to_o serve_v the_o present_a case_n then_o use_v they_o the_o write_v of_o quod_fw-la ei_fw-la deforciat_fw-la which_o supply_v that_o defect_n a._n and_o although_o the_o principality_n of_o wales_n as_o have_v appear_v by_o some_o of_o the_o record_v above_o mention_v be_v divide_v into_o three_o province_n north-wales_n southwales_n and_o westwales_n for_o so_o in_o some_o of_o the_o former_a patent_n they_o be_v mention_v yet_o for_o the_o jurisdiction_n thereof_o it_o be_v divide_v into_o two_o part_n north-wales_n and_o southwales_n for_o a_o great_a part_n of_o westwales_n be_v comprehend_v within_o the_o shire_n of_o pembroke_n which_o be_v a_o very_a ancient_a shire_n of_o wales_n and_o the_o territory_n thereof_o conquer_v by_o the_o english_a 51._o in_o the_o time_n of_o william_n rufus_n long_o time_n before_o the_o general_a conquest_n of_o wales_n by_o richard_n strangbow_n be_v english_a and_o the_o earl_n thereof_o and_o call_v also_o by_o some_o earl_n of_o strigulia_n or_o chepstow_n be_v the_o first_o that_o attempt_v the_o conquest_n of_o ireland_n in_o the_o day_n of_o henry_n the_o second_o which_o be_v above_o a_o hundred_o year_n before_o the_o conquest_n of_o wales_n by_o king_n edward_n the_o first_o this_o earldom_n of_o pembroke_n have_v in_o ancient_a time_n palatine_n jurisdiction_n and_o therefore_o in_o some_o record_n be_v call_v regalis_fw-la comitatus_fw-la pembrochiae_fw-la rij_fw-la account_n the_o province_n of_o north-wales_n and_o southwales_n be_v govern_v for_o law_n in_o this_o manner_n the_o prince_n have_v and_o use_v to_o hold_v a_o chancery_n and_o a_o court_n of_o exchequer_n in_o the_o castle_n of_o carnarvan_n for_o north-wales_n and_o have_v a_o judge_n or_o justice_n which_o minister_v justice_n there_o to_o all_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o north-wales_n and_o therefore_o be_v call_v the_o justice_n of_o north-wales_n the_o like_a court_n of_o chancery_n and_o exchequer_n he_o hold_v in_o the_o castle_n of_o carmarthen_n for_o southwales_n where_o he_o have_v a_o justice_n also_o call_v the_o justice_n of_o southwales_n and_o the_o court_n of_o their_o justice_n account_n or_o judge_n so_o hold_v within_o their_o several_a province_n be_v call_v the_o great_a session_n of_o those_o province_n and_o sometime_o these_o justice_n be_v itinerant_a and_o sit_v in_o every_o of_o the_o several_a county_n of_o his_o province_n in_o these_o great_a session_n the_o cause_n of_o great_a moment_n real_a personal_a and_o mix_v and_o plea_n of_o the_o crown_n concern_v life_n and_o member_n be_v hear_v and_o determine_v in_o these_o great_a court_n also_o upon_o creation_n of_o every_o new_a prince_n there_o be_v grant_v by_o the_o people_n of_o that_o province_n unto_o the_o prince_n â—_o nomine_fw-la recognitionis_fw-la ad_fw-la primum_fw-la adventum_fw-la principis_fw-la certain_a sum_n of_o money_n as_o it_o be_v in_o acknowledgement_n or_o relief_n of_o the_o new_a prince_n which_o sum_n of_o money_n be_v call_v by_o they_o mise_n these_o mise_n or_o sum_n of_o money_n be_v grant_v by_o the_o people_n unto_o the_o prince_n for_o his_o allowance_n of_o their_o law_n and_o ancient_a custom_n and_o a_o general_a pardon_n of_o their_o offence_n fineable_a or_o punishable_a by_o the_o prince_n and_o that_o sum_n of_o these_o mise_n 4_o for_o the_o shire_n of_o carmerthen_n only_o amount_v unto_o eight_o hundred_o mark_n and_o for_o the_o shire_n of_o cardigan_n the_o total_a sum_n of_o these_o mise_n account_n amount_v unto_o six_o hundred_o mark_n as_o by_o sundry_a record_n do_v appear_v these_o sum_n of_o money_n be_v pay_v at_o certain_a day_n by_o several_a portion_n such_o as_o be_v appoint_v and_o in_o the_o say_a session_n agree_v upon_o also_o in_o â—uâ—ry_a shire_n of_o euâ—ry_n of_o the_o say_a province_n there_o be_v hold_v certain_a inferior_a court_n call_v therefore_o county_n court_v and_o shire_n court_v and_o turn_v after_o the_o manner_n of_o england_n and_o which_o by_o some_o be_v also_o the_o petty_a session_n and_o there_o be_v also_o court_v inferior_a in_o sundry_a county_n for_o end_v of_o cause_n of_o less_o moment_n and_o importance_n and_o if_o any_o wrong_a judgement_n be_v give_v in_o any_o of_o these_o court_v inferior_a the_o same_o be_v redress_v by_o a_o writ_n of_o false_a judgement_n in_o the_o court_n superior_a and_o if_o any_o erroneous_a judgement_n be_v give_v in_o the_o a._n great_a session_n