penny halfe-penny whereof eight make an English penny The Irish Histories report that a Bishop Iustice of Ireland vnder Iohn King of England did coyne moneys in Ireland of the same purenes and weight with the English And the Irish had a mint-Mint-house at the beginning of Queene Elizabeths raigne But in our memory the Irish haue not enioyed any priuiledge of coyning moneys but haue continually receiued them from the Mint of England And for the most part of Queene Elizabeths Raigne they had the same coyne with the English saue that the Irish shillings were stamped with a Harpe the Armes of the Kingdome and being called Harpers were only worth 9 pence English But ciuill warre hauing set all Ireland in a combustion the same Queene more easily to subdue the rebels did take siluer coyne from the Irish some few yeers before her death paid her Army with a mixed base coyne which by Proclamation was commanded to bee spent and receiued for sterling siluer mony for no pieces of gold were at any time expressely coyned for the Irish. And this base mixed money had 3 parts of copper and the fourth part of siluer which proportion of siluer was in some part consumed by the mixture so as the English Goldsmiths valued a shilling thereof at no more then 2 siluer pence though they acknowledged the same to be worth 2 pence halfe penny At last the ciuill warre being appeased immediately before the Queenes death King Iames her successor in the yeere 1605 took away this mixed coine restored their old siluer harpers to the Irish. Moreouer in the happy beginning of King Iames his Raigne the Irish had the vnder written old coynes which Sir George Carey Knight at that time Lord Deputie and yet continuing Treasurer at wars for that Kingdome did so gather vp as at this day none of them are to be found These coynes were thus called First they had siluer groats called broad faced groates which of old were coyned for foure pence though some of them were now worth eight pence Also they had siluer groats called crosse-keele groats stamped with the Popes tripple Crowne likewise coined for foure pence but being of more value And these groats were either sent hither of old by the Popes or for the honour of them had this stampe set vpon them Lastly they had siluer groats of like value called Dominus groats of the Kings of England then called Domini that is Lords of Ireland Also they had Rex groats so called of the Kings of England after they had the stile of Kings of Ireland which were coyned for foure pence but by the mixture of copper were onely worth two pence Also they had white groats which were coyned for foure pence but of such base allay as nine of them were giuen for an English shilling They had little brasse pence and pence of a second kinde called Harpers being as big as an English shilling They had also brasse farthings called smulkins whereof foure made a penny Lastly there were lately found brasse coynes by plowing vp the earth whose stampe shewed that the Bishops of Ireland had of old the priuiledge of coyning And of all these moneys aforesaid some were coyned at London some at the Mint at Yorke and some at the Mint at Bristow in England Being to write of the diuers moneys of Germany I thinke fit first to set downe some Lawes of the Empire about coyning of moneys In the Diet or Parliament at Augsburg in the yeere 1551. it was decreed by the Emperour together with the Electors Princes States the Counsellors of those that were absent the Ambassadours and Substitutes that in the greater pieces of coynes to that piece included which is worth six creitzers the Mint-masters of a marke of Colen pure siluer should make eight gold guldens and a halfe with halfe a creitzer the gold gulden being esteemed at seuentie creitzers making in siluer ten guldens twelue creitzers and a halfe the siluer gulden being esteemed at sixtie creitzers And that hereafter in the sacred Empire the vnder written pieces of moneys should be coyned namely the great siluer piece and two halfes of the same answering in value to a gold gulden Also pieces of twenty creitzers twelue ten sixe three and one Also that the States according to the conditions of their Countreys should coyne for common vse certaine pieces of small moneys with pence and halfe pence That the Rhenish guldens of the Electors and the guldens answerable to them should be worth seuentie two creitzers And that all dollers being worth sixty six creitzers and so half dollers should be admitted by the Counsellers but for the rest that they should certifie the Emperor the true value of each to the end he might prescribe how each coyne according to the value made by them should be receiued and spent or prohibited And left the Empire should by fraudes suffer losse in the carrying out of vncoyned siluer and bringing in of forraine moneys it was in the means time decreed that no man should carry out of the Empire any vncoyned siluer and that those who had the Regall priuiledge of coyning should not fell the same to any other but vseit themselues with this condition that hereafter of a siluer marke of Colen weight they should make ten siluer guldens with twelue creitzers and a halfe the gulden being esteemed at sixtie creitzers so as in that summe there should be found a siluer Marke of the said weight excepting alwaies the charges of coyning for the smaller pieces of moneys And this to bee done vpon penaltie of losing that priuiledge Moreouer it was decreed that vpon paine of burning all men should abstaine from clipping and washing of coynes or any abasing of them with like fraudes Lastly it was decreed that the States hauing the priuiledge of coyning should not hereafter vpon penaltie bring any dollers guldens groshes or halfe or fourth parts of groshes to the mint excepting those who had mines of their owne who were not sorbidden to coyne as much gold and siluer as they had in their owne mines so they coyned according to the foresaid decree and that no other should coine any other gold then according to the value and weight vsed by the Emperor and the Princes of the Empire vpon the Rheine In the Dieta at Spyre in the yeere 1557 it was decreed that hereafter the stipends should be increased to the Assessors of the Imperiall Chamber so as a Gulden hauing beene giuen hitherto for 16. Batzen or sixty foure Creitzers should hereafter be paied from the Callends of Aprill in the yeere 1558 for seuenty seuen Creitzers Likewise in the Dieta at Augsburg in the yeer 1558 it was decreed that the following stipends should be paid to the Iudge and Assessors of that chamber Namely that the Iudge being an Earle or Baron should haue 2000. guldens and if he were a Prince his stipend should be increased That an Assessor being an Earle or Lord should haue
meere title and his authoritie hath no sinews so as he can neither call them if they thinke not good to come nor decree any thing if they be vnwilling nor compell those that are refractory And the very Princes are not constant to their owne iudgement if you respect the iminent dangers from the Turks nor actiue in their owne motions concerning the publike cause but are diuersly distracted betweene feare to increase the suspected power of the Emperour by helping him or to stirre vp Ciuill warres to the ruine of the dis-vnited State by making open opposition to his authority In the meane time nothing is more frequent with them then boldly to refuse either appearance in the Emperours Court or obedience to any other of his commandements that are vnpleasing to them And giue me leaue to say that my selfe there obserued that a great Prince of Germany for good respect namelesse to whom the Emperour had ingaged certaine Cities for money borrowed of him when the Emperour lending the money by Ambassadors desired restitution of the townes not onely refused to restore the same but could not bee induced to appeare at Prage by his Substitute to compound this difference and it seemed more strange to mee that diuers other Ambassadours comming to the City the same time had all audience before those from the Emperour who staid long before they were admitted to speak with the said Prince The declining generositie of the Princes of Austria and the fearefull danger hanging ouer them from the Turkes nourish this confidence in the Princes of Germany and indeede the Turkish warre doth so imploy or rather bind the hands of the Princes of Austria as were they neuer so valiant yet they should be forced rather to suffer any thing from these Christian Princes then by opposing them to be deuoured by Infidels Neither can the priuate calamity of Germany and the publike misery of all Christians in this point be sufficiently bewailed I say the priuate calamitic of Germany because the members being most strong if they were vnited yet are without sinews thus disioyned and haue no common force though in each part they be strong I say the publike calamity of Christians because howsoeuer the priuate Princes of Germany be of great power yet the whole body of the Empire being weake the daily victories of the Turkes threaten destruction not onely to Germany but to the name of Christians The Dukes of Florence of Sauoy and of Mantua and all the Princes of Italy whom the Pope hath not drawne to be his vassals the Dukes of Lorayne of Burgundy with diuers Dukes and Earles of Netherland after a sort acknowledge the safe and farre remoued patronage of the Emperour but they neither come to the Parlaments about the affaires of the Empire as not pertaining to them nor contribute any money to vphold the dignitie thereof except perhaps sometimes in the common cause of the Turkish warre they lend the Emperour some mony which no doubt all other Christian Princes would no lesse doe who haue no bond of subiection The King of Denmark by a double bond of his Kingdome and of the Dukedome of Holst the King of Swetia the Cantons of the Sweitzers and the Grisons inhabiting the Snowy Alpes were of old members of the Empire but in time these Feathers pluckt from the Eagle haue growne into new bodies and at this day do not at all acknowledge the Emperour In Germany the Tolles and Taxes are frequent as the number of absolute Princes is great who impose them in their seuerall Territories vpon all passengers and kinds of Merchandize or very small packs Schollers of Vniuersities onely excepted who passe free for their persons and goods But aboue all other Princes the Elector of Saxony as shall bee shewed in his due place seemes best to haue learned the art of shearing his subiects so as he not onely imitates but is equall in this point to the Princes of Italy Boterus relates that the Emperour of his owne hereditary dominions hath the yeerely rent of two thousand fiue hundred thousand Crownes and besides exacts fiue hundred thousand Crownes ordinarily and as much more by extraordinary means Men of good credit haue affirmed to me that the Prouince of Silesia alone subiect to the Emperor as King of Bohemia yeelds him each quarter of the yeare 60000 gold Guldens or Crownes by which may bee coniectured what hee receiues of his other large Dominions Yet Silesia yeelds more then any one of the rest in respect that of the twelue Dukedoms therein contained eight are fallen to the Emperour for want of heires-maies The Bishop of Silesia is called the Golden Bishop and the same Prouince hath thirty Abbies being most rich in that and all other respects At Prage subiect to the Emperour as King of Bohemia I obserued that euery house paid him yeerely three Dollers but this burthen equally imposed on thatched houses and stately Pallaces seeming vnequally shared the Citizens agreed among themselues of a more equall diuision thereof so as I remember that my Hosts house purchased for three hundred Dollers paid yeerely to the Emperor nine Dollers besides other charges of maintaining poore Scholers of Watches and the like imposed vpon each Master of a Family in each seuerall parish for which he also paid two Dollers yeerely In the Dominions of the Emperour the Brewers of Beere for each brewing paid six dollers to the Emperour which tribute in one City of Prage was said to passe fiue hundred Dollers weekely Also the Emperour exacted of his subiects for each Tun of Wine drawne a Doller and tenne Grosh for each bushell of Corne bought in the Market not the priuate Corne of their owne spent in their houses one siluer Grosh These and like tributes were at first granted for certaine yeares by consent of the three Estates but Princes know well to impose exactions and know not how to depose them The Emperour giues a City to the Iewes for their dwelling at Prage who are admitted in no City of Germany excepting onely at Franckfort where they haue assigned to them a Streete for their dwelling of which Iewes vpon all occasions hee borrowes money and many waies sheares those bloud-suckers of Christians The Germans impose great taxes vpon all forraigne commodities brought into their Hauens and not onely vpon mens persons and vpon commodities laded on beasts to bee distracted from City to City but euen vpon small burthens to be carried on a mans shoulder as they passe through their Forts or Cities which they vse to build vpon their confines to that purpose and onely Scholers of Vniuersities are free from these frequent exactions for their bodies and goods Touching the reuenews of the Empire it selfe Boterus relates that it receiues yeerely seuen thousand thousand Crownes or gold Guldens and this reuenew is of small moment for such great affaires if hee containe all the Princes of Germany vnder this taxation since otherwise a communication of treasure cannot bee expected
