Selected quad for the lemma: honour_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
honour_n	life_n	see_v	signify_v	1,241	5	9.7292	5	false

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A47252	Romæ antiquæ notitia, or, The antiquities of Rome in two parts ... : an account of the religion, civil government, and art of war, with the remarkable customs and ceremonies, publick and private : with copper cuts of the principal buildings, &c. : to which are prefix'd two essays : concerning the Roman learning, and the Roman education / by Basil Kennett ...	Kennett, Basil, 1674-1715.	1696 (1696)	Wing K298; ESTC R18884	301,193	437

The Torques Golden and Silver Collars wreath'd with curious Art and Beauty Pliny attributes the Golden Collars to the Auxiliaries and the Silver to the Roman Soldiers but this is suppos'd to be a mistake The Phalerae commonly thought to be a Suit of rich Trappings for a Horse but because we find them bestow'd on the Foot as well as the Cavalry we may rather suppose them to have been golden Chains of like nature with the Torques only that they seem to have hung down to the Breast whereas the others only went round the Neck The hopes of these two last are particularly urg'd among the Advantages of a Military Life by Juvenal Sat. 16. Vt laeti phaleris omnes torquibus omnes The Vexilla a sort of Banners of different Colours work'd in Silk or other curious Materials such as Augustus bestow'd on Agrippa after he had won the Sea-fight at Aclium We may in the next place take notice of the several Coronets receiv'd on several occasions As Corona Civica given to any Soldier that had sav'd the Life of a Roman Citizen in an Engagement This was reckon'd more honourable than any other Crown tho' compos'd of no better Materials than Oaken Boughs Virgil calls it Civilis Quercus Aen. 6. Atque umbrata gerunt civili tempora Quereu Plutarch has guess'd very happily at the reason why the Branches of this Tree should be made use of before all others For the Oaken Wreath says he being otherwise sacred to Jupiter the great Guardian of their City they might therefore think it the most proper Ornament for him who had preserv'd a Citizen Besides the Oak may very well claim the preference in this case because in the Primitive times that Tree alone was thought almost sufficient for the preserving of Man's Life Its Acorns were the principal Diet of the old Mortals and the Honey which was commonly found there presented them with a ver● pleasant Liquor (a) Vide Plutarch in Coriolano It was a particular Honour conferr'd on the Persons who ha● merited this Crown that when they came to any of the publick Shows the whole Company as well Senate as People should signifie their Respect by rising up when they saw them enter and that they should take their Seat on these occasion● among the Senators being also excus'd from all troublesom● Duties and Services in their own Persons and procuring the same Immunity for their Father and Grandfather by his side (b) Vide Plin. lib. 16. cap. 4. Corona Muralis given to him who first scal'd the Walls of a City in a general Assault and therefore in the shape of it there was some Allusion made to the Figure of a Wall Corona Castrensis or Vallaris the Reward of him who had first forc'd the Enemies Intrenchments Corona Navalis bestow'd on such as had signaliz'd their Valour in an Engagement at Sea being set round with Figures like the Beaks of Ships Cui belli insigne superbum Tempora navali fulgent rostrata Coronâ Virg. Aen. 8. Lipsius fansies the Corona Navalis and the Rostrata to have been two distinct Species tho' they are generally believ'd to be the same kind of Crown Corona obsidicnalis This was not like the rest given by the General to the Soldiers but presented by the common consent of the Soldiers to the General when he had deliver'd the Romans or their Allies from a Siege It was compos'd of the Grass growing in the besieg'd Place Corona Triumphalis made with Wreaths of Lawrel and proper only to such Generals as had the Honour of a Triumph In after Ages this was chang'd for Gold * Aurum Coronarium and not only restrain'd to those that actually Triumph'd but presented on several other accounts as commonly by the Foreign States and Provinces to their Patrons and Benefactors Several of the other Crowns too are thought to have been of Gold as the Castrensis the Mural and the Naval Corona Triumphalis Corona Obsidio nalis Corona Civica Corona Muralis Corona Vallaris vel Castrensis Corona Navalis The most remarkable Person upon Record in History for