three moneths after the foundation was laid The number of the Colony 2. The number of the Colony amounted scarce to 300 horsmen and 3000 foot Dionys lib. 2. Livius lib. 1. wherewith Romulus which some make but the diminutive of Romus his true name planted this new Citie called Rome after himself To increase the number of his Citizens he opened a Sanctuary to all malefactors and discontented persons which then resorted to him in great numbers from the Countreys adjoyning Setting about the frame of the Commonwealth by his Grandfathers advice he remitted it to the choice of the people what kind of Government they would have whereby obtaining the Kingdom in way of gift his power became the more plausible He divided the people into three Tribes The division and distinction of Citizens every Tribe into ten Curiae and every Curia into ten parts or Decuriae over all which he appointed Officers According to the number of the Curiae he divided the grounds into thirty parts onely excepting one portion for publick use and another for superstitious Ceremonies He made a distinction of his people according to honour and dignity giving to the better sort the name of Patres either for that they were elder had Children for the Nobility of their stock or if detractors may be heard he therefore named these Patricii because they alone could shew their fathers the other multitude being a rable of fugitives that had no free and ingenuous parentage wherefore when an Assembly of the people was called by the King the Patricians were by a Cryer cited by their own and fathers name but the inferiour sort or Plebeians were gathered together by the sound of Ox horns Having distinguished his subjects into these two ranks he ordered what each should do The Patritii were to take care of superstition bear Offices of Magistracy administer Justice and Govern the Commonwealth together with the King The Plebeians till the fields feed Cattel and exercise trades lest by their medling in the Government and by mutual contention of the poorer and richer sort such seditions might arise as were too visible in other Commonwealths 3. To bind each to the other he commended to the Patricians certain of the Plebeians Patrons and Clients whom they should protect and countenance liberty being given to the common sort to make choice of whom they would for their Patrons This custome of Patron and Client was very ancient in Greece Dionysius especially amongst the Thessalians and Athenians where yet the Clients were very imperiously used their Patrons imposing on them services ill beseeming freemen and beating them like slaves if they disobeyed their commands The Athenians called them Thetae for their service and the Thessalians Penestae upbraiding them with their fortune But Romulus refined the use of Patronage rendring it profitable unto both Patrons by him were ordered to advise their Clients concerning Law of which they were ignorant and take care of them as well absent as present as their own children in what concerned mony and contracts undertaking sutes for them when oppressed and procuring them quiet both as to publick and private businesse On the other hand it was the duty of Clients to help their Patrons with money in the marriage of their daughters if need should be and redeem them or their sons if taken captive to bear the charges of private sutes or publick fines and that at their own cost in way of gratitude to assist them with their purses in defraying the charge of Magistracy or honourable employments This was common to both that neither ought to accuse the other to give any testimony or suffrage or to be reckoned amongst his Enemies which if any one did he was held guilty of treason by Romulus his Law and it was lawful for any one to kill him Hereby for many Ages this Patronage continued in force and was as effectual for love and mutual help as consanguinity or alliance it was the glory of the Nobility to have many Clients devolved upon them from their Ancestors and obtained by their own virtue But not onely the Plebeians in the City found themselves secured by this Patronage but in processe of time all Colonies associate Cities and such as were subdued by war had their Patrons to whom many times the Senate would remit such controversies as were brought before it from the said Cities or Common-wealths and ratifie their judgement Lastly such firm concord followed this constitution of Romulus that for 730 years as Dionysius reckoneth though many and great contests arose betwixt the Nobility and Commons about the Commonwealth as is usual in all both great and little States yet it never came to blood or slaughter but mutually yielding and granting all controversies were composed by civil expostulations till Caius Grachus Tribune of the people overthrew the peace of the City after which they neither spared to kill and banish one another nor to commit any other wickednesse whereby they might compasse Victory and their own devices 4. After this Romulus resolved to chuse a Senate which should assist him in the Government and from amongst the Patricians