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A06341	The prouerbes of the noble and woorthy souldier Sir Iames Lopez de Mendoza Marques of Santillana with the paraphrase of D. Peter Diaz of Toledo: wherin is contained whatsoeuer is necessarie to the leading of an honest and vertuous life. Translated out of Spanishe by Barnabe Googe.; Proverbios. English	Santillana, Iñigo López de Mendoza, marqués de, 1398-1458.; Googe, Barnabe, 1540-1594.; Pedro, de Toledo, Bishop of Málaga, d. 1499.	1579 (1579)	STC 16809; ESTC S108829	87,267	250

the race And moste approued perfect path of goodnesse and of grace O milde and honourable Age that doest abate the fire Of vicious youth and doest restraine eche lewde and fond desire The Paraphrase THE blessed Apostle telleth vs that as long as wee liue in this worlde we are Pilgrimes and straungers to the Lorde meaning that our true and naturall countrie is that of which Dauid speaketh saying I trust to see the glory of the almightie in the land of the liuing The land of the liuing is the glory of Paradise where who soeuer remaineth doe liue without any dread or daunger of death And as the Apostle sayeth all the while that we are absent from that place wee are aptly here called straungers and pilgrims meaning that as the pilgrim wandreth here and there forth of his Countrey So we are alwayes absent and out of our countrey as long as wee liue in this transitorie life And because that by the meanes of age we draw neare to our owne countrey when we drawe neare to death by which death as Plato saieth in his Phedro the soule atteineth vnto libertie and breaking out from the Gaole of the bodie being deliuered frō sorrow and miserie commeth to her owne quietnesse ioy and solace And therefore we ought not to be displeased at our olde age since that it is the race of goodnesse that is to say the plaine path way by which wee passe from sorrow and trouble to quietnesse and to rest And this is onely to be vnderstood of the modest and well gouerned age for that is shee that abateth the lustes and outrages of youth For there is an age as Aristotle sayeth in the first of his Ethikes that being destitute of all vertue and good behauiour is altogether doting and childish For there is no difference as Aristotle sayth betwixt him that is yong of yeeres and him that is young in behauiour so that the age which shall not be displeasant must be modest and furnished with good behauiour and vertuous exercises and that is the age that doeth abate the fire of vicious youth and doeth restraine eche lewde and fonde desire This age as Tullie in his booke de Senectute writeth doeth alay both lust pride presumption and doeth so enfeeble the force of the flesh as it bringeth a man to bee lowly milde and modest Of this kinde of age also speaketh the Psalme where it sayth When the time of meeknes mildnes shal come then shal we be reformed which time of mildnes is from the age of threescore to threescore and ten which season suffreth not a man to be prowd or disdainful but lowly milde and disposed to vertue And therfore the Prouerbe saith It doeth abate the fire of vicious youth c. 94. This to the vertuous man alone doth giue authoritie And makes him perfite in the pointes of grace and honestie For who is he that in his youth can keepe the perfite way Or measure in his life obserueth or runneth not astray The Paraphrase IT is commanded in the lawe of God that whensoeuer we see an old ancient man we should rise and reuerence him And we finde in the Ciuil law that in the Citie of Rome in the olde time they vsed to worship and reuerence their aged persons and the people of those dayes did yeelde the same honour to suche as were olde as they did to their Iudges and Magistrates and this onely they did in respecte of the honour that their olde yeeres doeth giue them for no young man though his wit be neuer so pregnant or quicke is able to attaine to that vnderstanding that the olde man by his experience hath gotten For as Aristotle in the first and sixteenth of his Ethikes witnesseth the number of yeeres is it that giueth knowledge experience And therefore he sayeth that the yong man can neuer giue anie perfect iudgement of anie thing because he neuer hath had anie great experience And although that in naturall Philosophie and in the liberal artes learnings there needeth nought else but a sharp and quicke conceite and vnderstanding yet in morall Philosophie which is the knowledge by which we learne to liue vprightly and honestly it is not onely enough to haue a good wit capacitie to but also to haue the experience and knowledge of time and such thinges as are done by men of ripe yeares we alwayes presume that they bee done vppon great aduise and deliberation which is nothing so with yong men And therefore vppon great consideration our Sauiour being perfect God and man although in the verie instant that he was conceiued he was perfect in all knowledge vnderstanding did not grow with space of time to more ripe knowledge skill would neither preach nor publishe his doctrine in his yong yeares but at such time as he was come to his perfect age neither doeth the Church receiue for trueth and certaintie anie other things then those which we read to bee done at his full age Wherevpon all such Bookes as are written of suche thinges as hee did in his childehoode and youngest yeares the Church doeth take for Apocripha and counteth them not in