obtaining a great number of these Rewards was one C. Siccius or ●icinius Dentatus who had receiv'd in the time of his Military Service eight Crowns of Gold fourteen Civick Crowns three Mural eighty three Golden Torques sixty Golden Armillae eighteen Hastae purae and seventy five Phalerae (c) Vide Agell lib. 2. cap. 11. Valer. Max. c. But far greater Honours were conferr'd on the Victorious Generals some of which were usually decreed them in their absence others at their arrival in the City Of the former kind were the Salutatio Imperatoris and the Supplicatio of the latter the Ovation and the Triumph The first of these was no more than the saluting the Commander in chief with the Title of Imperator upon account of any remarkable Success which Title was decreed him by the Senate at Rome after it had been given him by the joint Acclamations of the Soldiers in the Camp The Supplicatio was a solemn Procession to the Temple of the Gods to return thanks for any signal Victory After the obtaining any such remarkable Advantage the General commonly gave the Senate an account of the Exploit by Letters wreath'd about with Lawrel * Literae Laureatae In which after an account of his Success he desir'd the favour of a Supplication or publick Thanksgiving This being granted for a set number of Days the Senate went in a solemn manner to the chief Temples and assisted at the Sacrifices proper to the occasion holding a Feast in the Temples to the Honour of the respective Deities Hence Servius explains that of Virgil Simul Divum Templis indicit honorem Aen. 1. as alluding to a solemn Supplication In the mean time the whole Body of the Commonalty kept Holy-day and frequented the Religious Assemblies giving Thanks for the late Success and imploring a long continuance of the Divine Favour and Assistance Octavius Caesar together with the Consuls Hirtius and Pansa upon their raising the Siege of Mutina were honour'd with Supplication fifty Days long The Ovation some fansie to have deriv'd its Name from shouring Evion to Bacchus but the true Original is Ovis the Sheep which was usually offer'd in this Procession as an Ox in the Triumph The Show generally began at the Albanian Mountain whence the General with his Retinue made his Entry into the City He went on foot with many Flutes or Pipes sounding in Consort as he pass'd along wearing a Garland of Myrtle as a Token of Peace with an Aspect rather raising Love and Respect than Fear Agellius informs us that this Honour was then conferr'd on the Victor when either the War had not been proclaim'd in due method or not undertaken against a lawful Enemy and on a just account or when the Enemy was but mean and inconsiderable (e) Noel Att. lib. 5. cap. 6. But Plutarch has deliver'd his Judgment

their Original to Romulus who borrow'd the Institution from the Tuscans The Tuscans receiv'd it as the general Tradition goes from a Boy that they plough'd up casually out of the Ground who oblig'd them with a discovery of all the Mysteries belonging to this Art (a) Cicero de Divinat lib. 2. At first only the Natives of Tuscany exercis'd this Office at Rome and therefore the Senate made an Order That Twelve of the Sons of the principal Noblity should be sent into that Country to be instructed in the Rites and Ceremonies of their Religion of which this Secret was a chief part (b) Idem de Divinat lib. 1. The business of the Haruspices was to look upon the Beasts offer'd in Sacrifice and by them to divine the success of any Enterprize They took their Observations from Four Appearances 1. From the Beasts before they were cut up 2. From the Entrails of those Beasts after they were cut up 3. From the Flame that us'd to rise when they were burning 4. From the Flower or Bran from the Frankincense Wine and Water that they us'd in the Sacrifice In the Beasts before they were cut up they took notice Whether they were forc'd to be dragg'd to the Altar Whether they got loose out of the Leader's Hands Whether they escap'd the the stroke or bounded up and roar'd very loud when they receiv'd it Whether they died with a great deal of difficulty all which with several other Omens were counted unfortunate Or whether on the other side they follow'd the Leader without Compulsion receiv'd the Blow without struggling and resistance Whether they died easily and sent out a great quantity of Blood which gave the like assurance of a prosperous event In the Beast when cut up they observ'd the colour of the parts and whether any were wanting A double Liver was counted highly unfortunate A little