which_o be_v the_o supreme_a court_n of_o justice_n that_o error_n be_v either_o redress_v by_o the_o judgement_n of_o penal_a justice_n itinerant_a or_o else_o in_o the_o parliament_n and_o not_o otherwise_o in_o any_o the_o court_n of_o justice_n now_o at_o westminster_n wales_n as_o touch_v the_o government_n of_o the_o march_n of_o wales_n it_o appear_v by_o diverse_a ancient_a monument_n that_o the_o conqueror_n after_o he_o have_v conquer_v the_o english_a place_v diverse_a of_o his_o norman_a nobility_n upon_o the_o confine_n and_o border_n towards_o wales_n and_o erect_v the_o earldom_n of_o chester_n be_v upon_o the_o border_n of_o north-wales_n to_o palatine_a and_o give_v power_n unto_o the_o say_a person_n thus_o place_v upon_o those_o border_n to_o make_v such_o conquest_n upon_o the_o welsh_a as_o they_o by_o their_o strength_n can_v accomplish_v hold_v it_o a_o very_a good_a policy_n thereby_o not_o only_o to_o encourage_v they_o to_o be_v more_o willing_a to_o serve_v he_o but_o also_o to_o provide_v for_o they_o at_o other_o man_n cost_n and_o hereupon_o further_o ordain_v that_o the_o land_n so_o conquer_v shall_v be_v hold_v of_o the_o crown_n of_o england_n in_o capite_fw-la and_o upon_o this_o and_o such_o like_a occasion_n deuer_n of_o the_o nobility_n of_o england_n have_v land_n upon_o the_o say_a border_n of_o wales_n make_v road_n and_o incursion_n upon_o the_o welsh_a whereby_o diverse_a part_n of_o that_o country_n near_o or_o towards_o the_o say_a border_n be_v win_v by_o the_o sword_n from_o the_o welshman_n and_o be_v plant_v partly_o with_o â—nglish_fw-fr colony_n and_o and_o the_o say_a land_n so_o conquer_v be_v hold_v per_fw-la baronia_n and_o be_v call_v therefore_o baronye_n marcher_n policy_n in_o such_o manner_n do_v robert_n fitzhamoâ—_n acquire_v unto_o himself_o and_o such_o other_o as_o assist_v he_o the_o whole_a lordship_n of_o glamorgan_n use_v in_o some_o resemblance_n the_o roman_a policy_n to_o enlarge_v territory_n by_o step_v in_o between_o two_o competitor_n and_o by_o help_v the_o one_o he_o subdue_v the_o other_o and_o after_o â—urning_v his_o sword_n against_o he_o who_o he_o assist_v and_o make_v this_o the_o pretence_n of_o his_o quarrel_n allege_v that_o he_o who_o he_o have_v assist_v have_v deny_v to_o make_v unto_o he_o sufficient_a recompense_n for_o he_o sustain_v travil_n and_o so_o make_v himselve_o absolute_a owner_n of_o all_o likewise_o barnard_n newmarch_v maâ—â—â—â—â—â—s_n conquer_v the_o lordship_n of_o brecknock_n contain_v three_o cantred_n and_o establish_v his_o conquest_n by_o a_o marriage_n in_o the_o welsh_a blood_n hâ—gh_o lacie_n conquer_v the_o land_n of_o ewyas_n call_v after_o his_o name_n ewyas_n lacie_n and_o other_o do_v the_o like_a in_o other_o place_n of_o the_o border_n all_o which_o be_v barony_n marcher_n and_o be_v hold_v by_o such_o the_o conqueror_n thereof_o in_o capite_fw-la of_o the_o crown_n of_o england_n and_o because_o they_o and_o their_o posterity_n may_v the_o better_o keep_v the_o say_a land_n so_o acquire_v and_o that_o they_o may_v not_o be_v withdraw_v by_o suit_n of_o law_n from_o the_o defence_n of_o that_o which_o they_o have_v thus_o subdue_v the_o say_v lordship_n and_o land_n so_o conquer_v be_v ordain_v barony_n marcher_n and_o â—ad_v a_o kind_n of_o palatine_a â—urisdiction_n erect_v in_o â—uâ—ry_n of_o they_o 182._o and_o power_n to_o administer_v justice_n unto_o their_o tenant_n in_o every_o of_o their_o territory_n have_v therein_o court_v with_o diverse_a privilege_n franchise_n and_o immunity_n so_o that_o the_o writ_n of_o ordinary_a justice_n out_o of_o the_o king_n court_n be_v for_o the_o most_o part_v not_o currant_n among_o they_o nevertheless_o if_o the_o whole_a barony_n have_v come_v in_o question_n or_o that_o the_o strife_n have_v be_v two_o baron_n marcher_n touch_v their_o territory_n or_o confine_n thereof_o for_o want_n of_o a_o superior_a they_o have_v recourse_n unto_o the_o king_n their_o supreme_a lord_n and_o in_o these_o and_o such_o like_a case_n â—_o where_o their_o own_o jurisdiction_n fail_v justice_n be_v unministre_v unto_o they_o in_o the_o superior_a court_n of_o this_o realm_n and_o this_o be_v the_o state_n of_o the_o government_n of_o the_o march_n of_o wales_n both_z before_z and_o after_o the_o general_a conquest_n of_o wales_n make_v by_o king_n edward_n the_o first_o as_o have_v be_v declare_v until_o the_o seven_o and_o twenty_o year_n of_o king_n henry_n the_o eight_o and_o as_o touch_v the_o first_o