the Canon of holy Scriptures And it is good reason that the thinges that are done in vnripe yeares should be of no authoritie since our Sauiour Christ himselfe woulde neither preach nor publish his doctrine till such time as hee was of ripe and perfect age 95. This made the Catoes so renoumed for wisdome great and graue this made the valiant Scipioes so great a name to haue This onely gouernes in the field and giues the victorie And this in peace doth coūtries keepe from all hostilitie The Paraphrase THere is no man as hath bene saide before that attaineth to anie perfection in his doinges and deuises but onelie by long experience of manie yeeres And therefore saieth Aristotle in the sixth of his Ethikes that young men ought alwayes to haue about them olde and auncient men whose counsaile they may vse and whom they ought in al things to beleeue and therfore age is of great account and estimation for it maketh as the Prouerbe here sayeth men to be wise meete to iudge and discrete in gouernment And therefore Trogus Pōpeius in his eleuenth Booke writeth that Alexander whensoeuer hee happened vpon anie desperate aduenture or sawe himselfe in great daunger in the field woulde neuer haue about him anie yong blooddes or hewsters but olde men that were of experience such as had serued his Father and his Grandfather in their warres to the end hee might haue in his companie not onelie Souldiours but directers he sayeth beside that when his old Souldiours had required of him leaue to goe home to rest and refresh their olde and weeried bodies and that they woulde sende in their places their sonnes that were yong and lustie and better able to doe him seruice He answered them that he made a great deale more account of the wise and skilfull

THE Prouerbes of the noble and woorthy souldier Sir Iames Lopez de Mendoza Marques of Santillana with the Paraphrase of D. Peter Diaz of Toledo Wherin is contained whatsoeuer is necessarie to the leading of an honest and vertuous life Translated out of Spanishe by Barnabe Googe ¶ Imprinted at London by Richarde Watkins 1579. To the right honourable Sir William Cecill of the most honourable order of the Garter Knight Baron of Burghley maister of her Maiesties wardes and liuereis and Lord high Treasurer of England WHen I had right honourable and my especial good lord thorowly perused and cōsidered these Prouerbs or rather Aphorismes of the marques of Santilliana I thought it not amis to bestow some trauaile in turning them into English albeit I found them in some places so darkly written and so corrupted by the Printer as I could sundrie times hardly attain to the authors meaning The gentlemā if but in respect of his estate and calling deserueth of all men to be welthought of But considering the matter wherof he entreateth which is chiefly to traine his readers to honestie and vertuous life he meriteth at the handes of euerie good man with double honour to be receiued and welcomed For there is nothing assuredly more acceptable to God nor that in deede better beseemeth man then an vpright and honest conuersation And although the chiefe intent of his writing was for the institution and behauiour of a Prince yet are his rules and instructions so generall as they may verie well serue for guides in good demeanour to euerie man of what degree soeuer he be My simple translation for the Authour himself needeth no defender I most humbly commend to the protection of your Lordship as to him that is perfectly able to iudge whether I haue truly and faythfully followed my paterne or no. As for such faults as haue passed as well in the title as in the notes being as they were committed in my absence without my knowlege I trust your lordship wil discharge me of the blame God sende your Lordship with long and happie life to attaine to the end of your good and honourable desires Your Lordships faythfull seruaunt Barnabe Googe The life of Sir Iames Lopez de Mendoza Marques of Santilliana SIr Iames Lopes de Mendoza Marques of Santilliana Earle of the Realme of Mancanares Lorde of Vega sonne of the Admirall Don Diego de Hurtado and nephewe to Peter Goncales de Mendoza Lord of Alua was a man of a meane stature verie well limmed and proporcioned and of a gracious countenance discended of great parentage a Castilian and verie ancient He was a man of a quicke iudgement and discrete and of so great a minde that neither could the weightiest matters that were dismay him nor the dealing in matters of smal moment any whit delight him In the staiednesse of his person and the grauitie of his speach he shewed him selfe to be a Gentleman and of a noble mind He was a man as they vse to say verie well spoken so as hee was seldome heard to speake any thing that was not woorth the noting whether it were in matters of learning or of disport He was courteous and of great interteinment to all such as came vnto him specially learned men After the decease of the Admirall his father and the Ladie Eleanor of Vega his mother being left verie yong and within age he was disseised of the Asturies of Santilliana and a greate peece of his liuing beside But comming to riper yeares perceiuing himself to be greatly abused verie want and necessitie which many times awaketh a good wit his great mind that could not abide to be consined made him to vse such diligence as partly by lawe partly by swoorde hee did shortly recouer his owne Hee was both in his meate