armes diuide the City and the Suburbs on that side are more strongly fortified then other where The City ioyned with the Suburbs is of a round forme and in the Suburbs on this side the Fugares haue built many houses to be let for a gulden yeerely to the poore that are Papists On the North side the wals are higher built and the ditches are deepe filled with water and there be foure other gates this side of the City lying lowest the fields without are as I said all drowned with water Here each man paid for each meale six or seuen Batzen I paid for two meales and my horse meat twenty three Batzen This City hath a very faire conduit called the Stately Workmanship vulgarly Statlich Kunst and the fountaine of the water is ten miles from the City There be ten very faire Churches In the Cathedrall Church it is written in golden letters that the bowels of Otho the Emperour are buried there Also there is a curious picture of Christ praying in the garden whilst his Disciples slept and vpon a very faire Clocke are three statuaes of the three Kings of Colen so they call the Wise Men of the East and these carried about by a circle of iron worship Christ when the Clocke strikes In the Senate House where the imperiall Parliaments vulgarly called Reichs-tagen haue often beene held I found nothing to answere the magnificence of this City onely on the gates this is written Wise men build vpon the Rocke Fooles vpon the Sand for I said this part of the City on the West side was built vpon a stony hill In the Iesuites Church the Altar is of siluer gilded ouer and another Altar of Christs Natiuity is curiously painted like the barks of trees Augsburg called of the Vandals for distinction from Augsburg Rauracorum in Sweitzerland is diuided from the Vandals by the Brooke Lycus and being of old a City of Rhetia now is reckoned the metropolitane City of Suenia vulgarly Schwaben is said said to haue beene built by the sonne of Iaphet sixe hundred yeeres before Rome was builded Of old they had a yeerely feast to Ceres and now vpon the same day they haue a Faire and for the fruitfulnesse of the soyle the City giues a sheaue of corne for their Armes This City was vtterly destroyed by Attila King of the Hunnes and when he was dead was rebuilt againe It is a free Citie of the Empire which are vulgarly called Retchs-statt and as other free Cities it is gouerned by Senators There bee many Almes houses for the poore and one wherein foure hundreth are nourished by rents of land and houses giuen to that house of old by good men The Citie is seated vpon the Northern mouth of the Alpes in a fruitfull plaine of corne and pastures and Hils full of game for hunting and it may bee gathered how populous it is by that a German Author writes that in a yeere when no plague raigned 1705 were baptized and 1227 buried Being constant in my purpose taken at Nurnberg to goe from Auspurge to the West parts of Germany and so into the Low-countries yet I wil remember the Reader that he shall finde the iourney from Augspurg to Venice described in my voyage from Stode to Venice and thence to Hierusalem From Augspurg I rode to Vlme and thence to Lindawe and all the way hired my horse for sixe or seuen Batzen a day paying for the daies in which my horse returned and hyring footmen to bring them backe and bearing their charges The first day I rode foure miles thorow the territory of the Fugars and the Bishop of Tilleng and one mile in the territory of the Arch-Duke of Austria of the house of Inspruch in a mountainous Countrey full of Woods of Iuniper Ashes Oakes and Beaches to Burg where each man paid for his dinner and horsemeat eight Batzen In the afternoone I rode foure miles to Vlme through a fruitfull plaine of corne Entring the City we passed by a Bridge the Riuer Danow which though running in a plaine yet hath a most violent course so as boats carried downe the streame vse to be sold at the place wherethey land it being very difficult to bring them backe again yet some Barkes of burthen are sometimes drawne backe by the force of horses My selfe haue seene tenne horses drawing one Barke but they vse a greater number according to occasion some thirty or more as they report and he that rides on the horse neerest the Barke is called Wage-halse that is Necke venturer because hce and the horse are often drawn vnder the water till the other horses draw them out again This Riuer hath foure great water fals vvhereof the greatest is at Struddle eighteene miles from Vienna vvhich is hardly to be passed except it be in a floud And the multitude of Bridges are very dangerous for boats by reason of the violent streame and especially because the Marriners are many times drunken or negligent They vse for a charme to sprinkle their drawing horses with water and vse with continuall loud cries to make them draw This Nauigation is very necessary that the lower Oestreich being fertill may supply the vpper being barren with wine and corne Munster writeth of two fals of this Riuer one below Lintz where the waters make a terrible noyse beating vpon the rocky bed the other at Gryn vvhere the water makes a dangerous whirle-poole of vnsearchable depth Vlme is seated in Schwaben or Sueuia as Augspurge is and hath his name of Elme trees Charles the Great built a Monastery in this Village which in time grew to a City and vnder the Emperour Fredrick the third bought their freedome of the Monkes The building thereof is of wood and clay The order of Knights called in Latine Teutonicus was in old time of great power and hath yet a house in this Citie It hath one stately Church in the Yard whereof the Mount Oliuet is curiously ingrauen It hath a faire Senate house and the Armory hath such store of Ordinance and all Munitions as it yeeldeth not therein to the proudest City in Germany The writing Tables made in this City are famous for their goodnesse and are thence carried into forraine parts The diet of the Innes of this City seated in a most fertill soyle is very plentifull both in meats and banquets where each man paied for his dinner seuen Batzen In this Country they drinke nothing but wine as they doe in all vpper Germany but it is sharpe and the Masse or measure is sold for three Batzen When wee were at dinner a Tumbler came in and being admitted to shew his cunning hee stood vpon his head and dranke a measure of wine which seemed strange to the beholders After dinner we rode a mile in a pleasant valley vpon the Danow which wee passed and rode two miles further in the like fertill plaine which is very large and by all men much commended for the fruitfull pastures thereof And so wee
for this cause they say the foundations of the houses being laid in water cost as much or more as the houses themselues The Riuer Amster of which and the word dam the City is named running from the South through three lakes entereth this city and passing through it fals into the Riuer Tay on the North side The City hath fiue gates which are shut at dinners and suppers though the danger of the warre be farre from them There be two Churches in which they haue two sermons each second day and foure on sunday The City lay in length from the North to the South but adding the plot of the new City it is of a round forme The streetes are narrow and the building of bricke with a low roofe shewed antiquity They haue two Almeshouses called Gasthausen that is Houses for strangers which were of old Monasteries One of these houses built round was a Cloyster for Nunnes wherein sixty beds at this time were made for poore weomen diseased and in another chamber thereof were fifty two beds made for the auxiliary Soulders of England being hurt or sicke and in the third roome were eighty one beds made for the hurt and sicke Souldiers of other Nations to which souldiers and sicke weomen they giue cleane sheetes a good diet and necessary clothes with great cleanlinesse and allow them Physitians Surgions to cure them and most of the Cities in these Prouinces haue like houses Here I lodged with an English-man and paid for dinner and supper twenty stiuers and for a guest inuited to supper ten stiuers and for three pints or chopines of Spanish wine twenty one stiuers From Amsterdam I went in a boat three miles to Harlam and paid for my passage foure stiuers we had not passed farre from Amsterdam when we came to a damme shutting out the flowing of the sea for the waters are salt thus farre though the ebbing and the flowing of the sea can hardly be discerned at Amsterdam for the depth of the Riuer Tay aud because Inland seas shew little ebbing or flowing Our boat was lifted ouer this damme by ropes and so let fall into the water on the other side for which the Mariners paid tribute There is another damme for greater Barkes and as by these dammes they let in waters to the Land at pleasure so they haue other dams at Torgay to let them out againe into the Sea when the Land hath too much water From hence we had the Sea-shore all the way on the North side not farre distant and on both sides of the water in which we passed were faire pastures parted with ditches of water The Riuer running from Amsterdam from the East to the North doth turne neere Harlam towards the South and diuideth the City which on all sides is compasied with Nauigable waters On the North side neere the gate Ians-port Don Frederick sonne to the Duke of Alun pitched his tent in a meadow when he besieged the City with the Spanish forces and much spoiled those parts beating downe Gentlemens faire houses dwelling frequently in that part with his Artillery playing into this street hauing the name of the Knights of Saint Iohn On the same side are two other gates Sayle-port and Cruyse-port and without them toward the sea being halfe a mile distant are very faire pastures but there is no riuer nor ditch that leads from the City to the sea For these Prouinces haue onely three passages to goe to sea one betweene Rotherodam and Bril a Fort of Zealand the second at Vlishing another Port of Zealand and the third from Amsterdam betweene two Ilands called rhe Fly and Shelling Wee comming from Amsterdam to Harlam entred the Citie by the gate Kleine holt Port on the East side where the very Almes-houses were beaten downe in the aforesaid siege of the Spaniards and the walles then beaten downe were not yet rebuilt On the South side is the fifth gate Grote-holt Port the street whereof is the fairest next that of the Knights of Saint Iohn On this side was a wall of stone but at this time they were building another very strong wall beyond it of earth In the New-street is the house for exercise of shooting and another old house for the same vse and one market-place sweetly shaded with trees and a second market-place of good length for the selling of Cattle Likewise on this side another part of the Spanish Army lay and destroyed a most pleasant Wood of which the gate and street haue the name And they report that the Spaniards taking the City vsed great cruelty to all but especially to the Garrison of the English Souldiers The Histories witnesse that three hundred were beheaded and more then two hundred drowned in the Lake called Harlam-mere On the West side the Citie is compassed with a wall of earth and there bee faire pastures betweeue the City and the Sea Among the Churches that which is called the Great is the fairest and our Ladies Church vulgarly called Vnser-fraw kirke is the next in beautie All the sea coast of Holland is a sandy downe in which are great store of conies This Citie makes great store of linnen clothes and hath some fiue hundred spinsters in it The water heere as most of these Cities standing and little or nothing mouing is subiect to stinking so as they are forced to fetch water for brewing by boats Here I paied for supper and my part of wine twenty stiuers and for my dinner without wine thirteene stiuers About a mile from the City is a very sweet Hil called Weligheberg whether the brides vse to walke and there take their leaues of the Virgins And in the mid way towards Almer is another Hil where the Counts of Holland vvere vvont to bee consecrated In the market-place ouer against the Pallace they shew the house of one Laurence Iohn vvhom they brag to bee the first inuentor of the Presse for Printing and they shew two bels of the brasse of Corinth which they say were brought from Pelusium a City in Affrick vpon the Nyle From Harlam wee hired a waggon for eight stiuers and came fiue miles in fiue houres space to Leyden our waggoner baiting his horses in the mid way but staying very little In the way we had on all sides faire pastures and passed by the Lake or Mere of Harlam lying towards the South and the sea bankes vvithin sight towards the North. The high wayes in these Prouinces seeme to be forced and made by Art being sandy and very dry though all the pastures on both sides bee compassed with frequent ditches of water At the gates of Leyden the men goe out of the vvaggon and onely vvomen may be carried into the City lest as I thinke the vvheeles of the loaded vvaggons should breake the bricke pauements of the streets Hence I returned presently to Amsterdam that I might receiue money sent me by exchange So I hired a vvaggon for eight stiuers my part from hence to Harlam and
