drawn by Horses and Eagles of Neptune by Sea-horses of Pluto by black ones of Mars by Horses of the Sun by Horses vomiting Fire of Bacchus by Lynxes and Tigres of Juno by Peacocks of Thetis by Dolphins of Venus by Swans of Diana by Deer of Ceres by Dragons of Cybele by Lyons of the Moon by Horses full of Stars of Aurora by Rose-coloured Horses c. TRIUMPHATOR See Triumphus TRIUMPHUS a Triumph 't was doubtless the most magnificent Show the Romans had there were two sorts of it the first which was the lesser was simply called Ovatio whereas the greater was known only by that great and pompous Name of Triumph The Origin of these two Names is more intricate than the Knowledge thereof is necessary the Ovatio seems to be of Roman Original if we regard Plutarch herein for the Name was given it because they only sacrificed white Sheep upon this Occasion whereas at the Triumph they offered white Oxen. The Etymology of the greater Triumph is contained in its Name which is Greek and was given to Bacchus because he was the first that invented this way of rewarding Vertue by these Festivals and publick Magnificence But there are more solid Reasons to be given for the Differences between these two Triumphs for the Ovation consisted of very little Pomp The Conqueror wore his usual Cloaths and walked a Foot at the Head of his Troops without any other Mark of his Success than the Acclamations of the People some Myrtle-Crowns and part of his Army to march before him with Musick playing and they offered nothing but white Sheep in Sacrifice to the Gods upon this Occasion The Ovation was decreed to those that had waged an ill-grounded War or such as was not very honourable and those that fought against Pyrates Slaves or pittiful Enemies were rewarded with this lesser Triumph or the Ovatio but the Triumph was allowed to those who had performed Martial or Brave Actions For when a Victory was won the Conqueror dispatch'd Couriers with Letters containing the Particulars of the Fight and the Success thereof The Senate at first met in Bellona's Temple which stood without the City Augustus afterwards chose that of Mars for this Occasion The Senate being met the General and Officers Letters were read and these Letters were wrapped up in Lawrel-Leaves but when the Roman Army was worsted they made use of a Feather instead of a Lawrel to notifie that they must be diligent They presently sent to the Conqueror the Title of Imperator with Orders for his return and to bring his victorious Troops back to Rome there to triumph When he was come near Rome the General and chief Officers took an Oath without the City that the Victory was true after which they appointed the Day of Triumph The Senate went in a Body to meet the Conqueror without the City-Gate by which the Triumpher was to enter and which was called Porta Capena or Triumphalis There after the Complements were over the Senate marched in order and accompanied the Conqueror to the Capitol He was â—â—ad in a Purple Robe full of Gold Stars or embroidered Cyphers which set forth his glorious Actions This Robe was called Toga picta a painted Robe or Tunica palmata and sometimes by the single Name of Trabea His Shoes were a kind of Buskins embroidered and beset with Pearls upon his Head he wore a Crown which at first was of Lawrel but afterwards a Golden one in one Hand he carried a Lawrel branch and in the other a Scepter or Truncheon which was made of Ivory with an Eagle at top Before he set out he made his Prayers in these Words Dii nutu Imperio quorum nata aucta est res Romana tandem placati propitiatique servate O ye Gods under whose Protection and Conduct the Republick of Rome had its Beginnings and so great an Increase be at length pleased with it and favourably protect it When this Prayer was over he went into a Triumphal Chariot that was adorned with Ivory and Gold Plates and that they might continually intermix something that was Warlike with a Ceremony that was purely Civil they sprinkled Drops of Blood upon the Gold of the Chariot and even upon the Spectators this Chariot was usually drawn by two white Horses but sometimes by extraordinary Animals as by Elephants as Pompey's was when he triumphed over Africa by Lions as Mark Antony's was by Tigers as Heliogabalus did Aurelian made use of Deer Nero of Hermophrodite Mares and Sesostris was drawn by the Kings whom he had conquered The Triumpher was alone in his Chariot only he had his Children before him or at his Feet for we read in Cicero that Triumpher's Children were mounted upon the Chariot-Horses and Tiberius and Marcellus had the Honour one of them to ride upon the Left-Horse and the other upon the Right that drew Augustus his Triumphant Chariot after the Battle of Actium Pliny to this Pomp of a Chariot adds a kind of a Deity called Fascinus out of an Opinion they had that this God was very powerful against the Stings and Perplexities of Envy Most Authors say that the publick Executioner was behind the Conqueror to remind him from time to time that these Honours were transitory and would not secure him from the Severity of the Laws Those who went foremost of all at this Solemnity were the Trumpeters Fluters and Hautboys with Crowns on their Heads then several Chariots wherein were Plans of the Cities which the Conqueror had taken done in Relievo and made of several sorts of Things Scipio's Triumph was adorned with a 137 Representations of Countries or Cities which he had reduced under the Power of the Roman Empire then came several Chariots laden with the Spoils of the Enemy their Horses Arms Riches Tents Machines and generally all other Warlike Pomp and Ensigns of Honour If they triumphed for a Naval Victory they carried along the Masts of Ships Sail-yards and the most considerable Things belonging to a Vessel Lucullus caused 110 of them to be carried in Pomp and a Gold Statue of Mithridates six Foot high with a Shield enriched with precious Stones Pompey the Great at his Triumph had Pharnaces his Statue that was made of Silver another which he had got made of himself enriched with Pearl 3 little Gold Idols some Myrtle ones and 33 Crowns adorned with precious Stones The Silver Coin taken from the Enemy made part of the Solemnity it was carried in Waggons with a Specification in writing of the Sums contained therein Scipio Africanus brought 400000 Pound Weight of Silver Money from Carthage and Gold Vessels to the Weight of 200000 Pound Paulus Aemilius took so great a Booty of Gold and Silver in Macedonia as was enough to defray the Charges of the Republick All these Waggons were followed by another wherein was the Statue of Hercules adorned with his Club and Lion's Skin Next came the Kings Princes and Captains that had been vanquished laden with Chains
in Numinibus Ab-addires Thus the Gods Ab-addires of the Carthaginians were without doubt those whom the Greeks and Latins sometimes called Magnos petentes selectos Deos. ABALIENARE a Term of Roman Law to make a pure and simple Sale to a Roman Citizen of the Goods which were called Res mancupii or mancipli which were Estates situate in Rome or some place of Italy and consisted in Lands of Inheritance in Slaves and Cattel This Sale or Allenation was not valid but between Roman Citizens and for the Payment a certain Ceremony was observed with a Balance and Money in hand or else the Seller was to transfer and renounce his Right before a Judge as we learn from Cicero in his Topicks Abalienatio ejus rei quae mancipii erat aut traditio alteri nexu aut in jure cessis ABATON a Greek word which signifies a Building so very high that no Man can come at it and which is inaccessible We have a fine piece of Antiquity concerning this sort of Building in Vitruvlus l. 8. c. 2. The Rhodians being vanquish'd by Queen Artemisia the Wife of Mausolus the Story says that she erected a Trophy in the City of Rhodes with two Statues of Brass whereof one represented Rhodes and the other was her own Image which imprinted on the Front of that which represented the City the Marks of Slavery A long time after the Rhodians who scrupled the demolishing of these Statues because it was not lawful to destroy such Statues as were dedicated in any place consulted how they might hinder the View of them by raising a very high Building round about them after the manner of the Greeks who call'd it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ABAZEA or ABAZEIA ancient Ceremonies instituted by Dionysius the Son of Caprius King of Asia so called from the Greek word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which signifies silent because these Feasts were observ'd with a profound Silence Cicero speaks of them in his third Book Of the Nature of the Gods ABDERA a City of Thrace so called from one Abderus a Favorite of Hercules who was torn in pieces by the Horses of Diomedes Hercules reveng'd the Death of his Friend causing his own Horses to eat him up and then beating out their Brains with his Club he built also this City in his honour which he called from his Name It was afterwards called Claxomena because the Claxomenians who came from Asia into Thrace enlaarged it very much It is now called Pelistylo according to Sophian and was the place where Pretageras the Sophist and Democritus the great Laugher were born Near to this Place is a Lake called Bistonis in which nothing will swim and the Pastures round about it make the Horses mad that feed in them ABDERITAE or ABDERITANI The Inhabitants of Abdera in Thrace who were esteemed stupid and dull because of the Grossness of the Air in which they breath'd from whence comes that Expression of Martial Abderitanae pectora plebis haber i. e. You are a stupid Fool in which place he speaks to a certain Criminal who was pardoned upon condition that in a full Theatre he would represent upon himself the Action of Mutius Scavola who burn'd his Hand with a Stoical Constancy in the presence of King Porsenua to punish himself because he had not kill'd him but miss'd his Aim by striking one of his Courtiers instead of him The Natives of Abdera says Lucian were formerly tormented with a burning Fever which ceased on the seventh day either by a Sweat or by Loss of Blood and which is very strange all that were seiz'd with it repeated Tragedies and particularly the Androâ—eda of Euripidâ—â— with a grave Air and a mournful Tone and the whole City was full of these Tragedians who started up on a fudden and running to and fro in frightful and horrid Disguises cry'd out O Love the Tyrant of the Gods and Men and in this mad Frolick acted the rest of Perseus's Part in a very melancholy manner The Original of this Mischief was the Actor Archelaus who being in mighty Vogue had acted this Tragedy with much Applause in the hottest time of Summer for by this means it came to pass that many upon their return from the Theatre went to bed and the next day fell to imitating him having their Heads still full of those tragical and bombast Terms they had heard the day before ABDICARE a Term of the Roman Law to Abdicate a Son is to abandon him to turn him out of your House to refuse to own him for your Son it is also a common Phrase abdicare Magistratum or se Magistratu to renounce the Office of a Magistrate to lay it down to abandon it either before the time prescribed for some private Reason or for some Defect that happened in the Election or at last after the time is expir'd for the discharge of that Office We read also in the Law Abdidicare se statu suo to renounce his Condition to become a Slave and be degraded from the Privileges of a Roman Citizen when any one was abandon'd to his Creditors not being able to make them Satisfaction ABDICERE a Term of Roman Law which signifies to debar any one of his Demands and Pretensions or not to allow them And in this Sense 't is said Abdicere vindiciam or vindicias i. e. Not to allow one the possession of the thing which is controverted on the contrary dicere addicere vindicias is to grant and allow them the Possession of that which is contested Abdicere is also an Augural Term and signifies to disapprove to reject a Design or Enterprise not to favour it For understanding this piece of Antiquity we must know that the Romans never undertook any thing of consequence till they had first consulted the Will of the Gods by the mediation of the Augurs who for this end consider'd the flying and singing of the Birds their manner of eating and drinking and according to the Rules and Observations of this Augural Science they approv'd or disapprov'd of any Design and answer'd those who consulted them Id aves abdicunt the Gods disapprove this Design whose Will has been manifested to us by the Birds which we have observed ABIGEI and ABACTORES in the Law are the Stealers of Cattle who carry away whole Flocks or at least a great part of them The Lawyers do put a great difference between the words Fures and Abactores for the former say they are those who steal only a Sheep or two whereas the Abactores are those who carry off a whole Flock or the greatest part of it ABIRE This Word besides the Significations I have already given of it in my Latin and French Dictionary has also some other relating to the Roman Law as Abire ab emptione to fall off from a Bargain to break it to refuse to hold it so in Cicero we find Res abiit à Sempronio Sempronius fail'd in this Affair it slipt out of his hands
in raillery bid him consult them to know whether his present Design was feasible or no Accius did it and brought him back word that it was I would know replied the King whether you can cut that Stone with this Razor which was whetted upon it The Augur immediately took the Stone and cut it in two with the Razor This wonderful Action gained great Credit and Authority to the Augurs in the following Times and the King caused a Statue to be erected to Accius in the place of their Assemblies having his Head cover'd and holding in his Hand the Stone which he had cut to perpetuate to Posterity the Memory of this Action ACCLAMATIO Acclamation a loud Expression of Joy the Applause given to Persons and Things a practice used upon several Occasions The Romans never failed to use these Acclamations which included their Prayers and Wishes for the Welfare of their Emperours when they bestowed upon them any Largesses for some Victory obtain'd over the Enemies of the Empire These Acclamations were often expressed by one word feliciter or by many Di tibi dent quicquid Princeps Trajane mereris Et rata perpetuò quae tribuêre velint Or in these words Augeat imperium nostri dutis augeat annos Many other Forms to this purpose may be seen in Brissonius de Formulis The Senate in like manner made Acclamations to the Emperours either at their accession to the Throne or in Acknowledgment of some Favours they had received from them which they very often inserted into their publick Registers or caused to be engraven on Plates of Brass or Tables of Marble They frequently deified their Emperours and chose their Magistrates by sudden Acclamations of which I shall relate some Examples Aurelius Victor informs us that Divine Honours were decreed to the Emperour Pertinax after his Death and that the whole Senate rais'd great Acclamations in his favour Acclamatum est Pertinace imperante Securi viximus neminem timuimus Patri pio Patri Senatus Patri bonorum omnium We liv'd in perfect Security under Pertinax cry'd the Senate we fear'd no People Pertinax was to us a Father full of Tenderness the Father of the Senate the Father of all good Men. Trebellius Pollio relates the Acclamations which were made at the Election of Valerianus to the Office of Censor Acclamatum est Valerianus in tota vita sua fuit Censor prudens Senator modestus Senator amicus bonorum inimicus tyrannorum hostis criminum hostis vitiorum Hunc Censorem omnes hunc imitari volumus Primus genere nobilis sanguine emendatus vitâ doctrinâ clarus moribus singularis exemplum antiquitatis These Acclamations were made Valerianus was a just Censor during his whole Life a prudent and a modest Senator a Friend to good Men an Enemy to Tyrants an Enemy to Crimes and Vices We have all chosen him to be our Censor he is illustrious for his Nobility regular in his Life and Conversation commendable for his Instructions and an Example of Antiquity The same thing happened at the Election of Tacitus to the Empire for after the first who gave sentence for him proclaim'd him Emperour the whole Senate cry'd with a loud Shout Omnes Omnes And this good old Man endeavouring to excuse himself upon the account of his great Age which render'd him unfit to bear the Weight of the Empire they shouted again and cry'd Caput imperare non pedes Animum tuum non corpus eligimus Tacite Auguste Dii te servent It belongs to the Head to rule and not to the Feet we chuse your Mind and not your Body O Tacitus Augustus the Gods preserve you long In the Armies the Roman Souldiers did often chuse the Emperours and their Generals by sudden Acclamations without waiting either for the Order of the Senate or the Consent of the People as happen'd at the Election of the Emperour Probus For the Colonels having exhorted the Souldiers to chuse for Emperour a Man of Probity probum all on a sudden they made a great Noise with confus'd Voices which proclaimed Probus to be Emperour Probe Imperator Dii te servent These Acclamations were also us'd at Shows in the Theatres when they pleased the People's Humour as it happen'd at the new Comedy of Pacuvius Qui clamores saepè totâ caveâ exauditi sunt in M. Pacuvii nova fabu a The like Acclamations were often heard over all the Pit when the new Play of Pacuvius was acted As the Romans were accustom'd to make these Acclamations to testifie their Joy and signifie their Satisfaction so they were also sometimes us'd in Imprecations to express their Indignation as they did after the Death of the Emperour Commodus Let this Enemy of his Country cry'd they be despoil'd of all Honour let this Parricide this Gladiator be cut in pieces in the place where Gladiators are laid up when slain or wounded Hosti patriae honores detrahantur parricida gladiator in spoliario lanietur c. ACCO the Name of a foolish and ridiculous Woman who pleas'd her self with speaking to her own Image in a Looking-glass and made a shew of refusing that which she most passionatly desired from whence 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is used for Pretending to refuse for Dissimulation and Disguise ACCUMBERE to lie upon Couches for eating to sit down to seat your self at Table as the Greeks did and in imitation of them the Romans For at the beginning the Romans did eat sitting at a Table as we do before the Grecian Luxury and Softness had corrupted them as may appear from this Verse Perpotuis soliti patres consistere mensis But afterwards they were wont to eat after the fashion of the Greeks For this end in a lofty Hall a Table was fix'd of a round or oval Figure which the richer sort made of some precious Wood adorn'd with Plates of Gold and Silver or rather inlaid with some pieces resembling Mother of Pearl this Table was supported with Feet of Ivory or some other matter which represented the figures of divers Animals round about it were plac'd two or three Couches from whence it was call'd Biclinium and Triclinium these Conveniencies for leaning at Table were cover'd with richer or meaner Stuffs according to the Quality of the Persons and adorn'd with Quilts and Pillows that they might lye more soft and easily upon them They did commonly place no more than three upon a Couch and to lay a greater number upon it was accounted a sign of sordid Avarice as Horace tells us Saepè tribus lectis videas canare quaternos In eating they lay along on their sides having their Heads rais'd up with Pillows He who fill'd the middle place was in that which is most honourable as we learn from Virgil Aulaeis jam se regina superbis Aurea composuit spondâ mediamque locavit He who was at the head held the second place and the third was at the lower end or in the last place They went into a Bath before