herein_o they_o have_v the_o same_o jurisdiction_n that_o the_o justice_n of_o the_o common_a place_n do_v execute_v in_o the_o hall_n at_o westminster_n also_o they_o may_v hear_v and_o determine_v all_o assize_n upon_o disseison_n of_o land_n or_o hereditament_n wherein_o they_o equal_v the_o jurisdiction_n of_o the_o justice_n of_o affize_v afâ—ise_n they_o may_v hear_v and_o determine_v all_o notable_a violence_n and_o outrage_n perpetrate_v or_o do_v within_o their_o several_a precynct_v and_o therein_o they_o have_v the_o power_n authority_n and_o jurisdiction_n of_o the_o justice_n of_o oyer_n and_o terminer_n their_o chancery_n seal_n and_o writ_n forasmuch_o as_o no_o suit_n can_v commence_v between_o party_n and_o party_n nor_o orderly_a justice_n can_v be_v do_v without_o complaint_n of_o the_o pursuant_n and_o summons_n and_o monition_n give_v unto_o the_o defendant_n which_o summons_n the_o policy_n of_o england_n from_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o first_o foundation_n of_o this_o commonwealth_n have_v appoint_v to_o be_v perform_v by_o that_o kind_n of_o formulae_fw-la juris_fw-la which_o the_o common_a law_n call_v a_o writ_n or_o brief_a so_o call_v as_o bracton_n say_v breve_fw-la quia_fw-la rem_fw-la quae_fw-la est_fw-la et_fw-la intentionem_fw-la petent_fw-la be_v breviter_fw-la â—narrat_fw-la and_o which_o writ_n be_v always_o conceive_v in_o form_n in_o the_o king_n name_n in_o manner_n of_o a_o precept_n royal_a and_o seal_v with_o the_o king_n great_a seal_n therefore_o in_o the_o appoint_v of_o this_o jurisdiction_n there_o be_v ordain_v to_o every_o circuit_n or_o precynct_n a_o several_a seal_n for_o the_o seal_n of_o such_o writ_n and_o original_a commission_n as_o the_o case_n shall_v require_v within_o that_o circuit_n and_o forasmuch_o as_o all_o writ_n be_v either_o original_n such_o as_o do_v begin_v the_o suit_n or_o else_o judicial_a such_o as_o command_v and_o warrant_v the_o execution_n therefore_o it_o be_v by_o the_o say_a statute_n make_v in_o 34._o h._n 8._o ordain_v that_o the_o seal_n serve_v for_o original_a process_n in_o the_o several_a shire_n of_o denbigh_n and_o montgomery_n shall_v be_v in_o the_o custody_n of_o the_o chamberlain_n of_o denbigh_n and_o that_o the_o original_a seal_n of_o chester_n shall_v be_v and_o stand_v for_o the_o original_a seal_n of_o flint_n and_o shall_v be_v in_o the_o custody_n of_o the_o chamberlain_n of_o chester_n the_o like_a seal_n serve_v for_o the_o several_a shire_n of_o carnarvan_n merion_n and_o anglesey_n to_o be_v in_o the_o custody_n of_o the_o chamberlain_n of_o north-wales_n the_o like_a seal_n concern_v the_o several_a shire_n of_o radnor_n brecknock_n and_o glamorgan_n be_v commit_v to_o the_o custody_n of_o the_o steward_n of_o brecknock_n and_o final_o the_o like_a seal_n serve_v the_o several_a shire_n of_o carmarden_n pembroke_n and_o cardigan_n be_v in_o the_o usage_n of_o the_o chamberlain_n of_o south-wales_n these_o chamberlain_n be_v as_o chancellor_n in_o this_o behalf_n and_o have_v the_o seal_n of_o all_o original_a writ_n and_o commission_n within_o their_o several_a precynct_v and_o these_o chamberlain_n may_v also_o award_v out_o several_a writ_n to_o all_o under-receiver_n of_o the_o revenue_n and_o minister_n to_o make_v their_o account_n the_o seal_n for_o the_o seal_n of_o judicial_a writ_n be_v appoint_v by_o the_o say_a statute_n of_o 34._o h._n 8._o to_o be_v and_o remain_v by_o the_o justice_n of_o every_o of_o the_o say_a circuit_n for_o the_o more_o expedite_a execution_n of_o their_o judgement_n their_o session_n and_o manner_n of_o sit_n session_n every_o of_o these_o justice_n in_o their_o several_a circuit_n shall_v be_v itinerant_a twice_o every_o year_n and_o sit_v in_o every_o of_o the_o shire_n within_o their_o authority_n by_o the_o space_n of_o six_o day_n together_o at_o a_o place_n certain_a by_o they_o to_o be_v appoint_v and_o upon_o proclamation_n of_o summons_n to_o be_v make_v fifteen_o day_n before_o the_o say_a sit_n where_o all_o person_n require_v justice_n may_v purchase_v their_o writ_n and_o proceed_v in_o their_o suit_n adiournement_n and_o where_o adiournement_n of_o the_o cause_n there_o depend_v shall_v be_v de_fw-mi die_v in_o diem_fw-la and_o if_o the_o cause_n can_v have_v no_o end_n during_o the_o sit_v then_o from_o session_n to_o session_n