and his drinke verie temperate hauing herein a singular and speciall grace Touching his inclination he gaue himselfe in his life time vnto two notable exercises the one the feates of armes the other studie and learning neither did his warlike exercises anie whit hinder his studie nor his studie was anie impediment to the conference which he had with the Souldiours and Gentlemen of his house about the trampe fashion of their armour Instrumentes of defence howe to offend the enimie how to order his battails how to encampe how to assault and how to defend fortresses and other like actions belonging to martiall affaires wherin hee tooke a great deale the more pleasure because he had therwith been brought vp from his youth And to the ende that such as serued vnder him might haue experience of such things as they had hearde him speake off hee had alwayes in his house Tilt Turney and Barriers with sundry other exercises belonging to the fielde to the ende that his people being alwayes accustomed to such martiall exercises might better away with the paines of a souldier whē they came to it Hee was a gentleman of great nobility and valour beeing in his determinations very wise and temperate and in his execution speedy and resolute so as there could neither be founde any rashnesse in his courage or any iot of cowardise in his deuises He had been Generall in many fought Battailes betwixt the Christians and the Sarazens wherein he both wan and lost But the greatest and of most account was a battaile that was fought with the Aragoneses and one other at the riuer of Torotto And these two Battailes were indeed every hot and blooddy For fighting without any retire on either side there were slaine an infinite number on both sides at which seruices because this worthy gētleman happened to be present though hee sawe his owne forces all to weake and very vnmeete to match with the enimie yet because the enemie was in sight he thought it a greater shame and reproche to turne his backe without Battaile then to loose his life or the fielde in fighting Wherevpon he determined to try the battaile wherein hee fought with such egernesse and courage that although he was his selfe sore hurt and all his company defeated yet for his own person he gained the name and reputation of a worthy valiant Captaine The sufficiencie of this noble gentleman beeing thorowly knowen to King Iohn he was sent Lieutenāt general against the Sarazens which charge he toke vpō him with a verye glad and willing minde continuing a long time vpon the frontiers During which season he fought diuers battailes and had many sharpe encounters both with the king of Granada others of his captaines wherin he had alwayes the better He made many roades into the Country where he wan by fine force the towne of Huelma draue the Moores to such a streigt that hee he woulde haue wonne a number of townes more haue done diuerse worthie exploites had not the king being by matters of more importance at home enforced commaunded him to make an ende of the warres and to conclude a peece

Iewes in the Citie had fasted three dayes three nights she got her to the king whom when the King perceiued in token of his fauoure towards her he held foorth his golden scepter and saide vnto her Queene Hester What haue you to say to mee Demaunde the one halfe of mine Empire and I will giue it thee Who humbly beseeched the King that it would please him Haman to come to a Banquet that she had prepared for him at which banquet she would declare what petition she had vnto him At the later end of the banquet when the king had well fed and demaunded of Hester what her petition was promising that if it were the halfe of his kingdome hee would presently graunt it She aunsweared O King if I haue found fauour in thy sight graunt me my life the life of my people for both I and my people are betrayed and appointed to dye if it had so been that wee shoulde haue been solde for slaues it had been farre more tollerable and with my sorrowe I shoulde haue satisfied my selfe when the King had hearde her hee was greately disquieted and asked who it was that durst presume to attempte so great a matter and what authoritie he had The Queene aunswered this great enemye Of me and my nation is this Haman that is heere present Which when Haman heard he was suddainely nipped in the head and as the King flang foorth in a fury towards the garden Haman came to the bed where the Queene sat to beseech her to haue mercy vpon him because he perceiued that the King was determined that hee should dye The King returning from the Garden and finding Haman vppon the bed where the Queene sat supposing that he had been too familiar with her began to conceaue a great hatred against him and then some that were aboute him tolde him that Haman had made a paire of Gallowes for Mardocheus wherfore he commaunded that both he and his sonnes should bee hanged therevpon Which shortly set downe sheweth the meaning of this prouerbe that if Assuerus had not giuen eare to Hester shewing him that Haman against all order of iustice had determined to destroy the people of the Iewes he had vndoutedly abused the sword that he for iustice due did beare which he was bound as a King and a good Iusticer wel to vse And into error had he fallen wished it streight vndone so had the guiltles creature died that no offence had done Which had been a great blotte vnto him For as the ciuill law