to undertake his Defence run himself through the Body with a Sword in his presence and at his House after he understood that he had betray'd him which occasioned all the Senators unanimously to demand That the Lex Cynica might be restor'd and that the Advocates for the future should be forbidden to take Presents or Money But Suillius and others being concern'd in point of Interest oppos'd this Advice against whom Silius maintain'd it and shew'd by the Example of antient Orators that they propos'd to themselves no other end of their Labour and Study but Honour and Reputation He alleg'd that we must not defile the most noble of all Professions with filthy Lucre nor make a Trade of Eloquence that Fidelity was always to be suspected when it was bought and that this would foment Discord and prolong Suits if they were made gainful to Advocates as Diseases are to Physicians that they should set before themselves for a Pattern Asinius and Messala and these later Orators Arruntius and Eseruinus who arriv'd at the greatest Dignities without takiag any Fee for their Eloquence This Advice was unanimously received and the Senators were just ready to condemn all those of Bribery who should be convicted of taking any Money when Suillius Cossutianus and others encompass'd the Emperour to bag his Pardon and after he had signify'd the Grant of it they prosecuted their Defence after this manner They represented that there was no Advocate so vain as to promise himself eternal Fame as the Reward of his Labours that they sought by this means only to maintain their Credit and their Family and that it was the Interest of the Publick that Men should have some to defend them that after all their Eloquence had cost them something and while they took pains about the Affairs of another they could not mind their own that no body proposed to himself an unprofitable Employment and a fruitless Profession that it was easy for Asinius and Messala being enrich'd with the Spoils of the Civil Wars and for Eseruinus and Arruntius being Heirs to great Families to make Honour and Glory the end of all their Pains and Study but withal there wanted not Examples of Orators who had received Benefit by their Studies and that all the World knew that Curio and Claudius took great Sums for pleading that after all there was no other Gate but this by which the People could enter into Dignities and that by taking away the Reward of Learning it would in time be wholly neglected The Emperour being moved by these Reasons altho they were rather profitable than honourable permitted Advocates to take Money in a Cause as far as the Sum of two hundred and fifty Crowns and order'd that those who took more should be punish'd as guilty of Bribery ADVOCARE in the Law to pray any one of his Kinfolks and Friends to assist him in his Affairs with their Presence Advice and Credit and to furnish him with means to defend himself The Person thus requested waited upon the Judges at their Houses to solicite them and was present at the Tryal ADYTUM 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a Secret Place a Retirement in the Temples of the Pagans where Oracles were given into which none but the Priests were admitted It was the Sanctuary of the Temples Isque adytis haec Tristia dicta reportat Virgil. Aeneid 11. v. 115. Ae was in old times written and pronounc'd as A and E separately and sometimes as A and D and at this day is pronounc'd as a single E. It was also written AI and afterwards Ae Musai for Musae Kaisar for Casar Juliai for Julia and in other the like Instances from whence it came to pass that in some words the A remain'd alone as Aqua ab Aequando says St. Isidore It cannot be deny'd but upon the Corruption of the Language Ae was pronounced as a single E whence an E was often put for an Ae as Eger for Aeger Etas for Aetas Es alienum for Aes alienum and sometimes on the contrary an Ae was put for a single E as Aevocatus for Evocatus and the like whereof the old Glosses are full and for this Reason Bede in his Orthography puts Aequor among the Words that were written with a single E. AEACUS the Son of Jupiter and Egina the Daughter of the River Asopus Jupiter fearing lest Juno should discover his Passion for Egina transported her into the Isle of Delos and had by her this Son called Aeacus But Juno having discover'd the Intrigue convey'd a Serpent into a Fountain of which the People drank which so poisoned it that all who drank of it died instantly Aeacus seeing himself depriv'd of Inhabitants pray'd to Jupiter that he would turn an heap of Ants into so many Men which Jupiter granted him and these Men were called Myrmidons because 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 signifies an Ant and the Isle was call'd Egina as we learn from Pausanias in his Corinthiaca Aeacus had for his Sons Peleus who was the Father of Achilles and Telamon the Father of Ajax Lucian in his Dialogue Of Mourning speaking of Hell At first after your Descent you meet with a Gate of Adamant which is kept by Aeacus the Cousin-german ' of Pluto And in another place he brings him in saying That he return'd from thence for fear lest some Death should escape him This is certain that he makes him one of the Porters of Hell in company with Cerberus who was a Dog with three Heads Yet Ovid lib. 13. Metamorph. makes him one of the Judges of Hell together with Minos and Rhadamanthus upon the account of his Wisdom and Integrity Aeacus huic pater est qui Jura silentibus illic Reddit AEDEPOL See Aedes AEDES in the singular or AEDES in the plural number Varro thinks that it was used for Ades quòd eas plano pede adirent but since it was formerly written Aides it seems rather to come from the Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 an old Word which is to be met with in Pindar and Eustathius and signifies the same with Aedes AEDES in the singular number is commonly taken for an Holy Place a Temple and Aedes in the plural number for an House altho this Rule is not without Exception When the word is used for an Holy Place 't is commonly join'd with some other word which determines it to that Sense as Aedes Sacra Aedes Sacrae Aedes Jovis Aedes Pacis Aedes Deorum the Temple of Jupiter the Temple of Peace the Temple of the Gods If no such word be join'd to it 't is commonly to be understood of a Prophane Place altho in strictness of Language Aedes Sacra and Templum were two different things for Templum was a place dedicated by the Augurs and designed by them for some private Use but not consecrated whereas Aedes Sacra was an Holy Place and consecrated to some Deity but not founded by the Augurs But if this Place was dedicated by the
they had contemned her Worship made them to prostitute themselves to all Comers AMAZONIUS the Month of December was so called in the Reign of the Emperour Commodus by his Flatterers in honour of a Concubine which he loved extreamly and whom he had caused to be painted like an Amaxon as Lampridius assures us AMAZONES the Amazons Women-Warriours of great Courage They were heretofore Women of Scythia who dwelt near Tanais and Thermodn which conquer'd great part of Asia They liv'd without Men and prostituted their Bodies to Strangers but kill'd all their Male Children and burn'd off the left Pap of their Daughters to make them fit for fighting From whence some say their Name is derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 non mamma which signifies Without Paps Strabo denies that there ever were any Amazons Pliny and Mela make mention of those of Scythia Hippocrates says that there was a Law among them which condemn'd their Daughters to remain Virgins till they had slain three Men of their Enemies He also says that the Cause why they cut off the Right-pap was that their Right-arm might become the stronger because it gain'd the Nourishment of the Breast and they distorted the Legs of their Male Children that they might always be Mistresses over them Some affirm that in Africk there was a Realm of Women only who slew all the Boys that they brought forth by their Copulation with the Neighbouring Nations as we learn from Juan de los Sanctos a Grey-Fryar of Portugal in his Description of the Eastern Aethiopa Aeneas Sylvius relates that he saw in Bohemia for seven years a Common-wealth exactly like that of the Amazons establish'd by the Valour of a Woman called Valasca The Names of the most famous Amazons were Marthesia Orythea and Penthesilea whom Virgil in his Aeneids supposes to be slain by Achilles Herodotus speaking of the Amazons says that the Greeks having defeated them near the River Thermodon carried away those that remain'd Captives in their Ships who after the Defeat watch'd their opportunity so well that they seiz'd the Arms of the Greeks and made a great Slaughter of them but because they understood nothing of Navigation they were cast by the Winds upon the Coasts of Scythia where mounting upon the Horses that came in their way they fought with the Scythians who being desirous to make an amicable end of the War which they had begun endeavoured to persuade them to surrender themselves and hoping to gain them by their weak side told them that in case they would do so they should not be enjoy'd by their Lame but by the handsomest Men. They stopt their mouths with this Answer That their Lame were their best Men which is since passed into a Proverb among the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Nevertheless a Peace was made and the Scythians gave them a part of their Country where they settled themselves on the Southside of Tanais This is what Herodotus says of the Amazons of Asia Philostratus in his Picture of Neoptolemus relates that they which sail upon the Euxine Sea do affirm That along that Coast between the Rivers Thermodon and Phasis there are Amazons which say they are descended of Mars who busie themselves wholly in Warlike matters as to draw a Bow and ride on Horses they will not permit a Man to live among them but when they desire to have any Children they go to seek out Men among their Neighbours and when they bring forth Boys they cause them to be gelt but their Daughters they bring up to warlike Affairs feeding them with the Milk of Cattle and Dew which falls in the form of Honey upon the Reeds in their Marshes The chief Expeditions of the Amazons were the War which they made against King Priamus the Assistance they brought him at the Siege of Troy and their Invasion of Attica to revenge themselves of Theseus who had taken away Antiope As for their Expedition into the Isle of Achilles at the mouth of the Danube it is a Fiction of Philostratus which no ways redounds to their Honour because they shew'd themselves very cruel there 'T is true Philostratus is not the only Man that has represented the Amazons as wicked for Apollonius describes them as Salvages that have neither Faith nor Law The Monuments which preserve the Memory of these Warlike Women are the City of Thermiscira the Metropolis of their State situate in Cappadocia near a River well known by the Name of Thermodon the City of Ephesus and Temple of Diana are two Works of their hands Dionysius Afer says that they built another Temple to Diana upon the Stump of a young Elm. The Cities of Smyrna Thyatira Cuma and Magnesia are commonly thought to be founded by them Apollonius will have it that they consecrated the Temples even in the Areopagus and in the Territories of Lacedaemonia The Statue of Diana at Ephesus was adorned with Paps because the Amazons consecrated those to her which they cut off It appears by some Medals that the Amazons wore Garments like Men but by others they seem cloth'd after the usual manner of their Sex The ingenious Mr. Petâ—â— has written a Treatise which contains things very learned and curious about these Heroines as about their Sepulchres the Reasons why the Names which they bear are all Greek and the Chronology of their History which may be consulted AMBARVALE or AMBARVALIA The Feast of Perambulation The Procession they made about the plow'd and sown Fields in honour of the Goddess Ceres like the Processions of the Papists at this day celebrated upon the Feasts of St. Mark and Rogation-days with larger or shorter Litanies There were two Feasts at Rome of that Name one in April or according to other Authors in the End of January and the other in July Twelve Arval Brothers or Priests of which I shall speak in their place went before a publick Procession of the Citizens who had Lands and Vineyards without the City The same Ceremony was practised in the Country by other Priests among the Inhabitants of the Villages They went three times round the Ground every one being crowned with Leaves of Oak and singing Hymns in honour of Ceres the Goddess of Corn. This Ceremony was called Ambarvalia ab ambiendis arvis the Sacrifices which they offer'd after this Procession they call'd Ambarvales Hostiae There were three sorts of them viz. a Sow a Sheep and a Bull which is the Reason that this threefold Sacrifice was called Suovitaurilia which is a Word compounded of Sus Ovis and Taurus In the first Sacrifice they pray'd to the Goddess Ceres and the God Mars that they would preserve their Corn from Mildew and Hail and bring it to perfect Ripeness and in that of the month of July they pray'd to them to bless their Harvest Cato has left us the Form of Prayer used on this occasion in cap. 141. De Re Rustica but this Prayer was made to Mars only Mars Pater te precor quaesoque
uti sies volens propitiusque mihi domo familiaeque nostrae quo jus rei ergo agrum terram fundumque meum suovitaurilia circumagi jussi uti tu morbos vilos invisosque viduertatem vastitudinemque calamitates intempestasque prohibessis defendas averruncesque uti tu fruges vineta frumenta virgultaque grandire beneque evenire sinas pastores pascuaque salva servassis dicisque bonam salutem valetudinemque mihi domo familiaeque nostrae Harumce rerum ergo fundi terrae agrique mei lustrandi lustrique faciendi ergo sicut dixi macte hisce suovitaurilibus lactantibus immolandis esto Mars Pater ejusdem rei ergo macte hisce suovitaurililibus lactentibus esto Item Cultro facito struem ferctum uti adsiet The same Author hath left us also another Form of Prayer which was made in the second Feast of Perambulation in the month of July in which they sacrific'd a Sow before they began their Harvest which they call'd Porca praecedanea This Prayer was put up to Janus Jupiter and Juno and not to Ceres any more than the former Priusquam porcam foeminam immolabis saith Cato Jane struem commoveto sic Jane Pater te hac strue commovendâ bonas preces precor uti sies volens propitius mihi liberisque meis domo familiaeque meae mactus hoc fercto Ferctum Jovi moveto mactato sic Jupiter te hoc fercto obmovendo bonas preces precor uti sies volens propitius mihi c. Postea Jano vinum dato sic Jane Pater uti te struem commovendo bonat preces benè precatus sum ejusdem rei ergo macte vino inferio esto Postea Jovi sit Jupiter macte sercto esto macte vino inferio esto We find likewise that this Ceremony was perform'd by the Master of the Family accompany'd with his Children and Servants every one of them being crowned with Oaken Leaves as well as the Sacrifice which they led three times round the Lands and Vineyards singing Hymns to his honour after which they sacrific'd to him sweet Wine with Honey and Milk as we may see by the Verses of Virgil Georg. lib. 1. This manner of Procession was always us'd in the Country were they had no Arval Priests as at Rome AMBEGNAE or AMBIGNAE Victims which were accompany'd and encompass'd with other Victims says Varro AMBITUS signifies in the Law of the XII Tables Aspace of Ground of two feet and an half which was left to go about an House for the Houses of old were not contiguous for fear of Fire AMBITUS an earnest Solicitation to get into publick Offices Properly 't is the surrounding a Person to have his Vote in Elections being always busie about him embracing and caressing him for that end The Romans made it a Crime to solicite Offices by too eager Applications as by extraordinary Gifts Threatnings or open Force they made several Laws to hinder this soliciting and punish those that were found guilty of it The most considerable of them was that which was made in the Consulship of Cieero called from his Name Lex Tullia By that Law the Candidates were forbidden to bestow any Combats of the Gladiators on the People to make any publick Feast or to cause themselves to be follow'd by a Crowd of Clients for two years before they put in for any place A Senator who was guilty of a Breach of this Law was punish'd with ten years Banishment others were find and render'd incapable of any Dignity for ever as may be seen in Cicero's Oration against Vatinius and Sextius Nevertheless these things had gone so far in the corrupt times of the Commonwealth that some would publickly tell the Tribes what Sums of Money they would give them for their Votes which was call'd Pronuntiare in tribus says Cicero They made use of three sorts of Persons for this purpose which they call'd Interpretes Mediators who assisted in making the Bargain per quos pactio inducebatur says Asconius Pedianus Sequestres who are the Trustees in whose hands the Money agreed for is deposited and lastly Divisores Dividers who were to distribute the Money to every particular person in the Tribe AMBROSIA the Food of the Gods according to the Poets Lucian rallying these Poetical Gods tells us that Ambrosia and Nectar of which one is the Meat and the other the Drink of the Gods were not so excellent as the Poets describe them since they will leave them for the Blood and Fat which they come to suck from the the Altars like Flies Ambrosia was also a certain Feast which the Romans celebrated on the 24th of November instituted in honour of Bacchus by Romulus which the Romans call'd Brumalia but the Greeks Ambrosia AMBUBAIAE Syrian Women which dwelt at Rome and play'd on a Pipe in the Cirque and other Places of Sports like our Gipsies who play upon the Tabor and pretend to tell Fortunes and do a thousand other cheating Tricks to sharp People of their Money Turnebus assures us that they liv'd after this tricking manner near the Hot Baths at Baiae Cruquius is of another opinion and says they were a sort of Women who sold Cosmeticks and Drugs for painting the Skin Horace speaks thus of them Ambabaiarum collegia pharmacopolae Sat. 2. lib. 1. AMBURBALIA and AMBURBALES Hostiae See Ambarvalia which is the same thing AMBUSTA the Marks of Burning which remain'd upon the Skin It is a Title in Valerius Maximus Ambustarum lib. 8. cap. 1. speaking of two Women whose Reputation was only blemish'd as a Body scarr'd with Burning tho they were not condemn'd by any publick Sentence So among the Antients those who were kill'd by Thunder were call'd Consumpti whereas those were termed Ambusti who were only Thunder-struck For which reason it was that â—â—â—ius was surnamed Ambustus as was also his whole Family because he was smitten with Thunder in the hinder-parts Vt Jovis dicatur fiâ—ius in partibus Fabius adurtiur mollibus obsignaturque posticis AMILCAR the Admiral of Carthage who raised the Honour of his Nation by many brave Actions which he did against the Romans He ordinarily said of his three Sons that he nourish'd three Lions which would one day tear Rome in pieces and he made his eldest Son the Great Hannibal to swear upon the Altars of the Gods that he would never be at peace with Rome AMISSA Things lost These were the ways which the Antients made use of to find the things they had lost Marsus teaches us that they fix'd Papers upon some Post or Pillar in publick places declaring what was lost the Name of the Person who lost it and the place of his Dwelling promising a Reward to him that should bring it as it is practised at this day Quas siquis mihi retuleris donabitur anro I puer eitas haec-aliqud propone columnd Et dominum Exquiliis scribe habitare tuuns Apuleius tells us that they caus'd the thing to be cry'd in the Cross-streets