rest called New-graft and Altkirkhoffe and there is a pleasant walke well shaded with trees vpon the banke of the Riuer In the midst of the City is the Cathedrall Church hauing a faire Tower and a Bell which they report to be of eighteene thousand pounds weight Neere to the same is the Bishops Pallace wherein the Bishops dwelt before the vnion of the Prouinces but at this time there dwelled the Countesse of Meurs whose husband died in these warres In the same part lie the market place and the Senate house The houses of the City are of bricke and fairely built but lose much of their beautie by being couered on the outside with boords and they seeme to haue more antiquitic then the buildings of Holland There be thirty Churches but onely three are vsed for diuine seruice In Saint Maries Church which as I remember is the Cathedrall Church these verses are written vpon a piller Accipe posteritas quod per tua secula narres Taurinis culibus fundo solidata columna est Posterity heare this and to your children tell Bull hydes beare vp this piller from the lowest hell Vpon a second piller this is written in Latine A Frison killed the Bishop because hee had learned of him being drunke and betrayed by his sonne the Art to stop a gulfe in this place the yeere 1099. Vpon a third piller this is written in Latine The Emperour Henry the fourth built this Church to our Lady because hee had pulled downe another Church at Milane dedicated to her And to my vnderstanding they shewed me at this time manifest signes of the aforesaid gulfe which these inscriptions witnesse to haue beene in this place Heere I paied for my supper twenty stiuers and for my breakefast six stiuers From hence I went to Amsterdam fiue miles in three houres space and paied for my passage in the waggon ten stiuers For halfe the way on both sides wee had faire pastures and saw many strong Castles belonging to Gentlemen Neere Vtrecht at the passage of a riuer each man paid a Doight and before wee came to the halfe way we passed the confines of this Bishopricke and entred the County of Holland Then in the space of two houres and a halfe we came to Amsterdam hauing in our way on both sides faire pastures On Friday in the beginning of the Month of Iuly at fiue a clocke in the euening I tooke ship vpon the Mast whereof was a garland of Roses because the master of this ship then wooed his wife which ceremony the Hollanders vsed And the sea being calme wee passed eight miles to Enchusen where wee cast anchor By the way wee passed a shole where our sterne struck twise vpon the sand not without feare of greater mischiese On Saturday we'sayeld betweene West Freesland vpon our right hands towards the East and Holland vpon our left hands towards the West and after tenne miles sayling came to the Iland Fly which being of small compasse and consisting of sandy hils hath two villages in it From hence they reckon twenty eight miles by sea to Hamburg in Germany whether we purposed to goe Assoone as wee cast anchor here the Master of our ship went aboard the Admirall of certaine ships which vsed to lie here to guard this mouth of the sea with whom hee spake concerning our passage to Hamburg and deliuered him Letters commanding that our ship should haue a man of war to wast it This Admirall lay continually in this harbour to guard this passage into the sea and he commanded nine ships which were vpon all occasions to wast the Hollanders to Hamburg and defend them from the Dunkirkers and all Pirats But at this time there was not one of these men of warre in the harbour and the Admirall himselfe might not goe forth So as for this cause and for the tempestious weather wee staied here all Sunday But vpon Monday the winde being faire for vs and contrary for the men of warre that were to come in so that losing this winde we must haue expected not without great irkesomnesse a second winde to bring in some of these men of warre and a third winde to carry vs on our iourney the Master of our ship carrying sixe great Peeces and hauing some tenne Muskets did associate himselfe with seuen other little ships hauing only Pikes and swords and so more boldly then wisely resolued to passe to Hamburg without any man of warre This Monday morning we hoysed saile but being calmed at noone we cast anchor between the Fly on our left hand toward the West and another little Iland Shelling on our right hand towards the East and lying here wee might see two little barkes houering vp and downe which wee thought to be Fisher-men and nothing lesse then Pirats of Dunkirke Here till euening we were tossed by the waues which vse to bee more violent vpon the coast but a faire winde then arising all our shippes gladly weighed anchor At which time it happened that the anchor of our ship brake so as our consorts went on but our Master according to the nauall discipline not to put to sea with one anchor returned backe to the harbour of the Fly there to buy a new anchor all of vs foolishly cursing our fortune and the starres On Tuesday morning while wee sadly walked on the shoare vvee might see our consorts comming backe with torne sailes and dead men and quarters of men lying on the hatches We beholding this with great astonishment tooke boat to board them and demanding the newes they told vs that the little barks we saw the day before vvere Dunkirkers hauing in each of them eighty Souldiers and some few great Peeces and that they had taken them spoiled their ships of their chiefe lightest goods and had carried away prisoners to Dunkirk all the passengers chief Marriners after they had first wrung their foreheads with twined ropes with many horrible tortures forced them to confesse what money they had presently what they could procure for ransom Further with mourning voice they told vs that the Pirats inquired much after our ship saying that was it the bride with whom they meant to dance cursing it to be destroyed with a thousand tuns of diuels swearing that if they had foreseene our escape they would haue assailed vs by day while we rode at anchor They added that they had left no goods but those they could not carry for weight and had changed their ragged shirts and apparell with the poore Marriners And indeed they had iust cause to bewaile the escape of our shippe being laded with many chests of Spanish Ryalls whereof they were not ignorant vsing to haue their spies in such places who for a share in the booty would haue betrayed their very brothers As we had iust cause to praise almighty God who had thus deliuered vs out of the lawes of death so had wee much more cause to bewaile our rashnesse yea and our wickednesse that
wherein the great Obeliske was brought from AEgypt and vpon piles heaped vp placed a most high Tower like to the Pharo of Alexandria out of which light was hung out by night to direct the ships c. When Traian repaired this Hauen the Citie Portuensis was built on the other side of Tyber towards the South-East in the soile of Toscany the Bishop whereof is one of the seuen Cardinals assistant to the Pope The branch of Tyber falling from Hostia and diuiding it selfe maketh an Iland compassed with the sea on the other side in which are many ruines of stately houses and great stones of Marble This Hauen seeming of no vse and barred vp for the securitie of Rome from any Nauall siege the onely Port that Rome hath is called Citta'vecchia seated vpon the shoare of Tuscany betweene the foresaid Hostia and Ligorno the chiefe Hauen of the Duke of Florence In this hauen of Rome of old called Centum Cellae and after ruined by the Saracens and after built againe the Popes of Rome possessing many places in the neighbour soile of Toscany did build a strong Castle and called it Citta Vecchia I returned from Ostia to Rome the same day and paied fiue giulij for my Mule and two for my dinner I had purposed to see the famous Garden of the Cardinall of Ferraria at Tiuoli whereof I spake in my iourney to Naples but Easter was now at hand and the Priests came to take our names in our lodging and when wee demaunded the cause they told vs that it was to no other end but to know if any receiued not the Cummunion at that holy time which when we heard wee needed no spurres to make haste from Rome into the state of Florence Onely I had an obstinate purpose to see Bellarmine To which end hauing first hired a horse and prouided all things necessary for my iourney to Sienna and hauing sent away my consorts to stay for me with my horse and boots at an Inne in the Suburbs that I might more speedily escape if my purpose succeeded not I boldly went to the Iesuites Colledge and Bellermine then walking in the fields I expected his returne at the gate the Students telling me that he would presently come backe which falling out as they said I followed him into the Colledge being attired like an Italian and carefull not to vse any strange gestures yea forbearing to view the Colledge or to looke vpon any man fully lest I should draw his eyes vpon me Thus I came into Bellermines chamber that I might see this man so famous for his learning and so great a Champion of the Popes who seemed to me not aboue forty yeeres old being leane of body and something low of stature with a long visage and a little sharpe beard vppon the chin of a browne colour and a countenance not very graue and for his middle age wanting the authority of grey heires Being come into his chamber and hauing made profession of my great respect to him I told him that I was a French man and came to Rome for performance of some religious vowes and to see the monuments especially those which were liuing and among them himselfe most especially earnestly intreating to the end I might from his side returne better instructed into my Countrey that he would admit me at vacant houres to enioy his graue conuersation He gently answering and with grauity not so much swallowing the praises I gaue him as shewing that my company should be most pleasing to him commanded his Nouice that he should presently bring me in when I should come to visit him and so after some speeches of curtesie he dismissed me who meant nothing lesse then to come againe to him The very same hower at ten in the morning vpon the Tuseday before Easter I came to my consorts in the Suburbes and presently we tooke horse after a short breakefast The way from Rome to Sienna is thus vulgarly noted A Borgetto sixe miles a l' Isole one a Bacchano sixe a Monterose fiue a Sutri foure a Roneignone three a lago di vigo one a viterbo seuen a Monte fiaschoni seuen a Bolsena seuen a San ' Lorenzo foure a Acquapendente sixe a Recorseto a la Paglia twelue a Scanciericho foure a Buon ' Conuento seuen a Saraualle foure a San ' Michaele de la Seala sixe a Sienna sixe In all from Rome to Sienna ninetie sixe miles I will follow my Italian consorts in describing this iourney who doe not much differ from this vulgar number of miles each of vs paid fifteene paoli for his horse from Rome to Scienna and we had but one Vetturine who went with vs on foote for the Italians vse to ride a slow pace and he was to bring back our horses and to pay for their meat and for his owne The first day after breakfast we rode twentie two miles to Monterose through fruitfull hilles of Corne and some wilde barren fields and Woods at our iournies ende After wee had rode fiue miles we came to a monument lying vpon the high way and called the Sepulcher of Nero in the place where hee killed himselfe when the Senate had condemned him And when we came to the little Towne Bachano I obserued the mountaines to compasse it in the forme of a Theater with a Lake in the middest like the mountaine Astrumo neere Naples Out of this Lake comes a Brooke called Cremera vpon the banke whereof three hundred Fabij with fiue thousand of their followers of old were killed in one day Bacchano of old called Campagnano hath the name of Bacchus And it giues the name to the Territory and to the Wood neere it which is infamous for roberies Monterose is subiect to Pope Clement the eighth then liuing his Nephew so they call their bastards and though it be seated within the old confines of Hetruria yet now it is vnder the Popes dominion Here we supped at an Ordinarie vulgarly Al pasto and each man paied foure giulij and all the company complaining that so much was demaunded for our supper the Hoste so thundred among vs like the bragging souldier as he soone made both strangers and Italians glad to be quiet The second day in the morning we rode eight miles to Lago diVigo where we broke our fast vpon reckoning vulgarly al conto and each man paied eight baocchi After breakfast wee rode foureteene miles to a little Citie Monte fiaschoni hauing passed by the way the Citie Viterbo where Pope Caelestine the third placed a Bishop and made it a Citie Of old it was gouerned by Princes borne in the Towne till vpon ciuill dissention betweene the Family of Gatti aided by the Roman Family Colonna and the Family Magancesi aided by the Roman Family Orsini the Pope brought the Citie into his subiection about the yeere 1446. A most high Mountaine lies neere Viterbo bearing Chesnuts and a great Wood of Oaks infamous for robberies where we did see many quarters of theeues
them according to the Greeke language for the statua of Isis was at Saint German till it was taken away in the yeere 1514 and a Crosse was set vp in the place thereof by the Bishop of Molun The City hath the name of Lutetia in Latin either of dirt for the Fens adioining or in the Greeke tongue of Morter there digged out because all the floares are of plaster and the houses plastered ouer And some say that it was of old called the City of Iulius Caesar who built great part thereof It lies in the eleuation of the Pole forty eight degrees and the chiefe part thereof namely the Iland or greater City is seated in a fenny ground For the Riuer Seyne hath often ouerflowed Paris and broken downe the bridges In the time of King Phillip Augustus the waters rose to the statuaes without the Cathedrall Church of Saint Mary on the North-side thereof as appeares by an inscription Also in the yeere 1373 for two moneths space they so ouerflowed the City as they passed in boates the streetes of Saint Denis and S. Antoine To conclude omitting many ouerflowings mentioned in Histories it appeares by an inscription in the vally of Misery that in the yeere 1496 there was a great inundation The City of old was all in the Iland and when it could not receiue the multitude increased the City was inlarged to both sides of the continent and first that part of the City called La ville then the third part called the Vniuersity were esteemed suburbes till after they were ioined to the City For the Kings Court and the City still increased with buildings so as the Subburbes were greater then the City whereupon King Charles the fifth gaue them the same priuiledges which the City had and compassed them with wals whereof the ruines yet appeare And new Suburbes being afterwards built King Henry the second in the yeere 〈◊〉 made an Edict that the houses vnpersected should be pulled down and that no more should afterwards be built The Riuer Seyne running from the South and entering at the South-side diuides the City into two parts the greater part whereof towards the East and North lies low in a plaine and is vulgarly called La ville The lesse lying towards the South and West vpon a higher ground is seated betweene hils and is called the Vniuersity Betweene those two parts lies the third namely the Iland called the City which is seated in a plaine and compassed on all sides with the Riuer Seyne running betweene the Ville and the Vniuersity And this part was of old ioined to the Vniuersity with two bridges and to the Ville with three bridges but now a sixth called the new bridge doth moreouer ioine the Iland aswell to the Ville as to the Vniuersity The part of the City called the Ville is compassed on the south and west sides with the Riuer Seyne and vpon the East and North sides with wals rampiers and ditches in the forme of halfe a circle The second part of the City called the Vniuersity is compassed on the East and North