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pugnarum_fw-la for_o we_o be_v tire_v with_o these_o quotidian_a fight_n and_o contention_n o_o godly_a prince_n o_o true_a vicar_n of_o the_o god_n of_o peace_n edgar_n enact_v law_n for_o the_o observation_n of_o the_o sunday_n and_o of_o public_a feast_n and_o fast_n under_o the_o pain_n contain_v in_o the_o judicial_a book_n and_o that_o every_o man_n shall_v free_o enjoy_v the_o benefit_n of_o the_o common_a law_n note_v the_o common_a law_n even_o then_o name_v before_o st._n edward_n &_o the_o conqueror_n canutus_n the_o dane_n thus_o first_o let_v all_o man_n most_o devout_o &_o religious_o worship_v one_o god_n all_o man_n observe_v one_o rule_n of_o christian_a religion_n all_o man_n obey_v canutus_n the_o king_n with_o due_a fidelity_n and_o observance_n all_o defend_v and_o keep_v the_o church_n of_o christ_n with_o holy_a &_o everlasting_a peace_n &_o continual_o frequent_v the_o same_o &c_n &c_n with_o many_o other_o most_o godly_a and_o christian_a law_n &_o after_o 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epistle_n do_v require_v that_o before_o i_o enter_v into_o the_o discourse_n of_o our_o ancient_a britain_n law_n i_o speak_v somewhat_o concern_v the_o roman_a law_n that_o it_o may_v appear_v that_o neither_o the_o reverend_a elutherius_n be_v deceive_v in_o judgement_n nor_o the_o godly_a lucius_n in_o his_o choice_n nor_o the_o learned_a fortescue_n in_o his_o testimony_n but_o that_o our_o say_a ancient_a law_n be_v indeed_o as_o well_o as_o by_o the_o roman_n own_o confession_n in_o that_o they_o do_v not_o change_v they_o better_o than_o their_o own_o i_o speak_v as_o a_o christian_a for_o asmuch_o as_o britain_n receive_v the_o law_n of_o christ_n before_o it_o know_v the_o government_n of_o rome_n but_o because_o i_o will_v be_v loath_a to_o offend_v i_o will_v remit_v the_o reader_n that_o be_v desirous_a to_o know_v what_o may_v be_v say_v of_o the_o author_n &_o composer_n of_o the_o first_o roman_a law_n justiniano_n aug._n the_o civit_n dei_fw-la l._n 3_o wesembech_n prefat_n in_o isag_n rival_n in_o hist_o jur._n de_fw-fr justiniano_n to_o st._n augustin_n and_o of_o these_o now_o extant_a to_o wesembechius_n rivallius_n procopius_n and_o other_o and_o for_o the_o principle_n and_o ground_n i_o will_v refer_v they_o to_o consider_v the_o particular_n of_o the_o twelve_o table_n yet_o in_o part_n remain_v and_o to_o measure_n and_o examine_v the_o rule_n of_o the_o institutes_n by_o the_o word_n of_o the_o author_n out_o of_o which_o they_o seem_v to_o be_v take_v aristotle_n tully_n isidorus_n etc._n etc._n and_o both_o by_o the_o scripture_n a_o work_n worthy_a the_o vacation_n of_o a_o learned_a man_n but_o for_o the_o law_n of_o britain_n my_o principal_a intention_n before_o i_o come_v to_o speak_v of_o they_o i_o will_v entreat_v a_o little_a leave_n to_o speak_v somewhat_o first_o of_o law_n in_o general_a and_o second_o of_o the_o ancient_a inhabitant_n of_o this_o i_o will_v for_o by_o know_v what_o they_o be_v we_o shall_v the_o better_o know_v their_o law_n and_o manner_n cap._n 3._o the_o law_n by_o aristotle_n be_v call_v a_o covenant_n