had learn'd of a certain Diviner that he who sacrific'd it to Diana upon Mount Aventine should make his own City Mistris of the whole World by that Sacrifice This Oracle being told to Servius Tullus he commanded Antrimius to wash himself in the Tiber before he offered his Sacrifice In the interim Servius prevented him and sacrific'd the Cow and fasten'd her Horns to the Temple of the Goddess whence arose the Custom of fastening the Horns of an Ox to that Temple whereas a Stag's Head was commonly hang'd up in other Temples belonging to the same Goddess ANUBIS the God of the Aegyptians pictur'd with the Face of a Dog wrapp'd up in Linnen Diodorus Siculus thought him the Son of Osyris call'd Jupiter under whose Name Mercury was worshipped whom Apuleius describes with a Dogs Head carrying in his Right Hand the Caduceus and in his Left a Palm-Branch ANXUR or AXUR as it is found on a Medal of Pansa Jovis Axur otherwise call'd Terracina a City situate upon an Hill that reaches along the Sea-side from Ostia to Naples which is Forty Miles from Rome It was made a Colony in the Year 424. under the Consulship of Aemilius Mamercus and L. Plautus who sent thither Three Hundred Citizens to every one of whom they gave a considerable parcel of Land 'T is thought by some that it was call'd Anxur because Jupiter Anxurus or Beardless Jupiter was worship'd there for this word Anxur or Axur signifies quasi 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 without a Razor Circaeumque jugum queis Jupiter Anxuris arvis Praesidet Aeneid Lib. VII v. 799. APATURIA a Surname given Minerva by Aethra the Daughter of Oceanus and Thetis who consecrated a Temple to this Goddess according to the Admonition she had given her and order'd that the Trazomenian Virgins should for the future dedicate their Girdles to her at their Marriage There were also Feasts called Apaturia celebrated by the Athenians in October in Honour of Bacchus Jupiter and Pallas where the young Men and Maids spent theri time in Sports and Feasts which lasted for severaldays APELLES of the Isle of Coos one of the most excellent Painters of the Antients He drew several Pictures all which were great Master-pieces He drew the Image of Fortune lying on a Bed holding upon her Left Arm her Corna-copia having her Right Hand supported by a Wheel to shew her Instability and Inconstancy with this Inscription Fortunae Reduci and when he was asked Why he painted Fortune in that posture he answered Because she never is at rest Being on a time accus'd by a Painter who envy'd his Fame that he had conspir'd against King Ptolomy and caused Tyre to revolt and Pelusium to be taken the Prince was thereupon very angry with him as a Traytor and Assassine and had cut off his Head if one of his Accomplices had not clear'd him when he was upon the Rack Apelles therefore to revenge himself for this Calumny which had done him so much mischief designed this Picture He painted a Prince with great Ears as Midas is only drawn sitting upon a Throne attended with Suspicion and Ignorance reaching out his Hand to Calumny who was coming towards him with a fiery Countenance she held in her Left Hand a Torch aad with her other dragg'd a young innocent Child by the Hair before her went Envy with a pale Face and blear Eyes accompanyed with Fraud and Deceit which dressed and adorn'd Calumny to make her appear more agreeable after them came Repentance under the Figure of a Lady clad in Mourning with her Clothes all torn who turn'd her Head towards Truth being full of Sorrow and Shame He also drew the Picture of Alexander in the Temple of Diana at Ephesus under the Figure of a Jupiter holding a Thunderbolt in his Hand who seems to be issuing out of the Picture as well as the Thunderbolt Pliny says he had Twenty Talents of Gold for this rare piece He has left us the Lines which he drew at Protogenes's House which are so very fine that they seem to grow invisible but this did not gain him so much Reputation and Esteem as his Venus proceeding from the Sea although that Picture was never finish'd by reason of his Death APEX a sort of Bonnet or Cap very plain and light which draws to a point on the top used by the Priests call'd Salii Festus and Servius derive the word from the Verb Apere which is an old Latin word signifying to join or bind because of the two woollen Strings which coming from the Bonnet were used to tye it under the Chin. APHRODITE a Name given to Venus because she was generated of the Froth of the Sea and from hence her Feasts were call'd Aphrodisiana APIS otherwise called Osyris and Serapis the Son of Jupiter and Niobe who marryed Io the Wife of King Inachus and was named afterwards Isis He left his Kingdom to his Brother Aegialeus and going into Aegypt he civiliz'd the Aegyptians which made Hermes Trismegistus think that Apis was a great Philosopher He was put to death by one named Typho who cast himself into the Sea When his Wife Io searched for him a very handsom Bull appeaared to her which she believed to be her Husband whom she afterward caus'd to be honour'd in Aegypt under the figure of that Animal He was taken out of the midst of the Herd but then he was to be white-headed black in the Body with a white Spot upon his Back the figure of a Snail upon his Tongue and the Hairs of his Tail were to be tied double When this God happen'd to die no body valu'd his Hair tho he had the Periwig of Nisus says Lucian but he shav'd it all off in token of his Grief When he readily took the Meat that was offer'd him this was look'd upon as a good Omen but on the contrary if he refus'd to eat this was look'd upon as a bad one Thus Germanicus in his Voyage from Egypt drew a Presage of his own Death from this Animal's refusing to eat Meat out of his Hand This is the Fable the History follows APIS was one of the most antient Gods of Egypt and as he was honour'd under the figure of an Ox many have thought that it was Joseph himself who was represented and honour'd under that mysterious figure Julius Firmicus Maternus who liv'd in the time of Constantine the Emperour was of opinion That the Egyptians ador'd Joseph under the name of Apis or Scrapis which Name he thought was derived from Sara his Grandmother and that all this Worship was given to Joseph as being the Preserver of Egypt during the great Famine of seven years Josepho post mortem Aegyptii patrio gentis suae instituto templa fecerunt quia Sarae pronepos fucrat Serapis dictus est This Historian afterwards relates the opinion of others who thought that Apis was a King who distributed great Quantities of Corn among the People in a time of Famine and that after his
death a Temple was erected to him in which an Ox was kept as the lively Symbol of an Husbandman Alii repertum in Historiis Graecorum veteribus ferunt Apim quondam patrem-familias sive regem in Aegypto Memphis positum cum famis tempore frumenta apud Alexandriam defecissent ex proprio affatim civibus alimenta praebuisse quo defuncto in honorem ejus instituerint apud Memphim templum in quo bos quasi indicium optimi agricolae nutritur The Worship of Apis was without doubt more antient than the City of Alexandria which was built by Alexander but either this was a Mistake in the matter of Fact which does no ways prejudice the rest of the History or else under the name of Alexandria we must understand a little City which was formerly in the same place See what St. Austin says of Apis cap. 5. lib. 18. de Civ Dei At this time Apis King of the Argives having sail'd into Egypt and dying there became the famous Serapis the greatest of all the Egyptian Gods Now the Reason given by Varro why he was no more called Apis but Serapis after his death is very natural and easie because the Greeks call a Coffin 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and the Coffin of Apis having been honour'd before any Temple was built to him from hence he was at first called Sorosapis or Sorapis and after that by the change of one letter which often happens Serapis It was also ordained That whosoever should call him a Man should be punish'd with death and Varro adds That all the Statues of Isis and Serapis had a Finger upon their Lips to signifie this Prohibition As to the Ox which Egypt kept so tenderly in honour of him out of a strange superstitious Humour because they worship'd it only while alive and not when it was in the Coffin they call'd it Apis and not Serapis When the Ox died another was substituted in his room having the same Marks with the former which pass'd for a great Miracle but certainly it was not difficult for Evil Spirits who took pleasure in deceiving this People to represent to a Cow when she went to Bull an Ox having the same Marks with the former as Jacob made the Goats and Sheep of the same colours by placing speckled Rods before the Eyes of the Dams at the time of Conception The Author of the Book de Mirabilibus Scripturae which is among the Works of St. Austin affirms That the Egyptians erected the figure of an Ox near the Scpulchre of Joseph Suidas says the same thing viz. That Apis was the Symbol of Joseph or of some other rich Person who had furnished the Egyptians with Corn in the time of a great Famine and that a Temple was built to him after his death wherein an Ox was kept as being the resemblance of an Husbandman 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 There is a very great Agreement between Joseph and this Symbol for 't is very well known that Joseph interpreted Pharaoh's Dream by the Power of Divine Wisdom and that he took the seven fat Kine to be signs of the Fruitfulness of the Land Now 't is hardly to be imagin'd but this miraclous Prediction of seven Years of Plenty and seven of Famine and the Preservation of Egypt by laying up great Quantities of Corn must inspire the Egyptians with a great Veneration for Joseph and it was impossible but the great Opinion they had of him must in process of time degenerate into Superstition in a People who had so strong an Inclination to it In fine Trogus Pompeius or his Epitomizer Justin says That considering the Veneration that Nation had for Joseph 't was impossible that they who made all their Benefactors Gods and Demigods should not give him Divine Honours The Name of Apis agrees very well to Joseph for since the Egyptian Tongue must needs have a great affinity with that of the Canaanites or Hebrews Apis may be derived from the Hebrew word Ab which signifies a Father from whence we have the word Avus Now Joseph was truly a Father to Egypt and therefore Pharaoh caused him to be proclaimed every where with this Epithet Abrec which signifies Pater Tanet i. e. a Tender Father APIUM Smallage an Aquatick Plant that grows by the water-side which according to Philostratus and Hyginus was occasioned by the Death of young Archemorus whom his Nurse Hypsiphile left lying upon Smallage near a Fountain where a Serpent kill'd him Garlands were made of this Plant which were given to those who were victorious at the Nemaean Games that were instituted in honour of him Plutarch in the third Question of his Symposiacks says that this Plant was used for the same purpose at the Isthmian Games that were in honour of Palemon Hence it was that Timoleon in the War of the Sicilians against the Carthaginians took it for an Omen of assured Victory that the Souldiers had Bundles of Smallage since the Victors at the Isthmian Games that were celebrated near Corinth were crowned with it and hence also the Admiral Ship of King Antigonus was call'd Isthmion because a Smallage grew of it self upon the Stern of that Ship This Plant was peculiarly consecrated to the dead according to the Testimony of Pliny Defunctorum epulis dicatum Apium And Agrippa in chap. 25. of his first Book of Occult Philosophy informs us That the Cypress as well as Smallage was a direful Plant dedicated to Pluto which it was not lawful for any to crown themselves with on Festival days APOLLINARES LUDI the Apollinarian Games instituted by Augustus in honour of Apollo as an Acknowledgment for the Victory he obtain'd by his means over Anthony and Cleopatra near the Promontory of Actium These Games were celebrated every Year sometimes on one day and sometimes on another but afterwards they were fix'd to the fourth day of July by Lucius Varus the Praetor APOLLO a famous God among the Greeks and Romans to whom they attribute the Invention of many excellent Arts and to whom they erected many Temples and Statues made by the most skilful Artificers Cicero in lib. 3. de Nat. Deorum informs us that the Ancients worship'd four Apollo's The first and most ancient was the Son of Vulcan whom the Athenians took for their Tutelary God The second was the Son of Corybas born in the Isle of Crete and who contended with Jupiter for the Goverment of that Isle The third was esteem'd the Son of Jupiter and Latona who came from Scythia to Delphos And the fourth was called Nomion who was born in Arcadia and to whom the Arcadians gave that Name because he had been their Legislator for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Greek signifies a Law yet 't is believed that this Name was given for some other reason which may induce us to think that the second and third Apollo were one and the same Person according to the following Fable 'T is said therefore that Jupiter having heard the Complaint which the Infernal Spirits
Life altogether Divine These are the words of Jupiter to the other Gods Oetaeas spernite stammas Omnia qui vicit vincet quos cernitis ignes Nec nisi maternâ Volcanum parte potentem Sentiet Aeternum est à me quad traxit expers Atque immune necis nullûque domabile flammâ Idque ego defunctum terrâ coelestibus oris Accipiam c. Metam l. 9. v. 250. In another place of the same Poet Venus desires of Jupiter the Deification of Aeneas Quamvis parvum des optime Numen Dummodo des aliquod Satis est inamabile regnum Aspexisse semel stygios semel isse per amnes Assensere Dei ibid. l. 14. v. 489. The Meaning of the Poet is That Aeneas having made a Descent into Hell out of Piety and Religion in his Life-time it was not just that he should descend thither again after his Death The Expiation of his Mortality was made not by Fire but by Water and for this end a Commission was granted to the River Numicius which wash'd away the stains of his Mortality Hunc jubet Aeneae quaecunque obnoxia morti Abluere tacito deferre sub aequora cursu Corniger exequitur Veneris mandata suisque Quicquid in Aenea fuerat mortale repurgat Et respergit aquis pars optima restitit illi Lustratum genitrix divino corpus odore Unxit ambrosiâ cum dulci nectare mixtâ Contigit os fecitque Deum ibid. v. 500. The Apotheosis of Romulus is thus describ'd Corpus mortale per auras Dilapsum tenues ceu tatâ plumbea fundâ Missa solet medio glans intabescere coelo Pulchra subit facies pulvinatibus altis Dignior est c. ibid. v. 724. These Deifications were to be authorized in Greece by the Oracle of some God and at Rome by a Decree of the Senate which declar'd an Emperour to be of the number of the Gods and order'd Temples to be built Sacrifices to be offer'd and Divine Honours to be paid him When Alexander the Great had a mind to adore Ephestion as a God one Philp who came from Babylon gave an account that an Oracle of Jupiter Hammon had commanded Ephestion to be worshipt as a God and to offer Sacrifice unto him as Diodorus Siculus tells us in lib. 17. Alexander testified so great Joy at this Deification that the Historians say he was the first that offer'd Sacrifice to him and that he kill'd for that end no less than ten thousand Victims But the Athenians did not only adore Great Men after their Death but they worship'd them and sacrific'd to them even while they were alive This they did to Demetrius Polyorcetes as Demochares testifies in lib. 20. of his History where he relates That Demetrius returning from Leucada to Athens the Athenians came out to meet him being crown'd with Garlands of Flowers that they made Libations of Wine and were accompanied with Singing-Men and Musicians who sung Hymns to his Honour that the Common-People prestrated themselves before him crying with a loud Voice that Demetrius was the only true God We salute thee said they Son of Venus and of the Almighty Neptune and we conjure thee to give us Peace for thou art the Lord the other Gods are asleep in the time of our Necessity and are deaf to our Prayers Upon this Subject you may consult Athenaeus and Duris the Samian Pythagoras who was the first that assum'd the Name of a Philosopher i. e. a Lover of Wisdom having dwelt twenty years at Crotona went afterwards to Metapontum and died there The Metapontines admiring his profound Doctrine consecrated his House into a Temple and worship'd him as a God All Greece decreed Sacrifices to be offer'd and Altars to be erected to Lysander after his Death upon the account of his Vertue and Duris remarks That he was the first of the Grecians to whom Divine Worship was given and in honour of whom Hymns were sung which must be understood during his Life since there were many others to whom Sacrifices were offer'd and Altars erected after their Death a long time before Lysander The Romans follow'd the Example of the Greeks and made Gods of their Emperours The Senate decreed to them Divine Honours Sacrifices and Temples and instituted Priests Festivals and Games in honour of them as the Greeks had done before them The manner of Deification us'd among the Romans was by letting an Eagle fly which came out of the top of the Funeral-pile on which the Body of the Emperour was burnt and their Superstition inclin'd them to believe that the Soul of the Emperour by this means flew up into Heaven among the Gods Thus they deified Judius Caesar Augustus and other Emperours whether good or bad the good for the great esteem they had of their Vertues and the bad out of Flattery and in compliance with the Torrent of Custom APPELLATIO an Appeal from any Sentence when we are not satisfi'd with it An Appeal say the Lawyers is nothing else but a complaint made by a Person who has lost the Cause to a superiour Judg against the Injustice of an inferiour and subordinate In the Roman Law he who would not abide by a Sentence was oblig'd at the instant it was given or at least in two or three days after to declare either vivâ voco or by writing that he did appeal from it since that the time was limited to ten days after which no Appeal was to be admitted In France any one may appeal within the space of thirty years This Appeal was to be notified to the Judg and the adverse Party If the Judg consented to the Appeal he gave the Appellant a Writing containing a Summary of the Cause and the Reasons of his Sentence which he carried to the superiour Judg and if he did not consent nevertheless he gave a Writing containing an account of the whole matter and the Reasons why he would not consent nor admit the Appeal But whether the subordinate Judg did consent to the Appeal or not still the Appellant might always carry the Suit before a superiour Judg. This was a very good Custom tho it is not at present used in France In Civil matters none but he who had lost the Cause could appeal but in criminal Causes when a Man's Life was concern'd any Person was admitted to bring an Appeal tho he who was condemn'd did not desire it APPELLATORIUS LIBELLUS a Writ of Appeal a Writ which is obtain'd in Chancery for admitting an Appeal and for summoning the Adversary before the Judg when he has obtain'd a Sentence in his favour to see if it can be set aside APPIADES are five Pagan Deities which were ador'd under that general Name viz. Venus Pallas Vesta Concordia and Pax whose Temples were at Rome near Caesar's Market-place where were the Fountains of Appius from whence the name Appiades was given them APPIANA FAMILIA the Appian Family most illustrious among the Romans It s Original was from L. Appius who