selected 100 after this manner Out of them all he first made choice of one particular man to whom Idem when he was constrained to be absent in the wars he committed the Government of the City Then he commanded every Tribe to chuse three men such as were eminent for birth and wisdom The Senate and every Curia to elect three out of the Patricians This number he called a Senate either for their age or virtue or because as Festus will have it nothing was done without their permission the Senate being named a Sinendo Perceiving after this that he stood in need of a Guard for his own person he caused the Curiae by their suffrages Celeres to chuse him out 300 young men ten out of each whom he called Celeres from their readinesse to execute his commands as most have written or according to Valerius Antias from their Captain whose name was Celer Under him were three Centurions and other inferiour Officers this Company with their Spears defended the King in the City and received his orders in battels were the first leaders and the keepers of his body beginning the fight first and retreating last of all which custom Dionysius thinketh Romulus to have taken from the Lacedaemonians Things being thus appointed The Office of King he limited unto all their work and honours The King's duty was to take care of their superstition to look to the preservation of the Laws and Customs either natural or written to decide the most weighty causes betwixt man and man and refer those of lesser consequence to the Senate into which he was also to have an inspection He was to call together the Senate assemble the people first to speak his opinion and ratifie what was approved by the major part This was the King's work at home who in
Tyrant of Sicyon and Isagoras the son of Tisander Clysthenes being too weak for the other's faction Clysthenes changeth the names of the Tribes that he might engratiate himself with the people whereas they were before divided but into four Tribes encreased them unto ten and whereas formerly they were named from the four sons of Ion viz. Teleon Aegicor Argadaeus and Hopletes now he changed these for other Heroes which were 1. Hippothoon the son of Neptune 2. Antiochus of Hercules 3. Ajax of Telamon 4. Leon the Athenian Pausan iâ— Atticis who according to the Oracle devoted his Daughters for the publick safety 5. Eâ—echtheus who slew Immaradus the Son of Eumolpus 6. Aegaeus 7. Oeneus the base Son of Pandion 8. Acamas the Son of Theseus 9. Cecrops and 10 Pandion 15. Isagoras envying Clysthenes that respect which hereby he obtained procured Cleomenes the King of Sparâ—a with whom he had contracted friendship during the War with Hippias to come once more against Athens He sent a Messenger first Civil Wars betwixt Isagoras and Clysthenes and presently procured him to be banished and yet came thither with an Army and besides many of the family of Alcmaeon formerly cast out with Clysthenes now also expelled 700 families proper for War under pretence of their being contaminated with them in the businesse of the death of Cylon Then endeavoured he to dissolve the Senate and commit their power to those of Isagoras his faction but both Senate and people resisting Isagoras and he with their men seized on the Castle wherein they were besieged two dayes On the third the Lacedaemonians with Isagoras had leave to depart but the rest were cast into prison and put to death Then was Clysthenes with the 700 families recalled who restored the Democratical Government to the Citie Clysthenes restoreth Solon's Laws as it was founded by the Laws of Solon 16. To Clysthenes is also ascribed the introducing of the Ostracism into the Athenian State Aelian Var. Hist lib. 13. cap. 24. Diodorus lib. 11. Plutarch in vita Aristid Periclis being generally granted to have been brought in a little after the banishment of the Pisistratidae For considering the calamities which had hapned in their time the Athenians for the time to come would have all of equal power and authority By the Ostracism therefore they forced absence from the Citie for ten years upon the most powerfull amongst them for Glory The Ostracism Nobility or Eloquence lest they should grow too great without any ignominy or disgrace they being neither deprived of Goods Lands or any thing save their presence at home for that time The form of it was this Each of the Citizens wrote the name of that man in an Oyster shell whence it had the name of Ostracism who seemed to him to be the most powerfull for the overturning of the Democracy and then brought the shell in as a suffrage into the place designed and so he that was found to have most written with his name was for ten years ordered to leave the Citie But two conditions were required that this judgement should stand in force That no fewer then 6000 should be at the meeting and the giving of suffrages and that those that gave them should be no younger than sixty years old The first that was banished by this Law was as Aelian tells us Clysthenes the Author of it though according to another Hipparchus Harpocration in 