrets of the cittie Quinquatrus or Quinquatria were certeine feasts and games at Rome in the honor of Minerva They continued five daies and began the fift day after the Ides of march i the twentieth of March and these were called Quinquatrus Majores For others named Minores fell about the Ides of Iune that was the minstrels holiday as appeareth in the ninth of Livie Qiantilis the month of Iuly before Iulius Caesars time Quirinalia was a festival day to Quirinus appointed for them to sacrifice who had neglected or missed to doe divine service in their parish at the feast Fornacalia and it was called the fooles holiday for that they were ignorant of the time of the former feast or knew not their owne Curia Quirites the name appropriate to the cittizens of Rome and so they loved to bee called within the cittie but in the campe if the Generall gave them that tearme it was taken for a great disgrace unto souldiours and men of armes R ROrarij were light armed footmen resembling our forlorne hope so called arore i Deaw For like as there falleth commonly a drisling deaw before a good shoure of raine so these Rorarij skirmished loosely before the legionarie souldioors came