or Branches which met together in the Canal of the Aqua Julia one part of this Water was convey'd to the Country and the other to the City which was kept in fourteen Conservatories and distributed into the several Quarters of the City The fifth was that of Aqua Julia which M. Agrippa erected in the time of Augustus and to which in honour of it he gave his Name This Water was collected from many Sources into one great Water-house about six miles from Rome its Course extended to fifteen thousand paces and an half it pass'd through the Porta Esquilina and the Trophies of Marius and emptied it self into seventeen Cisterns for the Accommodation of the several Quarters of the City The sixth was that of Aqua Virginis so called because a young Maid first discover'd its Spring-head to the Souldiers when they were searching for Water as Frontinus tells us in his First Book of Aquaeducts This was also the work of Agrippa which he finished in one Year and about thirteen years after he had built the former It s Canal began about eight miles from Rome in the Territory of Tusculum near the Bridge Salaro and its Course extended to fourteen thousand one hundred and five paces It passed through the Campus Martius and emptied it self into many Cisterns for the convenience of the several Quarters of the City This Water to this day is still called Aqua Virginis and is the only ancient Aquaeduct that remains Pope Nicolas V. repair'd it The seventh Aquaeduct was that of a Lake called Alsietina four thousand paces distant from Rome and six miles to the right-hand from the Via Appia This was the Work of Augustus and from his Name it was called Via Augusta It served only to fill the Circas with Water for the Naumachiae or Sea-fights and for watering Gardens The eighth was begun by the Emperour Caligula but Death prevented his finishing it Claudius his Successor thought the Design was too brave to leave it imperfect Pliny never speaks of this Work but with great Admiration It convey'd the Water of two fine Springs call'd Caeruleus and Curtius which were in the Country of the Latins thirty eight thousand paces distant from Rome holding its Course for the space of forty six thousand paces in length through many Arches which terminate at last in the Porta Nevia and rise as high as Mount Aventine This Water was called Claudia from Claudius and was very good to drink The ninth was also begun by Caligula and finish'd by Claudius in the same year with the former It derives its Water from a place further off than any of the rest viz. at the distance of sixty two thousand paces from the City from a muddy River call'd Tiverone or Anio from which another Aquaeduct was formerly made and this latter is nam'd Anio Novus Claudius thought fit for purifying his thick and muddy Waters to make at the distance of four thousand paces from their first Rising a Pool or Pond wherein the Mud might settle to the bottom which was call'd Piscina Limaria but notwitstanding all this Precaution when the Rains fell the Water came to Rome very thick These two Works were worthy of a great Prince as well for the Height and Magnificence as for the excessive Expences that were laid out upon them which were found to amount according to the Computation of Vigenere to thirteen millions eight hundred seventy five thousand Crowns Vicit antecedentes Aquarum ductus neoâ—ssimum impendium oper iâ— inchoati à Caesare peracti à Claudio quippe à lapide quadragesimo ad eam excelsitatem ut in omnes Urbis montes levarentur c. These are the nine Aquaeducts which Frontinus treats of that had 13594 pipes which he calls Quinarios and were one inch in diameter and 3 in circumference The first Aquaeduct of the Aqua Appia had 694 pipes The Anio Vitus or the Teverone had 1981 That of the Aqua Martia had 1741 The Tepula had 445 The Julia 755 The Aqua Virgo 2504 The Alsietina 592 The Cloudia and Anio Novus 4882. Of all these Pipes there were only 10350 which convey'd Water for the City the rest were for the benefit of the Countrey There are also other Aquaeducts made at Rome since Frontinus's Time Pope Pius IV. built one in the Year 1563. which brought Water at eight miles distance from Rome between Tivoli and Praeneste 't is thought to be the ancient Alsietina Sixtus Quintus built an Aquaeduct of the Aqua Felix in the year of Grace 1581 as may appear by an Inscription engraven upon an Arch near the Gate of St. Laurence Sixtus V. Pont. Max. Ductum Aquae Felicis Rivo pass subterraneo Mil. XIII Substructione arcuata VII Suo Sumptu extruxit Anno Domini M. D. LXXXI Pontificatus I. Let us now see how the Partition and Distribution of these Waters was made into the several Quarters and private Houses There were in all Parts of the City Conservatories or Water houses which were called Dividicula or Castella into which the Waters emptied themselves and from which they were convey'd on both sides by Pipes Agrippa alone during his Edileship made an hundred and thirty of these Water-houses adorned with Statues and Pillars of Marble There were Over-seers appointed to whom the Care of them was committed who were called Castellani who distributed the Water by divers Conduits into several places of the City and even to private Houses and hindred any private Person from misapplying the Water to his own Use without Leave first had which was granted upon conditon of a certain Duty to be paid which was more or less according to the Quantity of Water any one had a mind to have Marlianus informs us That Agrippa was the first who invented this Partition of the Waters by Inches and Ounces as well for the Use of the Publick as of Private Persons The Revenue of these Waters according to the Computation of Vigenere amounted yearly to six millions two hundred and fifty thousand Crowns The Water which was not good to drink as that of Teverone emitted it self into Lakes and serv'd the Beasts to drink and to wash withal it was us'd also for Baths for dying and tanning of Hides for milling of Cloth and for representing the Naumachiae or Naval Fights in the Campus Martius And after they had serv'd for these several uses they were all gather'd together in the Cloacae or common Gutters and from thence emptied themselves into the Tiber. Nero after the Burning of Rome says Tacitus hinder'd private Persons from applying the publick Water to their own use as they had been accustomed to do made Conservatories which might serve for quenching Fires and appointed some Persons to look after them The Censors and after them the Aediles Curuli took care of the Aquaeducts and the Waters of Rome But under the Emperours Overseers were appointed who had under them many subordinate Officers who distributed them for use of the Publick and Private
a meek Prince a Wise Prudent Sober Liberal and great Captain He was sickly through his Application to Study AURELIA PORTA the Aurelian Gate above the Janiculus so called from one Aurelius a Person who had been Consul 'T is called at present St. Panecace Gate AURELIANUS an Hungarian some assign Dacia or Mysia for his Country a Man of an obscure Birth He was raised to the Throne by the Legions after he had passed through all the Offices of the Army with Honour which was the Reason that the Senate and People received him with great Applause He subdued the Scythians and Marcomanni after which Victory he exercised great Cruelties at Rome upon all Sorts of People Nevertheless he did one Act of Clemency when he took the City of Tyana in Cappadocia He met with so great Oppositions that he swore in his Wrath he would not leave so much as a Dog alive He got into the City by the Treachery of One of the Inhabitants and when the Souldiers began to plunder and put all the Citizens to the Sword according to his Resolution he told them that he would allow them to kill all the Dogs He made War with Zenobia who kept the Eastern Empire after her Husband Odenatus The Queen knew all the Oriental Languages perfectly and spoke the Greek and Latin in their Purity Trebellius Pollio says she was the fairest and most valiant of all Women she made the whole East to tremble beat the Leiutenants of the Emperor Gallienus and maintained a stout War against the Romans in which the Emperor Aurelian conquered herand carried her Captive to Rome Several blamed him for this Action but he wrote a Letter to the Senate and the People of Rome to excuse himself and in it gives such a Commendation of this unfortunate Princess as if she were one of the most formidable Enemies that the Empire ever had After this famous Victory Aurelian built a Temple for the Sun at Rome and enriched it with the Spoils of the Palmyrians and the Images of the Sun and Belus which he brought from Palmyra as Herodian assures us He wasslain between Byzantium and Heraclea as he went to the War against the Persians by the most valiant Men of his Army who believ'd this a false Slander of his Secretary named Menestheus that he sought their Lives in the 6th or 7th year of his Reign AURIGARII AURIGAE AURIGATORES Coach-men who in the publick Plays of the Cirque disputed with the Competitors with whom they contended in driving the Chariots for the Prizes which were proposed They made up certain Colleges or Societies which are distinguished by Colours of which we read the 4 Principal in Geuters Inscriptions viz. Russatam the Red Prasinam the Green Venetam the Blew and Albatam the White The Ancients thought that the 4 Seasons of the Year were represented by them in which Nature takes a new Habit or as we now speak every Troop representing one of the Seasons by its colour the Green the Spring the Red the Summer the Blew the Autumn and the White the Winter because it is covered with Snow and Ice AURORA the Mother of Memnon The Poets have feigned her to be the Day-break which gives notice of the rising of the Sun above our Hemesphere as Orpheus speaks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 She was the Daughter of Hyperion and Thia as Hesiod tells us in his Theogonia and according to others of Titan and the Earth Some give her the Epithet of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Torch bearer because of the Light she imparts to the Earth as also 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 clear shining because of her Brightness The Poets represent her drawn in a Chariot having her Fingers dropping with Dew The Fable is that having one Day at the rising of the Sun cast her Eye upon Tithonus the Brother of Laomedox a young Prince of singular Beauty she fell in Love with him and carried him into Aethiopia where she had Memnon by him AURUM Gold a yellow Metal the most shining ductile heavy and precious of all Metals It is taken out of the Mines in 3 Forms 1. Of Grains of which some are round others bâ—oâ—d and long 2. In a kind of Stone 3. In Dust or Sand. The most famous Country for finding of Gold is Caribana in Peru and Vallivia in Chili Pliny says that Gold was brought into the indies by flying Aunts but he was misinformed The Poets have feigned Autmn to be the Son of the Sun as being its best Production Pindar says that Gold is a bright Fire that shines in the Night Homer compares it to the Graces for there is nothing so agreeable and welcome as Gold which Jupiter himself makes use of to gain the Favour of his Mistresses as he did to Danae by changing himself into a shower of Gold Gold was very scarce at Rome at first but it became more common afterwards Appian tells us that â—ulius Caesar brought from the Gauls to Rome 200 Markes of Gold in 2822 Crowns by the Victories which he had gained there and this Gold was called Aurum Coronarium The Gold which the Consul Cepio took out of the Temple of Jupiter at Tholouse amounting to 900â—0 â—0 of Gold but it proved unlucky to him being defeated by the imbri whence came the Proverb AURUM THOLOSANUM to signifie a fatal Thing which brings Ill-luck AUSPICIUM it was a kind of Augury amongst the Ancients when they considered the Fright and Chirping of Birds to know whether any Undertaking which they were about would prove Happy or Unfor tunate Pliny attributes the Invention of Auspicium to Tiresias the Thiban who studied the Flight of Birds ab avium aspectu and of Augurâ— to Caras ab avium garritu from their Chirping and Chattering Clemens Alexandrinus will have the Phrygians to be the first who observed the Flight of Birds which they called Praepetes as those were call'd Oscines who observed their Chirping and manner of Eating In this Sense we must understand this Verse of Horace lib. III. Od. 27. Oscinem corvum prece suscitabo Solis ab ortu The Three most considerable Birds were the Raven the Crow and the Owl as also the Eagle Vultur and Kite Romulus instituted Auspicia at Rome AUSPEX he that took the Auspicium by the flight of Birds see AUGUR AUTUMNUS Autumn the 3d. Season of the Year when they gather the Grapes and Fruits Heyrod in his Theogonia makes the Seasons the Daughters of Jupiter and Taemis and counts but three as Orpheus does in which Phidias follows him having carved but 3 Statues of these Goddesses The Aegyptians owned by three Spring Summer and Autumn allowing each 4 Months and representing them by a Rose an Ear of Corn and an Apple or Grape Nonnus about the end of the Eleventh Book of his Dionysiacks reckons 4 Seasons in the Year as does Philosâ—â—atuâ— Winter Spring Summer Autumn The Seasons sayâ— hâ— have Eyes of this Colour of dryed Roses the Daughters of the inconstant
Boars Bulls and Wild-Goats All these Beasts were left to the People and every one catched what he pleased Another Day he gave an hunting of an Hundred Lions upon the Amphitheatre which being let out made a Noise like Thunder with their terrible roarings In the same Place an Hundred Lybian Leopards and as many Syrian and an Hundred Lions and Three Hundred Bears were presented fighting together Men entred the Combate with fierce Beasts The Fencers and Slaves fought artificially with Lions and Leopards and often conquered and slew them Criminals also who were condemned were exposed to Beasts without any Arms to defend themselves and often they were bound and the People were pleased to see them torn in pieces and devoured by those hungry Creatures This was the most usual Punishment which the Pagan Emperors inflicted upon the first Christians whom they ordered to be given to the Beasts damnati 〈◊〉 Bestias Some Freemen also to give proof of their Skill and Courage would fight with Beasts Women themselves according to the Relation of Suetonius would dare to divert the Emperor and People by engaging with the most cruel Beasts Lastly These Creatures were made to fight one with another Lions with Bears Rhinoceros's with Elephants which would shew much Activity and Cunning in so great a Body BIAS of Priene a Philosopher and one of the Seven wise Men of Greece The City where he lived being taken he fled and would not carry any of his Goods with him His Fellow Citizens asked him why he did not take his Goods with him he replyed All that is mine I have with me meaning his Wisdom and Mind BIBLIOTHECA a Library a Room filled with Books The Kings of the Race of Attalus being Lovers of Sciences and Learning built a Library at Pergamus King Piolemy did the like at Alexandria Plutarch writes that the Kings of Pergamtu's Library contained Two Hundred Thousand Volumes but was much inferior to that of the Kings of Egypt which Aulus Gellius assures us had Seven Hundred Thousand and Gallen tells us that the Kings of Egypt were so very zealous to increase the number of the Books of their Library that they would give any price for the Books which were brought them which gave an Occasion of forging abundance of Books and attributing them to such Authors as did not compose them that they might put a greater value upon them This Library was burnt by the Romans in the first War which they made in Egypt Aulus Gellius says that it was set on Fire through mere carelessness and that not by the Roman Soldiers but by their Auxiliary Troops which he may be thought to speak that he might free his own Nation from the imputation of so barbarous an action since the Persians as illiterate as they were thought spared the Library of Athens when Xerxes had taken that City and set it on fire The Roman Emperors erected diverse Libraries at Rome with great expence and much magnificence and Augustus caused a beautiful and spacious Gallery to be made in Apollo's Temple that he might put therein a Library of Greek and Latin Books BIBLIS The Daughter of Miletus and the Nymph Cyane who being fallen in Love with her Brother Caunus and finding no way to enjoy him hanged herself Ovid in his Metamorphoses says that the Gods changed her into a Fountain which bears the same Name BIGAE a Chariot for Racing drawn by two Horses a-breast BIGATI NUMMI Pieces of Money stamped with the Figure of a Charior drawn with Two Horses a-breast BISSEXTUS the Odd day which is inserted in the Kalendar every fourth Year that the Year may equal the Course of the Sun This Intercalation or Interposition was found out by Julius Caesar who having observed that the Sun finished its course in Three Hundred Sixty Five Days and about Six Hours added one whole day every Fourth Year that he might take in these Hours and this Day he inserted next the 23. Day of February which at that time was the last Month of the Year among the Romans It was called BISSEXTUS because the Sixth of the Calends of March was then twice counted bis sexto Calendas Martias and that Year had 366 Days BITO and CLEOBIS the Sons of Argia the Priestess of Juno When their Mother was going to the Temple of that Goddess in a Chariot drawn with Oxen and the Oxen moved too slow these Brethren drew their Mothers Chariot to the Temple of Juno and their Mother when she had sacrificed to the Goddess begged a Reward for her Children who voluntarily submitted their Necks to the Yoke This was granted for when they had feasted plentifully upon the Sacrifice they lay down to sleep and were both found dead together without Pain and had the Honour of that Action BITUMEN a black Juice which will grow hard by putting into Vinegar yet will swim upon Water It cannot be cut with Iron nor Brass nor will it mix with Menstruous Blood The People of the Country assure us that Bitumen runs together on helps and is driven by the Winds or drawn to the Shore where it is dried both by the heat of the Sun and the Exhalations of the Earth and then they cut it as they do Stone or Wood. There was such an Abundance of it at Babylon says Vitruvius that they used it for Morter to build their Walls BOCCHYRIS King of Aegypt He was so just in his Judgments that according to Diodorus the Aegyptians made use of his Name as a mark of just and upright Judgment 'T is said that in his time which was in the Days of Romulus and Remus the Founders of Rome a Lamb spoke BOEDROMIA Feasts which the Athenians celebrated every Year in Honour of Apollo for the Victory which Theseus gained over the Amazons From it Apollo had the name of Boedromius BONA DEA the good Goddess named by the Ancients Fatua or Senta This Deity was had in great Veneration by the Roman Ladies She was Dryas the Wife of Faunus of an exemplary Chastity They sacrificed to her in the Night in a little Chappel into which it was not permitted to Men to enter or be present at her Sacrifices whence it is that Cicero imputes it to Clodius as a Crime that he had entred into this Chappel in a Disguise and by his Presence had polluted the Mysteries of the good Goddess This Sacrifice was kept Yearly in the House of the High-Priest and that by his Wife with the Virgins consecrated to the Good Goddess By her some understand the Earth and 't is for that reason that she is sacrificed to by the People because nothing is so dear to them as the Fruits of the Earth This is no just Ground why the Romans might not understand by this Deity an ancient Queen of Italy named Fauna for most of the Heathen Gods had a double Relation in this kind and this was the Occasion of it It is certain that in the primitive Times all their Worship terminated