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and Charmus Kinsman to Pisistâ—atus In after time Aristides because of that great Title Just given to him and Themistocles for his Military glory 17. But Cleomenes the Lacedaemonian King perceiving himself damnified both by word and deed from the Athenians Herodotus lib 5. cap. 4. c. raised forces throughout Peloponnesus intending though dissembling the matter to be revenged upon them and set up Isagoras as Tyrant over them He invaded one part and procured the Boeotians on one side and the inhabitants of Chalcis on the other Cleomenes to no purpose invadeth the Athenians to fall in upon other places The Athenians thus distressed on all sides yet first went against the Peloponnesians lying in Eleusine and when the Armies were about to joyn the Corinthians first bethinking themselves of the injustice of their cause withdrew themselves and so did Demaratus the son of Ariston King of Sparta and the Collegue of Cleomenes having never dissented from him formerly Then the rest of the associates seeing that the Kings agreed not betwixt themselves and the Corinthians were gone drew off also in like manner The Athenians then to be revenged fell upon the Boeotians of whom killing many they took prisoners 700 and then passing over into Euboea the same day chastized the Inhabitants of Chalcis in like manner Thus four times the Dores out of Peloponnesus came into Attica twice in a hostile manner and twice to the help of the Athenians First when they brought a Colony into Megare which was in the time of Codrus the second and third times to expel the Pisistratidae and now the fourth when Cleomenes with the Peloponnesians invaded Eleusine The Island Aegina 18. The Thebans and the rest of the Boeotians seeing themselves too weak for the Athenians desired help of the Inhabitants of Aegina an Island situated in that part of the Sea which severed Attica from Argolis being five miles distant from the former some eight in circuit and the Country of Aeacus whence the Aeacidae having a City of it's own name The Aeginetans bearing an old grudge to those of Athens and puffed up with a conceit of tweir wealth easily imbraced their society and when the Athenians were busie with the other passed over in their long ships into Attica and wasted the Coasts thereof The Lacedaemonians at this time understanding how they had been deluded by the Alcmeonidae their corrupting the women that gave out the Oracles and thereby their losse both of their old friends and all thanks also as to the Athenians hearing further by the Oracles which Cleomenes had brought out of the Citadel of Athens that that State should much distresse them and especially seeing how weak it was under Tyrants but now how it increased in strength after the recovery of it's liberty called back Hippias resolving to restore him He was ready at their call but then it hapned that Sosicles the Corinthian Ambassador and others of their confederates utterly disallowed of this practice and therefore seeing there was no hope of recovering his former condition he returned into Asia and there laboured with all his might to possesse Artaphernes the Satrapa of Lydia against the Athenians that they might be conquered by Darius his Brother They sent to Artaphernes to desire him not to give credence to their exiles but as when two or three years before when they sent to enter into society with the Persians he told them they must give Earth and Water as symbols of subjection which
Nephew or Grand-son to the former Some think Joseph some Moses the true Mercury What ever he was his Works lost and * Translated by Facinus Apulcâ—us those yet extant shew him to have been a Man very well skilled in true Divinity and have gained him the credit to be numbred amongst the Prophets and Sibylls for that he wrote many things of God worthy of admiration nay also it 's believed of the coming of Christ of the Trinity and the last Judgement Of the Learning of the Egyptians he is (n) Jamblichus said to have written 36525 Books if Pages be not rather meant hereby And (o) Clemens Stromat l. 6. telleth us that in his time were extant 36 of his Books viz. of the wisdom of the Egyptians sixteen of Physick six of the Orders of Priests ten and four of Astrology The antient Government of Egypt 35. The most antient Government of Aegypt though Monarchicall yet left not Princes to the liberty of their own wills which were restrained by the Laws and Customs that had such authority over their private and domestick actions as they could not exceed the bounds of Temperance and Moderation prescribed to them thereby For no slaves were they suffered to entertain which might prove instruments for debaucherie but were attended by the Sons of the most noble Priests excellently educated Their hours both night and day were destined and set over to particular businesses In the morning when first awake Letters were brought in to them that having perfect intelligence they might be better able to provide for the publick safety When washed and royally apparelled they sacrificed during which