sides with the Riuer Seyne and vpon the South and West sides with wals which they write to haue the forme of a hat saue that the long suburbes somewhat alter this forme For my part it seemed to me that ioined with the Iland it had also the forme of another halfe circle though somewhat lesse then the former The third part called the Iland or City is compassed round about with the Riuer Seyne and vpon the South-east side is defended from the floods of the Riuer by foure little Ilands which are marked in the map with blacke ines and lie like Rampiers diuerting the streame from beating on the City To this Iland they passe on both sides by bridges and in respect of the Bishops Pallace he Kings greater Pallace it may be called the heart of the City The old wals of the Ville were first of lesse circuit then now they are for new wals were built which also included the Suburbes and the inner wall is of vnpolished stone the outer wall is of earth compailed round about with ditches which neere the Riuer are broad and full of water but further off towards the North and East are narrow and altogether drie But the old wals are either demolished or conuerted to the supporting of priuate houses The Vniuersity is compassed with like wals and because it is seated vpon high ground the ditches are altogether drie And the wals of earth aswell of the Ville as the Vniuersity are so broad as three or foure may walke together vpon them And round about the City I meane the Ville and Vniuersity compassing the Iland are many rampiers vppon the wall like so many Forts The Iland or City was of old compassed with wals wherewith the greater Pallace lying towards the North at this day is compassed Paris in generall is subiect to the King so as it hath vnder him a peculiar iurisdiction and in spirituall matters it is subiect to the Bishop In the time of King Lewis the eleuenth one hundred and foure thousand Citizens were numbered able to beare armes in the yeere 1466 and King Charles the fifth in the yeere 1371 gaue the Citizens the rights and priuiledges of Gentlemen King Phillip Augustus in the yeere 1090 made Shiriffes to gouerne the City with consular authority and he gaue the City for Armes a ship adorned with Lillies he paued the streetes with flint and compassed the City with wals The Parisians haue raised many seditions The first in the yeere 1306 against rich men raising the rents of houses The second with the King of Nauar and the English against the Dolphin The third in the yeere 1383 against the Kings Treasurers which Charles the sixth returning with his Army out of Flanders did seuerely punish The fourth betweene the factions of Orleans and Burgundy The fifth most pestilent and longest with the Guisians against the last King of Valois The building of the City is for the most part stately of vnpolished stone with the outside plastered and rough cast and the houses for the most part are foure stories high and sometimes sixe besides the roofe which also hath glasse windowes The streetes are somewhat large and among them the fairest is that of Saint Dennis the second Saint Honere the third Saint Antoine and the fourth Saint Martine And in the Iland the waies to these streetes are fairest The pauement is of little but thicke and somewhat broade stones But in the meane time the streetes of the Ville either for the low situation or by the negligence of the Citizens are continually dirty and full of filth The three parts of the City namely the Ville the Iland and the Vniuersity being ioined together are of a round forme which of all others is most capable saue that the halfe circle of the Ville is greater then the other halfe circle which is compassed as it were with the two hornes of
And he shewed vs one that had throughout the figure of Christ crucified another that had the figure of the Popes triple Crowne and another that had the liuely figure of Luther Surely the Germans are accounted no iuglers nor liers and if they would haue deceiued vs yet I cannot see how our eyes should be deceiued seeing many of them broken and stil hauing the same figure This poore Village yet pleasant for the seat was of old a City and at this time the houses were couered as they be in many parts of Germany not with tiles of bricke but with like peeces of wood Here each of vs paid a quarter of a doller for our owne and the Coach-mans dinner In the afternoone we passed a dirty way but through fruitfull corne fields foure miles to Sangerhausen where each of vs in like sort paid the fourth part of a doller and a grosh for our supper This being the first Village of the Prouince Thuring belongs to the Elector of Saxony The fourth day in the morning wee passed through most pleasant fruitfull hils of corne adorned with some pleasant woods which in higher Germany are of firre that is greene all winter foure miles in the territory of the Elector of Saxony to a Countrey Inne where hauing nothing but egges for our dinner we paid iointly ten siluer grosh After dinner we passed in the same Electors territory and through the like soyle or Countrey three miles and a halfe to a Countrey Inne where we had to supper a pudding as big as a mans legge and grosse meat and straw for our beds and iointly paid foureteene grosh The fifth day early in the morning we passed-through the like way but more pleasant for the plenty of Vines two miles to the City of Erfurt where we foure English consorts with our Coach-man paied iointly a doller and twenty one grosh for our dinner with sower wine of the Countrey This City is seated in a plaine and is a free City but not an imperiall City and paies some tribute to the Bishop of Metz and to the Saxon Duke of Wineberg It is large being a Dutch mile in compasse but the houses are poorely built of timber and clay hauing the roofes couered with tiles of wood and they seeme to be built of old It hath forty two Churches but onely sixteene are vsed for diuine seruice namely eight for the Papists among which are the two Cathedrall Churches vnder the power of the Archbishop of Metz and eight for the Protestants or Lutherans This is the chiefe City of Thuring and of old here was an Vniuersity but time hath dissolued it After dinner at the first going out of the City wee ascended a very high mountaine whereupon is a pleasant wood of firre Then we passed by the beautifull little City of Armstat I call it beautifull for the seate in a firtile soyle hauing drie and pleasant walkes and for the plenty of fountaines and groaues and for the magnificence of the Castle wherein the Count of Schwartzburg keepes his Court finally for the vniforme building of the City which some fifteene yeeres past was burnt to the ground and was since rebuilded and so comming from Erfurt we passed three long miles to the Village Blaw subiect to the Count of Schwartzburg where iointly we paid foureteene grosh for our supper The sixth day we passed three miles through wooddy mountaines to the Village Fraw-im-Wald that is our Lady in the wood which Village is subiect to the said Count and here we paid iointly thirty seuen grosh and a halfe for our dinner After dinner wee passed three miles through mountaines couered with snow and woods of firre to Eysfield subiect to the Saxon Duke of Coburg For this wood of Thuring vulgarly called Thuringwald hath many Lords namely the Elector of Saxony the Saxon Dukes of Wineberg Coburg and the Count Schwartzburg The Duke of Coburg hath in this place a faire Castle and we paid iointly for vs foure and the Coach-man sixty foure grosh for our supper and breakefast The seuenth day in the morning we passed three miles ouer dirty mountaines and fruitfull in corne to Coburg seated in the Prouince of Franconia They say this City was of old called Cotburg that is the City of dirt and the dirty streetes well deserue the name Here one of the Dukes of Saxony called of Coburg kept his Court and our Host told vs that his Dutchesse for adultery was then bricked vp in a wall the place being so narrow as shee could onely stand and hauing no dore but onely a hole whereat they gaue her meat The building of the City was very base of timber and clay Here we fiue paid sixteene grosh for our dinner In the afternoone we passed two miles to the Towne Clawsen through fruitfull hils of corne and in a most dirty way where we fiue paid forty nine grosh for our supper and the Towne is subiect to the Popish Bishop of Bamberg The eight day we passed foure miles to Bamberg through a fruitfull plaine of corne and pleasant hils planted with vines and in a most dirty way This City is the seate of the Bishop of Bamberg By the way we passed by a Ferry the Riuer Manus running to Franckfort Here we fiue paid thirty seuen grosh for our dinner In the afternoone we passed through a wood of firre in a sandy soyle and then through fruitfull fields of corne and pleasant hils three mile vnto a Village subiect to the Margraue of Anspach from which a City subiect to the Bishop of Bamberg is not farre distant for the Princes dominions in these parts are mingled one with the other and here we fiue paid fifty fiue grosh for our supper The ninth day we passed three miles through a sandy and barren plaine and woods of firre alwaies greene to a Village subiect to the said Margraue where we fiue paid forty grosh for our dinner In the afternoone we passed three miles through the like way to Nurnburg and being now free from paying for our Coach-man each of vs paid here six batzen each meale and foure creitzers each day for our chamber This City I haue formerly discribed and so passe it ouer Here we hired a Coach being seuen consorts for twelue Dutch guldens to Augsburg being nineteene miles distant The first day after breakefast we passed through Nurnburg wood two miles and in the said Margraues territory who is of the Family of the Electors of Brandeburg foure miles to Blinfield and each of vs paid ten batzen for our supper and foure batzen for a banquet after supper The second day in the morning we passed foure miles to the City Monheyme subiect to the Phaltz-graue of the Rheine and here each of vs paid halfe a gulden for his dinner By the way in this mornings iourney we did see Weyssenburg a free but not imperiall City protected by Nurnburg The Margraue of Anspach Lord of this territory hath a Fort built vpon a Mountaine
and supper hauing the choisest and most 〈◊〉 meates with the best wines which he drunk plentifully but neuer in great excesse and in his latter yeeres especially in the time of the warre aswell when his night sleepes were broken as at other times vpon full diet he vsed to sleepe in the afternoones and that long and vpon his bed He tooke Tobacco abundantly and of the best which I thinke preserued him from sicknes especially in Ireland where the Foggy aire of the bogs and waterish foule plentie of fish and generally all meates with the common sort alwaies vnsalted and greene rosted doe most preiudice the health for hee was very seldome sicke onely he was troubled with the head-ach which duly and constantly like an ague for many yeeres till his death tooke him once euery three moneths and vehemently held him some three daies and himselfe in good part attributed aswell the reducing of this paine to these certaine and distant times as the ease he therein found to the vertue of this hearbe He was very neat louing clenlinesse both in apparrell and diet and was so modest in the necessities of nature as my selfe being at all howers but time of sleepe admitted into his chamber and I thinke his most familiar friends neuer heard or saw him vse any liberty therein out of the priueledge of his priuate chamber except perhaps in Irish iourneys where he had no with-drawing roome The tender vsing of his body and his daintie faire before the waries gaue Tyrone occasion vpon hearing of his comming ouer to ieast at him as if all occasions of doing seruice would be past ere he could be made ready and haue his breakfast but by wofull experience he found this ieasting to bee the laughter of Salomons Foole. His behauiour was courtly graue and exceeding comely especially in actions of solemne pompes In his nature he loued priuate retirednesse with good fare and some few choice friends He delighted in study in gardens an house richly furnished and delectable for roomes of retrait in riding on a pad to take the aire in playing at shouelboard or at cardes in reading play-bookes for recreation and especially in fishing and fishponds seldome vsing any other exercises and vsing these rightly as pastimes only for a short and conuenient time and with great varietie of change from one to the other He was vndoubtedly valiant and wise Hee much affected glory and honour and had a great desire to raise his house being also frugall in gathering and sauing which in his latter daies declined to vice rather in greedy gathering then in restraining his former bounties of expence So that howsoeuer his retirednes did alienate his minde from all action yet his desire of Honour and hope of reward and aduancement by the warres yea of returning to this retirednesse after the warres ended made him hotly imbrace the forced course of the warre to which hee was so fitted by his wisedome valour and frugalitie that in short time hee became a Captaine no lesse wise wary and deliberate in counsell then chearefull and bold in execution and more couetous in issuing the publick treasure then frugall in spending his owne reuenewes And his care to preserue his Honour and maintaine this estate made him though coldly intertaine the like forced course of a State Counseller at home after the warres To the mannaging of which affaires he was no lesse inabled by the same valour wisedome and many other vertues had not the streame of his nature preuailed to withdraw him from attending them further then to the onely obtaining of these his owne priuate endes But surely these dispositions of nature besides others hereafter to be mentioned and these his priuate endes made him of all men most fit for this Irish imployment wherein the Queene and State longed for an ende of the warre and groned vnder the burthen of an vnsupportable expence Touching his affecting honour and glorie I may not omit that his most familiar friends must needes obserue the discourses of his Irish actions to haue been extraordinarily pleasing to him so that