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Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
honour_n	image_n	represent_v	worship_v	1,652	5	9.3382	5	true

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A22928	The naturall and morall historie of the East and West Indies Intreating of the remarkable things of heaven, of the elements, mettalls, plants and beasts which are proper to that country: together with the manners, ceremonies, lawes, governments, and warres of the Indians. Written in Spanish by the R.F. Ioseph Acosta, and translated into English by E.G.; Historia natural y moral de las Indias. English	Acosta, José de, 1540-1600.; Grimeston, Edward, attributed name.	1604 (1604)	STC 94; ESTC S100394	372,047	616

drawe them from so great ignorance For in trueth it is a matter woorthy of consideration to see how they subiect themselves to such as instruct them in the true way of life Ther is nothing among all the creatures more beutifull than the sunne which all the Gentiles did commonly worship A discreete captaine and good christian told me that he had with a good reason perswaded the Indians that the Sunne was no god He required the Ca●ique or chiefe Lord to give him an Indian that were light to carry him a Letter which doone he saide to the Cacique Tel me who is Lord and chiefe either this Indian that carries the letter or thou that dost send him The Cacique answered without doubt I am for he dooth but what I commau●d him Even so replied the Captaine is it of the Sunne we see and the Creator of all things For that the Sunne is but a servant to the most high Lorde which by his commaundement runnes swiftly giving light to all nations Thus thou seest it is against reason to yeeld that honour to the Sunne which is due to the Creator and Lord of all The Captaines reason pleased them all and the Cacique with his Indians sayde it was trueth and they were much pleased to vnderstand it They report of one of the Kings Inguas a man of a subtill spirite who seeing that all his predecessors had worshipped the Sunne said that hee did not take the Sunne to be God neither could it be for that God was a great Lord who with great quiet and leasure performeth his workes and that the Sunne doth never cease his course saying that the thing which laboured so much could not seeme to be God Wherein hee spake truth Even so when they shew the Indians their blind errors by lively and plaine reasons they are presently perswaded and yeelde admirably to the trueth Of another kinde of idolatry vpon the dead CHAP. 6. THere is an other kinde of idolatry very different from the rest which the Gentiles have vsed for the deads sake whom they loved and esteemed and it seemeth that the Wise man would give vs to vnderstand that the beginning of idolatry proceeded thence saying thus The seeking of Idolles was the beginning of fornication and the bringing vp of them is the destruction of life for they were not from the beginning neither shall they continue for ever but the vanitie and idlenesse of men hath found out this invention therefore shall they shortly come to an end for when a father mourned heavily for the death of his miserable sonne he made for his consolation an Image of the dead man and b●ganne to worshippe him as a god who a little before had ended his daies like a mortall man commanding his servants to make ceremonies sacrifices in remembrance of him Thus in processe of time this vngratious custome waxing strong was held for a lawe and Images were worshipped by the commaundement of Kings and Tirantes Then they beganne to doe the like to them that were absent and such as they could not honour in presence being farre off they did worship in this sort cansing the Images of Kings to be brought whom they would worship supplying by this invention their absence whom they desired to flatter The curiositic of excellent workmen increased this Idolatrie for these Images were made so excellent by their Art that the ignorant were provoked to worshippe them so as by the perfection of their Arte pretending to content them that gave them to make they drew Pictures and Images farre more excellent and the common people ledde with the shew and grace of the worke did holde and esteeme him for a God whome before they had honoured as a man And this was the miserable errour of men who sometimes yeelding to their affection and sence sometimes to the flatterie of their Kings did attribute vnto stones the incommunicable name of God worshipping them for Gods All this is in the booke of Wisedome woorthy to be noted and such as are curious in the search of Antiquities shall finde that the beginning of idolatry were these Images of the dead I say idolatry which is properly the worship of Idolles and Images for that it is not certaine that this other idolatry to worship the creatures as the Sunne and the hostes of heaven or the number of Planets and Starres whereof mention is made in the Prophets hath beene after the idolatry of Images although without doubt they have made idols in honour of the Sunne the Moone and the Earth Returning to our Indians they came to the height of Idolatry by the same meanes the Scripture maketh mention of first they had a care to keepe the bodies of their Kings and Noblemen whole from any ill scent or corruption above two hundred yeares In this sorte were their Kings Inguas in Cusco every one in his Chappell and Oratorie so as the Marquise of Canette being Viceroy to root out Idolatry caused three or foure of their gods to be drawne out and carried to the city of