devotion the chief Priests prayed for them and their subjects extolled their vertues cursing at last their sins of ignorance committed without their faults and reflecting upon their Advisors and Councellors Then did the Priests read out of the Records famous Presidents of Council or Action performed by their most Illustrious Predecessors which were to them proposed as Copies to take out Their time was prescribed not onely of speaking to the people and distributing Justice but also of walking washing and other more secret imployments Their diet was very moderate usually Veal and Goose with a moderate quantity of Wine as if ordered by an exact Physician No liberty was there of punishing any man in passion or choler either of acting any otherwise unjustly every case being determined by the Laws Yet neither did they hereby account themselves straitned of true liberty but rather happy in that they indulged not their appetites like other men Hereby obtained they the love of their subjects who held them more dear alive or dead than their own relations and the Government continued for many Generations as long as they submitted to those Rules and Orders The divisions of the Land and its Inhabitants 36. Sesocsis or Sesostris divided Egypt into 36 Nomi which word Diodorus lib. 1. p. 35. c. Strabo l. 17. whether Greek or Egyptian signified several Cities with certain Villages and Grounds thereto belonging Of these 10 belonged to the Province of Thebes or to Thebais other 10 to Delta Aristot Oeconom lib. 2. and the rest to the Midland Countreys lying betwixt them all which had their several Nomarchae or Governours who ruled them and took care of the King's Tributes The Lands were divided into three portions whereof the first belonged to the Priests who were in great Authority Diodorus and high esteem with the people Of their Revenues they maintained Sacrifices throughout the Land and their own families being exempted from all burthenâ— and impositions They were chief Counsellors to the Kings alwayes assisting with their advice judging of things out of their deep skill in Astrology and suggesting usefull matter out of the Records their function hereditarily descending upon their Children The second portion of Land belonged to the Kings by which they maintained their State waged War rewarded deserving persons and which affording them sufficient Treasure they burthened not their Subjects by any Taxes The third portion belonged to the Souldiers who were at all occasions ready for the War it seeming reasonable that such as ventured their lives for the safety of their Countrey should be well rewarded and good policy not to commit the safeguard thereof to any that had nothing dear or precious in it and hereby they were incouraged to be carefull in behoof of their posterity which succeeded them in their possessions As for the rest of the people they were divided into three Ranks or Orders viz. Shepheards Husband-men that farmed the grounds and Artificers who all attending their businesse and not medling with State-affaires neither having any right to Offices thereby the more improved their Arts and saved the Commonwealth harmlesse from such distempers as are bred by the violence of an heady and ignorant multitude The Courts of Justice 37. Their Courts of Justice were furnished with the most upright and able men that could be procured Thirty Judges were chosen from Heliopalis or On Thebes and Memphis each of them 10. Which Assembly would not give place either to that of the Areopagites at Athens or the Senate at Lacedaemon One of these thirty being chosen President the Citie for which he served made choice of another to sit in his place All had maintenance from the King but the President in larger proportion who also wore about his neck in a Chain of Gold an image of Truth made of precious stones as a badge of his Office When they were sate and the Codes wherein the Laws were contained laid before them then the Plaintiff exhibited his Bill of the Crime the manner of it and the estimate of the dammage The Defendant having a Copy of the Bill answered particularly to it either that he did not the thing committed no Crime in doing it or else had not deserved so great a punishment The Plaintiff had liberty to reply and the other to rejoyn his answer but after this the 30 proceeded to judgement and the President set the image of Truth towards one of the parties No Lawyers were suffered to plead as being thought rather to cast a mist upon the Cause and darken the Evidence Particular Laws 38. As for particular Laws Perjury was punished with death as a great offence both against God and man If one man suffered another to be murdred in the high-way or undergo any other violence without giving his assistance he was to die for it and if he could give him no help he was bound to discover the Robber and follow the Law against him under pain of enduring a certain number of stroaks and being deprived of all sustenance for three dayes False accusers underwent the punishment due to that fault they accused of Every one was bound to give in an account to the Magistrate how he lived under pain of death which Law was made by Amasis Wilfull murder either of Bond or Free was death