of_o the_o society_n of_o man_n leg._n polit._n 1_o de_fw-fr leg._n by_o tully_n the_o reason_n and_o mind_n of_o god_n discern_v just_a and_o unjust_a if_o we_o join_v these_o two_o and_o call_v it_o the_o covenant_n make_v by_o god_n with_o the_o society_n of_o man_n according_a to_o his_o own_o reason_n 5.2_o ex._n 34.27_o &_o 20._o v._o 5.6_o deut._n 5.2_o discern_v just_a &_o unjust_a it_o agree_v with_o the_o word_n of_o moses_n and_o will_v be_v as_o i_o take_v it_o a_o perfect_a definition_n the_o end_n as_o tully_n say_v be_v manifest_a ad_fw-la salutem_fw-la civium_fw-la 2._o de_fw-fr leg._n 2._o civitatumque_fw-la incolunnitatem_fw-la vitamque_fw-la omnium_fw-la quietam_fw-la et_fw-la beatam_fw-la agree_v also_o with_o moses_n if_o salus_fw-la et_fw-la incolumitas_fw-la et_fw-la beatitudo_fw-la be_v take_v for_o all_o the_o blessing_n of_o this_o life_n and_o the_o life_n to_o come_v law_n be_v call_v divine_a or_o humane_a the_o divine_a law_n be_v those_o which_o god_n immediate_o make_v first_o write_v in_o nature_n secondlye_o describe_v in_o the_o ten_o commandment_n &_o the_o scripture_n humane_a law_n be_v law_n derive_v out_o of_o the_o divine_a law_n by_o application_n of_o the_o general_a commandment_n first_o to_o the_o principal_a party_n viz._n to_o god_n to_o the_o common_a estate_n and_o to_o private_a man_n according_a to_o the_o division_n of_o the_o twelve_o table_n auson_n auson_n secondlye_o to_o particular_a circumstance_n of_o person_n thing_n action_n time_n place_n penalty_n and_o such_o like_a as_o the_o institutes_n be_v divide_v heerehence_a follow_v a_o conclusion_n observe_v also_o by_o tully_n that_o if_o a_o law_n be_v make_v contain_v any_o thing_n contrary_a to_o the_o law_n of_o god_n it_o be_v not_o to_o be_v call_v a_o law_n though_o all_o the_o world_n in_o a_o joint_a parliament_n confirm_v it_o for_o neither_o be_v it_o derive_v out_o of_o the_o general_a precept_n nor_o partake_v of_o the_o common_a definition_n see_v it_o be_v not_o a_o covenant_n of_o god_n but_o a_o confederacy_n against_o god_n the_o property_n and_o effect_n of_o the_o law_n be_v first_o to_o make_v a_o distinction_n of_o just_a from_o unjust_a secondlye_o to_o command_v and_o forbid_v thirdlye_o to_o punish_v and_o reward_v these_o thing_n be_v perform_v originallye_o and_o genneral_o by_o the_o law_n of_o god_n and_o secondary_o and_o particular_o by_o the_o law_n of_o man_n the_o quality_n of_o a_o true_a law_n be_v reckon_v up_o by_o isidorus_n and_o other_o esse_fw-la debet_fw-la lex_fw-la honesta_fw-la justa_fw-la possibilis_fw-la wesemb_n decret_n part._n 1_o wesemb_n secundum_fw-la naturam_fw-la et_fw-la consuetudinem_fw-la loco_fw-la et_fw-la tempori_fw-la conveniens_fw-la necessaria_fw-la vel_fw-la utilis_fw-la manifesta_fw-la etc._n etc._n a_o law_n must_v be_v honest_a just_a possible_a agreeable_a to_o nature_n and_o custom_n to_o time_n and_o place_n necessary_a or_o profitable_a and_o manifest_a &_o of_o this_o proceed_v another_o ground_n also_o jus_o nemini_fw-la violare_fw-la vel_fw-la ignorare_fw-la licet_fw-la item_n lex_fw-la obligat_fw-la ad_fw-la scientiam_fw-la ad_fw-la obedientiam_fw-la ad_fw-la