or a lean Heart was always unlucky If the Heart was wholly missing nothing could be thought more fatal and dreadful as it happen'd in Two Oxen together offer'd by Julius Caesar a little before his Murder if the Entrails fell out of the Priests Hands if they were dawb'd more than ordinary with Blood if they were of a pale livid colour they portended sudden danger and ruin As to the Flame of the Sacrifice it furnish'd them with a good Omen if it gather'd up violently and presently consum'd the Sacrifice If it was clear pure and transparent without any mixture of Smoak and not discolour'd with red pale or black if it was quiet and calm not sparkling or crackling but run up directly in the shape of a Pyramid On the contrary it always portended Misfortunes if at first it requir'd much pains to light it if it did not burn upright but rowl'd into Circles and left void spaces between them if it did not presently catch hold on the whole Sacrifice but crept up by degrees from one part to another if it happen'd to be spread about by the Wind or to be put out by sudden Rain or to leave any part unconsum'd In the Meal Frankincense Wine and Water they were to observe whether they had their due quantity their proper taste colour and smell c. There were several lesser Signs which supplied them with Conjectures too insignificant to be here mention'd Most of these ill Omens are hinted at by Virgil. Georg. 3. v. 486. Saepe in honore Deûm medio stans ●osiia ad aram Lanea dum niveà circumdatur insula vittâ Inter cunctantes cecidit moribunda ministros Aut si quam ferro mactaverat ante Sacerdos Inde neque impositis ardent altaria fibris Nec responsa potest consultus reddere vates Ac vix suppositi tinguntur Sanguine cultri Summaque jejunâ sanie infuscatur arena The Victim Ox that was for Altars press'd Trimm'd with white Ribbons and with Garlands dress'd Sunk of himself without the Gods command Preventing the slow Sacrificer's Hand Or by the Holy Butcher if he fell Th' inspected Entrails cou'd no Fate foretell Nor laid on Altars did pure Flames arise But clouds of smouldring Smoak forbad the Sacrifice Scarcely the Knife was redden'd with his Gore Or the black Poyson stain'd the sandy Floor Mr. Dryden There are but Two Accounts of the Derivation of the Name of the Pontifices and both very uncertain either from Pons and facere because they first built the Sublician Bridge in Rome and had the care of its repair or from Posse and facere where facere must be interpreted to signifie the same as Offerre and Sacrificare The first of these is the most receiv'd Opinion and yet Plutarch himself hath call'd it absurd (c) In Numa At the first Institution of them by Numa the number was confin'd to Four who were constantly chose out of the Nobility 'till the Year of the City 454 when Five more were order'd to be added out of the Commons at the same times as the Augurs receiv'd the like Addition And as the Augurs had a College so the Pontifices too were settled in such a Body And as Sylla afterwards added Seven Augurs so he added as many Pontifices to the College The first Eight bearing the Name of Pontifices Majores the other of Minores The Office of the Pontifices was to give Judgment in all Causes relating to Religion to enquire into the Lives and Manners of the Inferiour Priests and to punish them if they saw occasion to prescribe Rules for Publick Worship to regulate the Feasts Sacrifices and all other Sacred Institutions Tully in his Oration to them for his House tells them That the Honour and safety of the Common-wealth the Liberty of the People the Houses and Fortunes of the Citizens and the very Gods themselves were all entrusted to their care and depended wholly on their Wisdom and Management The Master of Superintendent of the Pontifices was one of the most honourable Officers in the Common-wealth Num● when he instituted the Order invested himself first with this Dignity as Plutarch informs us tho' Livy attributes it to another Person of the same Name Festus his definition of this great Priest is Judex atque Arbiter rerum humanarum Divinarumque The Judge and Arbitrator of Divine and Humane Affairs Upon this account all the Emperours after the Example of Julius Caesar and Augustus either actually took upon them the Office or at least us'd the Name And even the Christian Emperours for some time retain'd this in the ordinary enumeration of their Titles 'till the time of Gratian who as we learn from Zozimus (d) Histor lib. 4. absolutely refus'd it Polydore Virgil (e) De rerum Invent. lib. 14. cap. 14. does not question but this was an infallible Omen of the Authority which the Bishop of Rome enjoys to this Day under the same Name of Pontifex Maximus CHAP. V. Of the Flamines Rex Sacrorum Salii and Feciales THE Name of the Flamines is not much clearer than the former Plutarch makes