it would prosecute with War to his utmost power both at Sea and Land The Ambassadors went home and made report of what was proposed to the several Commonwealths who grudged it much that the Cities of Asia for whose liberty Agesilaus had taken so much pains should be so unworthily again betrayed But being necessitated to submit they accepted of the conditions and the peace was sworn to at length by all Greece in the second year of the 96th Olympiad A. M. 3618. and the 18th year of Artaxerxes A. M. 3618. 75. Artaxerxes being thus freed from this tedious controversie with the Graecians set himself to a preparation for the Wars of Cyprus Diodorus l. 16. ad Olymp. 98. ann 3. from which as yet he had been diverted Evagoras by this time through the assistance of Chabrias whom the Athenians had sent to his aid with 800 Peltasts and ten Gallies had brought under the whole Island having got together also a most numerous Army whilest the King was kept in play by the Graecians For he entred into society with Acoris King of Egypt Artaxerxes turneth his forces from the Graecians against Cyprus who furnished him with great store of money and Hecatomnus the Viceroy of Caria under-hand supplied him with some for the hiring of forein Souldiers and the King of Arabia with others who bore no good will to Artaxerxes sent a great power of men He had in a readinesse 90 Gallies whereof twenty lay at Tyre in Phoenicia which with other Cities he had got into his hands and the rest anchored readily furnished before Cyprus The King gathered together both his Land and Sea forces the former consisting of 300000 men and the later of 300 Gallies Over his Land Army he appointed General Orontes his son-in-law and Teribazus Admiral of his Navy who taking up their forces out of Phocaea and Cuma marched down into Cilicia whence passing over into Cyprus with great industry they began the War 76. Evagoras having 6000 men of his own many more Auxiliaries and having hired a great force of strangers over and above money being very plentifull with him first with his Pinnaces well Armed set upon the Enemies ships as they brought in provisions whereof some he took others he sunk or chaced away Hereby it came to passe that no Commodities being imported into the Island a great dearth ensued in the Persian Camp and hereby a mutiny of the Souldiers especially of the mercenaries who fell upon their Officers and killed some of them This put Glos the Admiral upon a resolution to sayl with the whole Fleet into Cilicia whence he brought sufficient supply which Evagoras seeing and considering his Navy to be far inferiour to the Persian he got ready other sixty ships and procuring fifty more from Acoris who readily furnished him with all things necessary for the War he made up his Fleet 200 sayl Getteth a victory at Sea against Evagoras Then exercised he his men often to prepare them for a fight and that to the terror of the Enemy who beheld it and at length as the Persian Fleet sayled by Citium he fell upon it taking some Vessels and sinking others but the Admiral and other Commanders standing close to their tackling a sharp conflict ensued in which though Evagoras at the first prevailed yet Glos with all his power and with great earnestnesse and valour grapling with him he was at length after great losse put to flight 77. The Persians after this victory mustered all their forces both by Sea and Land at Citium and presently both wayes laid siege to Salamine Now Evagoras though he had had the better of it formerly in some sallies out upon the besiegers cooled in his courage after this defeat Though the siege was very straight and pressing yet resolving to continue the War he left his son Pythagoras for the defence of the Citie with full Authority and departed by night with ten Gallies into Egypt where he laboured hard with Acoris the King to perswade him to carry on the War with him and that with all his power He granted him some money Diodorus ad ann 4. Olymp. 98. but for that he was discouraged by the late defeat nothing according to his expectation so that returning and finding the Citie very much straightned and himself destitute of succour he was forced to send about an accommodation Teribazus offered his consent upon these terms that quitting all the Cities except Salamine he should for that pay a yearly Tribute to the King and be at his command as a servant to his Lord which though hard he consented to except the last thinking it a great disgrace to be at his back as a servant and more reasonable to be subject to him as one King to another His Captains disagree and peace is made 78. Teribazus not admitting of this exception Orontes his colleague and emulator accused him by secret Letters to the King as well for other matters as that having an opportunity sufficient to take Salamine he did not use it but spent his time in treaties with the Enemy he farther laid to his charge privatly entring into friendship with