sayeth It is a better deed to leaue a fault vnpunished then to punish an innocent 9 For verie seldome shalt thou finde the absent to be cleare And guiltie seldome shalt thou see the man that doeth appeare Heare well the cause and sodainly do no man thou acquit Yet take good heed that in thy pause thou vse both skill and wit. The Paraphrase IN this Prouerbe the Marques meaneth to prooue by naturall reason that which in the other Prouerbe he shewed by example and the reason why we seldome find the absent to be cleare and that we seldome guiltie see the man that doth appeare Is because he that speaketh euil of him that is absent maketh his tale to seeme as true as may be and perswadeth him that heareth him to giue credite to his wordes though perhaps some speake in his defence yet the partie that is absent is alwayes thought to be faultie and so likewise of the other that the present is not founde to bee guiltie because he is able to answere to whatsoeuer is spoken against him and whatsoeuer his aduersarie hath set downe for certaine by his deniall of it he bringeth it to be doubted of And as Tullie in his new Rethorike sayeth If any man be accused of any crime or trespasse if he bee not guiltie hee may flatly denie it and if he be guiltie he may alledge what great cause and reason hee had to do as he did and so shal he cleare himselfe of the fault that is laide against him And therefore it is a principal ground in the lawes that whatsoeuer is done in iudgement against him that is absent if he doe not absent himselfe vpon contempt shal be nothing preiudiciall to him the greatest barre that may be to anie processe that is brought is to say that he was not willed to appeare And therefore when Adam offended and God was to condemne him for his disobedience and contempt the Text sayeth that the Lord called and sommoned him to answere if any answere hee coulde make for himselfe when he sayde Adam where art thou For the Lorde knew well enough in what place he was but because he should not say that God had proceded against him without hearing him or calling him being absent not contemptuous he both called for him heard what he coulde say and finding his answere not sufficient condemned him although he sought to lessen his fault as much as he could when he said The woman that thou gauest me gaue me the apple that I ate Vpon this ground also stood Medea as Seneca in his vii Tragedie sheweth in the speach that she had with king Creon the father in law of Iason that would haue banished her his realme when she asked for what cause and fault she should be banished And that they ought not to proceede against her without hearing her cause affirming that shee was readie to proue her innocencie and to purge hereselfe of any crime that coulde be layde against her And because Creon iesting at her sayde The poore innocent woman requireth to knowe the cause of her banishment meaning that she was so lewde and so wicked that her lewdnesse and her naughtinesse beeing so openly knowne it was not needefull to arraigne her because she was knowne to all men to bee guiltie She answered If thou being a King takest vpon thee to be a Iudge thou oughtest to heare me If thou take vpon thee to be a tyrant and an vniust man thou mayest at thy pleasure take my life from mee And when the King would by no meanes be intreated but that she must depart his realme she made this notable conclusion that whosoeuer he be that commaundeth any thing without hearing of the partie though the thing be iust that he commaundeth yet he himself is vniust in the commaunding of it And the reason of this notable saying of Medea is that which is before sayde That according to the lawes both of God of nature and of man no Iudge ought to proceed against any man without hearing the partie and the Prouerbe sayeth You must heare the partie and giue no iudgement till you haue well weyed the matter For there must information be had and proofe whether it be trueth that the contrarie part alledgeth and the proofe and the witnesse well examined by good foresight and aduise and this is it that of right ought to be done in a case of iudgement

and one of the greatest defeatings or auoydings as the Lawyers say of any proces is if iudgemēt haue been prooued or done without deliberation And therefore the Prouerbe sayth See that you take good deliberation in iudgement 10. The deed that 's done by good aduice doth alwayes firmely stand And seldome seene to craue amendes at any second hand Be ruled by counsaile euermore whatsoeuer thou dost intend And from thy side let neuer goe thy faythfull aged friend The Paraphrase THe Marques in this Proueth concludeth two things The first is the effect that followeth when a thing is done with good deliberation and brought to passe by good aduise and counsaile the seconde is whose aduise and coūsaile in our doings we ought to follow Touching the first Solomon in his Prouerbes saith The determinations of a man neuer come to good where counsaile is not afore had The deuises that are executed by good aduise are alwayes perfect good And Seneca saith Do al thy things by good aduise thou shalt neuer repent them For a man not taking coūsaile nor aduise in that which he intendeth it is not possible for him that he should foresee the errours that he shal fal in And falling therein for want of good foresight counsaile it must needes be that he must repent himselfe and say I had