upon material Beings as the Heaven Stars Earth Sea Woods Rivers and other things of the like Nature which the first Men through Ignorance believed to be the sole Causes of all the Good or Evil that happens in the World But as Opinion can find no stop when once the Bounds of Nature are passed over the religious Respect which they entertained for these Beings extended itself with more Reason to the Persons themselves who had invented this Worship and had perswaded others to it This Adoration increased more and more in following Ages through the Respect which Antiquity begets and great Preeminence it gives to all things and because Men have always had an Inclination to think the Gods like themselves for this Reason which Cicero gives which is that there is nothing that appears so excellent to Man as Man himself they came by Degrees not only to deify the Inventers of these Worships but also to confound them with the Deities which they had found out Hence it came to pass that the same God was worshipped in several Places of the World under different Names as all the Mythologists confess because they bore the Name of those eminent Persons who had each of them settled their Worship in those Countries Wherefore 't is probable that 't was Fauna who first began the Worship of Terra or the Earth at least in Italy since she was after confounded with that Deity there She was called Bona Dâ—a or the Good Goddess by way of Excellency and that for the best Reason in the World because there is no being that does Men more good If the Sex of this Queen were not enough to make us think this Deity rather to be a Female than a Male since they are often not distinguished yet that which bears Fruits as the Earth doth hath so much greater likeness to a Woman than a Man that we need search no farther for a Reason and this is the manifest cause why Women were only to perform her Service and Men totally excluded This Non-admission might also proceed from this Story That this devout Queen was so chast that no Man but her own Husband ever saw her nor knew her proper name for she was called Fauna in after Ages for no other Reason but because her Husband's name was Faunus In Respect therefore to her signal Chastity it was that all Men are forbidden to be present at her Worship the High-Priest himself in whose House it was performed and who was the Chief-Minister in all others not excepted for he was obliged to depart out of his House before they began and carry along with him all the Men which were there of what Quality soever they were All Pictures also which represented any Male were covered the vestal Virgins were summoned to it Of all Plants with which the House was to be adorned only the Myrtle was forbidden because it was consecrated to Venus and her Service began just at Night Velari pictura jubetur Quaecunque alterius Sexus imitata figuram est Juv. BOOTES Charles's Wain a Constellation in the Heavens called by the Greeks Arctophilax which signifies the Keeper of the Bear because he drives a Chariot drawn by Fourteen Stars after the manner of an Ox-head BOREAS the North Wind called also Aquilo it blows between the Oriental and the North Solstice The Poets feign him to be the Son of Astreus and falling in Love with Orythia stole her that he might have the Enjoyment of her Philostratus makes Boreas the King of the Winds who sent his Two Children Zethes that is to say a strong Blast and Calais i. e. a gentle Gale in the Expedition to Colchos But Apollonius Rhodius gives us a more particular Account of this Fable The Children of Boreas says he were also in the Expedition at Colchos He begat them of the Nymph Orythia whom he stole from Athens These Two Persons had gilded Scales which covered their Shoulders and Wings on their Feet with a long Purple Head of Hair They drove the Harpies which much molested Phineus King of Thrace into the Island Strophades but were warned by Iris to desist from the Pursuit that they might not hurt Jupiter's Dogs as the Harpies were Pausanias tells us that the People of Megalopolis in Greece gave as great Honour to the Wind Boreas as to any God whatsoever because he had assisted them with a great Force against the Attempt made upon them by the Lacedemonians They dedicated says the same Author in his Eighth Book Page 513 an Altar to the Wind Boreas and the Citizens offer'd a Sacrifice to him every Year Boreae ara dicata est cui anniversarium Megalopolitani sacrum faciunt c. When Homer says that the North Wind was transformed into a Stone-Horse and covered several fine Mares of which he begat Twelve Colts so swift and light that they could run upon the tops of standing Corn without breaking it and upon the Waves of the Sea without making any Impression upon them 't was because he really believed that they were Mares that would conceive by the Influences of the Wind. Virgil relates that as a true Story of the West Wind which Homer speaks of Boreas as a Fable BOS an Ox a Beast which the Ancients offered in Sacrifice to several of their Deities as Jupiter the Chief of their Gods and such an Ox according to Homer ought to be Five Years old Yet Plutarch assures us that Solon forbad by his Laws that Oxen should be sacrificed but Aelian explains it of Oxen used in plowing Oxen were also sacrificed to Cybele the Mother of the Gods and those Sacrifices were for that reason called Tauropolia to return Thanks to that Goddess of the Earth for teaching Men the Art of taming those Creatures and using them in tilling the Ground The Greeks also offered black Bulls to Neptune to denote the raging of the Sea when it is moved The Superstition of the Ancients proceeded so far as to offer Hecatombs or Sacrifices of an Hundred Oxen to Jupiter Strabo teaches us that these Hecatombs came from the Lacedemonians who every Year offered a Sacrifice of an Hundred Oxen in the name of an Hundred Cities which were under their Command and Government But these Expences appearing too great to some Persons they reduced these Sacrifices to Twenty five Oxen and supposed through a Childish Distinction that because these Oxen had each of them Four Feet it was sufficient to make an Hecatomb that there was the number of an Hundred found in those parts One of the Ancients finding himself in great Danger upon the Sea through a Tempest promised to offer an Hecatomb if he escaped but being not able to discharge his Vow by reason of his Poverty he contrived to make an Hundred small Oxen of Dough and to offer them to the Gods that had delivered him Some attribute this false Hecatomb to Pythagoras for Diogenes Laertins tells us that the Philosopher having found out a new Demonstration in his Trigonometry offered
according to Agreement To remedy this Disorder many Laws were made which were call'd leges de ambitu but still they found out from time to time several ways to evade them The time of Election being come the Magistrate appointed an Assembly to be held three several Market days that so those in the Country who liv'd in the Municipal Cities and Colonies and had the Right of Voting might have time to come to the City When the Day of Election was come the Candidates or Pretenders to Offices being cloath'd in white were present very early in the Morning accompanied with those who befriended them at the Quirinal Mount or upon the little Hill of Gardens call'd Collis Hortulorum which overlook'd the Campus Martius that so being upon a high Place the People might the better see them From thence they descended into the Campus Martius where they continued their Sollicitations and Canvassings as Horace informs us in these Verses Hic generosior Descendat in Campum petitor Moribus hic meliorque famâ Contendat illi turba clientium Sit major Odar L. 3. Od. 1. Then the President of the Assembly after he had named aloud the Pretenders to the Offices and related the Reasons which every one had to stand for them call'd the Tribes to give their Votes and these being counted he who had most was declar'd Magistrate who after this Declaration never fail'd immediately to return Thanks to the Assembly and from thence he ascended to the Capitol there to say his Prayers to the Gods This good Order was a little chang'd under the Emperors Augustus canvass'd for his first Consulship after a Manner something new being no more than 20 Years old for he caused his Army to march near to Rome and sent a famous Embassy to desire the Office for himself in the Name of the Legions and the Captain of this Embassy call'd Cornelius perceiving that the Answer to his Petition was delay'd laid his Hand upon the Hilt of his Sword and had the Boldness to speak these Words Hic faciet si non feceritis In process of Time when Augustus was advanc'd to an absolute Power he himself canvass'd for those whom he had a Mind to favour until he went to give his Voice in his Tribe and these Candidates were call'd Candidati Casaris Suetonius adds that afterwards he left to the People only the Power of naming the Inferior Magistrates reserving to himself the Right of naming to the greater Offices Caesar comitia cum populo partitus est ut exceptis Consulatûs competitoribus de catero numero candidatorum pro parte dimidiâ quos populus vellet renuntiarentur Moreover he encroach'd upon the People's Power of electing to Offices which he had granted them by making them disperse Tickets in his Name among the Tribes who by this means were forc'd to chuse such as he recommended to them edebat per libellos circum Tribus missos scripturâ brevi Caesar Dictator illi tribui commendo vobis illum illum ut vestro suffragio suam dignitatem teneant Tiberius Successor to Augustus took away the Right of Election from the People and transferr'd it to the Senate Nero restored it to them again yet they never made use of it afterwards and the Senate did only take care to proclaim in the Campus Martius such as were chosen to Offices thinking by this means still to retain some Shadow of the ancient Manner of Elections Of all the Magistrates which were chosen none but the Censors entred immediately upon the Discharge of their Office the other Magistrates continued some Months before they entred upon it in which time they were instructed in the Duties belonging to them for they were chosen in the Beginning of August and they did not enter upon their Office till the First of January and so they had the Space of Five Months for Instruction CANEPHORIA a Feast of Diana among the Greeks at which all the Maids that were to be married offer'd to this Deity Baskets full of little Pieces of Work wrought with the Needle and by this Offering signified that they were weary of their Virginity and had a Desire to taste the Pleasures of Matrimony The Athenians also celebrated a Feast to Bacchus during which the young Women carried Baskets or little Chests of Gold full of Fruit from whence this Feast was called Canephoria and the Women Canephorae Basket-carriers Suidas speaks of these Baskets consecrated to Bacchus Ceres and Proserpina as also the Poet Theocritus in his Idyllia They had a Cover to preserve the Mysteries of Bacchus and conceal them from the Eyes of those who were not initiated into them and who upon that account were treated as prophane CANIS the Coelestial Dog is a Constellation of which there are two sorts the Great Dog call'd Sirius which is a Constellation consisting of Eighteen Stars according to Piolomy of the Nature of Jupiter and Venus the principal Star whereof is held to be greater than any other Star nay than the Sun it self The little Dog which is otherwise call'd Canicula or Procyon has only Two Stars whereof one is of the first Magnitude and of the Nature of Mars which is the Cause of the great Heats in Summer CANIS a Dog an Animal which was kept in the Temple of Aesculapius and which was consecrated to the God Pan. The Romans never fail'd to crucifie one of this Kind every Year because the Dogs had not given Notice by their barking of the Arrival of the Gauls who besieg'd the Capitol which was intended for a Punishment to the Species whereas on the contrary to do Honour to a Goose they carried one of Silver in an Elbow-Chair laid upon a Pillow because she had advertised them of the Coming of the Gauls by her Noise Aelian relates that the Egyptians held the Dog in great Veneration because they look'd upon it as a Symbol of the Coelestial Dog whose rising gives encrease to the Nile This Author says elsewhere that there was a Country in Ethiopia where they had a Dog for their King and they took his Fawnings or Barkings to be Signs of his Good-will and for his Authors he cites Hermippus and Aristotle Plutarch also speaks of this Dog which some of the Ethiopians held for a King and to whom all the Nobility paid Homage CANICULARIS PORTA a Gate at Rome according to Festus where Dogs of Red Hair were sacrific'd to the Dog-star to ripen the Corn. CANOPUS the Sovereign Deity among the Egyptians of whose Original Suidas gives the following Account There arose says he one Day a great Controversie between the Egyptians Chaldeans and the Neighbouring Nations concerning the Supremacy of their Gods and while each Nation maintain'd that their own God was Supreme it was at last decreed that he among the Gods who should conquer the rest should be acknowledg'd for Sovereign over them all Now the Chaldeans adored the Element of Fire which easily melted down or consum'd all the other Gods
challenge to themselves the Glory of having been the Places of the Birth-place of Ceres which was the Inventor of Corn. Herodotus confesses that the Rites of Ceres whom he calls the Law-giver were brought out of Aegypt into Greece The Cities of Greece as Pausanias says but chiefly Athens and Argos disputed together as the Aegyptians and Phrygians did about the Beginning and Antiquity of the Rites of Ceres and the Gift of Corn. He tells us that the Mysteries of Ceres and Isis were so secret that it was not permitted to any to see her Statue except her Priests and he adds elsewhere that it was not allowed to any who were not admitted to those Religious Rites to inquire into them much less to be present and Spectators at them He speaks also of another Temple of Ceres into which only Women might enter assuring us that the Mysteries and Sacrifices of Ceres Eleusina were the most sacred that Greece had Some distinguish the great Mysteries which they call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from the lesser which they call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The great Ones were observ'd every Year in Argos and the lesser once in Five Years at Eleusis the former in the Spring and the latter in Autumn as if they had a Respect to the Approaches or Departure of the Sun The lesser lasted Nine Days and after it they celebrated several sorts of Combats Cicero tells us that at Catanea in Sicily Ceres was honoured as she was at Rome and in other Parts of the World where she had a Statue which no Man ever knew more of than if there never had been any Men never went into her Temple but only Women and those Virgins who performed all the Offices of Priests Sacrarium Cereris est apud Catanenses eâdem religione quâ Romae quâ in caeteris locis quâ propè in toto orbe terrarum In eo sacrario intimo fuit signum Cereris per-antiquum quod viri non solùm cujusmodi esset sed ne esse quidem sciebant Aditus enim in i◠sacrarium non est viris sacra per mulieres virgines consici solent If we will find out the Original of the Mysteries of Ceres Eleusina we must remember that the Invention of Plowing is attributed by some to Ceres who taught it Triptolemus by others to Bacchus For the great Mystery of Bacchus instituted by Isis or Ceres who came in after-times out of Aegypt into Greece was the Worship of a Phallus or the Privy-member of Osiris which could not be found by Isis after Typhon had put him to Death and to which Ceres or Isis gave those infamous Honours St. Augustine in his Seventh Book de Civitate Dei speaks thus of Ceres Amongst the Mysteries of Ceres the most famous are those of Ceres Eleusina which the Athenians celebrated with much Pomp. All that Varro says respects the Invention of Corn which he attributes to her and the Stealing of Proserpina by Pluto fignifies only the Fruitfulness of the Earth This Fruitfulness adds he failing for some time and the Earth becoming barren gave Occasion to this Opinion that Pluto had stolen the Daughter of Ceres and kept her in Hell i. e. Fruitfulness it self but after this Calamity which had caused publick Grief when Fruitfulness returned Pluto was thought to restore Proserpina and so publick Feasts were appointed to Ceres We have several Medals upon which Ceres is represented to us That of Memmius Edilis Curulis shews her to us sitting holding Three Ears of Corn in her Right-hand and a light Torch in her Left Another of C. Volteius represents her in a Chariot drawn by Two Serpents having Torches in her Hands and setting her Foot upon a Sow which is ordinarily offered in Sacrifice to her because that Beast destroys the Corn. Her Statue also is carved in the Habit of a Roman Matron with a Crown of Garlands and Ears of Corn holding in her Hand a Crown of Poppies and riding in a Chariot drawn with Two flying Dragons CERTES a People of Italy inhabiting the City Caere who entertain'd the Vestal Virgins when they fled from Rome in the Invasion of the Gauls The Romans acknowledged this Benefit and granted the Freedom of the City of Rome to these People yet without any License to vote in their Assemblies or to execute any Office in their Commonwealth and from hence arises the Proverb In Ceritum tabulas referre aliquem to deprive a Citizen of his Right of Voting CEROMA a Mixture of Oyl and Wax a Sear-cloth with which the Wrestlers rubbed themselves It not only made their Limbs more sleek and less capable of being laid hold of but more pliable and fit for Exercise CEROSTROTA In-laying Salmasius thinks it should be read Cestrota as coming from the Greek Word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which signifies an Iron-Spit because the Divisions in the Wood are burnt with an Iron-Spit which is still done in our In-laying when by the Help of Fire the little Pieces of Wood which make up the Figures are made black to represent the Shadows This Author is yet of Opinion that we might still retain the Word Cerostrata because for the more easie burning of the Wood it is rubbed with Wax Philander derives this Word from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which signifies an Horn which is much used in In-laying being died of several Colours CHALCIDICA Banqueting-houses some are very cautious says Mr. Perrault to know what this Word signifies Philander thinks that this Greek Word signifies the Places where Money-matters were decided or the Office for the Mint supposing that Word comes from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Brass and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Justice Some will have it read Causidica as much as to say an Hall for pleading Festus informs us that Chalcidica was a sort of Building first found out in the City of Chalcis Arnobus calls Chalcidica the fine Halls where the Poets feigned that the Pagan Gods supped Barbaro and Baldus think it a proper Name for that sort of Buildings which Dion says was erected by Julius Casar in Honour of his Father Palladio follows Barbaro in his Design and draws this Building in the Fashion of the Judgment-seat described by Vitruvius in the Temple of Augustus which was joined to the great Church of Fano But Ausonius interpreting a Verse in Homer where he speaks of an old Woman who went up into an high Place makes use of Chalcidicam to express 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which signifies in Greek an upper Room Cisaranus and Caporali think also that Chalcidica is a Noun Adjective and say that in longitudine Chalcidica implies that a Palace built in a spacious Place ought to have the same Proportion with the great Churches of the City of Chalcis but the true Construction of the Text will not bear that Interpretation Let us then take the Opinion of M. Perrault upon these Words Being assured by the Testimony of Ausonius that Chalcidica was a lofty Place which we call the first Story