Lacedaemon sending to consult the Oracle about warring against the King and especially alluring the Officers by honours gifts and promises Artaxerxes believing these things wrote back to Orontes to arrest Teribazus and send him presently unto him who accordingly sent earnestly desired to be brought to his tryal but being for the present committed to prison and the King employed in the Cadusian War his judgement was still delayed In the mean time Orontes being now General with full power and authority in Cyprus finding that Evagoras with great courage still held out and that his own Souldiers taking ill the imprisonment of Teribazus refused to obey him sent to Evagoras to treat of peace offering him the same conditions he was formerly willing to admit of from Teribazus He being thus delivered beyond hope concluded a peace on these terms to pay yearly Tribute for the Kingdom of Salamine and as King to be obedient to the King of Persia Isocrates in Evagora And thus the Cyprian War ended ten years after the first preparation for it and after it had been managed 2 years Artaxerxes after all this time and the expence of 50 Talents leaving Evagoras in effect in the same condition he was before 79. Gaus the Persian Admiral after this War Diodorus ut suprà having married the daughter of Teribazus fearing lest because of his affinity he should be suspected also by the King and suffer upon that account resolved for a prevention to fortifie himself against him by entring into league with his Enemies This he did presently with Acoris of Egypt Gaus out of fear conspireth with the Lacedaemonians against the King and wrote to the Lacedaemonians to excite them to break the peace making large offers of what he could do for Greece They had of late as before cast in
still proceed to incommodate their affaires Accordingly five Ambassadors were dispatched away Philip lulleth the Athenians asleep whereof one was Aeschines but coming into Macedonia they were there forced to stay till Philip had setled all things in Thrace according to his own pleasure and passed through the Pylae or Straights into Phocis The Athenians hearing of his coming notwithstanding the place were in great fear and caused all their goods to be brought into the City The Thessalians and Boeotians earnestly now desired of him that he would undertake the conduct of all Greece against the Phocians and on the other side the Ambassadors of the Phocians Lacedaemonians and Athenians earnestly dehorted him from the War He hearing both sides beeing accustomed to double dealing promised them he would do as all had desired and so making them secure hereby seized upon the Straights of Thermâ—pylae 25. The Phocians having sent to Lacedaemon for aid procured 1000 Footmen of heavy Armour which were commanded by Archidamus Diodorus ad Olymp. 108. an 3. Philip in conjunction with the Thessalians with a strong Army went down into Locris where finding Phalaecus restored to his Generalship he hasted to decide the controversie by action but the other lying at Nice and perceiving himself too weak to fight sent to treat with him and they agreed that he should have freedom to depart with his men whither he pleased Faith being given and received he departed with his Mercenaries to the number of 8000 into Peloponnesus He endeth the Phocian War and the Phocians being thus deserted were forced to yield So the War was ended by Philip without a stroak in the tenth year after the beginning thereof in the third year of the 108 Olympiad according to Diodorus when Archias was Archon but as * In Phocicis Pausanias writeth in the first of this Olympiad and in the government of Theophilus 26. Philip calling a Council of the Boeotians and Thessalians Diodorus ibid. it was resolved to remit the matter of the Phocians wholly to the judgment and sentence of the Amphyctiones Pausan ut prius They decreed that Philip as a reward for his good service should be enrolled in the number of themselvâ— and have the double voice which the Phocians formerly had That the Phocians should be debarred from the Temple That they should neither have Horse nor Arms till such time as they had repayed the money which they had stolen from Apollo All their Exiles and as many as were guilty of Sacrilege in their own persons should be accounted piacular and it might be lawful to take them out of any place The Phocians how punished by the Amphyctiones All their Cities were to be levelled with the ground and they reduced into Villages not exceeding the number of Fifty little Families apiece and distant a furlong one from another They were to pay to the Temple a yearly tribute of Sixty talents till the money stolen was made up But from this punishment Pausanias telleth us the Abaeans were excepted who alone had not contaminated themselves The Council then took order for restoring of the Oracle and for the establishment of peace in Greece and Philip having confirmed their Decrees imbracing them all with singular kindnesse returned into his own Kingdom flourishing with great glory both upon the account of Piety and Martial matters This Expedition made not a little for the enlargment of his Empire and the improvement of his design already laid to procure himsef to be chosen Captain General of Greece and to make War upon the Persians 27. Two years after and in the 17 of his reign he invaded the Illyrians his old Enemies with a potent Army took therein many Towns Diodorus ad Olymp. 