paenam_fw-la the_o law_n bind_v to_o knowledge_n obedience_n &_o punishment_n no_o man_n may_v break_v it_o no_o man_n may_v be_v ignorant_a of_o it_o and_o that_o which_o isidore_n say_v when_o law_n be_v make_v no_o man_n may_v judge_v of_o they_o but_o according_a to_o they_o the_o exact_a performance_n of_o the_o law_n be_v call_v justice_n ethic._n 5_o ethic._n the_o moderation_n of_o the_o law_n upon_o consideration_n of_o circumstance_n be_v call_v equity_n the_o contrary_n to_o the_o law_n be_v injury_n jniustice_n jniquity_n wrong_v force_n fraud_n &_o such_o like_a whatsoever_o be_v say_v of_o the_o law_n of_o god_n absolute_o may_v proportional_o be_v apply_v to_o the_o law_n of_o man_n the_o end_n of_o the_o law_n of_o god_n be_v all_o happiness_n that_o happiness_n which_o be_v the_o end_n of_o humane_a law_n consist_v chief_o in_o the_o conservation_n of_o religion_n 72.85_o psal_n 72.85_o peace_n and_o justice_n all_o which_o thing_n be_v comprehend_v by_o st._n augustin_n under_o the_o name_n of_o peace_n which_o also_o he_o make_v the_o final_a end_n of_o the_o city_n of_o god_n 19_o de_fw-fr civitate_fw-la dei_fw-la li._n 19_o the_o matter_n which_o the_o law_n do_v handle_v be_v chief_o person_n thing_n place_n time_n contract_n offence_n and_o action_n in_o this_o island_n person_n appoint_v special_o for_o the_o procuration_n of_o religion_n be_v the_o archbishop_n bishop_n &_o minister_n for_o the_o preservation_n of_o peace_n be_v the_o nobility_n sheriff_n and_o justice_n of_o peace_n for_o the_o administration_n of_o justice_n the_o judge_n professor_n and_o officer_n of_o law_n and_o the_o king_n have_v from_o god_n supreme_a authority_n over_o all_o according_a to_o the_o sentence_n rex_fw-la est_fw-la vicarius_fw-la dei_fw-la other_o distinction_n there_o be_v of_o person_n but_o it_o be_v not_o my_o intention_n to_o speak_v of_o every_o difference_n but_o only_o so_o much_o as_o may_v serve_v to_o give_v light_n to_o the_o discourse_n intend_v thing_n also_o have_v many_o division_n whereof_o i_o mean_v to_o touch_v but_o one_o which_o be_v that_o some_o may_v pass_v by_o course_n of_o inheritance_n as_o land_n and_o tenement_n some_o can_v as_o chattelle_n of_o place_n some_o have_v sacred_a privilege_n as_o temple_n represent_v god_n by_o his_o word_n the_o king_n presence_n and_o judicial_a court_n represent_v god_n in_o power_n and_o justice_n other_o be_v ordinary_a and_o common_a and_o of_o they_o some_o be_v public_a as_o markette_n way_n some_o private_a as_o house_n shop_n etc._n etc._n time_n be_v likewise_o divide_v into_o sacred_a and_o common_a the_o day_n the_o night_n and_o such_o like_a division_n contract_n have_v manifold_a distinction_n which_o see_v in_o bracton_n 3_o bracto_fw-la l._n 3_o crime_n be_v either_o against_o religion_n peace_n or_o justice_n and_o again_o be_v consider_v as_o public_a offence_n &_o so_o rex_fw-la pro_fw-la pace_fw-la sequi_fw-la debet_fw-la bracton_n bracton_n in_o which_o all_o the_o plea_n of_o the_o crown_n be_v contain_v or_o as_o some_o particular_a person_n be_v interest_v who_o be_v to_o sue_v according_o again_o they_o may_v be_v pursue_v civil_o or_o