as_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o business_n shall_v require_v and_o according_a to_o the_o discretion_n of_o the_o say_a justice_n and_o these_o sit_n be_v call_v the_o great_a session_n and_o if_o there_o shall_v be_v such_o multitude_n of_o plea_n personal_a as_o that_o they_o can_v be_v try_v at_o the_o same_o great_a session_n than_o the_o issue_n there_o in_o trial_n shall_v and_o may_v be_v try_v at_o some_o other_o session_n before_o the_o deputy_n justice_n which_o be_v therefore_o call_v the_o petty_a session_n 33._o and_o if_o any_o erroneous_a judgement_n be_v give_v by_o the_o say_a justice_n in_o any_o real_a action_n the_o same_o shall_v be_v reverse_a by_o writ_n of_o error_n before_o the_o justice_n of_o the_o king_n bench._n and_o if_o the_o say_v erroneous_a judgement_n shall_v be_v in_o any_o action_n personal_a the_o same_o shall_v be_v reverse_a by_o bill_n before_o the_o lord_n precedent_n of_o the_o march_n and_o council_n there_o officer_n minister_n clerk_n and_o writer_n for_o the_o expedit_v of_o the_o say_v great_a session_n first_o there_o be_v the_o chamberlain_n of_o every_o of_o the_o say_a circuit_n as_o have_v be_v say_v who_o be_v proper_o and_o original_o the_o treasurer_n of_o the_o revenue_n within_o their_o charge_n and_o by_o the_o say_a statute_n be_v also_o keeper_n of_o the_o seal_n as_o aforesaid_a wherein_o they_o do_v undertake_v in_o part_n the_o office_n of_o a_o chancellor_n and_o in_o every_o of_o the_o say_a circuit_n there_o be_v the_o attorney_n or_o regius_n advocatus_fw-la and_o solicitor_n prothonatory_n there_o be_v a_o prothonotary_n or_o chief_a register_n who_o draw_v all_o the_o plead_n enter_v and_o engross_v the_o record_n and_o judgement_n in_o civil_a cause_n and_o engross_a fynes_n crown_n and_o there_o be_v also_o a_o clerk_n of_o the_o crown_n which_o draw_v and_o engross_v all_o inditement_n and_o proceed_n arraignement_n and_o judgement_n in_o criminal_a cause_n and_o these_o two_o officer_n be_v at_o your_o majesty_n appointment_n appointment_n marshal_n there_o be_v a_o marshal_n to_o attend_v the_o person_n of_o the_o judge_n at_o their_o common_a sit_v and_o go_v from_o the_o session_n or_o court_n cryer_n there_o be_v a_o crier_n tanquam_fw-la publicus_fw-la preco_fw-la to_o call_v forth_o such_o person_n who_o appearance_n be_v necessary_a and_o to_o impose_v silence_n to_o the_o people_n and_o these_o two_o officer_n last_o remember_v be_v dispose_v by_o the_o justice_n and_o thus_o much_o touch_v the_o justice_n of_o the_o great_a session_n there_o be_v also_o other_o ordinary_a officer_n appoint_v for_o every_o shire_n in_o wales_n by_o the_o say_a statute_n of_o 34._o h._n 8._o such_o and_o in_o like_a manner_n as_o in_o other_o the_o shire_n of_o england_n there_o be_v a_o commission_n under_o the_o great_a scale_n of_o england_n to_o certain_a gentleman_n give_v they_o power_n to_o preserve_v the_o peace_n and_o to_o resist_v and_o punish_v all_o turbulent_a person_n who_o misdemeanour_n may_v tend_v to_o the_o disquiet_n of_o the_o people_n and_o these_o be_v call_v the_o justice_n of_o peace_n and_o every_o of_o they_o may_v well_o be_v term_v eirenarcha_fw-la the_o chief_a of_o they_o be_v call_v custos_fw-la rotulorum_fw-la in_o who_o custody_n all_o the_o record_n of_o their_o proceed_n be_v resident_a other_o there_o be_v of_o that_o number_n call_v justice_n of_o the_o peace_n and_o quorum_n because_o in_o their_o commission_n whereby_o they_o have_v power_n to_o sit_v and_o determine_v cause_n concern_v breach_n of_o peace_n and_o misbehaviour_n the_o word_n of_o their_o commission_n be_v concein_v this_o quorum_n such_o and_o such_o unum_fw-la vel_fw-la duos_fw-la etc._n etc._n esse_fw-la volumus_fw-la and_o without_o some_o one_o or_o more_o of_o they_o of_o the_o quorum_n no_o session_n can_v be_v hold_v and_o for_o the_o avoid_n of_o a_o superfluous_a number_n of_o such_o justice_n for_o through_o the_o ambition_n of_o many_o it_o be_v count_v a_o credit_n to_o be_v burden_a with_o that_o authority_n the_o statute_n of_o 34._o h._n 8._o have_v express_o prohibit_v that_o there_o shall_v be_v but_o eight_o justice_n of_o peace_n within_o every_o of_o the_o county_n and_o shire_n of_o wales_n which_o if_o the_o number_n be_v not_o indefinite_a for_o the_o shire_n of_o england_n it_o be_v the_o better_a these_o justice_n do_v hold_v their_o session_n quarterly_a and_o it_o be_v further_o ordain_v by_o the_o say_a statute_n of_o 34._o h._n 8._o that_o two_o justice_n of_o peace_n where_o of_o one_o to_o be_v of_o the_o quorum_n may_v hold_v their_o session_n without_o