Kings which bredde a great admiration to see these bodies dead so many yeares before remaine so faire and also whole Every one of these Kings Inguas left all his treasure and revenues to entertaine the place of worshippe where his body was layed and there were many Ministers with all his familie dedicated to his service for no King successor did usurpe the treasures and plate of his predecessor but he did gather all new for himselfe and his pallace They were not content with this Idolatry to dead bodies but also thev made their figures and representations and every King in his life time caused a figure to be made wherin he was represented which they called Guaoigui which signifieth brother for that they should doe to this Image during his life and death as much honor and reverence as to himself They carryed this Image to the warres and in procession for rayne or fayre weather making sundry feastes and sacrifices vnto them There have beene many of these Idolles in Cusco and in that territorie but nowe they say that this superstition of worshipping of stones hath altogether ceased or for the most part after they had beene discovered by the diligence of the Licentiate Pollo and the first was that of the Inguas Rocha chief of the faction or race of Hanam Cusco And we find that among other Nations they had in great estimation and reverence the bodies of their predecessors and did likewise worship their Images Of Superstitions they vsed to the Dead CHAP. 7. THe Indians of Peru beleeved commonly that the Soules lived after this life and that the good were in glorie and the bad in paine so as there is little difficultie to perswade them to these articles But they are not yet come to the knowledge of that point that the bodies should rise with the soules And therefore they did vse a wonderfull care as it is saide to preserve the bodies

invironed him with wood of pine trees and all his baggage then set they fire vnto it increasing it still with goomie wood vntill that all were converted into ashes then came there foorth a Priest attired like a Divell having mouthes vpon every ioynt of him and many eyes of glasse holding a great staffe with the which hee did mingle all the ashes very boldly and with so terrible a gesture as hee terrified all the assistants Sometimes this minister had other different habites according to the quallitie of the dead I have made this digression of obsequies and funeralls vpon the idolatry and superstition they had to the dead It is reason to returne now to our chiefe subiect and to finish this matter The fourth and last kinde of Idolatry the Indians vsed especially the Mexicaines to Images and Idolls CHAP. 9. ALthough in trueth God is greatly offended with these above named Idolatries where they woorship the creatures yet the holy-Ghost doth much more reproove and condemne another kind of idolatry and that is of those that worship Images and figures made by the hand of men which have nothing else in them but to be of wood stone or mettall and of such forme as God hath given them And therefore the Wiseman speaketh thus of such people They are miserable whose hopes may be counted among the dead that have called the workes of mens handes gods as golde silver and the invention of the likenes of beastes or a fruitlesse stone which hath nothing more in it than antiquitie And hee dooth divinely follow this proposition against this errour and follie of the Gentiles as also the Prophets Esay Ieremy Baruc King David doe treate thereof amply It is convenient and necessary that the Ministers of Christ which do reproove the errors of idolatry should have a good sight and consider well these reasons which the holy-Ghost doth so lively set downe being all reduced into a short sentence by the Prophet Osee Hee that hath made them was a workeman and therefore can they be no gods therefore the Calfe of Samaria shal be like the Spiders webbe Returning to our purpose there hath beene great curiositie at the Indies in making of idolles and pictures of diverse formes and matters which they worshipped for gods and in Peru they called them Guacas being commonly of fowle and deformed beasts at the least such as I have seene were so I beleeve verily that the Divel in whose honour they made these idolles was pleased to cause himselfe to be worshipped in these deformities and in ●rneth it was found so that the Divell spake and answered many of these Guacas or idolls and his priestes and ministers came to these Oracles of the father of lies and such as he is such were his counsells and prophesies In the provinces of New Spaine Mexico Tescuco Tlascalla Cholula and in the neighbour countries to this realme this kinde of idolatry hath beene more pactised than in any other realme of the world And it is a prodigious thing to heare the superstitions rehersed that they have vsed in that poynt of the which it shall not be vnpleasant to speake something The chiefest idoll of M●xic● was as I have sayde Vitziliputzli It was an image of wood like to a man set vpon a stoole of the colour of ● zure in a brankard or litter at ●very corner was a pie●● of wood in forme of a Serpents head The stoole signified that he was set in heaven this idoll hadde all the forehead azure and had a band of azure vnder the nose from one eare to another vpon his head he had a rich plume of feathers like to the beake of a small bird the which was covered on the toppe with golde burnished very browne hee had in his left hand a white target with the figures of five pineapples made of white feathers set in a