Senate accepted of it with joy And this great man having restor'd the former posture of affairs obtain'd for his Son the honour of Triumph A. M. 3761. R. 460. L POSTHUMIUS C. JUNIUS BRUTUS BUBULCUS The Roman Ambassadors got leave of the Inhabitants of Epidaurus to bring along with them the God Aesculapius under the shape of a great Serpent who presented himself to them in his Temple and followed them to Rome He landed at an Island in the Tyber and the Romans built there a Temple to his honour A. M. 3762. R. 461. P. CORNELIUS RUFINUS M. or ANNIUS CURIUS DENTATUS Curius triumphed twice viz. over the Samnites and Sabini The first made an attempt upon the fidelity of Curius and offered him a rich present of Plate instead of earthen Dishes they saw him making use of but this great man told them 't was more glorious to command rich men than to be rich himself A. M. 3763. R. 462. M. VALERIUS Q. CAEDITIUS NOCTUA Colonies were sent to Cestrae and Adria A. M. 3764. R. 463. Q. MARTIUS TREMULUS P. CORNELIUS ARVINA They celebrated the Celsus and Lustram and took an account of the Citizens of Rome who were then encreased to the number of two hundred seventy thousand heads of Families A. M. 3665. R. 464. M. CLAUDIUS MARCELLUS C. NAUTIUS RUTILIUS The people not being able to pay their Creditors rebelled and retired to Janiculum The Dictator Q. Horatius pacified the sedition A. M. 3766. R. 465. M. VALERIUS POTITUS MAXIMUS C. AELIUS POETUS The Gauls besieged Aretium in Tuscany The Consul Aelius attempting to relieve the Town lost his Army and life there A. M. 3767. R. 466. C. CLAUDIUS M. AEMILIUS LEPIDUS The Gauls contrary to the Laws of Nations murthered the Roman Ambassadors who were sent to them to demand the prisoners took before Aritium This was the occasion of a bloody War but the Romans got the best on 't A. M. 3768. R. 467. C. SERVILIUS TUCCA L. CAELIUS or CAECILIUS METELLUS The Tarentini took some Roman Galleys and killed the Commander thereof A. M. 3769. R. 468. Q. CORNELIUS DOLABELLA CN DOMITIUS CALVUS Dolabella defeated the Gauls who came to besiege Rome which obliged them to make peace with the Romans which continued for forty years together A. M. 3770. R. 469. C. FABRICIUS LUSCUS Q. AEMILIUS PAPPUS The Brutians and Lucanians besieged Tauranum in Calabria Fabricius marched against them and raised the Siege A. M. 3771. R. 470. L. AEMILIUS BARBULA Q. MARTIUS PHILIPPUS The Tarentini finding themselves hard pressed by the Romans implored the assistance of Pyrrhus King of Epirus who was very glad of that opportunity A. M. 3772. R. 471. P. VALERIUS LEVINUS T. CORUNCANUS NEPOS Pyrrhus came into Italy fought the Roman Army and defeated it by means of his Elephants the Romans having never seen any before Eutropius says that Pyrrhus advanced as far as Praeneste and that in his march he increased his forces and party A. M. 3773 R. 472. C. FABRICIUS LUSCUS Q. AEMILIUS PAPPUS One of Pyrchus's Physicians came to Fabricius and offered to poyson the King but the Consul was struck with horror at his base treachery and sent him back to his Master with a full account of his ill design Pyrrhus was so pleased with the generosity of the Cousul that he sent him all the Prisoners he had taken at the defeat of Levinus However these mutual kindnesses did not make an end of the War for they fought and Pyrrhus again obtained the Victory A. M. 3774. R. 473. P. SULPITIUS SAVERIO P. DECIUS MUS This second misfortune did not cast down the courage of the Consuls they order'd their Souldiers to attack the Elephants only which they performed with such success that those creatures feeling themselves wounded ran away put their own Souldiers in disorder and gave the Romans an opportunity to get an entire Victory Pyrrhus lost twenty thousand men and was wounded in the fight A. M. 3775. R. 474. P. CORNELIUS RUFUS C. JUNIUS BRUTUS Pyrrhus his confederates were punished A. M. 3776. R. 475. Q. FABIUS GURGES C. GENUTIUS Several Prodigies terrified the Roman people and particularly a Thunder-bolt which struck off the head of the Statue of Jupiter Capitolinus A. M. 3777. R. 476. MANIUS or M. CURIUS DENTATUS C. CORNELIUS DENTATUS Curius engaged Pyrrhus defeated him and killed three and twenty thousand of his Soldiers The honour of triumph was permitted him and four Elephants were shown the first time at Rome After this overthrow Pyrrhus returned into Greece and came no more into Italy A. M. 3778. R. 477. SERVIUS CORNELIUS M. CURIUS DENTATUS C. Fabritius Censor expelled P. Cornelius Rufinus a Consulary man out of the Senate because he found fifteen marks of silver utensils in his house A. M. 3779. R. 478. C. FABRICIUS LICINIUS or LUSCUS C. CLAUDIUS CINNA They numbred the people and found two hundred seventy one thousand two hundred twenty four heads of Families Ptolomeus Philadelphus sent an Embassy to Rome to make a league with the Romans Eutropius reckons this year to be the four hundred and sixty first after the foundation of Rome and Cornelius Nepos the four hundred and seventieth A. M. 3780. R. 479. L. PAPYRIUS CURSOR C. SERVILIUS The Vestal Seutilia was convicted of lewdness contrary to the constitution of her order and was put to death according to the laws A. M. 3781. R. 480. C. QUINTIUS GULOX L. GENUTIUS Eutropius mentions M. Falius Pictor in the room of Genutius omitting the following Consuls A. M. 3782. R. 481. C. GENUTIUS CN CORNELIUS BLASIO The Mamertini whom the Carthaginians had called to their assistance besieged them in their own Cittadel These Mamertini were Souldiers of Campania who after having served under Agathocles as Saballicus reports or under Hiero according to Polybius were put in Garrison in Messina They were so taken with the situation and conveniency of the place that they resolved to settle there and for that purpose killed all the male Inhabitants whom they came to relieve and having seized upon all their effects and their Wives they began a new settlement They were called Mamertini that is the Children of Mars A. M. 3783. R. 482. Q. FABIUS PICTOR Q. OGULIUS GALLUS There is nothing more recorded of these Consuls but their names A. M. 3784. R. 483. SEMPRONIUS SOPHUS APPIUS CLAUDIUS CRASSUS The Legion who had seized upon Rhegium during the Consulship of L. Aemilius was now besieged and forced to surrender at discretion All the Soldiers were beheaded Polybius tells us that this Legion consisted of Romans but Florus says it was made up of the Inhabitants of Campania and the Town of Capua A. M. 3785. R. 484. M. ATTILIUS REGULUS L. JUNIUS LIBO They begun to use Money at Rome says Eutropius and the number of Quaestors was encreased A. M. 3786. R. 485. DECIUS JUNIUS MUS CN FABIUS PICTOR Volsinia one of the chiefest Communities in Tuscany was oppressed by the Slaves whom they had made free Decius subdued that Rabble and
eight and ninth Books are lost There were many other Illustrious Men of that Family CORNICEN He that bloweth a Horn or Cornet invented by Marsyas in Phrygia 'T is a kind of a great Flute with seven holes there are some that are straight made of a whole piece of wood of Service-tree or Plum-tree Some others are of two pieces and crooked The Ancients made use of them in War and Sacrifices those that were used in Sacrifices were commonly made with Box-tree and those used for the Games were of Silver or of Bones of Asses Legs the sound whereof was more clear as Plutarch relates it CORNICULARIJ A kind of Officers that stood at a corner of the Bar where the Magistrate administred Justice to hinder the people from coming in and disturbing the Magistrate Cornicularii quia Cornibus secretarii praetoriani praeerant says Cassiodorus CORNIX A Crow a Bird with black Feathers lesser than a Raven but croaking and feeding upon Carrion like him She fore-tells the Rain with her croaking which was accounted a bad Omen to him that began any undertaking Saepè sinistra cava praedixit ab ilico Cornix Virg. Eclog. 1. And sometimes it was a good Omen Farpeio quondam quae sedit culmine Cornix Est benè non potuit dicere dixit erit Epigram Maronis Yet the Crow was under the protection of Concord for Aelianus tells us that the Ancients were used to call upon the Crow in their Weddings Politianus affirms that he has seen a Golden Medal of the young Faustina Marcus Aurelius his Daughter and Wife to L. Verus on the reverse whereof a Crow was represented as the Symbol of Concord CORNU The Horny hard part that grows on the head and at the feet of many Animals The Ancients says Plutarch hung up Stags horns in the Temples of Diana to shew that she was the Goddess of hunting Servius tells us that they represented the God of Sleep with a Horn. CORNU-COPIA The Horn of Plenty according to the Fable 't is a Horn from which came out all things that could be wish'd for out of a priviledge that Jupiter gave his Nurse whom they supposed to have been a She-goat or Amalthea This Fable is grounded upon the fruitfulness of a Territory of Libia whose Figure is like an Ox's Horn very abundant in Wine and rare Fruits which King Ammon gave to his Daughter Amalthea whom the Poets have supposed to have been Jupiter's Nurse CORONA A Crown Crowns were added to Honour Virtue and the Atchievements of great men by Priests in Sacrifices by the people in Game Shews and Feastings and because of their several uses they were made of several Materials as we shall see afterwards The Crowns that were bestowed upon merit and for reward of great Actions were called Civica Obsidionalis Muralis Castrensis Navalis Vallaris Ovalis and Triumphalis The Crown Civica was made of Branches of Oak with Acorns or of ground Oak and was given to such who had sav'd a Citizens life in a battle having defended him and killed his Enemy The Crown Obsidionalis was made of Grass called Gramen gathered in the Camp and given in honour of the courage of the Soldier or Captain who had forced the Enemy to raise the siege of a Town or Camp The Crown Muralis was bestowed upon him who had first scaled the Wall of a besieged Town or some other place and entred by the breach This Crown was of Gold or Silver with Battlements of old Walls round about in the form of Beams The Crowns Castrensis and Vallaris were granted to such who forc'd the Palisadoes and the Camp of the Enemies and beat them from the Trenches and the Fences where they were retired This Crown was made of Gold and Silver with Pales of Palisadoes round about like so many Rays The Crown Navalis was of the same metal with the two former formed with Beaks of Ships and was given to him who first boarded the Enemies Ships The Crown Triumphalis was at first made of Laurel but afterwards they made it of Gold the Cities sent it to the victorious General to wear on the day of his Triumphal Entry The Crown Ovalis was granted to him who had obtained the lesser Triumph called Ovatio and was made of branches of Myrtle-tree They likewise crowned the Conquerors in the publick Games of Greece the Crown of the Olympick Games dedicated to Jupiter was made of wild Olive-tree That of the Pythian Games celebrated in the honour of Apollo for the defeat of the Serpent Pytho was of Laurel That of the Isthmian Games solemnized in the honour of Palemon kept in the Isthmus of Corinth was made of branches of Pine-tree and that of the Nemaean Games celebrated in the honour of the young Archemorus they gave a Crown of Smallage and this is confirm'd by the four following Latin Verses of Alciatus translated out of the Greek of Archias Sacra per Argivas-certamina quatuor urbes Sunt duo facta viris duo Coelitibus Vt Jovis Phaebi Melicertaeque Archemorique Proemia sunt pinus poma apium atque olea In publick Feastings and Rejoycings they were crowned with Ivy Roses and other natural and artificial Flowers Pliny tells us that these Crowns or Garlands of Flowers were not used and that they were kept for the Statues of the Celestial Gods Menestus and Callimachus both Physicians wrote against the use of Crowns of Flowers in Feastings saying that they were hurtful to the Brain but Typho another Physician and Aristo a Peripatetick Philosopher maintained the contrary and said that Flowers may open the pores of the Head and make a free passage for the fumes of the Meat and Wine It might however fall out that some Flowers and Herbs may hurt the Brain and this may be the reason why they left off the use of Garlands of Flowers and made use of little woollen Bands which they tied up about their Heads in their merry Meetings Livy tells us at the end of his first Decade that in the Year 460 all the Romans assisted at publick Games with their Heads crowned with Laurel or Flowers eodem anno coronati primùm ob res bello benè gestas ludos Romanos spectaverunt and the Conquerors were crowned with Palm-branches They likewise crown'd themselves with Flowers and Herbs at the Sacrifices and Feasts in honour of the Gods as it appears by ancient Marbles They gave also the Gladiators that were made free a Crown of Wool CORONA In Architecture is that part of the Cornish which is called the Caves Vitruvius by the word Corona understands the whole Cornish CORONA LATA The Cornish of the Dorick Order according to Vitruvius CORONIS The Goddess Coronis worshipp'd in Sicyonia according to Pausanias She had no Temple but they offered Sacrifices to her in the Temple of Pallas CORONIS Phlegias's Daughter loved by Apollo but being grown too familiar with Ischis the Son of Elatus of Thessalia a Raven who saw them together acquainted Apollo with
meaning by those Gods those who had been men and honoured her under the name of Rhea and Cybele She was principally honoured in Phrygia She took from thence most of her names Cybele Dindyma and Ida are Mountains of Phrygia Berecynthia Pessinus Andira are Towns of Phrygia Mygdonia is a little Country and from these several places she has got her different names She was not only called Cybele as Faustus says but also Cybebé because says he she makes people run mad from the Greek word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 agere in furorem Rhea is derived either from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to run because of the rains and celestial influences that make the earth fruitful or because of the continual flowing of seeds and generations of all terrestrial natures or rather this name comes from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 terra by a transposition like that of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 aer The Greek word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 terra comes plainly from the Hebrew Erets which signifie the same thing and Rhea might be directly derived from it Dindymia She had this name from a Mountain in Phrygia or Troades called Dindyma where she was particularly worshipp'd and from whence her Feasts and Ceremonies were brought to the Greeks and Romans Idaea because of Mount Ida in Phrygia where she was likewise adored Berecynthia from a Castle of Phrygia of that name near the River Sangaris or from the Mountains of that name as Fulgentius relates Pessinuntia from the Town Pessinus or as Herodian says because a Statue fell formerly in the fields of Phrygia which was thought to be the Statue of Cybele or because the place where the Phrygians solemniz'd the feast of this Goddess was call'd Pessinus on the banks of the River Gallus The Romans having conquer'd this Country were advis'd by the Oracle that if they could transfer to Rome the Goddess of Pessinus their Empire should be raised to a soveraign degree of greatness whereupon they sent a famous Embassy to the Magistrates of that Country to ask them leave to bring her to Rome which was granted them and they carried that Deity which was but a nasty rough and unpolish'd Stone on board of their Ship and brought her to Rome as Ovid says Est moles nativa loco res nomina fecit Appellant saxum pars bona montis ea est Fast l. v. v. 150. CYBELE is derived either from the Greek word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. e. to make Gambols and shake the head because the Priests of this Goddess called Corybantes Daetyli Idaei Curetes and Galli danced and shook their heads like mad men on the day of the feast or this word comes from the place called Cybele or in fine from a little Grove of Pine-trees consecrated to her She is also called Maja i. e. Mother or Nurse This word is common both to the Greeks and Latins and in all likelihood is a Greek word and signifies a Nurse which is the Earth But those that will have it a Latin word derive it from Majus which is the same with Magnus from whence comes Major and Majestas The Romans honoured the Earth by the names of Tellus and Tellumo Tellus was the feminine name and Tellumo the masculine and so it was a God and Goddess St Austin relates to this purpose what Varro says on this subject The same Earth has a double vertue a Masculine virtue to produce Seeds and a Feminine vertue to receive and nourish them from the latter she was called Tellus and from the other Tellumo The Romans called also the Earth Ops