the_o say_v king_n hand_n by_o the_o dissolution_n of_o the_o priory_n of_o trewarder_v in_o the_o say_a county_n of_o cornwall_n and_o also_o the_o manor_n of_o breadford_n caverdon_n clymesland_n pryor_n treworgy_n stratton_n eastway_n bowyton_n bradrissey_n bucklawrue_a and_o bonyaluey_v which_o come_v to_o the_o say_v king_n hand_n by_o the_o surrender_n and_o suppression_n of_o the_o priory_n of_o lanceston_n all_o which_o manor_n so_o new_o grant_v unto_o the_o say_a duchy_n be_v by_o the_o say_a act_n of_o parliament_n so_o annex_v thereunto_o as_o be_v the_o say_a castle_n and_o honour_n of_o wallingford_n and_o the_o member_n and_o parcel_n of_o the_o same_o before_o the_o make_n of_o the_o same_o act_n of_o parliament_n any_o act_n law_n usage_n or_o custom_n to_o the_o contrary_a notwithstanding_o and_o thus_o much_o concern_v the_o revenue_n local_a and_o call_v in_o the_o law_n heâ—editamenta_fw-la corporea_fw-la and_o of_o annual_a value_n which_o be_v either_o original_o give_v by_o king_n edward_n the_o three_o and_o afterward_o by_o patent_n confer_v or_o by_o act_n of_o parliament_n in_o lieu_n of_o other_o land_n grant_v unto_o the_o say_a duchy_n which_o threefold_a distinction_n of_o the_o say_a revenue_n be_v here_o make_v and_o induce_v to_o this_o end_n that_o it_o may_v be_v observe_v that_o those_o castle_n lordship_n manor_n and_o land_n which_o be_v either_o first_o give_v unto_o the_o say_a duchy_n and_o establish_v by_o act_n of_o parliament_n or_o last_o give_v by_o act_n of_o parliament_n in_o lieu_n of_o other_o the_o land_n sever_v from_o the_o say_a duchy_n may_v appear_v so_o to_o be_v annex_v unto_o the_o say_a duchy_n by_o the_o intent_n and_o meaning_n of_o the_o say_a act_n of_o parliament_n and_o so_o knit_v and_o conjoin_v thereunto_o as_o that_o they_o shall_v not_o be_v alienate_v therefrom_o and_o be_v of_o more_o validity_n in_o that_o respect_n then_o the_o revenue_n of_o the_o second_o sort_n which_o be_v only_o confer_v by_o letter_n patent_n without_o help_n of_o parliament_n and_o therefore_o not_o so_o firm_o unite_v unto_o the_o say_a duchy_n as_o be_v those_o two_o former_a kind_n mention_v inheritance_n of_o casual_a value_n belong_v to_o the_o say_a duchy_n be_v these_o 1_o the_o duke_n have_v grant_v unto_o he_o and_o his_o heir_n inheritable_a unto_o the_o say_a duchy_n yearly_o to_o elect_v choose_v create_v and_o make_v the_o sheriff_n of_o cornwall_n in_o such_o sort_n as_o the_o king_n himself_o do_v elect_v the_o sheriff_n of_o other_o county_n 2_o the_o prize_n &_o custom_n of_o all_o wine_n bring_v â—_o into_o these_o port_n of_o the_o say_a county_n of_o cornwall_n and_o the_o profit_n of_o the_o port_n and_o haven_n there_o and_o the_o custom_n of_o all_o wool_n leather_n and_o woollsel_n ship_v to_o be_v transport_v out_o of_o the_o say_a duchy_n to_o be_v collect_v by_o officer_n appoint_v by_o the_o say_a duke_n wreck_n of_o the_o sea_n and_o the_o prerogative_n of_o all_o royal_a fish_n take_v and_o bring_v to_o land_n within_o the_o say_a county_n the_o hundred_o court_n and_o county_n court_v and_o the_o profit_n thereof_o the_o prize_n 3._o and_o custom_n of_o wine_n of_o the_o port_n of_o sutton_n which_o be_v now_o call_v plymouth_n and_o be_v partly_o with_o in_o the_o county_n of_o devon_n also_o the_o say_a duke_n have_v free_a warren_n in_o all_o his_o say_a landsgranted_a also_o he_o have_v the_o liberty_n and_o return_v of_o all_o writ_n and_o 3._o summons_n direct_v to_o the_o sheriff_n of_o the_o say_a county_n which_o shall_v not_o be_v return_v but_o by_o the_o officer_n of_o the_o say_a duke_n for_o the_o time_n be_v also_o the_o good_n and_o chattel_n of_o all_o felon_n and_o fugitive_n be_v tenant_n of_o the_o say_a duchy_n and_o the_o benefit_n of_o all_o fine_n impose_v for_o any_o trespass_n or_o crime_n fynable_a and_o all_o fynes_n to_o be_v pay_v for_o licence_n to_o levye_a any_o fine_n or_o concord_n of_o record_n and_o all_o be_o cement_v issue_n and_o forfeiture_n and_o the_o year_n day_n and_o be_v streepe_v and_o spoil_v of_o the_o land_n of_o such_o as_o be_v tenant_n of_o the_o say_a duchy_n upon_o murder_n or_o felon_n by_o they_o commit_v and_o whereof_o they_o shall_v be_v attaint_v and_o likewise_o the_o escuage_z of_o