howsoeuer hee was not prone to hold discourses with Ladies yet I haue obserued him more willingly drawne to those of this nature which the Irish Ladies entertaining him then into any other And as hee had 〈◊〉 that commendable yea necessary ability of a good Captaine not only to fight mannage the war well abroad but to write and set forth his actions to the full at home so I haue seldome obserued any omission of like narrations in him whereof hee vsed to delate the more weightie seriously and to mention the smallest at least by way of a ieast Touching his studies or Bookishnesse by some imputed to him in detraction of his fitnes to imbrace an actiue imployment he came young and not well grounded from Oxford Vniuer sity but in his youth at London he so spent his vacant houres with schollers best able to direct him as besides his reading in Histories skill in tongues so farre as he could read and vnderstand the Italian and French though he durst not aduenture to speak them and so much knowledge at least in Cosmography and the Mathematikes as might serue his owne ends he had taken such paines in the search of naturall Phylosophy as in diuers arguments of that nature held by him with schollers I haue often heard him not without maruelling at his memory and iudgement to remember of himselfe the most materiall points the subtilest obiections and the soundest answers But his chiefe delight was in the study of Diuinity and more especially in reading of the Fathers and Schoolemen for I haue heard himselfe professe that being in his youth addicted to Popery so much as through preiudicate opinion no Writer of our time could haue conuerted him from it yet by obseruing the Fathers consent and the Schoolemens idle and absurd distinctions he began first to distaste many of their opinions and then by reading our Authours to be confirmed in the reformed doctrine which I am confident he professed and beleeued from the heart though in his innated temper he was not factious against the Papists but was gentle towards them both in conuersation and in all occasions of disputation And I will be bold to say that of a Lay-man he was in my iudgement the best Diuine I euer heard argue especially for disputing against the Papists out of the Fathers Schoolemen and aboue all out of the written Word whereof some Chapters were each night read to him besides his neuer intermitted prayers at morning and night Insomuch as I haue often heard him with strange felicity of memory and iudgement discouer the Papists false alleagings of the Fathers and Texts or additions omissions in them and to vrge arguments strongly and as much as beseemed him schollerlike as well in discourses with Iesuites and Priests in Ireland more specially at Waterford where he made the very seduced Irish ashamed of them as vpon diuers occasions with other
his Captaines whereof some preferred by the Earle might perhaps haue hollow hearts towardes her seruice for as shee was pleased to pardon those who by his popular fashion and outward profession of his sincerity had beene seduced and blindly led by him so shee was carefull to seuer the chaffe from the corne and to depriue the malicious of meanes to preiudice her seruice Secondly whereas the Secretary in his Lordships name had moued her Maiesty that he might haue warrant to come ouer yet in regrad the Spanish ships had not yet passed the narrow seas into Flaunders whether surely they were sent and nothing lesse then for Ireland howsoeuer the Traytor made vse of like rumors her Maiesty wished that hee would conceale this his desire for a time with promise to call him home the next winter and vse his seruice neere her person The same time his Lordship receiued Letters from the Lords in England giuing allowance in her Maiesties name for the passing of Tirconnell to Neale Garne vpon the aboue mentioned conditions yet aduising that hereafter no Countrey should so absolutely bee passed as all the inhabitants should depend vpon one man which would still kindle new flames of rebellion By the same Letters his Lordship vnderstood that the supplies of money victuals and munitions were ready according to his demands And their Lordships aduised the plantation of a garrison about Strangford to preuent the assistance which the Scots gaue to the Rebels The third of March his Lordship rode ten miles to Bally Britton Sir Henry Warrens house in Leax which was kept for the Queene by a Constable and Warders In the midway we passed by Phillipstowne otherwise called Dyngen a strong Fort in Ophalia otherwise called the Kings County and that day his Lordship sent out many parties of souldiers into the woods against Tirrell and the Oconnors scatteredly lurking in those parts Here his Lordship receiued from the Lords directions to 〈◊〉 the siluer mony and to proclaime a new coine three ounces fine which base money was sent ouer onely to impouerish the Rebels as was pretended who made warre against the Queene with her owne treasure but in conclusion it was the vndoing of all the Queenes seruants there for no man cared to lay it vp and all things were bought at excessiue rates after the exchange in England once failed This exchange was proclaimed to be held at three Cities in England and foure in Ireland but by reason that great summes were coyned by Rebels and strangers and for other abuses of the same as namely of the Merchants who notwithstanding that the money was duly changed did excessiuely raise all prices this exchange soone failed and our hearts therewith for we serued there in discomfort and came home beggars so that onely the Treasurers and Paymasters who were thereby infinitely inriched had cause to blesse the Authors of this inuention The fourth of March his Lordship rode fiue miles to Sir Edward Fitzgeralds house scituate in Meath in a pleasant and fruitfull Countrey The fifth of March we rode ten miles to Mormeere a very pleasant house belonging to Sir Iames Dillon and thence the next day two miles further to Trym Sir Richard Moryson Gouernonr of Dundalke had lately aduertised his Lordship that Turloghmac Henry Tyrones brother Captaine of the Fewes had taken his oath to him before a Priest and vpon a Masse booke that he would submit himselfe to her Maiesties mercy without any conditions at or before S t Patricks day next following And further had aduertised that the Lord of Clancaruin humbly desired to be receiued to mercy with him For better ratifying hereof the said S r Richard Moryson now brought the said Turlogh in person to his Lordship lying at Trim. The fifteenth of March his Lordship drew to Arbrachin the Bishop of Meaths house sixe miles distant where his Lordship had appointed the adioining garrisons to meete him the next day and presently after their arriuall his Lordship tooke horse towards euening and thence we marched all night being very darke and in the morning suddenly fell into the Ferney the possession whereof Euer Mac Cooly one of the Mac Mabowns then vsurped and there we burnt the houses and spoiled the goods of the Inhabitants Sir Richard Moryson Gouernour of Dundalke with that Garrison and Sir Oliuer Lambert with other troopes and Captaine Thomas Williams with the forces of Ardee comming in diuers wayes meeting his Lordship in that Countrey with small or no resistance made by the rebels to either party The nineteenth we marched fiue miles to Ardee the twentieth seuen miles to Mellisant Sir Edward Mores house the twenty one two miles to Drogedagh where his Lordship staied till the sixteenth of Aprill and so returned to Dublyn At Drogedagh his Lordship altered the list of the foot the horse standing still as before The disposall of the foot into garrisons the 23. of March 1600. At the Newry vnder Sir Oliner S t Iohns 750. At Carlingford Captaine Hansard 100. At Mount Norreys vnder Sir Samuell Bagnoll 450. At Dundalke vnder S r Richard Moryson 400. At Arde a refreshing but no standing garrison 350. At Luscanon 400. At Tullogh 350. At Wickloa 250 At the Nauan 300. At the Nasse 100. In Westmeath 450. In Ophalia 200. In Leax 300. At Athy 100. At Monastreuen 300. In Connaght Sir Iohn Barkely Deputy Gouernor 200. The Lord of Dunkellin now vpon his fathers death Earle of Clanrickard 150. More vnder foure Captaines 500. Foot in Galloway and Odoynes Countrey Three Captaines 400. Capt. Tho Roper 150. At Rebon 150. In Ocarrols Country 100. In In 〈◊〉 150. At Dablyn the Lord Deputies guard 200. At Carickfergus vnder Sir Arthur Chichester 550. Of new Companies 1150. being cast and 50. made ouer to 〈◊〉 Garrison remained 800. Of S r Charles Percies Company 100 were made 〈◊〉 to other Captaines and 50 were added to Loughsoyle garrison These Companies together with the foot in 〈◊〉 at Loughsoyle do make the new list of foot 13250. Her Maiesties charge in Ireland from the first of Aprill in the beginning of the yeere 1600. to the last of March in the beginning of the yeere 1601. Her Maiesties allowances by establishment and by her letters for increase amount to two hundred seuenty sixe thousand nine hundred foureteen li nine s. foure d. ob qu. demy Hereof saued by the Lord Deputy his prouidence fifteene thousand two hundred sixty two l. fixe s. fiue d. Saued also by Checks imposed on the Army seuenteene thousand twenty nine pound sixteenes nine d. ob So her Maiesties charge for the Army this yeere besides munition and like extraordinaries amounteth to two hundred thirty foure thousand six hundred twenty two li. fiue s. two d. qu. demy It remaines briefly to collect out of the Lord Presidents letters to the Lord Deputy the seruices done in Mounster the yeere 1600. now ended About the sixteenth of Aprill in the beginning of the yeere 1600. Sir George
and victuals as her Maiestie thought fit prouisionally to send though for lacke of aduertisement wee could not make any other particular iudgement what were too much or too little Only this we know that if that body of Spanish forces which are now in that Kingdome shall not be defeated before the like body of an army or a greater arriue her Maiesty shall be put to such a warre in the end as howsoeuer this State may vndergo the excessiue charges of continuall leauies and transportation which you wil well consider to be of intolerable burthen to this Kingdome all circumstances considered yet such will be the extreme difficulties to maintaine such an Army in that Realme where it must fight against forraigne Armies and an vniuersall rebellion and in a climate full of contagion and in a Kingdome vtterly wasted as we do wel foresee that it wil draw with it more pernicious consequents then euer this State was subiect to For whosoeuer shall now behold the beginning of this malitious designe of the King of Spaine must well conclude although he hath now begun his action vpon a false ground to find a powerfull party in that Kingdome at his first discent wherin he hath bin in some measure deceiued yet seeing he is now so deepely ingaged and so well findeth his errour that he will value his honour at too high a rate to suffer such a worke to dissolue in the first foundation In consideration whereof her Maiesty like a prouident Prince resolueth presently to send a strong Fleet to his owne coast to preuent his new reinforcement not doubting if such a disaster should happen that these forces should remaine so long vnremoued by you in Ireland which we cannot beleeue that her Maiesties Fleet shall yet be in great possibilitie to defeate the new supplies by the way for which purpose her Maiestie perceiuing how dangerous a thing it is for the Fleete in Ireland to lie off at Sea in this Winter weather which they must doe if it be intended that they shall hinder a descent and how superfluous a thing it is to maintaine such a Fleet only to lie in Harbours her Maiestie is pleased to reuoke the greatest part of her Royall ships hither and to adde to them a great proportion and send them all to the Coast of Spaine leauing still such a competent number of ships there as may sufficiently blocke vp the Harbour and giue securitie and countenance to transportation To which end we haue written a letter in her Maiesties name to reuoke Sir Richard Leuison and to leaue Sir Amias Preston with the charge of those ships contained in this note to whom we haue giuen directions in all things to apply himselfe to those courses which you shall thinke most expedient for that seruice You shall also vnderstand that we haue now directed Sir Henrie Dockwra to send eight hundred men by pole to Knockfergus to Sir Arthur Chichester and commanded him to make them vp one thousand and so with all speede the said Sir Arthur himselfe to march vp with a thousand of the best men to your reinforcement in Mounster And thus hauing for the present little else to write vnto you till we heare further we doe conclude with our best wishes vnto you of all happy and speedy successe And so remaine c. at the Court at whitehall the foure und twentieth of December 1601. The same eleuenth day of Ianuary his Lordship receiued other letters from the Lords dated the seuen and twentieth of December signifying that whereas his Lordship had often moued on the behalfe of the Captaines that they might receiue their full pay without deduction of the souldiers apparrell which they themselues would prouide now her Maiestie was pleased to condescend thereunto I remember not whether his Lordship had moued this since or before the new mixed coyne was curtant but sure this was great aduantage to her Maiestie at this time hauing paied siluer for the apparrell and being to make the full pay in mixed money The same eleuenth day of Ianuary his Lordship receiued from the Lords in England letters dated the fiue and twentieth of Nouember signifying that a proportion of victuals was prouided at Plimoth for which he should send foure Merchants ships of the Queenes Fleere at Kinsaile And requiring to bee aduertised vpon what termes the Spaniards had yeelded which were then sent ouer for England that they might be disposed accordingly By the old date of this letter and another aboue mentioned of the two and twentieth of Nouember receiued all on the eleuenth of Ianuary it may appeare how necessarie it is to haue the Magazins in Ireland well stored and how dangerous it is that the Army should depend on sudden prouisions The same day his Lordship receiued letters from the Lords in England that her Maiestie had made a leauy of foure thousand foote whereof two thousand were now at the Ports to be imbarked for Mounster namely one thousand one hundred committed to the charge of eleuen Captaines and nine hundred vnder the conduct of some of the said Captaines left to his Lordships disposall The fourteenth his Lordship lying at the Bishop of Corkes house receiued this following letter from Don Iean lying in the Towne of Corke translated out of Spanish Most Excellent Lord SInce they carried me to the Citie of Corke certaine Merchants haue told me they thinke they should find ships to carry me and my folke into Spaine if your excellency would giue them license and pasport of which I humbly beseech your highnes as also that of your great beniguitie your excellency will haue pitie of these his prisoners who here do expect the great mercie which so great a Prince as your Excellency vseth towards his seruants and prisoners These poore prisoners suffer extreme wants both with hunger and cold for there is no sustenance giuen them at all nor find they any almes I beseech your Excellency will bee pleased to haue compassion of them There is one dead of hunger and others are ready to die of it God keepe your Excellency the yeeres which we his seruants wish his Excellency From Corke the foure and twentieth of Ianuary 1602 stile nouo and as they write Your Excellencies seruant Don I can del ' Aguila The Spanish prisoners were these Taken at Rincorran Castle men and women 90. Taken at Castle Nyparke 16. Taken in the sallye the second of December 13. Taken at Tyrones ouer throw the foure and twentieth of December aswell principall as ordinary men one and forty prisoners in all one hundred sixtie besides the runnawaies during the siege were thirty and these together with many of the said prisoners had been sent into England and the rest of whom Don lean writes were still prisoners as 〈◊〉 The foure and twentieth of Ianuary the Lord Deputy and Councell here wrote to the Lords in England this letter following MAy it please your Lordships wee haue receiued your letters of the foure and