tibiis paribus sinistris on equal Left-handed Flutes if they were those of the shriller Note Two equal Right-handed Flutes they call'd Lydian two equal Left-handed ones Sarran●e or Tyrian two unequal Flutes Phrygian as Imitations of the Musick of those Countries The last sort Virgil expresly attributes to the Phrygians Aeneid 9. O verè Phrygiae neque enim Phryges ite per alta Dindyma ubi assuetis biforem dat tibia cantum Where by biforem cantum the Commentators understand an unequal sound such as was made by two different Pipes one flat and the other sharp The Title of Terence's Andria cannot be made out according to this Explanation unless we suppose as there is very good reason that the Musick sometimes chang'd in the acting of a Play and at the proper Intervals two Right-handed and two Left-handed Flutes might be us'd Our late ingenious Translators of Terence are of a different opinion from the French Lady when they render tibiis paribis dextris sinistris two equal Flutes the one Right-handed and the other Left-handed Whereas the Musick should seem rather to have been performed all along on two equal Flutes sometimes on two Right-handed and sometimes on two Left-handed Old Donatus would have us believe that the Right-handed or Lydian Flutes denoted the more serious Matter and Language of the Comedy That the Left-handed or Sarranae were proper to express the lightness of a more jocose Stile And that when a Right-handed Flute was join'd with a Left-handed it gave us to understand the mixture of Gravity and Mirth in the same Play But since the Title of the Heautontimoroumenos or self Self-tormentor informs us that the Musick was perform'd the first time of Acting on unequal Flutes and the second time on Right-handed Flutes we cannot agree with the old Scholiast without supposing the same Play at one time to be partly serious and partly merry and at another time to be wholly of the graver sort which would be ridiculous to imagine Therefore the ingenious Lady happily advanceth a very fair Opinion That the Musick was not guided by the Subject of the Play but by the occasion on which it was presented Thus in the Pieces which were acted at Funeral Solemnities the Musick was perform'd on two Right-handed Flutes as the most grave and Melancholy In those acted on any joyful Account the Musick consisted of two Left-handed Flutes as the briskest and most airy But in the great Festivals of the Gods which participated of an equal share of Mirth and Religion the Musick in the Comedies was perform'd with unequal Flutes the one Right-handed and the other Left-handed or else by turns sometimes on two Right-handed Flutes and sometimes on two Left-handed as may be judg'd of Terence's fair Indrian If any thing farther deserves our notice in relation to the Roman Drama's it is the remarkable difference between their Actors and ●hose of Greece For at Athens the Actors were generally Per●ons of good Birth and Education for the most part Orators or ●oets of the first Rank Sometimes we find Kings themselves ●erforming on the Theatres and Cornelius Nepos assures us that ●o appear on the publick Stage was not in the least injurious to a●y Man's Character or Honour (g) In Poaefat vit But in Rome we meet with a quite contrary Practice For ●he Histriones so call'd from Hister signifying a Player in the ●anguage of the Tuscans from whom they were first brought ●o Rome to appease the Gods in time of a Plague were the most scandalous Company imaginable none of that Profession being allow'd the privilege to belong to any Tribe or rank'd any higher than the Slaves However if any of them happen'd at the same time to be excellent Artists and Men of good Morals they seldom fail'd of the Esteem and Respect of the chiefest Persons in the Commonwealth This is evident from the Account we have in History of the admirable Roscius of whom Tully his familiar Friend has left this lasting Commendation Cùm artifex cjusmodi sit ut solus dignus videatur esse qui in Scenâ spectetur tum vir ejusmodi est ut solus dignus videatur qui cò non accedat (h) Pro Quinct So compleat an Artist that he seem'd the only Person who deserv'd to tread the Stage and yet at the same time so excellent a Man in all other Respects that he seem'd the only Person who of all