109. an 1. wasted the Country and with rich booty returned into Macedonia Then went he into Thessalie where casting out the Tyrants out of the Cities he much won upon the People having a design hereby to make use of their favour as a decoy to bring in the affections of the rest And it failed not for their neighbours led by their example very readily entred into League with him The year after he prosecuted this design to a further advantage for Kersobleptes the King of the Thracians much distressing the Greek Cities in Thrace Idem ad an 2. he exhorted them to joyn together and with a strong force going against him overthrew the Thracians in several battels and forced them to pay the tenths of their Lands to the Kingdom of Macedonia Philip overthroweth the Thracians He built Forts in such places as were convenient for the bridling of their power whereby the Cities being delivered now from their fear most gladly imbraced his alliance and society The year after this Arymbas King of the Molossians died Idem ad an 3. who left a Son named Aeacides the Father of Pyrrhus but Philip deprived him of the Kingdom and gave it to Alexander the brother of his wife Olympias * Justin l 7. 8. Another saith that he deprived Arymbas yet alive and expelling him the Kingdom setled Alexander therein 28. The next Expedition Philip undertook Diodorus ad an 4. was against Perinthus a strong City situate upon the shore of the Propontis the Inhabitants whereof in favour of the Athenians crossed his designs With his utmost might he fell upon it continuing the storm without intermission by fresh men sent in the place of the dead or wounded Besiegeth Perinthus he built Turrets higher than theirs and with battering rams and mines brake down a part of the wall But the defendants being relieved from Byzantium manfully resisted and built a stronger wall in the room of that which was thrown down By this means the Siege being drawn on in length and great talk being in Asia of the power of the Macedonian Ochus the Persian King being now jealous of his power thought it wisdom to ballance him and for that purpse gave order to his Satrapaes upon the Sea Coasts to assist the Perinthians They uniting their Forces together gave them their utmost assistance which with the natural strength of the place inabled them to stand it out For it was seated upon the cliff of a Peninsula about a furlong in length the houses were thick and high rising one rank above another according to the ascent of the hill so that the whole Town represented the form of a Theatre Hereby though the wall was batterd down yet stopping the ends of the streets their defence was little diminished Marcheth thence to Byzantium which Philip perceiving and how all things necessary for the War were abundantly supplied from Byzantium he left a strong party under expert Captains to carry on the Siege and with the rest of the Army hasted against that City the inhabitants whereof having sent their men and arms to the Perinthians were thereby much straightned 29. By this time the grudges betwixt Philip and the Athenians were
matter Some were for a free remission of the debts after the manner of the Athenian Sisachthea as the onely way to remove all prejudice and beget a fair correspondence betwixt Nobility and Commons Others condemned this as too great a condescention and which would encourage them to like Seditions for the time to come thinking it the better way to list such as would give their names and not at all value the rest who though gratified at present would hereafter be unserviceable Betwixt these extremes several other wayes were propounded but this at length prevailed that nothing should now be determined bur the War being happily finished the Consuls should report it again to the Senate and in the mean time all sutes and processe concerning debts were to cease that Magistrates might make effectual provision for the matter now mainly incumbent This expedient though something it wrought had not sufficient strength to end the difference and therefore the Senate was put upon another exigent Whereas by the Law of Valerius power of life and death was taken away from the Consuls and all constraint by an appeal to the People so that no man could be forced to the War It seemed necessary to create a Magistrate who for six moneths should rule as absolute above the Laws and from whom should lye no appeal Thus having renounced Monarchy in effect they had again recourse to it and shewed as well the necessity as excellency of it The Dictaror 27. This Supreme Officer was called Dictator either for that he was dictus or named by the Consul according to (a) De Ling. Latin l 4. p. 56. Varro or rather from dictating or shewing and commanding