not thought so great a mischiefe woulde haue folowed And as Valerius writeth that Scipio of Affrica was wont to say It was an euill fauoured a shameful thing for a man in any matter especially in such as belong to a man of warre to say I would not haue thought it For such things as are to be done with the sword ought well to be thought of before For the errours that in warres are cōmitted can neuer as Scipio saith be amended And as Vegetius in his booke that he made Of the knowledge of the Warres affirmeth There is no other reason to be yeelded why the Romanes did subdue the whole worlde conquered wheresoeuer they came but because they did al that they did by great deliberation aduise being verie skilfull well trained in such things as belonged to the warres For what saith he was a handful of poore Romanes to the infinite numbers of the Frenchmen or what could so slēder a power preuaile against the great forces puissance of the Germanes Certaine it is that the Spaniards were more in nūber and of greater strength force thē were the Romanes They were alwayes behind the Affricanes both in wealth policies And no mā doubteth but the Greeks were farre beyond them in grauitie wisedom Yet alwayes did the souldier of Rome preuaile because of his skill being continually trained daily exercised in the warres For there could nothing hap in any skirmish or battel wherew t they had not long time afore been acquainted Certaine it is as the Prouerb saith that that which is done by deliberation cōmeth not to craue amendment at the second hande and that from this counsaile and aduise the olde stager ought neuer to be shut out For as Aristotle sayth in the first of his Ethickes The yong man by reason of his small experience can haue no great knowledge in anie matter and therfore not able to giue anie good coūsaile And beside in his booke of Rethorike In mans affaires and actions the thinges that haue passed be cōmonly like to the thinges that after happen and as the young man hath had no experience of such thinges as haue happened before so can hee neuer bee able to iudge of the things that shall after fal out therefore the auncient mē are alwayes able to giue better counsaile And therefore Roboam the sonne of Solomon for taking the aduise of yong men and refusing the olde and expert fellowes did verire worthily forgoe tenne partes of twelue of his kingdome as shal hereafter be more at large declared And though young men are by reason of strength and lustinesse more able and fitte for the fight than are the olde men yet as Tullie in his booke of Age saith The great and notable exploites are neuer done by force nor agilitie of body but by counsaile aucthoritie secresie And among the principal causes that we reade why Alexander had alwaies the victory and the better hand it was the chiefe that he went alwaies accompanied with graue auncient counsellours For as Trogus Pompeius in his eleuenth booke writeth That Alexander whensoeuer he was in any iourney of great daunger he neuer called to counsel nor made priuie to his doinges the young and lusty Gallantes but the olde expert souldiers that had folowed the warres with his father and with his vncle whom he vsed not so muche for souldiers as for gouernours And it is saide that those whom he put in his battailes were commonly of the age of threescore yeeres vpwarde to the entent that none of them should thinke to run away but to ouercome and trusting more to their handes then their feete shoulde set their whole mindes vpon the victory And when diuers of his old souldiours desired him that they might depart to rest and refreshe them selues offering him their sonnes that were young and lustie to serue in their places It is saide that he answered I had rather to haue about me the well experienced grauitie of aged men then the frowardenesse and vnaduised rashnesse of young men And thus did Alexander attaine to whatsoeuer he desired and was in all his doinges honourable and vertuous because he neuer suffered as the Prouerbe sayeth The olde man to depart from his side 11 So long the common wealth of Rome Did floorishe strong and glad As they their aged senatours At home in honour had But when that Tirantes once began To rule and beare the sway They neuer any conquest made But lost from day to day The Paraphrase IN this Prouerbe the Marques sheweth and prooueth by good example and greate experience of thinges before passed That which before he declared that as long as the Romanes gaue credit to the aduise and counsaile of their aged Fathers so long they prospered and did well and when they once ceassed so to doe their honour presently ceassed and came to nought They were gouerned in those dayes by a certaine companie of men called Senators which woorde and name commeth of the Latine woorde Senex which signifieth aged In what sorte and by what meanes the Romanes prospered is plainely declared by Iudas Machabee in the first boke of the Machabees where he saith The Romanes by their wisedome and sober behauiour possessed the whole worlde and ouerthrewe the Princes that rebelled against them and made Tributaries Galacia and Spaine subdued and overcame the king of the Persians and Antiochus the king of Asia hauing in his company a hundred and thirtie Elephants sacked al their cities and made Tributarie vnto them all their Dominions and brought into subiection al the countries rounde about them as wel farre as neare