Men should not take up that Profession CHAP. VII Of the Sacred Votive and Funeral Games THE Sacred Games being instituted on several occasion to the Honour of several Deities are divided into many Species all which very frequently occur in Authors and may be thus in short describ'd The LVDI MEGALENSES were instituted to the Honour of the great Goddess or the Mother of the Gods when her Statue was brought with so much Pomp from Pessinum to Rome They consisted only of Scenical Sports and were a solemn time of Invitation to Entertainments among Friends In the solemn Procession the Women danc'd before the Image of the Goddess and the Magistrates appear'd in all their Robes whence came the Phrase of Purpura Megalensis They lasted six Days from the Day before the Nones of April to the Ides At first they seem to have been call'd the Megalensia from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 great and afterwards to have lost the n since we find them more frequently under the Name of Megalesia It is particularly remarkable in these Games that no Servant wa allow'd to bear a part in the Celebration The LVDI CEREALES were design'd to the Honour of Ceres and borrow'd from Eleusine in Greece In these Games the Matrons represented the Grief of Ceres after she had lost her Daughter Proserpine and her Travails to find her again They were held from the Day before the Ides of April eight Days together in the Circus where besides the Combats of Horsemen and other Diversions was led up the Pompa Circensis or Cereslis consisting of a solemn Procession of the Persons that were to engage in the Exercises accompanied with the Magistrates and Ladies of Quality the Statues of the Gods and of famous Men being carried along in State on Waggons which they call'd Thensae LVDI FLORALES sacred to Flora and celebrated upon advice of the Sibylline Oracles every Spring to beg a Blessing on the Grass Trees and Flowers Some are of opinion that they owe their Original to a famous Whore who having gain'd a great Estate by her Trade left the Commonwealth her Heir with this Condition that every Year they should celebrate her Birth-day with publick Sports The Magistrates to avoid such a publick Scandal and at the same time to keep their Promise held the Games on the Day appointed but pretended that it was done in Honour of a new Goddess the Patroness of Flowers Whether this Conjecture be true or no we are certain that the main part of the Solemnity was manag'd by a Company of lewd

Strumpets who ran up and down naked sometimes dancing sometimes fighting or acting the Mimicks However it came to pass the wisest and gravest Romans were not for discontinuing this Custom tho' the most indecent imaginable For Porcius Cato when he was present at these Games and saw the People asham'd to let the Maids strip while he was there immediately went out of the Theatre to let the Ceremony have its Course (a) Valer. Maxim lib. 2. cap. 5. LVDI MARTIALES instituted to the Honour of Mars and held twice in the Year on the fourth of the Ides of May and again on the Kalends of August the Day on which his Temple was consecrated They had no particular Ceremonies that we can meet with besides the ordinary Sports in the Circo and Amphitheatre LVDI APOLLINARES celebrated to the Honour of Apollo They owe their Original to an old Prophetical sort of a Poem casually found in which the Romans were advis'd that if they desir'd to drive out the Troops of their Enemies which infested their Borders they should institute yearly Games to Apollo and at the time of their Celebration make a Collection out of the publick and private Stocks for a Present to the God appointing ten Men to take care they were held with the same Ceremonies as in Greece (b) Liv. lib. 25. Macrobius relates that the first time these Games were kept an Alarm being given by the Enemy the People immediately march'd out against them and during the Fight saw a Cloud of Arrows discharg'd from the Sky on the adverse Troops so as to put them to a very disorderly Flight and secure the Victory to the Romans (c) Saturn lib. 1. cap. 17. The People sat to see the Circensian Plays all crown'd with Lawrel the Gates were set open and the Day kept Sacred with all manner of Ceremonies These Games at first were not fix'd but kept every Year upon what Day the Praetor thought fit 'till about the Year of the City 545. a Law pass'd to seule them for ever on a constant Day which was near the Nones of July This Alteration was occasion'd by a grievous Plague then raging in Rome which they thought