crosse and from above issued forth a crest of gold and at his sides hee hadde foure dartes which the Mexicaines say had beene sent from heaven to do those actes and prowesses which shall be spoken of In his right hand he had an azured staffe cutte in fashion of a waving snake All these ornaments with the rest hee had carried his sence as the Mexicaines doe shew the name of Vitziliputzli signifies the left hand of a shining feather I will speake heereafter of the prowde Temple the sacrifices feasts and ceremonies of this great idoll being very notable things But at this present we will only shew that this idoll thus richly appareled and deckt was set vpon an high Altare in a small peece or boxe well covered with linnen clothes iewells feathers and ornaments of golde with many rundles of feathers the fairest and most exquisite that could be found hee had alwaies a curtine before him for the greater veneration Ioyning to the chamber or chappell of this idoll there was a peece of lesse worke and not so well beautified where there was another idoll they called T lalos These two idolls were alwayes together for that they held them as companions and of equall power There was another idoll in Mexico much esteemed which was the god of repentance and of jubilies and pardons for their sinnes They called this idoll TeZcallipuca he was made of a blacke shining stone like to Iayel being attired with some Gentile devises after their manner it had eare-rings of golde and silver and through the nether lippe a small canon of cristall in length halfe a foote in the which they sometimes put a greene feather and sometimes an azured which made it resemble sometimes an Emerald and sometimes a Turquois it had the haire broided and bound vp with a haire-lace of golde burnished at the end whereof did hang an ●are of golde with two firebrands of smoake painted therein which did signifie the prayers of the afflicted and sinners that he heard when they recommended themselves vnto him Betwixt the two eares hanged a number of small herons He had a iewell hanging at his necke so great that it covered all his stomacke vpon his armes bracelets of golde at his navilla rich greene stone and in his left hand a fanne of pretious feathers of greene azure and yellow which came forth of a looking glasse of golde shining and well burnished and that signified that within this looking glasse hee sawe whatsoever was doone in the world They called this glasse or chaston of golde Irlacheaya which signifies his glasse for to looke in In his right hand he held foure dartes which signified the chasticement hee gave vnto the wicked for their sinnes And therefore they feared this idoll most lest he should discover their faults and offences At his feast they had pardon of their sinnes which was made every foure yeares as shal be declared heereafter They held this idoll Tescatlipuca for the god of drought of famine barrennesse and pestilence And therefore they paynted him in another forme being set in great malesty vppon a stoole compassed

Realme taking the government from his father and brother Then afterwardes he conquered and overthrew the Changuas and from that time commanded that Viracocha should be held for vniversall Lord and that the images of the Sunne and Thunder should do him reverence and honour And from that time they beganne to set the image of Viracocha above that of the Sunne and Thunder and the rest of the Guacas And although this Ingua Yupangui had given farmes landes and cattell to the Sunne Thunder and other Guacas yet did he not dedicate any thing to Viracocha saying that he had no neede being vniversall Lord and Creator of all things He informed his souldiers after this absolute victory of the Changuas that it was not they alone that had conquered them but certaine bearded men whome Viracocha had sent him and that no man might see them but himselfe which were since converted into stones it was therefore necessary to seeke them out whome he would know well By this meanes hee gathered together a multitude of stones in the mountaines whereof he made choice placing them for Guacas or Idolls they worshipped and sacrificed vnto they called them P●ruraucas and carried them to the warre with great devotion beleeving for certaine that they had gotten the victory by their help The imagination and fiction of this Ingua was of such force that by the means thereof hee obtained goodly victories He founded the family called Yuacapanaca and made a great image of golde which hee called Indijllapa which hee placed in a brancard of golde very rich and of great price of the which gold the Indians tooke great store to carry to Xaxamalca for the libertie and ransome of Atahulpa when the Marquise Francis PiZarre held him prisoner The Licentiate Polo found in his house in Cusco his servants and Mamacomas which did service to his memorie and found that the body had beene transported from Patallacta to Totocache where the Spaniards have since founded the parish of Saint Blaise This body was so whole and preserved with a certaine rosin that it seemed alive he had his eyes made of a fine cloth of golde so artificially set as they seemed very naturall eyes he had a blowe with a stone on the head which he had received in the warres he was all grey and hairy having lost no more haire than if hee had died but the same day although it were seaventy and eight yeares since his decease The foresaid Polo sent this body with some others of the Inguas to the cittie of Lima by the viceroyes commaund which was the Marquise of Canette