all_o tenant_n hold_v by_o knight_n service_n which_o 3._o they_o be_v to_o pay_v be_v assess_v in_o parliament_n for_o their_o fail_n of_o service_n &_o absence_n not_o be_v with_o the_o king_n when_o he_o shall_v make_v any_o army_n or_o voyage_n royal_a against_o his_o enemy_n whereby_o such_o escuage_n do_v come_v due_a also_o there_o be_v annex_v unto_o the_o say_a duchy_n the_o stannary_n and_o profit_n of_o the_o coinage_n of_o tin_n within_o the_o say_a county_n of_o devon_n and_o cornwall_n tin_n for_o the_o better_a understanding_n whereof_o it_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v that_o in_o the_o say_a county_n be_v in_o many_o part_n thereof_o mountainous_a full_a of_o waste_a ground_n and_o moor_n there_o be_v find_v great_a quantity_n of_o tin_n the_o pure_a best_a and_o most_o plentifull_a in_o europe_n by_o reason_n whereof_o it_o have_v ever_o be_v account_v one_o of_o the_o staple_n commodity_n of_o this_o kingdom_n and_o of_o good_a estimation_n in_o foreign_a region_n these_o mine_n of_o tin_n in_o these_o west_n part_n of_o the_o kingdom_n be_v not_o unknown_a to_o the_o roman_n as_o appear_v by_o diodorus_n siculus_n who_o live_v in_o the_o time_n of_o augustus_n the_o emperor_n above_o 1600._o year_n sithence_o and_o who_o thus_o write_v thereof_o britanij_fw-la qui_fw-la iuxta_fw-la velerium_fw-la promontorium_fw-la incolunt_fw-la mercatorum_fw-la usum_fw-la qui_fw-la co_fw-la stanneri_fw-la gratia_fw-la navigant_fw-la humaniores_fw-la reliquis_fw-la ergahospite_n habentur_fw-la hiexterra_fw-la saxosa_fw-la cvius_fw-la venas_fw-la sâ—cuti_fw-la effodiunt_fw-la stannum_fw-la ignem_fw-la eductum_fw-la in_fw-la quandam_fw-la insulam_fw-la ferunt_fw-la britannicum_fw-la iuxta_fw-la quam_fw-la ictam_fw-la vocant_fw-la maris_fw-la fluxu_fw-la videntur_fw-la insulae_fw-la cum_fw-la vero_fw-la refluit_fw-la exsicato_fw-la interiecto_fw-la littore_fw-la curribus_fw-la co_fw-la stannum_fw-la deferunt_fw-la etc._n etc._n exit_fw-la hijs_fw-la insulis_fw-la mercatores_fw-la emptum_fw-la stannum_fw-la in_o galliam_n portant_fw-la inde_fw-la diebus_fw-la fere_n triginta_fw-la cum_fw-la equis_fw-la ad_fw-la fontem_fw-la eridani_n fluminis_fw-la perducunt_fw-la that_o promontory_n which_o he_o call_v velerium_fw-la by_o the_o judgement_n of_o all_o learned_a in_o cosmographie_n be_v now_o call_v the_o lizard_n and_o be_v situate_a in_o the_o west_n part_n of_o cornwall_n the_o island_n that_o he_o call_v icta_fw-la be_v the_o wight_n and_o that_o which_o he_o say_v be_v a_o island_n and_o at_o the_o flood_n and_o at_o low_a water_n passable_a from_o the_o main_n be_v a_o true_a description_n of_o portland_n as_o it_o be_v at_o this_o day_n be_v not_o far_o from_o the_o i_o will_v of_o wight_n unto_o which_o place_n out_o of_o cornwall_n the_o tin_n be_v bring_v to_o be_v transport_v into_o france_n from_o whence_o it_o be_v carry_v thirty_o day_n journey_n on_o horseback_n and_o so_o over_o the_o alps_n into_o italy_n even_o to_o the_o fountain_n of_o eredanus_n as_o he_o say_v which_o be_v the_o river_n now_o call_v the_o po_n in_o piedmont_n and_o lombary_n i_o do_v allege_v his_o authority_n the_o rather_o for_o that_o he_o in_o a_o manner_n set_v out_o the_o laborious_a search_n for_o tin_n in_o those_o day_n even_o as_o it_o be_v use_v by_o the_o spaliard_n at_o this_o day_n with_o great_a industry_n and_o pain_n he_o ex_fw-la terra_fw-la saxosa_fw-la venas_fw-la sequunti_fw-la effodiunt_fw-la stannum_fw-la etc._n etc._n all_o the_o moor_n and_o waste_n wherein_o the_o tin_n be_v find_v be_v of_o ancient_a time_n belong_v to_o the_o king_n and_o many_o of_o the_o say_a moor_n at_o this_o day_n be_v parcel_n of_o this_o duchy_n of_o cornwall_n the_o king_n of_o this_o land_n in_o former_a time_n have_v cast_v their_o princely_a care_n to_o establish_v a_o good_a and_o orderly_o manage_v of_o the_o say_a commodity_n and_o have_v endow_v the_o tynners_n with_o sundry_a privilege_n for_o their_o good_a government_n thereby_o the_o more_o to_o encourage_v they_o in_o the_o search_n of_o tyn._n and_o thereupon_o by_o ancient_a charter_n the_o whole_a company_n and_o body_n of_o tynners_n in_o every_o of_o the_o say_a county_n of_o devon_n and_o cornwall_n be_v cast_v and_o divide_v in_o four_o several_a stannerye_n or_o jurisdiction_n in_o every_o of_o which_o stannery_n there_o be_v a_o court_n to_o minister_v justice_n in_o all_o cause_n personal_a arise_v between_o tynner_n and_o tynner_n and_o between_o tynner_n &_o foreigner_n and_o also_o for_o and_o concern_v the_o right_a and_o ownership_n of_o tin_n mynes_n and_o the_o disposition_n thereof_o except_o in_o cause_n of_o land_n life_n and_o member_n