what was to be done which Etymology (b) Lib. 5. Dionysius approveth He was also called (c) Varro quo prius Cicero de Fin. l. 3. Festus in voc Optima Lex Magister Populi and (d) Lex Antiqua Praetor Maximus Both name and thing came from the Albans whose Dictator Metius Suffetius we have formerly mentioned Spartianus saith it was an ordinary Magistrate of old Latium Dionysius bringeth the testimony of Licinius Macer for this opinion yet he thinketh the Office first taken from the Greeks who had their Aesymnetae or extraordinay Kings made upon some urgent occasion with absolute power The Dictator was created upon some urgent occasion of War or Sedition for fixing a nail in time of a Plague to hold the Comitia for election of Consuls celebrate Games make inquisition choosing Senators or in sum when there was need of a sodain and extraordinary command The manner of his creation was not as of other Magistrates by the Suffrages of the People but at the command of the Senate the Consul named some one of Consular dignity whom he pleased in the night and who was approved by the Auspicium or divination from birds a ceremony observed ever in the election of some Officers The occasion being many times sodain they could not stay for the Suffrages of the People and the design being to restrain or constrain the multitude many times he was not to be chosen out of their body although sometimes these rules were not fully observed either through the absence of the Consul or some other respect L. Cornelius Sylla alone was named by the Interrex as C. Caesar by the Praetor both which nominations Cicero in his Epistles conceiveth done contrary to right and order The autority of the Dictator was exteeding large His power He had power of Peace and War to levie Forces lead them forth and disband them and act all things according to his pleasure without referring them to the Senate So that not onely had he the power of both Consuls whence the Greeks called him Disypatos or Double Consul but more also in that upon his Creation all other Magistrates except the Tribunes laid down their Offices and the whole Government was left in his hands He could punish as he pleased without all appeal and for the ostentation of his power had 24 bundles of Rods caried before him with as many Axes or Hatchets as Plutarch and Polybius do testifie although Livie dissenting from them will have Sylla first of all others to have had 24 bundles Hence this Office came to be so terrible as the Edict of the Dictator was ever observed as the command of a Deity The bounds of his Office 28. It was necessary according to the Roman Government that this extraordinary power should be bounded by certain limits wherein might lie redresse of inconveniences thence arising Six moneths were the time assigned for it's duration and never was it lengthned except for meer necessity as might be instanced in Camillus L. Papirius and Fabius Maximus for the perpetual Dictatorships of Sylla and Caesar were notorious violations of the Laws And not onely the time but the place also was limited it being unlawful for the Dictator to stir out of Italy lest being out of sight he should take advantage at the distance of place to attempt some new matter and this constitution was never violated but once whilst the old Commonwealth stood by Attillius Collatinus He was not to come on horse-back but march continually on foot to shew saith Plutarch that the Roman strength lay in the Legions or rather to teach him humility Now because in great Expeditions this could scarce be observed he formally before his departure asked leave of the People that he might ride as Livie informeth us But those restrictions were inconsiderable in respect of the Appeal which afterwards came to be made from him to the People Festus in these words Optima Lex Appeal from him saith that first the power of the Magister Populi or Dictator was full or absolute as that of Marcus Valerius but afterwards an Appeal lay from this Magistrate to the People Lib. 8. Livie seemeth also to hold out the same thing where he bringeth M. Fabius in behalf of his son thus speaking to L. Papirius the Dictator Seeing that neither the authority of the Senate nor mine age which thou goest about to bereave of my son neither the virtue and Nobility of the Master of the Horse-men named by thy self prevaileth with thee nor yet prayers and intreaties which are wont to appease an enemy and the anger of the gods I appeal to the Tribunes of the People and the People it self which I make our Judge seeing thou regardest not the judgment of the Army and Senate which alone can do more than thy Dictatorship I shall see whether thou wilt give place to that Appeal to which the Roman King Tullus Hostilius yielded Hereupon the People assembled and the Tribunes were present at the meeting Papirius denieth neither the power of the one nor the other but continueth resolute for the punishment of the Master of the Horse-men who had fought in his absence contrary to his command shewing how all discipline else would be destroyed A way was found out to preserve the