place where they fable that Coryneus wrastled with Gogmagog and in this Towne was borne Sir Francis Drake Knight the cheefe glory of our Age for Nauigation who for two yeeres space did with continual victories as it were besiege the Gulfe of Mexico and in the yeere 15-- entring the straight of Magellan compassed the World in two yeeres and tenne moneths with many changes and hazards of Fortune The Towne Dortmouth is much frequented with Merchants and strong shippes for the commodity of the Hauen fortified with two Castles The City Excester called Isen by Ptolomy and of olde called Monketon of the Monkes is the cheefe City of the County and the seate of the Bishop 3 Dorsetshire was of old inhabited by the Durotriges The Towne Weymouth hath a Castle built by Henry the eighth to fortifie the Hauen Dorchester is the cheefe towne of the County but neither great nor faire 4 Sommersetshire was of old inhabited by the Netherlanders and is a large and rich County happy in the fruitfull soyle rich Pastures multitude of Inhabitants and commodity of Hauens The chiefe Towne Bridgewater hath the name of the Bridge and the water In the Iland Auallon so called in the Britans tongue of the Apples which the Latins cals Glasconia flourished the Monastery Glastenbury of great antiquity deriued from Ioseph of Arimathta Dunstan casting out the ancient Monkes brought thither the Benedictines of a later institution and himselfe was the first Abbot ouer a great multitude of Monkes indowed with Kingly reuenewes In the Church yard of this Monastery they say that the great worthy of the Britans Prince Arthur hath his Sepulcher The Episcopall little City called Wells of the Wells or Fountaines hath a stately Bishops Pallace The City Bathe is famous for the medicinall Baths whereof three Fountaines spring in the very City which are wholsome for bodies nummed with ill humours but are shut vp certaine howers of the day that no man should enter them till by their sluces they be purged of all filth The Bishop of Welles buying this City of Henry the first remoued his Episcopall seate thither yet still keeping the old name of Bishop of Welles and there built a new Cathedrall Church The City Bristowe is compassed with a double wall and hath so faire buildings as well publike as priuate houses as next to London and Yorke it is preferred to all other Cities of England 5 Wilshire was also inhabited by the Belgae or Netherlanders and lies all within land rich in all parts with pastures and corne Malmesbury is a faire Towne famous for the woollen clothes The Towne Wilton of old the cheefe of this County is now a little Village beautified with the stately Pallace of the Earles of Penbroke The City of Salisbury is made pleasant with waters running through the streetes and is beautified with a stately Cathedrall Church and the Colledge of the Deane and Prebends hauing rich Inhabitants in so pleasant a seate yet no way more famous then by hauing Iohn Iewell a late worthy Bishop borne there Some sixe miles from Salisbury is a place in the fields where huge stones are erected whereof some are eight and twenty foote high and seuen broade standing in three rowes after the forme of a crowne vppon which other stones are so laied acrosse as it seemes a worke hanging in the Ayre whereupon it is called Stoneheng vulgarly and is reputed among Miracles as placed there by Merlin there being scarce any stone for ordinary building in the Territory adioyning 6 Hamshire of old was inhabited within Land by the Belgae or Netherlanders and vppon the Sea coast by the Regni William the Norman Conquerour made here a Forrest for Deare destroying Towns and holy buildings for some thirty miles compasse which ground now well inhabited yet seruing for the same vse we call New-Forest Southampton a faire little City lies vpon the Sea Wintchester of old called Venta of the Belgae was a famous City in the time of the Romans and in these daies it is well inhabited watered with a pleasant Brooke and pleasantly seated and hath an olde Castle wherein there hanges against the wall a Table of a round forme vulgarly called Prince Arthurs round Table but Gamden thinkes it to haue been made long after his time It hath a Cathedrall Church and large Bishops Pallace and a famous Colledge founded for training vp young Schollers in learning whence many learned men haue been first sent to the Vniuersity and so into the Church and Commonwealth In the Towne or Port of Portsmouth lies a Garrison of souldiers to defend those parts from the incursions of the French by Sea 7 Barkshire was of old inhabited by the Atrebatij Newbery a famous Towne inriched by wollen clothes had his beginning of the ancient Towne Spina Windsore is famous by the Kings Castle neither can a Kings seate bee in a more pleasant situation which draweth the Kings often to retire thither and Edward the third kept at one time Iohn King of France and Dauid King of Scotland captiues in this Castle The same Edward the third built here a stately Church and dedicated it to the blessed Virgin Mary and to S. George the Capadocian and first instituted the order of Knights called of the Garter as an happy omen of victory in warre happily succeeding who weare vnder the left knee a watchet Garter buckled hauing this mot in the French tongue grauen in letters of gold Hony soit qui mal'y pense and the ceremonies of this order hee instituted to be kept in this Church 8 The County of Surry was of old inhabited by the Regni Otelands is beautified with the Kings very faire and pleasant house as Richmond is with the Kings stately Pallace 9 The County of Sussex of old inhabited by the Regni hath the faire City Chichesler and the Hauen Rhie knowne by being the most frequented passage into France 10 The County of Kent is rich in medows Pastures pleasant Groues and wonderfully aboundeth with Apples and Cherries It hath most frequent Townes and safe Harbours for ships and some vaines of Iron William the Norman Conquerour after the manner of the Romans instituted a Warden of the fiue Ports Hastings Douer Hith Rumney and Sandwiche to which Winchelsey and Rie the chiefe Hauens and other Townes are ioyned as members which haue great priuiledges because they are tied to serue in the warres and the Warden of them is alwaies one of the great Lords who within his iurisdiction hath in most things the authority of Admirall and other rights Detford Towne is well knowne where the Kings ships are built and repaired and there is a notable Armory or storehouse for the Kings Nauy Not farre from thence vpon the shore lie the broken ribs of the ship in which Sir Francis Drake sailed round about the World reserued for a monument of that great action Greenewich is beautified with the Kings Pallace Eltham another house of the Kings is not farre distant The Towne
by nature and diligent Art and hath a very faire Hauen Vpon the bay which Ptolomy names AEstuarium Metaris vulgarly called the Washes lieth the large Towne of Linne famous for the safety of the Hauen most easie to be entred for the concourse of Merchants and the faire buildings 20 Cambridgeshire had of old the same Inhabitants and consists all of open corne fields excepting some places yeelding Saffron and it giues excellent Barly of which steeped till it spring againe they make great quantity of Mault to brew Beere in such quantity as the Beere is much exported euen into forraigne parts and there highly esteemed Cambridge is a famous Vniuersity seated vpon the Riuer Grant by others called Came of which and the Bridge ouer the same it is called Cambridge The Northerne part of this County consists of Ilands greene and pleasant in Summer but all couered with water in the Winter whereof the cheefe called Ely giues the name to all the rest called as if they were but one Iland the I le of Ely the cheefe Towne whereof called also Ely is famous for being the seate of a Bishop 21 Hunting donshire had of old the same Inhabitants the cheefe Towne whereof is Huntingdon 22 Northamptonshire was of old inhabited by the Coritani and is a Countrey most painefully tilled and full of Inhabitants Northampton is the cheefe City large and walled Peterborow is the seate of a Bishop Neere Stamford is the stately Pallace Burleigh built by William the first Lord Burleigh 23 Leycestershire had of old the same Inhabitants a Champion Country and fruitfull in bearing Corne. In Lutterworth a little Towne of Trade Iohn Wickliffe was Pastor or Minister Leicester the cheefe City hath more antiquitie then beauty 24 Rutlandshire had of old the same Inhabitants and is the least County of England and had the name of the red Earth The Towne of Vppingham deserues no other mention then that it is the cheefe Towne of the County 25 Linconshire had of old the same inhabitants and is a very large County rich in Corne and Pastures and abounding with Fowle and Fish and all things necessary for foode The great Washes of Holland when the Sea flowes are couered with water but when it ebbes the ground is discouered to be passed but not without danger and with a good guide Lincolne the chief City was of old one of the most populous Cities of England and one that had greatest trade and hath a sumptuous Cathedral Church 26 Nottinghamslire had of old the same inhabitants the chiefe City whereof is Nottingham pleasantly seated In the Westerne part is the Wood called Shirewood feeding infinit numbers of Fallow and Red Deare whether the Kings of old were wont to retire for hunting 27 Darbyshire had of old the same inhabitants the chiefe towne whereof is Darby faire and well inhabited the Ayle whereof is for goodnesse prouerbially preferred before that kind of drinke in any other Towne The Westerne part hath high Mountaines called Peake yeelding Leade which they make into Sowes and stibium in his proper vaines is there found Likewise there Mil-stones are out out and there is the old Castle called the Castle in the Peake neare which is a great hole or caue in the Mountaine gaping wide and hauing many inward caues and this hole with reueuerence be it spoken is vulgarly called The Diuels ars at Peuke of which many fables are told and the place is accounted among the miracles of England The like fables are told of 〈◊〉 hole not farre distant very steepe and deepe 28 Warwickshire was of old inhabited by the Cornauij wherein is Couentry a large faire and walled Citie so called of the Couent of Monkes and at this day it is the fairest City within-land wherof the chiefe trade of old was making round caps of wooll but the same being now very little vsed the trade is decaied Warwick is the chiefe City of the County and neare the same vpon the hill Blacklow Peter of Gaueston was beheaded by the Lords of the Kingdome Not farre thence is a transparant and pleasant but little Wood and there be cleare Fountaines which place yeelds sweete solitude for the Muses and there they report that the famous worthy Guy of Warwick after many aduentures atchieued did first liue an Heremites life and was after death buried 29 Worcestershire had of old the same inhabitants which after in the time of Beda were called Wiccij either of wic signifying a corner or bay or of wyches signifying 〈◊〉 in the Saxons tongue And there are excellent salt-pits or Brookes and new fountaines of salt are daily found The Country is happy in the healthfull ayre tertility of soile and sweete Riuers but especially yeeldeth abundance of Peares of which they make Perry a counterfeit wine but cold and flatuous as all those kinds of drinke are Worcester the chiefe City of the County was built by the Romans and is compassed with a wall and hath the seate of a Bishop and a faire Cathedrall Church with the Monuments of Iohn King of England and Arthur Prince of Wales It is also beautified with many inhabitants rich trade of wollen cloth faire buildings and the number of Churches 30 Staffordshire had of old the same inhabitants and towards the South it hath pit-coales and some vaines of Iron but the greatest quantitie and best kind of pit-coales is in Nottinghamshire Stone is a Towne of Traffike Lichfeild is a large and faire City so called as the field of dead bodies and it is beautified with the seate of a Bishop his Pallace and the house of the Prebends My selfe passing that way did reade these Epitaphes in the Cathedrall Church The first of a Deane Sis testis Christe quod non iacet hic lapis iste Corpus vt ornetur sed spirittus vt memoretur O Christ me witnesse beare that this stone lies not here To grace the vile body but the soules memorie And another excellent Epitaph but superstitious and I know not whose Quisquis eris qui transieris sta perlege plora Sum quod eris fuer amque quod es pro me precor ora Who ere thou be that passest by stand reade and houle Such shalt thou be I was like thee pray for my soule Yet I remember not well whether these were two Epitaphes or onely one and for one man 31 Shropshire had of old the same inhabitants and was a fortified and manned frontyer against the Welsh then diuided from the English and their enemies and thereupon was named the Marches Ludlow is a Towne of more beauty then antiquity beautified with the Pallace of the King or rather of the Prince of Wales and there is a Counsell or Court of Iustice erected for Wales the borders not vnlike to the French Parliaments and instituted by Henry the eight It consists of the President of Wales there residing of a Secretary an Atturney a Solicitor and foure Iustices of the Counties of Wales and as many Counsellers as