and_o if_o any_o false_a and_o unjust_a judgement_n be_v give_v in_o any_o of_o the_o say_a court_n the_o party_n grieve_v may_v make_v his_o appeal_n unto_o the_o lord_n warden_n of_o the_o stannery_n who_o be_v their_o superior_a judge_n both_o for_o law_n and_o equity_n and_o from_o he_o unto_o the_o body_n of_o the_o council_n of_o the_o lord_n prince_n duke_n of_o cornwall_n to_o which_o duke_n the_o stannerye_n be_v give_v as_o by_o the_o former_a charter_n have_v appear_v and_o from_o they_o the_o appeal_n lie_v to_o the_o king_n most_o royal_a person_n when_o matter_n of_o moment_n concern_v the_o state_n of_o those_o mine_n or_o stannerye_n shall_v come_v to_o be_v question_v or_o debate_v there_o be_v in_o every_o of_o the_o say_a county_n by_o the_o direction_n of_o the_o lord_n warden_n several_a parliament_n or_o general_a assembly_n of_o the_o tynners_n summon_v whereunto_o every_o stannery_n within_o that_o county_n send_v jurate_n or_o burgess_n by_o who_o advice_n and_o consent_n constitution_n order_n and_o law_n be_v make_v and_o ordain_v touch_v tin_n cause_n which_o be_v promulge_v the_o same_o do_v bind_v the_o whole_a body_n of_o tynners_n of_o that_o county_n as_o firm_o as_o if_o the_o same_o have_v be_v establish_v in_o the_o general_a parliament_n of_o the_o realm_n as_o touch_v the_o person_n that_o deal_v or_o intermeddle_v with_o tin_n and_o therefore_o carry_v the_o name_n of_o tynners_n they_o be_v of_o four_o kind_n first_o the_o owner_n of_o the_o soil_n where_o mine_n be_v find_v second_o the_o adventurer_n for_o tin_n which_o may_v have_v by_o the_o law_n of_o tynners_n power_n and_o disposition_n of_o a_o i_o or_o tynworke_n although_o he_o be_v not_o owner_n of_o the_o soil_n three_o the_o merchant_n broker_n or_o regrator_n of_o tin_n which_o either_o buy_v to_o transport_v out_o of_o the_o realm_n or_o else_o to_o regrate_a and_o sell_v again_o within_o the_o realm_n and_o four_a the_o spadiard_n or_o spaliard_n so_o call_v because_o he_o live_v by_o his_o spade_n and_o be_v the_o myne-worker_n and_o labourer_n for_o tin_n who_o common_o in_o respect_n of_o his_o poor_a estate_n be_v eat_v out_o by_o the_o hard_a and_o usurious_a contract_n for_o tin_n which_o he_o be_v drive_v to_o make_v with_o the_o merchant_n or_o regrator_n for_o those_o poor_a labourer_n have_v no_o wage_n certain_a but_o only_a share_n in_o the_o mine_n as_o the_o quantity_n thereof_o shall_v arise_v and_o be_v not_o able_a to_o sustain_v themselves_o and_o their_o family_n until_o the_o tin_n of_o coinage_n and_o mart_n for_o tin_n shall_v come_v which_o be_v half_o yearly_a he_o be_v by_o necessity_n compel_v for_o a_o small_a sum_n of_o money_n aforehand_o to_o enter_v into_o bond_n unto_o the_o merchant_n or_o regrator_n of_o tin_n to_o deliver_v he_o at_o the_o the_o time_n of_o the_o next_o ensue_a coinage_n tin_n in_o value_n much_o more_o than_o the_o money_n he_o have_v former_o receive_v there_o be_v also_o two_o kind_n of_o tin_n the_o one_o call_v black_a tin_n which_o be_v the_o tin_n oar_n break_v and_o wash_v but_o as_o yet_o not_o blow_v melt_a or_o found_v into_o mettle_n and_o white_a tin_n which_o be_v the_o tin_n after_o that_o it_o be_v found_v and_o moult_a into_o mettle_n and_o this_o be_v also_o of_o two_o sort_n soft_a tin_n which_o be_v best_a merchantable_a and_o hard_a tin_n which_o be_v least_o merchantable_a it_o be_v not_o lawful_a by_o the_o law_n of_o tynners_n and_o it_o be_v by_o the_o ancient_a charter_n of_o the_o privilege_n grant_v by_o the_o king_n of_o england_n unto_o the_o tynners_n express_o forbid_v under_o forseiture_n of_o the_o tin_n that_o no_o tin_n shall_v be_v sell_v within_o every_o of_o the_o say_a county_n either_o black_a or_o white_a tin_n but_o only_o at_o two_o set_v time_n of_o the_o year_n at_o place_n appoint_v in_o which_o place_n all_o the_o vendable_a tin_n in_o the_o say_v several_a county_n be_v bring_v and_o there_o by_o the_o officer_n of_o the_o duke_n the_o same_o be_v weigh_v by_o a_o beam_n and_o weight_n thereto_o appoint_v and_o after_o the_o same_o be_v coin_a with_o a_o stamp_n it_o be_v thereupon_o allow_v to_o be_v sell_v and_o not_o before_o for_o which_o weigh_v and_o