and the which was very necessary to root out the idolatry of Cusco Many Spaniards have seene this body with others in the hospitall of Saint Andrew which the Marquise built but they were much decayed Don Phillip Caritopa who was grand-childe or great grand-childe to this Ingua affirmed that the treasure hee left to his family was great which should be in the power of the Yanaconas Amaro Toto and others To this Ingua succeeded Topaingua Yupangui to whom his son of the same name succeeded who founded the family called Cupac Aillo Of the greatest and most famous Ingua called Guaynacapa CHAP. 22. TO this latter Ingua succeeded Guaynacapa which is to say a yoong man rich and valiant and so was he in trueth more than any of his predecessors or successors Hee was very wise planting good orders thorowout his whole realme hee was a bold and resolute man valiant and very happy in warre Hee therefore obtained great victories and extended his dominions much farther then all his predecessors had done before him he died in the realme of Quitto the which he had conquered foure hundred leagues distant from his court The Indians opened him after his decease leaving his heart and entrailes in Quitto the body was carried to Cusco the which was placed in the renowmed temple of the Sunne We see yet to this day many cawseies buildings fortresses and notable workes of this king hee founded the familie of Teme Bamba This Guaynacapa was worshipped of his subiects for a god being yet alive as the olde men affirme which was not doone to any of his predecèssours When he died they slew a thousand persons of his housholde to serve him in the other life all which died willingly for his service insomuch that many of them offered themselves to death besides such as were appoynted his riches and treasure was admirable And forasmuch as the Spaniards entred soone after his death the Indians laboured much to conceale all although a great parte thereof was carried to Xaxamalca for the ransome of Atahulpa his sonne Some woorthy of credite affirme that he hadde above three hundred sonnes and grand-children in Cusco His mother called Mamaoella was much esteemed amongst them Polo sent hir body with that of Guaynacapa very well imbalmed to Lima rooting out infinite idolatries To Guaynacapa succeeded in Cusco a sonne of his called Titocussigualpa who since was called Guaspar Ingua his body was burned by the captaines of Atahulpa who was likewise sonne to Guaynacapa and rebelled in Quitto against his brother marching against him with a mighty armie It happened that Quisquits and Chilicuchi captains to Atahulpa took Guaspar Ingua in the cittie of Cusco being received for Lord and king for that hee was the lawfull successor which caused great sorrowe throughout all his kingdome especially in his Court. And as alwayes in their necessities they had recourse to sacrifices finding themselves vnable to set their Lord at libertie as well for the great power the captaines had that tooke him as also for the great army that came with Atahulpa they resolved some say by the commaundement of this Ingua to make a great and solemne sacrifice to Viracocha Pachayachachic which signifieth vniversall Creator desiring him that since they coulde not deliver their Lord he would send men from heaven to deliver him from prison And as they were in this great hope vpon their sacrifice news came to them that a certaine people come by sea was landed and had taken Atahulpa prisoner Heerevpon they called the Spaniards Viracochas beleeving they were men sent from God as well for the small number they were to take Atahulpa in Xaxamalca as also for that it chaunced after their sacrifice done to Viracocha and thereby they began to call the Spaniards Viracochas as they doe at this day And in truth if we had given them good example and such as we ought these Indians had well applied it in saying they were men sent from God It is a thing very well worthy of consideration how the greatnesse and providence of God disposed of the entry of our men at Peru which had beene impossible were not the dissention of the two brethren and their partisans and the great opinion they hadde of christians as of men sent from heaven bound by the taking of the Indians countrey to labour to winne soules vnto Almightie God Of the

leaving his sonne Chimalpopoca tenne yeares olde hee raigned thirteene yeeres and died thirty yeeres old or little more Hee was held for a good king and carefull in the service of his gods whose Images hee held kings to be and that the honour done to their god was done to the king who was his image For this cause the kings have beene so affectionate to the service of their gods This king was carefull to winne the love of his neighbours and to trafficke with them whereby hee augmented his citty exercising his men in warrelike actions in the Lake disposing them to that which he pretended as you shall see presently Of Chimalpopoca the third king and his cruell death and the occasion of warre which the Mexicaines made CHAP. 11. THe Mexicaines for successor to their deceased king did choose his sonne Chimalpopoca by common consent although he were a child of tenne yeeres old being of opinion that it was alwayes necessary to keepe the favor of the king of AzcapuZalco making his grand-childe king They then set him in his throane giving him the ensignes of warre with a bowe and arrowes in one hand and a sword with rasours which they commonly vse in the right signifying thereby as they do say that they pretended by armes to set themselves at liberty