criminal_o last_o action_n be_v distinguish_v for_o the_o most_o part_n according_a to_o the_o thing_n which_o they_o demand_v or_o the_o person_n plaintiff_n or_o defendant_n or_o the_o court_n wherein_o or_o the_o time_n when_o etc._n etc._n in_o action_n be_v these_o principal_a part_n summons_n or_o citation_n trial_n judgement_n and_o execution_n these_o point_n as_o fit_a to_o be_v seek_v in_o other_o place_n &_o as_o to_o learned_a man_n and_o as_o myself_o not_o half_o learn_v i_o do_v brief_o pass_v
fortescue_n sir_n john_n fortescue_n the_o learned_a sir_n john_n fortescue_n have_v full_o prove_v and_o whosoever_o shall_v consider_v of_o it_o indifferent_o shall_v find_v that_o it_o be_v the_o most_o righteous_a and_o godly_a course_n that_o ever_o be_v find_v out_o and_o therefore_o most_o likely_a to_o proceed_v from_o the_o piety_n of_o that_o holy_a king_n also_o in_o that_o pure_a age_n of_o christianity_n 20._o gra._n dist_n 11._o et_fw-la dist_n 20._o it_o be_v hold_v for_o a_o ground_n that_o first_o the_o scripture_n ought_v to_o be_v search_v whether_o any_o rule_n may_v be_v find_v for_o the_o action_n intend_v or_o not_o if_o not_o then_o mos_fw-la populi_fw-la dei_fw-la et_fw-la sanctorum_fw-la exempla_fw-la the_o manner_n of_o god_n people_n and_o the_o example_n of_o holy_a man_n be_v to_o be_v follow_v and_o if_o holy_a man_n ought_v to_o be_v imitate_v then_o who_o if_o not_o our_o most_o holy_a saviour_n as_o the_o apostle_n say_v 11._o ephes_n 5_o 1._o cor._n 11._o be_v follower_n of_o god_n as_o dear_a child_n and_o be_v follower_n of_o i_o as_o i_o be_o of_o christ_n quo_fw-la est_fw-la detestabilior_fw-la istorum_fw-la immanitas_fw-la so_o much_o the_o more_o be_v their_o cruelty_n to_o be_v abhor_v which_o labour_n to_o hide_v not_o only_o the_o word_n but_o also_o the_o example_n of_o christ_n away_o from_o us._n therefore_o i_o say_v lucius_n do_v institute_v the_o trial_n of_o all_o matter_n in_o fact_n 15.27_o act._n 1_o 22._o et_fw-la 10_o 41._o john_n 15.27_o to_o be_v by_o twelve_o witness_n as_o our_o saviour_n christ_n ordain_v &_o choose_v twelve_o to_o bear_v witness_n of_o his_o resurrection_n neither_o do_v i_o find_v any_o other_o law_n precedent_n or_o example_n from_o whence_o this_o manner_n of_o trial_n shall_v be_v take_v but_o i_o find_v that_o the_o reverend_a elutherius_n from_o who_o lucius_n have_v much_o of_o his_o light_n use_v the_o same_o rule_n &_o practice_v for_o that_o good_a bishop_n juxta_fw-la ordinationem_fw-la apostolorum_fw-la according_a to_o the_o apostle_n ordinance_n temp_v fascic_fw-la temp_v do_v decree_n that_o no_o meat_n usual_a for_o mankind_n shall_v be_v refuse_v of_o christian_n and_o exemplo_fw-la christi_fw-la by_o the_o example_n of_o christ_n ordain_v that_o none_o shall_v be_v regrade_v before_o he_o be_v condemn_v thus_o they_o take_v a_o rule_n or_o precedent_n for_o every_o thing_n out_o of_o the_o scripture_n and_o the_o authority_n of_o moses_n to_o the_o contrary_n be_v not_o to_o be_v object_v for_o although_o he_o say_v that_o at_o the_o mouth_n of_o two_o or_o three_o a_o offender_n shall_v die_v yet_o he_o add_v not_o the_o negative_a that_o more_o