stamp_n common_o call_v the_o coinage_n there_o be_v due_a to_o the_o lord_n prince_n as_o duke_z of_o cornwall_n the_o sum_n of_o 40._o s._n for_o every_o thousand_o weight_n of_o tin_n so_o weigh_v and_o coin_a which_o be_v parcel_n of_o the_o casual_a revenue_n of_o the_o say_a duchy_n and_o first_o grant_v by_o king_n edward_n the_o three_o unto_o the_o duke_n of_o cornwall_n and_o annex_v unto_o the_o say_a duchy_n by_o the_o name_n of_o coinage_n of_o tin_n moreover_o not_o only_o the_o king_n of_o england_n in_o their_o time_n but_o also_o the_o duke_n of_o cornwall_n in_o their_o time_n have_v have_v the_o preemption_n of_o tin_n which_o be_v a_o privilege_n belong_v and_o reserve_v unto_o themselves_o by_o their_o charter_n of_o liberty_n grant_v unto_o the_o tynners_n which_o appertain_v unto_o they_o as_o be_v conceive_v by_o the_o learned_a ratione_fw-la proprietatis_fw-la tanquam_fw-la summis_fw-la dominis_n &_o proprietarijs_fw-la quam_fw-la 121._o ratione_fw-la praerogativae_fw-la suae_fw-la not_o unlike_a that_o which_o other_o king_n have_v in_o foreign_a country_n whereof_o casaneus_n thus_o make_v mention_n praefertur_fw-la princeps_fw-la in_o emptione_n metallorum_fw-la allege_v a_o imperial_a constitution_n of_o the_o coad_n for_o proof_n thereof_o and_o of_o which_o preemption_n as_o by_o some_o precedent_n may_v be_v prove_v both_o the_o king_n of_o england_n and_o duke_n of_o cornwall_n have_v make_v use_n when_o otherwise_o they_o stand_v in_o need_n of_o money_n for_o the_o manage_n of_o their_o affair_n and_o thus_o much_o touch_v the_o revenue_n of_o the_o county_n of_o cornwall_n the_o whole_a revenue_n unto_o edward_n the_o prince_n surname_v the_o black_a prince_n son_n and_o heir_n apparent_a unto_o king_n edward_n the_o three_o as_o by_o a_o notable_a survey_n thereof_o appear_v account_v all_o profit_n annual_a and_o casual_a as_o they_o happen_v communibus_fw-la annis_fw-la one_o year_n with_o the_o other_o and_o as_o rate_v 50._o e._n 3._o in_o manner_n as_o ensue_v the_o revenue_n of_o the_o duchy_n of_o cornwall_n as_o it_o be_v rate_v by_o survey_n take_v 50._o e._n 3._o amount_v in_o the_o whole_a without_o reprise_n unto_o 3415._o l._n 18._o s._n 5._o d._n q._n whereof_o in_o particular_a viz._n for_o cornwall_n 2219._o l._n 7._o s._n 9_o d._n ob_fw-la for_o devon_n 0273._o l._n 19_o s._n 5._o ob_fw-la q._n in_o other_o shire_n 922._o l._n 1â—_n s._n 2_o d._n the_o sum_n total_a of_o the_o whole_a revenue_n of_o the_o say_a duchy_n amount_v unto_o 3415_o l._n 18._o s._n 5._o d._n q._n the_o revenue_n of_o the_o say_a duchy_n of_o cornwall_n as_o it_o appear_v by_o the_o account_n of_o the_o receiver_n thereof_o in_o the_o fifteen_o year_n of_o king_n henry_n the_o eight_o amount_v of_o clear_a yearly_a value_n unto_o 10095._o l._n 11._o s._n 9_o d._n q._n in_o particular_a as_o follow_v cornwall_n the_o issue_n of_o the_o manor_n and_o boroughe_n in_o the_o county_n of_o cornwall_n 624._o l._n 17._o s._n 2._o d._n q._n the_o issue_n of_o the_o hundred_o and_o hundred-court_n and_o of_o the_o office_n of_o the_o sheriff_n 59_o l._n 14._o s._n 2._o d._n ob_fw-la the_o issue_n of_o the_o stannery_n court_v in_o both_o the_o county_n of_o devon_n and_o cornwall_n account_v for_o by_o the_o several_a bailiff_n of_o the_o several_a stannery_n of_o the_o county_n 54._o l._n 9_o s._n â—_o d._n the_o profit_n of_o the_o office_n of_o the_o havenour_n in_o the_o say_a county_n of_o cornwall_n 53._o l._n 3_o d._n the_o profit_n of_o the_o office_n of_o the_o feodarie_n and_o escheator_n of_o both_o the_o county_n 33._o l._n 16._o s._n 10._o d._n ob_fw-la devon_n the_o issue_n of_o the_o manor_n and_o boroughe_n in_o the_o 8._o county_n of_o devon_n and_o of_o the_o chase_n and_o forest_n of_o dertmore_n in_o the_o say_a county_n of_o devon_n 170._o l._n 14._o s._n 3_o d._n ob_fw-la q_o the_o issue_n of_o the_o water_n of_o dartmouth_n 8._o l._n the_o fee_n farm_n of_o the_o city_n of_o exon_n and_o of_o the_o castle_n there_o 21._o l._n 15_o s._n the_o issue_n and_o profit_n of_o the_o coinage_n of_o tin_n in_o the_o say_a county_n of_o devon_n and_o cornwall_n in_o the_o say_v 15._o h._n 8._o 2771._o l._n 3._o s._n 9_o d._n q._n for_o white_a rent_n which_o be_v a_o duty_n payable_a yearly_o by_o every_o tynner_n in_o the_o county_n of_o devon_n and_o ancient_o due_a that_o be_v of_o every_o tynner_n 8._o d._n which_o sum_n in_o the_o whole_a collect_v from_o 424._o