The Mexicaines had great want of water that of the Lake being very thicke and muddy and therefore ill to drincke so as they caused their infant king to desire of his grandfather the king of Azcapuzalco the water of the mountaine of Chapultepec which is from Mexico a league as is saide before which they easely obtained and by their industry made an aqueduct of faggots weeds and flagges by the which they brought water to their citty But because the Cittie was built within the Lake and the aqueduct did crosse it it did breake forth in many places so as they could not inioy the water as they desired and had great scarcitie whervpon whether they did expresly seeke it to quarrell with the Tapanecans or that they were mooved vppon small occasion in the end they sent a resolute ambassage to the king of AzcapuZalco saying they could not vse the water which he had gratiously granted them and therefore they required him to provide them wood lime and stone and to send his workmen that by their meanes they might make a pipe of stone and lime that should not breake This message nothing pleased the king and much lesse his subiects seeming to be too presumptuous a message and purposely insolent for vassals to their Lord. The chiefe of the Counsell disdaining thereat said it was too bold that not content with permission to live in an others land and to have water given them but they would have them goe to serve them what a matter was that And whereon presumed this fugitive nation shut vp in the mud They would let them know how fit they were to worke and to abate their pride in taking from them their land and their lives In these termes and choller they left the king whom they did somwhat suspect by reason of his grandchild and consulted againe anew what they were to doe where they resolved to make a generall proclamation that no Tapanecan should have any commerce or trafficke with any Mexicaine that they should not goe to their Cittie nor receive any into theirs vpon paine of death Whereby we may vnderstand that the king did not absolutely commaund over his people and that he governed more like a Consul or a Duke than a King although since with their power the commaund of Kings increased growing absolute Tyrants as you shal see in the last Kings For it hath beene an ordinarie thing among the Barbarians that such as their power hath beene such hath beene their commaund yea in our Histories of Spaine we finde in some antient kings that manner of rule which the Tapanecans vsed Such were the first kings of the Romans but that Rome declined from Kings to Consuls and a Senate till that after they came to be commaunded by Emperours But these Barbarians of temperate Kings became tyrants of which governements a moderate monarchy is the best and most assured But returne we now vnto our historie The king of Azcapuzalco seeing the resolution of his subiects which was to kil the Mexicans intreated them first to steale away the yong king his grand-childe and afterwards do what they pleased to the Mexicans All in a manner yeelded heerevnto to give the king contentment and for pitty they had of the child but two of the chiefest were much opposite inferring that it was bad counsell for that Chimalpopoca although hee were of their bloud yet was it but by the mothers side and that the fathers was to be preferred and therefore they concluded that the first they must kill was Chimalpopoca king of Mexico protesting so to doe The king of AzcapuZalco was so troubled with this contradiction and the resolution they had taken that soone after for very griefe he fell sicke and died By whose death the Tapan●cans finishing their consultation committed a notable treason for one night the yong King of Mexico sleeping without guard or feare of any thing they of Azcapuzalco entred his pallace and slew him sodainly returning vnseene The morning being come when the Nobles w●nt to salute the King as they were accustomed they found him slaine with great and cruell wounds then they cried out and filled all their cittie with teares and transported with choller they presently fell to armes with an intent to revenge their Kings death As they ranne vppe and downe full of fury and disorder one of their chiefest knightes stept foorth labouring to appease them with a grave admonition Whither goe you saide hee O yee Mexicaines quiet your selves consider that things done without consideration ar● not well guided nor come to good end suppresse your griefe considering that although your king be dead the noble blood of the Mexicaines is not extinct in him Wee have children of our kings deceased by whose conduct succeeding to the realme you shall the better execute what you pretend having a leader to guide your enterprise go not blindely surcease and choose a king first to guide and encourage you against your en●mies In the meane time dissemble discreetly performing the funeralls of your deceased king whose body you see heere present for heereafter you shall finde better meanes to take rev●nge By this meanes the Mexicans passed no farther but stayed to make the obsequies of their King wherevnto they invited the Lords of Tescuco and Culhuacan reporting vnto them this foule and cruell fact which the Tapanecans had committed moving them to have pitty on them and incensing them against their ennemies concluding that their resolution was to die or to bee revenged of so great an indignitie intreating them not to favour so vniust a fact of their enemies and that for their part they desired not their aide of armes or men but onely to