because of her power to give help Opis is different from Ops and 't is one of the names of Diona among the Greeks because she helps women in labour King T. Tatius built her a Temple under the name of the Goddess Ops. They gave her also the name of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as much as to say 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 terra mater Plato derives this name from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 dans ut mater St Austin in the 7th Book ch 24. de Civitare Dei relates the explanation that Varro gives of all the mysterious particulars of the worship of Cybele or the Earth She is called says he the mother of the Gods the Drum which is ascribed to her is the Figure of the Globe of the Earth the Turrets that she carries over her head represent the Towns the Seats that surround her shew that she only stands still while all things are in motion round about her the Eunuch Priests who attend her denote that to get Corn and Seeds the Earth must be manured because all things are to be found in her Bosom their agitations and motions before their Goddess teach Husbandmen that they must not lye still because they have always something to do the sound of Cymbals denote the noise of the Instrument of Husbandry the Cymbals are made of Brass because they were formerly of that Metal before Iron was found The tame and untied Lion gives us to understand that there is no Land so wild and and barren but may be manured Besides Tellus having many Names and Sirnames she was taken for several Deities They think says he that Tellus is the Goddess Ops because she mends and grows better by Labour the Mother of the Gods because she brings forth a great many things the great Mother because she produces Food Proserpina because Corn comes out of her Bosom Vesta because she cloaths herself with Grass and green Turf This is the Physical Explication of the most particular things Poets and Historians have feigned concerning Cybele so much reverenc'd by the Greeks and Romans By all these names they meant the same Goddess viz. the most effeminate part of the world which is like its Mother whereas the Sun and Stars are considered as the Father thereof Strabo informs us of the greatest part of the Ceremonies used in honour of this Goddess which were always performed with fury and transport of mind The fury of the Priests of Cybele was the voluntary agitation of Fanatick Men who made a great noise and tumult and cut their Bodies with Knives so that these Sacrifices of Cybele were like those performed by the Priests of Baal related in the Book of Kings Pliny tells that the Priests of Cybele used to cut off the marks of their Sex with a Knife made of Medicinal Earth found in the Island of Samos and that they run in no danger of their Life when they made use of that sort of Knives There is an old Marble at Rome cut in honour of the great Mother of the Gods with the figure of that Goddess crown'd with a Turret holding with one hand a Drum and with the other some Ears of Corn She sets upon a Chariot drawn by two Lyons attended by Atys who holds a Ball in his Hand and leans upon a Pine-tree for this Tree was consecrated to her
had not done it for Reward but only for the love of Virtue EMPOUSA An ancient Fantome and an excellent Dancer as Lucian says Eustathius tells us that it was a frighting Hobgoblin dedicated to Hetate and this Fantome turn'd herself into several shapes as Suidas and Aristophanes report And was called Empousa because she walked only upon one Foot Some Writers assure that it was Hecate herself or one of the Lamiae or She-Devils ENCHALABRIS A kind of a Table that the Priest set up whereupon the Victim that was killed was stretched out to view its Inwards ENCHALABRIA The Vessels wherein they put the Inwards of the Victims after they were viewed ENCELADUS The Stoutest of the Giants who according to the Fable made war against the Gods Jupiter struck him with his Thunderbolt and threw Mount Aetna upon him having his Body half burnt as Virgil tells us after Homer Fama est Enceladi semi-ustum fulmine corpus Vtgeri mole hac He was the Son of Tartarus or Abyssus and the Earth ENDYMIO A Shepherd who was stolen away by Night in a deep Sleep and made King of the Lunar-Globe according to the Fable as Lucian tells us But the truth is that Endymion gave himself much to the contemplation of the Moon to observe her changes and motions and improved so far in that study that it was reported that he had lain with her Some Writers tell us that Endymion was a very Just King of Elis who obtained of Jupiter to sleep for ever Some others say that Endymion loved much to Sleep whereupon arose that Proverb of a sleepy and slothful Fellow Endymionis somnum dormit He sleeps like Endymion ENEAS See Aeneas ENNIUS An Ancient Latin Poet born at Tarentum or in Calabria He had written several Books whereof some Fragments are yet Extant His stile was harsh and unpolished ENTAEUS A prodigious Giant the Son of the Earth who was threescore Cubits high He inhabited the Wilderness of Lybia and dwelt in a Cross-way where he committed many Robberies and obliged Men who passed that way to wrestle with him But at last he met with Hercules as he was coming from the Garden of Hesperides who took him up into the air and strangled him with his Arm having observed that his strength renewed every time he threw him on the Earth his Mother Entaeus is the Emblem of Voluptuousness and Hercules of Reason which overcomes Sensuality Superata tellus Sidera donat says Boetius and the greatest Victory that a Man can obtain is to overcome Voluptuousness And Scipio ordered the following words to be engraved upon his Tomb. Maxima cunctarum Victoria victa Voluptas ENYALIUS A God of the Sabins called by them and the Romans Quirinus 't is not well known whether it be Mars or some other Divinity bearing an equal sway with him They danced sacred Dances in his Temple EOLUS See Aeolus EPEUS The Son of Endymion who was an excellent Ingineer among the Greeks and among other war like Engines invented the Battering Ram or Raven to beat down the Walls of the Towns Virgil says that he made the Horse that was carried into Troy EPHEBEUM A place for young Boys in Greece For Hebe in Greek signifies Râ—pe-age which is at fourteen Years and this is the time that the Boys begun to wrestle and exercise themselves and all the Interpreters agree that the Ephebeum was a place for these Exercises and Vitruvius establishes this opinion when he says that it was a place where was many Seats EPHEMERIDES Registers or Day-Books calculated by Astronomers to mark the state of Heaven every day at mid-day i. e. the place where all the Planets meet at noon and these Journals are made use of draw Horoscopes or Celestial Schemes EPHESTIO A Favourite of Alexander the Great whom he ranked among the Gods after his Death and those who refused to acknowledge Ephestion for a God were guilty of a high crime against Alexander for he had not only been at the charges of many Millions for his Funeral Pomp but the Cities had built Temples and Altars in his honour and there was no greater Oath taken but by his name and to ridicule these things was a crime deserving death For the Courtiers to flatter the Passion of Alexander told him many tales and visions that Ephestion had appeared to them in a dream that he cured men who called upon him relating false Oracles and acknowledging him for their Protector wherefore Alexander having his ears continually battered with these discourses at last believed them and applauded himself that he could make a God which was a greater thing than to be a God himself And there were then many good men who fell into his displeasure because they would not comply with his passion or shew'd some distaste for this madness Captain Agathocles had been exposed to be devoured by Lyons because he had shed tears at Ephestion's Grave as if he had been Mortal had not Perdical took his Oath by the Gods and especially by Ephestion that this new God had appeared to him while he was a hunting and had bid him to report to Alexander that he should pardon Agathocles for having shed tears at the remembrance of his Friend and that he was to take pity of humane infirmity EPHESUS A City of Asia very famous for the Temple of Diana which was accounted one of the seven wonders of the world This City was built by the Amazons and then augmented by Androcus the Son of Codrus Asia was two hundred years about the building of the Temple of Diana and all her Provinces had contributed towards the charges of that great design This City was from all times much given to Magical Arts and there were spells publickly sold Eustathius observes that there were spells ingraven on the Feer the Girdle and the Crown of the Statue of Diana EPHORI Overseers of the Common-wealth or Lacedemonian Magistrates like the Tribunes among the Romans their office was to restrain and curb the authority of the Kings of Sparta They were chosen five in number thirty years after the death of Lycurgus during the the reign of Theopompus to be Ministers and assistants to the Kings in the administration of Justice But their Authority grew so great that they attempted to reform their Kings and punish them as they did in the person of Archidamus whom they fined because he married a woman of little size And they imprisoned Agis as Pausanius relates EPICHARMUS A Pythagorean Philosopher who first invented Comedies and has left us some rules concerning the same EPICTETUS A Stoick Philosopher born at Hierapolis in Phrygia Slave to Epaphroditus Nero's Favorite who comprehended all Philosophy in these two words bear and forbear and was so much esteemed that Lucian says that his Lamp though it was but Earthen-ware was sold for 3000 Attick Groats which is about 92 Pounds of English Money This Philosopher lived till the time of M. Antoninus and has left us a Manual which seems rather the work
invention of the Sling though others say that the Phaenicians found it out Florus and Strabo tells us that there were three kinds of Slings longer or shorter and that they made use of them according to the distance that they were from the Enemy FUNDITORES The Slingers men who slung Stones with a Sling The Slingers were part of the Roman Militia FUNEBRIS ORATIO A Funeral Oration The Roman custom was to have Funeral Speeches at the burying of the great men of Rome spoken from the Rostra in the Forum Romanum where the Funeral Parade stood The man chosen to make the Speech published the Praises of the Dead and began with the greatness of his Ancestors the ancientness of his Family the sweetness of his Manners his Liberality and the Services he had rendered to the Commonwealth both in time of Peace and of War The Children or the Relations performed often this duty or the Senate appointed some Eloquent Orator to perform the same Augustus being but twelve years old made a publick Speech to praise his Grandmother and being Emperor he made another to praise Germanicus his Nephew Tiberius says Suetonius made a Speech at nine years of age in honour of his Father and few years after he was raised to the Imperial Dignity he pronounced a Funeral Speech in praise of his Son Caligula having not yet put on the Toga Viriliis made a publick discourse in commendation of his Grand-mother then dead and Nero made also an Oration to praise the Emperor Claudius his Predecessor Valerius Publicola was the first man who made a Funeral Speech at Rome for Polybius relates that Junius Brutus his Colleague in the Consulship having been killed at the Battle against the Toscans he ordered his Corps to be brought on a Bed in the publick place and he went up into the Rofira and set forth in a discourse to the people the Atchievements of that great man We read in Alexander ab Alexandro and in Plutarch that this custom was practised and that Quintus Fabius Maximus spoke the Funeral Oration of Scipio and of his own Children We learn of Livy that this honour was also granted to the Roman Matrons after their death because they had formally offered to part with their Necklaces and Jewels in atime that Money was scarce and in acknowledgment of their Piety it was ordered that Funeral Speeches in their commendarian should be allowed to them Popilia was the first Roman Lady who received that honour and Crassus her Son made her Funeral Oration Suetonius reports that Julius Caesar being then Quaestor pronounced a publick discourse of praise in the place called Rostra in honour of his Aunt Julia and Cornelia his Wife FUNERATICUM The Funeral charges which amounted sometimes to excessive summs of Money Nero spent for the Funerals of Poppea more Cinnamon and Cassia than Arabia was able to produce in a whole year and Suetonius says that the Funerals of Nero came to a hundred thousand Sesterces which according to the supputation of Mursius amounts to seven hundred and fifty thousand pounds FUNICULUS An ancient measure of the Aegyptians being a distance or the space of a place containing sixty furlongs in length which are about seven thousand five hundred paces or 6 miles and a quarter of English measure FUNUS Funerals Obsequies Burial Ceremonies The eighth day after the death being over a publick Cryer gave notice to the people of the time of the Funerals in these words N. QUIRIS LETHO DATUS EST ADEXEQUIAS QUIBUS EST COMMODUMIRE JAM TEMPUS EST OLLUS EX AEDIBUS EFFERTUR Such a Citizen is dead those who have time to go to his Funerals 't is time they are ready to carry away the Corps out of the House The Funerals thus published by the publick Cryer were called Indictivae but this was practised but at the Funerals of the Emperors or Persons of quality and to honour them the better they gave Games and Shews to the people to wit fights of Gladiators and Horse-races Men are still thus invited in France at the Funerals of Kings Princes Soveraign Courts and other Ministers of State by fourscore sworn Cryers together with the Great Masters of the Ceremonies The Ancient Romans had still other Funerals where no body was invited called Simpludiarea or Simpliludiarea funera then the Funeral Parade was only attended by Vaulters and Buffoons called Ludii and Corvitores Some hired Women attending the Funerals named Praeficae cryed and mourned singing sad and mournful Songs intermixt with the praises of the dead and moved other Women to imitate them and some other men called Pantomimi counterfeiting the motions actions and the voice of the deceased person Whereupon Suetomius relates a pleasant fancy of a Buffoon called Faâ—o who being invited to a Funeral came masked with a Vizard and in a disguise like the Emperor Vespatian who being taxed with convetousness and counterfeiting him according to custom asked aloud before the Assembly those who had the management of the Funerals how much the charges of the Burial came to and when he heard that it amounted to a hundred Sesterces which is about seven hundred and fifty pounds he cried out that if they would give him that summ of Money they might throw him after his death where they should think fit The Designator or Master of the Ceremonies having disposed all in a good order the Funeral Parade began to march with great pomp along the great Streets and Cross-ways of Rome then stopt in the place of the Rosira where a Funeral Speech was made in honour of the deceased person They carried before the Corps vessels full of Perfumes and precious Liquors to throw into the wood-pile when the Corps was burning to prevent its bad smell Afterwards Warlike men marched carrying the Standards and Spoils of the Enemies and other Trophies of Arms as Draughts of conquer'd Cities names of the subdued Nations Titles of the Laws made by them Military Presents and other badges of Honour They carried also the Effigies of their Ancestors made of Wax of imbossed Work which they kept in Niches at the entry of their Houses and crowned them with Garlands of Flowers upon certain days of the year Then followed the Priests and Religions Orders after them the Magistrates in mouming wearing the badges of their Magistracy as also the badges of the offices of the dead The Corps dressed in a habit suitable to the condition of the dead was carried upon a Bed of State adorned with Ivory and covered with a rich Carpet Besides this Bed of State there were many other Beds adorâ—â—d with Garlands and Crowns of Flowers and the Images of the Ancestors of the deceased person were tied to their Beds six thousand of these Beds were carried at the Funerals of the Dictator Silla and six hundred at the Funeral of M. Marcellus the Son of Octavia Sister to Augustus says Valeriâ— Maximus After this Funeral Bed carried by the nearest Relations of the dead or