shall_v not_o be_v use_v therefore_o the_o apostolical_a canon_n before_o cite_v and_o the_o example_n of_o our_o saviour_n in_o the_o affirmative_a be_v a_o better_a warrant_n and_o it_o be_v most_o apparent_a that_o jury_n be_v use_v among_o the_o chsistian_a britain_n and_o before_o the_o saxon_a time_n for_o proof_n whereof_o although_o in_o my_o opinion_n the_o testimony_n of_o the_o profound_o learned_a sir_n john_n fortescue_n shall_v be_v sufficient_a say_n express_o that_o these_o law_n be_v use_v in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o britain_n fortescue_n sir_n john_n fortescue_n yet_o for_o the_o further_a satisfaction_n of_o those_o that_o lean_a to_o much_o to_o the_o opinion_n of_o polidor_n and_o other_o italian_n i_o will_v add_v more_o reason_n &_o authority_n to_o the_o same_o point_n first_o the_o most_o learned_a antiquary_n of_o our_o nation_n mr._n camden_n britannae_n camden_n britannae_n show_v plain_o that_o it_o be_v not_o invent_v by_o the_o conqueror_n as_o polidor_n say_v but_o it_o be_v in_o use_n in_o the_o day_n of_o king_n etheldred_n the_o saxon_a second_o the_o most_o excellent_a professor_n of_o our_o law_n 3._o praef_n in_o l._n 3._o sir_n edward_n cook_n before_o cite_v proove_v by_o substantial_a record_n that_o this_o trial_n be_v before_o the_o conquest_n so_o there_o be_v three_o witness_n every_o one_o of_o exceed_v great_a learning_n against_o one_o master_n polidor_n tantae_fw-la molis_fw-la erat_fw-la romanam_fw-la excindere_fw-la gentem_fw-la such_o a_o labour_n it_o be_v to_o overthrow_v these_o italian_a opinion_n of_o which_o our_o nation_n be_v too_o fond_o credulous_a but_o let_v we_o go_v forward_o &_o although_o my_o simple_a discourse_n can_v add_v no_o weight_n unto_o their_o most_o grave_a judgement_n especial_o the_o last_o cite_v which_o be_v ground_v upon_o record_n yet_o under_o favour_n i_o will_v adjoine_v some_o other_o testimony_n and_o proof_n in_o the_o time_n of_o king_n edward_n the_o three_o when_o by_o all_o man_n consent_n our_o judge_n be_v most_o exact_o learn_v as_o in_o deed_n it_o be_v a_o time_n excel_v not_o only_o in_o martial_a glory_n but_o in_o learning_n and_o wisdom_n i_o find_v mr._n belknap_n a_o reverend_a judge_n concur_v in_o opinion_n with_o these_o before_o name_v 3.31_o 41._o e._n 3.31_o the_o law_n say_v he_o be_v found_v in_o this_o that_o every_o inquest_n shall_v be_v take_v per_fw-la duodecim_fw-la liberos_fw-la et_fw-la legales_fw-la homines_fw-la et_fw-la non_fw-la per_fw-la pauciores_fw-la if_o it_o be_v a_o foundation_n of_o the_o common_a law_n then_o without_o question_n it_o be_v one_o of_o the_o first_o law_n and_o we_o must_v needs_o confess_v that_o no_o law_n can_v be_v without_o trial_n and_o it_o can_v be_v prove_v that_o ever_o any_o other_o trial_n be_v use_v beside_o this_o in_o plea_n of_o land_n or_o inherirance_n in_o this_o kingdom_n but_o to_o make_v it_o yet_o more_o plain_a the_o city_n of_o london_n be_v and_o be_v in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o britain_n by_o the_o confession_n of_o many_o learned_a writer_n namely_o caesar_n tacitus_n ptolemy_n ammianus_n marcellinus_n gildas_n