chosen Emperour was ouercome by his Competitor and being againe raised to that dignitie was put from it by Frederike the second and died 1218. Otho his brothers Sonne was forced to yeeld the Dukedome of Saxony to the Elector of Saxony Albert the second And the Emperour Frederick the second cast his Garrison out of Brunswick with the helpe of the Citizens and made Brunswick a free Imperiall City But at last the Emperour vpon the submission of Otho forgaue him and created him Duke of Brunswick and Luneburg This Otho died in the yeere 1252 from whom this house was subdeuided into the following Families From Henrie the Wonderfull descend the Lords of Ember and Grobenbagen From Albert the Fat dying in the yeere 1318 descend the Dukes of Brunswick and of Luneburg as followeth Magnus Torquatus heire of both Dukedomes whose garrison the citizens of Luneburg cast out of the castle Calkberg left three sonnes Frederick chosen Emperour against Wenceslaus killed by treachetie in the yeere 1400. Bernard after the killing of his brother yeelded the D. of Brunswick to his Nephew William retaining the D. of Luneburg died 1434. From Bernard descend Otho who exhibited the Reformed Confession at Augtburg and died 1549. Otho Lord of Harburg had to his first wife the daughter to the Earle of Schwartzenburg and with the second Wife Daughter to the Earle of Emden hee then liued when I passed though Germany Otho had by his first wife two sonnes Otho Henrich borne 1555 and Iohn Frederick borne 1557 and one daughter Elizabeth borne 1553 and married to the King of Suecia And by his second wife sixe sonnes William borne 1564. Euno borne 1565. Christopher borne 1570. Otho borne 1572. Iohn borne 1573. Frederick borne 1578. And three daughters Anna Margarita borne 1567. Heduigis borne 1569. Catherina Sophia borne 1577. The first house of the Dukes of Luneburg and Brunswick for the titles are cōmon to al. Anne borne 1526. And Ernest who reformed Religion and died 1546 buried at Cella Henry maried the daughter of the D. of the lower Saxony dwelling at Angria Henry had three sons Iulius Ernestus borne 1571. Francis Cannon of Strasburg borne 1572. And Augustus borne 1579. And two daughters Sibilla Elizabetha borne 1576. And Sidonia borne 1577. The second branch likewise Dukes of Luneburg and Brunswick William in the yere 1561 married Dorothy Daughter to Christian King of Denmarke William had seuen sons Ernest borne 1564. Christian borne 1561. Augustus borne 1568. Frederick borne 1574. Magnus borne 1577 then Rector of the Vniuersitie of Iena George borne 1582. Iohn borne 1583. And seuen daughters Sophia married to George Marquis of Brandeburg 1579. Elizabeth to the Count of Hohelm 1585. Doroty borne 1570. Clara 1571. Margaret 1573. Marie 1575. And Sibilla 1584. The third branch with the same titles Francis of the reformed religion left two daughters no heires males and died 1549. Henrie died before his brother Frederick William the Victorious at the death of his Vncle Frederick possessed the Dukedome of Brunswick which his Vncle Bernard did yeeld to him Hee died 1482. Dukes of Brunswick From William the Victorious descends Henry who twise in vaine besieged Brunswick aided by other free Cities He died 1514. Henrie made captiue by the Elector of Saxony 1545 twice besieged Brunswick He had two sisters and foure brothers Ericus Christopher Bishop of Verden Francis and George Archbishop of Breme The eldest married Mary Daughter to the Duke of Wirtenberg and died 1568. Iulius his two elder Brethren being killed left his Priest-hood reformed Religion after Luthers doctrine founded an Vniuersitie at Helmstat and called it Iulia married Heduigis daughter to Ioachim the second Elector of Brandeburg and died in the yeere 1589. Henrie Iulius borne 1562 Administrator of two Bishopricks of Halberstat and Mind first married Dorothy Daughter to Augustus Elector of Saxony then Elizabeth daughter to Frederike King of Denmark yet liuing By his first wife he had Dorothy Heduigis borne 1587 by the second Frederike Vdalrike borne 1591. Three brothers Philip Sigismond Bishop of Verden borne 1568. Ioachim Carolus borne 1573. Iulius Augustus borne 1578. Fiue sisters Sophia married to Ernest Duke of Pomeru Mary to Francis D. of lower Saxony 1582. Elizabeth to the Count of Schaumberg Dorothy borne 1577. Heduigis 1580. The second house of the Duke of Brunswicke more powerfull then all the former ioyned He had foure sisters Catherine married to Iohn Marquisse of Brandeburg Margaret to the D. of Munsterberg Clara first an Abbesse then married to Phillip Lord of Grachenhage And Mary an Abbesse And Ericus called the Popish Ericus called also the Popish married his daughter to Iohn Prince Dauria of Genoa in Italy He had a base sonne who died without issue and lies buried with his Father at Pauia in Italy The Duke of Brunswicke keepes his Court at a strong Castle within the little City Wolfeubeiten lesse then a German mile distant from Brunswick of which City he beares the title in respect it of old belonged to his Progenitors in which kind he is also called Duke of Luneburg to which he hath right of succession and Purgraue of Nurnberg which title hath beene long extinct not that he hath any least power ouer the City or so much as a house therein whom the Citizens rather wish many miles remoued from them I haue said that Henry Iulius Duke of Brunswick hath three brothers and that the eldest of them was Bishop of Verden but when my selfe passed that way I vnderstood that of these three younger brothers the eldest was Bishop of Osenburg the next Channon of Strasburg and that the youngest was a Student in the Vniuersity of Helmstatt founded by his Father And it is worth obseruation that the Duke himselfe was Administrator of two Bishoprickes I haue shewed that the City of Brunswicke got their liberty by the Sword in the time of Duke Otho and with the aide of the Emperour Fredericke the second And as they gained it by Armes so they maintaine it hauing beene often besieged by the Dukes and to this day bearing vp the same against the Dukes with whom they cease not to expostulate that they vsurpe the title of their City And not long before my passage that way when at the marriage of the Duke with the sister to the King of Denmarke the Citizens of Brunswicke discharged some great Peeces of Artillery in honour of the marriage yet so great are the iealousies betweene the Duke and them as hee tooke it in ill part and shaking his head for anger said it was done in ostentation of their strength and as the threatning of enemies rather then the triumph of friends And the Senators of Brunswicke though inuited to the marriage yet would not come thither Neither doe they willingly suffer the Duke to come into their City And not long before when the Duke for pleasure disguised himselfe as a Carman and droue a Cart of wood into the City to be sold there the
then put into the possession of the Dukedome of Milan made league with the Sweitzers and gaue them the foresaide Gouernments in Italy Also Pope Leo the tenth in the yeere 1515 ioyned himselfe to the league made betweene the Emperour Maximilian and Sfortia Duke of Milan and the Sweitzers against the King of France Lastly Pope Clement the eight sitting in the chaire of Rome when I passed through Italy had also league with the Sweitzers But I must come to the hereditary forraigne leagues which onely and no other can truly be called part of the Commonwealth Among the cheefe of them is that of Milan And not to speake of the ancient leagues which some of the Cantons had with the Insubres old inhabitants of Lombardy Galeacius Duke of Milan in the yeere 1466 made a league with eight Cantons wherein mention is made of the said leagues with the Insubres and he granted to the Vrij that they should possesse the Lepontian Valley for which they were to send vnto the Duke yeerely foure Hawkes and a Crosse-bow Moreouer he granted to the eight Cantons that in his Dukedome they should bee free from all impositions and taxes Afterwards these and other heads of that league were confirmed and renewed by the Duke his successours And Ferdinand Gonzaga in the name of the Emperour Charles the fifth confirmed the same in the yeere 1551. And among other heads of that league it is couenanted that it shall be free for the Sweitzers to buy corne yet in time of dearth they may carry none out of the Dukedome onely some 200 bushels shall in that case be sold to them as friends Also cautions are inserted about the buying and carrying of salt and that they shall freely passe to and fro without safe conduct excepting those times in which Sweitzerland shall be infected with the plague and that they shal be free from impositions in all places excepting the city of Milan where they shall pay custome at the gates Lastly that the Sweitzers thus priuiledged shall not take any others to be partners in trafficke with them to the preiudice of the Dukedome and that all such shall be excluded from these priuiledges as haue fled out of the Dukedome whether they liue in Sweitzerland or else where And this league was made to continue foure yeers after the death of the Emperour Charles the fifth and this time expired howsoeuer the league was not for a time renewed yet the Sweitzers enioied all these priuiledges This hereditary league descends to the Kings of Spaine who succeed Charles the fifth in the said Dutchy of Milan and all his possessions in Italy The Sweitzers haue had sharpe warres with the House of Burgundy and long continuing warres with the House of Austria which at last were ended in league and friendship The first warre of Burgundy began in the yeere 1474 the House of Austria vsing the pride ambition of the Dukes of Burgundy to keepe downe the Sweitzers with whom themselues had often fought with no good successe For the cause of the warre sprang from certaine Countries to this end ingaged by Sigismund Duke of Austria to Charles Duke of Burgundy whence the desired expected ielousies grew between them which Lewis the II King of France did nourish bearing a splene to Duke Charles and for that cause did furnish the Sweitzers with money to make that warre And Sigismund Duke of Austria more to incourage the Sweitzers made league with them against the Duke of Burgundy Also the Emperor Frederick of the House of Austria leading an Army against the said Duke did stirre vp the Sweitzers to assaile him But when they had with good successe pierced into Burgundy the Emperour made peace with the said Duke wherein the Sweitzers were not contained so as the Duke turned all his Forces vpon them and not to speake of light skirmishes and fights the maine busines was tried betweene them in three battels wherein the Duke himselfe was in person First at the town Granson where the Sweitzers had the victory but they hauing no horse which could not so soone be sent to them from their confederates and the horse of the Duke defending the foot in their flight few of the Burgundians were killed there Secondly they fought at Morat where they write that 26000 of the Burgundians were slaine And to this day huge heapes of dead bones lie in that place to witnes that great ouerthrow The third battel was at Nancy a City of Lorain where Charles Duke of Burgundy besieged Renatus Duke of Loraine confederate with the Sweitzers and then 8000 Sweitzers 3000 of their confederates sent to helpe them ouercame the Duke of Burgundy and himselfe being killed 〈◊〉 his death gaue an end to that warre in the yeere 1477. After the house of Austria had made many wars leagues for yeers with the Sweitzers at last Sigismund Duke of Austria before the Burgundian warre made an hereditary league with them Lewis the French King mediating the same that hee might draw the Sweitzers to make warre with Charles the proud Duke of Burgundy By this league it was agreed that any controuersies falling they should be put to Arbiters both parts binding themselues to stand to their iudgemēt That al old leagues alwaies preserued they should serue the Duke of Austria in his wars vpon the same pay they haue at home seruing the State On the other side that the possessors should hold all places without calling into question for them That neither part shold ioine in league the subiects of the other or make them free of their Cities That neither part should burthen the other with customes or impositions At this time in the yeere 1474 many neighbour Princes Cities and Bishops did ioine themselues in league for yeeres but the foresaid league with the house of Austria ceased in the time of the Emperour Maximilian the first who made League with the Princes and cities of Germany against the Sweitzers called the great League of Sucura That warre ended Maximilian in the yeere 1511 renewed the former League ioyning therein the house of Burgundy and his grand-child Charles after made Emperour the fifth of that name so vniting all the thirteene Cantons with both those houses and he promised in the name of Charles that he should yeerely pay in the Towne of Zurech two hundred gold crownes to each Canton for a testimony of loue and for the Abbot of Saint Gallus and the Towne and besides for Apenzill he should yeerely giue each of them one hundred Crownes and that he should confirme this league This was done in the yeere 1543 wherein Charles the Emperour renewed the League of Burgundy and his brother Ferdinand succeeding him in the Empire renewed the League of the House of Austria At this time whereof I write the Ambassadour of the King of Spaine resided at Frihurg and Philip King of Spaine sonne to Charles had as I vnderstood by Sweitzers of good credit renewed