might in some measure be allay'd by that Act of Religion (d) Liv. lib. 28. LVDI CAPITOLINI instituted to the Honour of Jupiter Capitolinus upon account of his preserving his Temple from the Gauls A more famous sort of Capitoline Games were brought up by Domitian to be held every five Years with the Name of Agones Capitolini in imitation of the Graecians In these the Professors of all sorts had a publick Contention and the Victors were crown'd and presented with Collars and other Marks of Honour LVDI ROMANI the most ancient Games instituted at the first building of the Circus by Tarquinius Priscus Hence in alstrict Sence Ludi Circenses is often us'd to signifie the same Solemnity They were design'd to the Honour of the three great Deities Jupiter Juno and Minerva 'T is worth observing that tho' they were usually call'd Circenses yet in Livy we meet with the Ludi Romani Scenici (e) Liv. lib. 3. intimating that they were celebrated with new Sports The old Fasti make them to be kept nine Days together from the Day before the Nones to the Day before the Ides of September In which too we find another sort of Ludi Romani celebrated five Days together within two Days after these P. Manutius thinks the last to have been instituted very late not 'till after the Prosecution of Verres by Cicero (f) P. Manut. in Verrin LVDI CONSVALES instituted by Romulus with design to surprize the Sabine Virgins the Account of which is thus given us by Plutarch He gave out as if he had found an Altar of a certain God hid under Ground the God they call'd Consus the God of Counsel This is properly Neptune the Inventer of Horse-riding for the Altar is kept cover'd in the great Circo only at Horse-Races then it appears to publick view And some say it was not without reason that this God had his Altar hid under Ground because all Counsels ought to be secre● and conceal'd Upon discovery of this Altar Romulus by Proclamation appointed a Day for a splendid Sacrifice and for publick Games and Shews to entertain all sorts of People and many flock'd thither he himself sat uppermost among his Nobles clad in Purple Now the sign of their falling on was to be whenever he arose and gather'd up his Robe and threw it over his Body his Men stood all ready arm'd with their Eyes intent upon him and when the Sign was given drawing their Swords and falling on with a great Shout bore away the Daughters of the Sabines they themselves flying without any lett or hindrance These Games were celebrated yearly on the twelfth of the Kalends of September consisting for the most part of Horse-Races and Encounters in the Circ●●s LVDI COMPITALITII so call'd from the Compita or Cross-Lanes where they were instituted and celebrated by the rude Multitude that was got together before the building of Rome They seem to have been laid down for many Years 'till Servius Tullius reviv'd them They were held during the Compitalia or Feast of the Lares who presided as well over Streets as Houses Suetonius tells us that Augustus order'd the Lares to be crown'd twice a Year at the Compitalitian Game with Spring-Flowers and Summer-Flowers (g) Aug. cap. 31. cap 58 This crowning the Houshold-Gods and offering Sacrifices up and down in the Streets made the greatest part of the Solemnity of the Feast LVDI AVGVSTALES and PALATINI both instituted to the Honour of Augustus after he had been enroll'd in the number of the Gods the former by the common consent of the People and the other by his Wife Livia which were always celebrated in the Palace (h) Die lib. 56. Suct Colig 56. They were both continued by the succeeding Emperours LVDI SAECVLARES the most remarkable Games that we meet with in the Roman Story The common Opinion makes them to have had a very odd Original of which we have a tedious Relation in Valerius Maximus (l) Lib. 2. cap. 4. of the Ancients and Augelus Politianus (k) M●s●●llan of the Moderns Monsieur Dacier in his excellent Remarks on the Secular Poem of Horace passes by this old Conceit as trivial and fabulous and assures us that we need go no farther for the rise of the Custom than to the Sibylline Oracles for which the Romans had so great an Esteem and Veneration In these sacred Writings there was one famous Prophecy to this effect That if the Romans at the beginning of every Age should hold solemn Games in the Campus Martius to the Honour of Pluto Proserpine Juno Apollo Diana Ceres and the Parcae or three fatal Sisters their City should ever flourish and all Nations be subjected to their Dominion They were very ready to obey the Oracle and