galfridus_n etc._n etc._n a_o most_o ancient_a city_n a_o place_n of_o government_n &_o rule_v by_o a_o governor_n the_o sea_n of_o a_o flamine_fw-la or_o bishop_n not_o a_o fastenes_n of_o the_o wood_n as_o some_o have_v imagine_v upon_o the_o general_a and_o uncertain_a word_n of_o author_n which_o never_o see_v it_o but_o frequent_v and_o cclebrate_v with_o concourse_n of_o merchant_n &_o plenty_n of_o commerce_n as_o tacitus_n affirm_v now_o i_o pray_v you_o behold_v with_o the_o eye_n of_o your_o mind_n the_o form_n of_o such_o a_o city_n and_o tell_v i_o how_o you_o can_v imagine_v it_o to_o stand_v without_o a_o court_n of_o justice_n the_o bond_n of_o commerce_n for_o the_o decide_n of_o controversy_n or_o how_o you_o can_v imagine_v that_o such_o a_o court_n shall_v be_v without_o a_o due_a form_n of_o trial_n but_o lest_o i_o may_v seem_v to_o deal_v by_o imagination_n for_o the_o first_o point_n that_o it_o have_v a_o court_n vir_fw-la calf_n mon._n pontic_a vir_fw-la galfridus_n monemuthensis_fw-la and_o ponticus_n virunnius_n out_o of_o the_o ancient_a british_a history_n do_v testify_v in_o plain_a word_n that_o in_o the_o day_n of_o julius_n caesar_n irelgas_n nephew_n of_o cassibellan_n be_v slay_v by_o cuelinus_n nephew_n to_o androgeus_n governor_n or_o lieutenant_n of_o london_n a_o commandment_n be_v give_v to_o androgeus_n to_o bring_v cuelinus_n to_o the_o k._n court_n there_o to_o receive_v justice_n his_o answer_n be_v seize_v svam_fw-la habere_fw-la curiam_fw-la et_fw-la in_o illa_fw-la definiri_fw-la debere_fw-la quicquid_fw-la alquis_fw-la in_o homines_fw-la suos_fw-la clamaret_fw-la si_fw-la ergo_fw-la rectitudinem_fw-la de_fw-la cuelino_n decrevisset_fw-la appetere_fw-la ipsam_fw-la in_o urbe_fw-la trinobantum_n ex_fw-la veterum_fw-la traditione_n fieri_fw-la praeciperet_fw-la he_o allege_v that_o he_o have_v his_o court_n wherein_o aught_o to_o be_v determine_v whatsoever_o any_o man_n lay_v to_o the_o charge_n of_o his_o man_n &_o that_o right_a aught_o to_o be_v do_v unto_o they_o in_o the_o city_n of_o london_n according_a to_o the_o ancient_a custom_n for_o the_o second_o point_n if_o mr._n polidor_n will_v not_o give_v we_o leave_v to_o think_v that_o london_n have_v this_o jurisdiction_n in_o caesar_n time_n yet_o without_o his_o leave_n i_o will_v prove_v by_o many_o infallible_a record_n that_o the_o same_o city_n of_o london_n have_v this_o jurisdiction_n and_o namely_o this_o trial_n by_o twelve_o in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o britain_n thus_o this_o city_n of_o london_n have_v and_o have_v always_o from_o time_n out_o of_o mind_n their_o husting_n &_o the_o writ_n of_o right_n in_o london_n tryable_a by_o twelve_o the_o assize_n of_o freshforce_o tryable_a by_o twelve_o and_o the_o trial_n of_o plea_n of_o the_o crown_n by_o twelve_o it_o must_v needs_o be_v that_o these_o liberty_n be_v begin_v either_o by_o parliament_n or_o prescription_n either_o in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o norman_n of_o the_o saxon_n or_o of_o the_o britain_n but_o in_o 14._o e._n 2._o when_o they_o must_v needs_o have_v know_v if_o there_o have_v be_v any_o patent_n or_o