Cantons the Gouernours are sent by course from the Cantons for two yeeres who iudge according to the lawes of the seuerall people and for those beyond the Alpes the Gouernour hath assistants of the Country chosen and ioyned with him to iudge of capitall and more weighty causes but in Ciuill causes he iudgeth alone though sometimes he calles some of the wiser inhabitants to aduise him therein The Gouernours about the Solstice of the yeere yeeld account before the Senate of Sweitzerland which then iudgeth the appeales made by the subiects They serue the Cantons in warre to which they are subict and they follow the standard of that cantons which for the present yeere giues them a Gouernor and in ciuill warre they are bound to follow the greater part of the Cantons to which they are subiect The Gouernor of Baden is present in the publike Senate of the Sweitzers he takes the voices and they being equall is the arbiter of the difference but he hath only power in the territory of Baden not in the City and there he appoints capitall Iudges for life for their manner is that the Iudges once chosen by him exercise that place so long as they liue And the same Gouernour hath the power to mitigate their Iudgements The next in autority are the Clerke or Secretary and the vnder or Deputy Gouernour Two little Townes of the County or territory of Baden haue Gouernours from the Bishop of Costnetz but they serue the Sweitzers in their warres and the Gouernour of Baden is their Iudge for capitall causes The prefecture or gouernement of Terg most large of all the rest hath 50 Parishes whereof some haue their own immunities or priuiledges the rest are subiect to diuers iurisdictions but the Soueraigne power is in the Gouernour sent and chosen by the Cantons excepting Cella where the Citizens haue their owne gouernement the Bishop of Costnetz hauing only the keeping of the Castle and halfe the mulcts or fines The seuen Cantons with consent of the Lords in the seuerall iurisdictions of all this prefecture of Torg appoint one forme of Iustice. And the Iudges impose very great fines which belong to the Cantons and especially vpon crimes which haue coherence with capitall offences namely foule iniuries breaches of peace violence offered by the high way challengers of publike waies or passages changers of Land-markes or goods committed in trust to their keeping breakers of publike faith and those who scandale or reproch any Magistrate The prefectures of the Saranetes and the Rhegusci and those of Italy haue each a Gouernour vulgarly called Commissary sent from the Sweitzers and because the people speake the Italian tongue hee hath a Sweitzer skilfull in that tongue for his interpreter The people hath the power to chuse their owne Magistrates and Officers and to determine of things concerning their Common-wealth the Commissary not intermedling therewith CHAP. VI. Of the Netherlanders Common-wealth according to the foresaid subiects of the former Chapters LOwer Germany called of old Belgia and now commonly Netherland which the French name Pais bas that is Low countries is diuided into seuenteene Prouinces as I haue formerly shewed in the Geographicall description thereof namely seuen Counties of Flaunders of Artois of Hannaw of Holland of Zealand of Zutphane and of Namurtz foure Dukedomes of Luzenburg of Limburg of Brabant and of Gelderland the Lordship or Dominion of West Freisland three Countries or Territories or places of Iurisdiction of Grouing of Vtrecht and of Transisola vulgarly Dlands ouer Ysel To which fifteene Prouinces that the number of seuenteene may be compleate some adde the County of Walkenburg which is part of the Dukedome of Limburg and others adde the two dominions of Mecblin and Antwerp which are contained vnder the Dukedome of Brebant And how soeuer it be not my purpose to speak of any other Prouinces then those which they cal vnited and through which onely I passed yet it is not amisse in a word or two to shew how these Principalities at first hauing seuerall Princes by little and little grew into one body and in our daies through ciuill warre became diuided into two parts the one of diuers Prouinces vnited for defeuce of their liberty the other of the rest remaining vnder the obedience of their Prince The County of Flaunders hath giuen the name of Flemmings to all the inhabitants of these Prouincess before named and the Earles thereof when other Prouinces were erected to Dukedomes did obstinately retaine their owne degree least they should disgrace their antiquitic with the newnesse of any Ducall or other title And it is manifest that this Earle was the first Peere of France hauing the prerogatiue to carry the sword before the King of France at his Coronation and to gird the same to his side being not bound to appeare in Iudgement before his Compeeres except some controuersie were about the property of his Earledome or he should deny iustice to his subiects and finally hauing the badges of Soueraigne Maiesty to raise an Army to make Warre and Peace to yeeld no tributes or subiection to the King of France to punish or pardon his subiects to make Statutes to grant priuiledges to coine mony and to write himself by the Grace of God Earle which no other Prince of France might do but only the Duke of Britany Baldwyn Earle of Flaunders in the yeere 1202 became Emperour of Constantinople and held that dignity sixty yeeres after which time the Empire returned to the Greekes Earle Lodwick died in the yeere 1383 and Margaret his daughter and heire was married to Phillip Duke of Burgundy who by her right became Earle of Flaunders Charles Duke of Burgundy died in the yeere 1477 and Marie his daughter and heire was married to the Emperour Maximillian and so Flaunders became subiect to the House of Austria For Phillip sonne to Maximillian died before his father and left two sons whereof Charles the eldest was Emperour the fifth of that name and heire to his Grandfather Maximillian And Charles the Emperour taking the King of France Francis the first prisoner in the battell of Pauia in the yeere 1525 forced him to renounce all Soueraigne power ouer Flaunders and Artois and to yeeld the Rightes of the House of Aniou to the Kingdome of Naples and of the House of Orleans to the Dukedome of Milan and of Genoa Charles died and his younger brother Ferdinand succeeded him in the Empire being long before designed his successor by being chosen King of the Romans but he left al his States of inheritance to his eldest son Phillip King of Spaine The rest of the Prouinces by like right of marriage became subiect to Maximillian and so fell to Charles and lastly to the King of Spaine excepting Virecht and the Transisolan Dominion which by the yeelding of the Bishop reseruing his spiritual rights and of the States of those Prouinces were ioyned to the rest and so finally fell to Phillip King
of Spaine Histories witnesse that some of these Prouinces did owe homage to the Empire and the rest to the King of France till they fell into the hands of the powerfull Dukes of Borgundy who by diuers transactions tooke all rights from the Kings of France and because the Empire hath been euer since in the House of Austria it cannot seeme strange the Kings of Spaine being of the same House that these Prouinces haue been freed of the homage due to the Empire The Emperour Charles the fifth happily gouerned these Prouinces with great iudgement handling the people gently who had alwaies been held vnder a gentle yoke by their Princes inioying great priuiledges inuiolably kept to them neuer vsed to absolute gouernement but hauing often taken Armes when their Princes imposed exactions vpon them or broke any of their priuiledges and so bringing their Princes to iust and equall termes But his son Phillip K. of Spaine and many other Kingdomes straying from his Fathers example in the gouernement of Netherland and obstinately despising his counsell which at his death as it were by his last Testament he gaue him to handle this people gently and not induring their voluntarie and free subiection hath caused the greater or at least the richer part of these Prouinces to fall from him and his heires For vpon the first dissention about Religion Pope Pius the fourth induced Phillip King of Spaine to publish a Decree in Netherland for the establishing of the infamous Inquisition first inuented in Spaine of late to punish the Iewes and Saracens who being Christians yet retained their owne rites and also for the execution of the Decrees made in the Councell of Trent which done more then 400 Gentlemen made petition to the King to abolish this decree and ioyning the intercession of the Emperor sent this petition to the King by the hands of diuers Lords and Gentlemen whereof the Prince of Egmond was one who had done the King very great seruice in the battell of Saint Quintens These petitioners were despised by the Spaniards and called Geuses that is beggers or poore slaues and the King sent them backe vnregarded and sent the Duke of Alua to go uern Netherland who cruelly raged against the Professors of the reformed religion beheaded the Prince of Egmond and the Earle of Horn both Knights of the golden fleece and on all sides proceeded butcherly In the meane time the Prince of Orange who formerly had in vaine perswaded the Prince of Egmond to fly foreseing this tiranny with other banished Geutlemen was gone out of Netherland and fled to the Prince of Condy in France At last the Duke of Alua hauing brought all in subiection reformed the policy and imposed an exaction of the tenth penny was recalled into Spaine whither he retourned with much treasure he had extorted and Don Iuvan of Austria succeeded in that Gouernment in whose time the fatal Ciuill warre began in Flaunders and shortly after mutinous troopes called Male contents ioined together neither acknowledging the King nor the States of the Prouinces and while Don Iunan pursued them he died in the Camp in the yeere 1578. Then Alexander Farnese Duke of Parma was made Gouernor of Netherland and the King persisting in his purpose to bring that people to absolute subiection and the Professors of the reformed religion being grieuously persecuted and all the people being murinously affected for the newe and tirannicall exaction of the tenth penny without consent of the generall States the troubles still continuing in Flaunders at last some few Prouinces hauing the Prince of Orange for their Generall in the warre strictly combined themselues in league for mutual defence So Flaunders and the firme land was left vnder the Spanish yoke but the confederate Prouinces firmly resoluing to cast off all subiection to the King of Spaine instituted a new forme of common wealth For the Prince of Orange wisely and variantly procuring the publike good was in the yeere 1584 traiterously slaine with a baller by a desperate Roague whereupon the cities of Flaunders lay open to the Duke of Parma But the foresaid vnited Prouinces cast themselues into the protection of the Queene of England and if my memory faile not they are thus named Holland Zealand Vtreiht Groning west Friesland besides many townes for Gelderland some fortes and strong cities of Brabant and Ostend in Flaunders a towne for neerenes fit to annoy the Enemy And the foresaid fortes and strong cities for the most part lying vpon the coast of the sea within land vpon the mouth of the Rheine where it fals into the sea gaue free traffick by sea to the vnited Prouinces forbad the same to the cities within land and besides yeelded this commodity that as the Spanish soldiers from their forts send frey booters to spoile the vnited countries of Gelderland Groning Friesland so the soldiers of the states might frōthence make incursiōs vpō the countries subiect to the King of Spaine wherby the country people were forced to pay large yeerly cōtributions to be free from this spoile The few inhabitants of these small Prouinces whome men will iudge but a breakefast to the Spanish Army notwithstanding haue not only bene able to this day to keepe out these powerfull forces from entring their territories but may iustly brag that they haue wonne many strong forts and townes from the Spaniard and carried their Army into Flaunders where in a field fought at Newport they obtained a glorious victory against the Spaniardes And so much in small progresse of time haue their iust and moderate Counsells increased their common-wealth gouerned with great equity and equality as at last forsaken as it were by the King of France for the time hauing little helpe from England they alone did not onely long defend themselues from the powerfull reuenge of the Spaniard but stoutly bearing out the warr to a wished peace are now no more to be pittied but in common iudgment rather to be enuied and feared by their neighbours Mention hath bene made of the Prince of Orange and hereafter mention is to be made of his sonne Count Maurice therefore it will not be amisse to say somthing of this noble family The vnited Prouinces consisting of citizens and the common people there being few Gentlemen in Friesland and few or none in Holland and Zeland and such kind of Plebean men vnfit to leade Armies they aswell for the common-wealths sake first tooke the Prince of Orange for their head as after for thankfulnes to him much esteemed the Family of Nassaw and besides others of that Family gouerning in Friesland and other parts made choise of the said Princes sonne Count Maurice to be General of their Army but with limited power from the States and he hath a double as I thinke voice in their publike meetings in which notwithstanding hee seldome or neuer vsed to be present His father the Prince of Orange had all his