by his affranchised men then marched those appointed to mourn by the deceased person all dressed in long black Gowns edged with Scarlet attended by Torch-bearers and Lictors marching before them We read in Cornelius Tacitus that the great Magistrates of Rome carried sometimes the Funeral Bed of Emperors and Dictators for the Bed of Sylla was carried by Senators and Vestal Virgins that of Paulus Aemilius by the Macedonian Ambassadors then at Rome that of Metellus by his seven Children of whom two had been Consuls and two others had obtain'd the Honour of the Triumph and Trebius being dead in the Office called Edile was carried to the Wood-pile on the shoulders of the Roman People because he had sold the Corn cheap in a year of want The mourning Men were followed by Women bemoaning and complaining all along the way and commonly led by the Mother Daughter or Wife of the deceased person all dressed in Mourning walking along with dishevelled Hairs and their Face covered with a Veil and the funeral pomp was closed by the People In the time of the Emperors the Girls attended the Funerals of their Fathers dressed in white Gowns the Head uncovered and their Hairs dishevell'd on the contrary the Boys had their Heads covered at the Funerals of their Fathers Plutarch tells us for reason of this custom that the Boys were to honour their Fathers as Gods to whom the Romans sacrificed standing and their Heads covered and that the Girls should mourn for them as for mortal Men. The Funeral Parade was attended with many Torches and by Men playing upon Musical Instruments as Flutes Cornets Drums and Clarions sounding sad and mournful Tunes when they destributed Largesses of Specie or Money to the People All these Ceremonies were observed but at the Funeral Pomps of great Men of Rome for the people were caried to the Wood-pile without all these preparations in a Coffin by the common Bearers or Sextons called Vespillones and Sandapilarii and there burnt without much ceremony Many Men ordered by their last Will that they should be buried without Ceremonies as M. Aemilius Lepidus who ordered that he should be carried to the Grave on a plain Bed Those who had performed great Acts for the service of the Common-wealth were buried at publick Charges as Valerius Publicola the protector of the Roman Liberty who had triumphed three times over the Enemies There were also Funerals called Imaginaria says Spartianus i. e. Obsequies in Effigies because the Corps of the dead was not there but only his Effigies Antiquity has accounted burial of the Dead so sacred and honourable that the invention of burial was attributed to one of their Gods viz. to the God called by the Greeks Pluto and the Latins Dis or Summanus as we learn from Diodorus Siculus in the sixth Book of his Antiquities c. 15. to shew what Veneration they should have for the Funerals of the dead which had been taught by a soveraign Divinity Wherefore when Numa Pompilius a wise and prudent Legislator reformed the Religion of the Romans he not only received and approved of Funeral Ceremonies as being holy and commendable but ordered that the Pontiffs should take care of them and teach them to those who should have occasion for the same By the Pontifical Laws it was not allowed to the High Priest to look upon a dead Corps but if by chance he had seen one in his way he was bound by the law before he went any further to throw some Earth upon it or bury it And all the Nations of the Earth have always accounted burial one of the chiefest duties of Religion which they denied neither to Friends nor Enemies as we learn of Historians for Vegetius l. 2. de Re Milit. cap. 20. tells us that each Legion had a Purse in the hands of the Ensign-bearer wherein each Soldier put a piece of Money to contribute his portion towards the burial of the Soldiers of that Legion who died in War we see also by the Testimonies both of Tully in the Oration for Milo and of Cornelius Tacitus l. 1. that the Generals who were victorious allowed their Enemies to bury the Corps of their dead Soldiers or else buried them themselves We read in Valerius Maximus l. 1. c. 6. and in Livy l. 22. that Hannibal the chief Enemy to the Romans having defeated and killed with his own hand near the Perusian Lake the Consul Gaius Flaminius and fifteen thousand Soldiers ordered his Men to seek for the Corps of the Consul which he honourably buried and rendered the like honours to many others mentioned by Valerius Maximus After the death of Hanno General of the Carthaginian Army the Consul Lucius Cornelius made him a funeral pomp and buried his Corps with great honour FURCA A Fork Formerly they made the vanquished pass under the Yoke made in the form of a Gallows otherwise called Fork as the Sanmites made the Romans pass at Furcae Caudinae The Slaves and other Malefactors carried their Forks or Gallows to the place of Execution and in that condition they were so grievously whipt that they died sometimes under the lashes and otherwise they were often nailed upon the very same Cross and Gallows they had carried themselves wherefore the Slaves were called Furcifcri i. e. a great Rogue who deserves hanging for his Crimes Justus Lipsius gives an accornt of these Matters l. 3. de Cruce FURIAE The Furies This name is derived from the fury which they inspire The Greeks call them Erinnyes from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 discordia mentis The opinion of Vossius is that Fury might be derived from the Hebrew Fara i. e. vindicta But 't is more likely that Erinnyes come from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. e. malè facere There were three Furies Tisiphone Alecto and Megera the Etymology of these names comes from the Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ultio caedis 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quietis nescia 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 odiosa Tzetzes is Author of these derivations 'T is very likely that at the beginning Men intended to worship Justice the revenger of Crimes by the Name of Furies but that Poets have still added some circumstances thereunto proper to represent the horrid Executioners of this Justice For Pausanias says that near the Areopagus of Athens there was a Temple consecrated to some Goddess called Severae 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 whom Hesiod calls Erinnyes and that Eschilus the Poet is the first Man who has represented them with Serpents tied about them in fine that the Statues of these Goddesses and all others of the subterranean Gods which are placed in that Temple have nothing dreadful to look on This Historian tells us also that the Statues of these Goddesses Severae were set up somewhere else with the Statues of Jupiter Ceres Minerva and Proserpina And assures in some other place that Ceres herself was called Erinnyes because she was transported with fury against Neptune when he attempted her Chastity à verbo 〈◊〉
with Serpents and was called upon in Magick they sacrificing to her Victims the blood whereof was shed in a Ditch digged in the ground for that purpose HECATOMB A Sacrifice of an hundred Oxen from the Greek word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. e. a hundred Strabo relates that this Sacrifice comes from the Lacedemonians who having an hundred Towns in their Country sacrificed every year a hundred Oxen in honour of their Divinities but the charges of these Sacrifices being too great they were reduced to five and twenty Oxen for they fancied by a childish cunning that each of these Oxen having four feet it was enough to keep up the name of Hecatombs to these Sacrifices to keep to the number a hundred in these parts And yet afterwards they offered in their Hecatombs other four-footed Beasts easier to be procured than Oxen as She-Goats and Lambs wherefore Homer speaks in his Illiads of Hecatombs of She-Goats and first yean'd Lambs 'T is also reported that an Ancient Man having in stormy weather made a vow to Sacrifice an hundred Oxen if he should escape the danger and afterwards seeing that he was not able to perform his Vow he offered to the Gods an Hecatomb of a hundred small Oxen made out of Dough. Some ascribe this false Hecatomb to Pythagoras and Diogones Laertius reports that this Philosopher having found out some new demonstrations of Trigonometry offered an Hecatomb of these artificial animals in the room of a hundred living Oxen whom he so expresly forbid to kill HECTOR The Son of Priamus King of Troy and Hecuba his Wife the most valiant of all the Trojans who so bravely defended the City of Troy against the Greeks Homer in the xxii Book of his Illiads relates how Priamus and Hecuba desir'd Hector to avoid fighting with Achilles and yet he pursued him vigorously Jupiter took pity of Hector and put it to deliberation whither he should prolong his life But Minerva was against it seeing that he was mortal However Apollo stood for him At last Jupiter put into a pair of golden Ballances the destinies of Achilles and Hector The fate of Hector was brought down even to Hell Then Apollo forsook him and Minerva took Achilles into her protection Hector perceived that Minerva was against him and that Jupiter and Apollo had cast him off as being near the fatal moment of his death Notwithstanding he behav'd himself with a very great courage and at last having received a mortal wound by Achilles he foretold him before he died that Paris and Apollo should kill him Achilles had resolved to expose the Corps of Hector to be devoured by the Dogs but Venus kept off the Dogs from his Body and Apollo cover'd it with a Cloud Wherefore he only dragg'd his Corps round about the Grave of Patroclus and Apollo took care of it and kept it from being torn in pieces and complained also of the other Gods who sufferr'd Hector to be insulted even after his death upon which Jupiter mov'd with compassion sent Thetis to Achilles to perswade him to deliver up the Corps of Hector to his Father which he performed for a great Summ of Money HECUBA The Wife of Priamus After the sacking of Troy Ulisses took Hecuba for his share of the Booty but having seen Polyxena her Daughter sacrificed on the Tomb of Achilles and provok'd by so many misfortunes and especially the death of her Son Polydorus barbarously murthered by Polemnester his Son-in-law she fell upon him in rage and tore out his eyes then endeavouring to escape from the hands of her pursurer she was turn'd into a Bitch Ovid the 13th Book of his Metamorphoses HELENA Helen the Daughter of Jupiter and Tyndarus King of Lacedemonia and Leda and Sister to Castor and Pollux Lucian speaks thus of her in the judgment of Paris Venus She is the Daughter of that fair one of whom Jupiter being enamour'd turned himself into a Swan to enjoy her You may well imagine that she is not black being come of a Swan not fat or bulky being produced out of an Egg-shell If you had seen her dance stark naked after the manner of her Country you had been charmed with her agreeable motion and the gracefulness of her person Wars have already been made for the love of her for she was stole by Theseus when but ten years old Since she is augmented in Beauty as well as in Age and has attracted to her the eyes of all Greece She has been courted by a thousand Lovers but Menilaus was preferred before all his Rivals Nevertheless I will give her you if you are so inclined For thou shalt go into Greece under pretence of seeing the Country and as soon as thou art arrived at Lacedemon Helena will see thee leave the rest to my care and management And the same Lucian in the praise of Beauty speaks thus of her Men hold it in such great esteem that Theseus who was one of the greatest Heroes did not think he could be happy with all his Virtue unless he possessed Hellen and stole her away before she was at an Age fit for Marriage without having regard to the puissance of her Father or the danger he ran by this attempt That same Hellen being since returned to her Father's House in Theseus's absence all the Grecian Princes fell in love with her and for fear this Love might be fatal to their Country they all vowed together to serve him who should be preferred and hence employed all their Forces to put that fair one into Menelaus's hands Paris himself preferred her before all the Grandeurs and Advantages promised him by Pallas and Juno And the Trojaus seeing all Greece pouring upon their backs and at liberty of avoiding of that War by restoring Hellen yet resolved to keep her at the very peril of their lives and the ruine of their Country Dion Prusianus says that he was told by the Egyptian Priests that Helena the Daughter of Tyndarus the fairest young Lady of all Greece was courted by the young Grecian Princes and that the fame of her Beauty went as far as Phrygia but Paris Alexander Son to King Priamus one of her Lovers having been preferred to all the other Princes for the sake of his Beauty and the magnificence of his Equipage married her and presently brought her to Troy Menelaus and the other Grecian Princes provoked by this choice raised a powerful Army under the command of Agamemnon and sat down before Troy But Achilles was killed in this War and the Greeks forc'd to make a Peace with the Trojans by the mediation of Ulysses and to repair the damage they had done before Troy they offer'd a wooden Horse gilt over to Minerva and returned into Greece without Hellen whom Hector after the death of Paris gave in marriage to Deiphobus but a while after she was murthered by Orestes the Son of Agamemnon Herodatus reports that after Menelaus was deceased Nicostratus and Megapenthus two Lacedemonian Lords drove Helena out
Ludios were called Histriones by the Tuscans HOMERUS Homer Velleius Paterculus reports that Homer was the wittiest Man that ever was born and that he deserved the Name of Poet by excellency that as he never had imitated any one that was before him so after him none had been able to match him and in fine that he and Archilochus were the only Men who had begun a great work and had carried it to its perfection Homer has left us two incomparable Works one of the Trojan War intituled Iliads and the other of the long and dangerous Voyages of Ulysses under the Title of Odysses each of them divided into four and twenty Books Alexander the Great order'd them to be laid up in a Case inlaid with precious Stones he got amongst the Spoils of Darius King of Persia Yet 't is uncertain where Homer was born and many Cities of Greece ascribe to themselves the honour of his birth Lucian speaks thus on this account 'T is neither known what Homer was nor what he did nor his Country nor his extraction nor the time wherein he lived otherwise there would not be so much dispute as there is on this subject nor would the people doubt whether Colophon was his Country or Chio or Smyrna or Cumae or Thebes or a hundred other Cities nor whether his Father is Maeonis the River of Lydia or some Man of that Name and his Mother Menalepis or some Nymph of the Dryades and whether he lived in or since the time of the Hero's For 't is neither known whether he is more ancient than Hesiod under the name of Melesigena or whether poor or blind as is the common rumour The same Lucian in the description of the Island of the Blessed says again When I had been two or three days in that Country I accosted Homer and desired him to tell me where he was born because it was one of the greatest Questions amongst the Grammarians he told me they had so perplex'd him upon that subject that he himself knew nothing of the matter but that he believed he was of Babylon and there call'd Tigranes as Homer amongst the Greeks being deliver'd to them for an Hostage I then ask'd him whether he made those Verses which are disallowed and damn'd as none of his He told me he did which made me laugh at the impertinence of those that will needs deny them I also enquir'd why he had begun his Poem with anger and he said it was done without design and that he did not write his Odysses before his Illiads as several held As for his pretended blindness I did not speak to him on it because I plainly saw the contrary Tatian one of the most ancient Apologists of the Christian Religion reports that Homer was before all Poets Philosophers and Greek Historians and is the most ancient of profane Writers However he affirms that Moses is more ancient than Homer himself Tertullian has observ'd that the Pagans did not deny that the Books of Moses were extant many ages before the States and Cities of Greece before their Temples and Gods and also before the beginning of Greek Letters In fine he says that Moses liv'd five hundred years before Homer's time and the other Prophets who came a long while after Moses were yet more ancient than all the Wise men Law-givers and Philosophers of Greece And by consequence the Holy Scripture is without comparison much older than Homer and as the Poesy of Homer who liv'd so many ages before all the Philosophers Historians and Greek Writers was a pattern to them so in the like manner Homer has follow'd the truths of the holy Scripture as they were then spread abroad in the World Aelian assures us that Ptolomeus Philopator King of Egypt having built a Temple to Homer he set up therein his Figure upon a Throne with the representation of all the Cities that pretended to the honour of his birth and that Galaton drew the picture of Homer with a Torrent coming out of his Mouth at which all Poets were drawing water We learn from Plutarch that Alexander had always the Illiads of Homer under his Pillow with his Dagger and laid it up in a little Casket of an extraordinary value that was found amongst the Spoils of Darius Horace has written in one of his Epistles an Encomium on the Illiads and Odysses of Homer and declares at first that neither Chrysippus nor Crantor who excell'd amongst the Stoicks and Academick Philosophers and had set down the most perfect rules of Morals had never so well conceiv'd nor so happily explain'd the nature and the laws of honest and profitable virtue and vice as Homer himself had done in his Illiads Trojani belli scriptorem c. Horace gives reason for what he did saying that the Illiads represented wonderful well the passions and the fatal consequences of the foolish conduct of many Kings and Nations Cur ita crediderim nisi quid te detinet audi In the City of Troy Antenor pretended that Helena should be restor'd and Paris oppos'd him and sacrificed his own Country to his brutish passion In the Grecian Army Achilles and Agamemnon fell out one follows the passion of his Love and the other the transports of his Anger Nestor endeavours to bring them to an Agreement but to no purpose On the contrary the Odysses represents in the person of Ulysses a perfect model of Wisdom and Virtue when after he had took revenge of the unchastness of Paris upon the City of Troy he runs for a long while so many dangers at Sea overcomes Storms and Adversities and resists the Inchantments of Mermaids and Circe viz. Voluptuousness which stupifies those who give themselves over to it On the other side the Noblemen of Ithaca who pretended to marry Penelope shew us the effeminate life and the fatal end of voluptuous Men for at last they washed with their own blood the wrong they had done to Ulysses during his absence and the infamous debaucheries they had committed in his Palace Of all the great Men of Antiquity none had so great honours perform'd to them as Homer For besides the Statues erected to him and Medals stampt with his Effigies they erected also Temples and Altars to his honour where they offer'd him Sacrifices And a Sect of Christians call'd Carpocratians ador'd and burnt Frankincense to Homer's Image in the like manner as they did to the Images of our Lord and St Paul as St Austin and St John Damascen and the Book ascrib'd to the Emperor Charles the Great tells us We have still many ancient Monuments of the divine honours that were perform'd to this great Poet and amongst others a very ancient Marble which was found in the Territory of Terrentium M. Cuper tells us that Archelaus of Priene who made that work as it appears by the Inscription thereof endeavoured to express thereby the Apotheosis of Homer He is represented by this figure setting on the top of Mount Olympus holding a
Julius or July under Jupiter's Protection JULIUS viz. MENSIS July This Month was called in the Calender of Romulus Quintilis because it was the fifth Month of the Year according to this King's Calender who made up the Year of Ten Months only beginning the Year with the Month of March But afterwards this name was changed by the orders of Marc. Antony and it was called Julius in honour of Julius Caesar who had reformed the Calender of Romulus The first of this Month was a time appointed for removing Lodgings and paying Houses Rents as we learn by this Epigram of Mâ—â—tial l. 12. Epigr. 32. O Juliarum dedecus Calendarum Vidi Vacerra sarcinas tuas vidi Quas non retentas pensione pro bimâ Portabat uxor rufa crinibus septem He means that his House Goods were so inconsiderable that the owner of the House refused to keep them for payment of Two Years Rent due to him The fifth of this Month or the third before the Nones was a Holy Day called Poplifugia the flight of the People when Romulus was killed and a dreadful storm put them to flight The seventh or the day of the Nones was called Caprotinae Nonae from the Latin Word Caprificus a wild Fig-Tree in remembrance of a Servant Maid called Tutola or Philotis who got upon a wild Fig-Tree holding a burning Torch in her hand as a token to the Romans to surprize the Army of the Latins The next Day after this Feast they kept another rejoycing Day called Vitulatio in honour of the Goddess Vitula because the following Day after the Victory obtain'd over the Latins there were publick Rejoycings all over the City The 12th was Julius Caesar his Birth-day kept holy The Games called Apollinarii Circenses and Minervalus were represented in this Month. And a Temple was Dedicated to Female Fortune in acknowledgment of the great Service that Veturia and Volumnia the Mother and the Wife of Coriolanus had done to the Commonwealth by hindering him to take revenge of the affront of his Banishment At the Ides of the Month they made a general Muster of the Roman Knights called Transvectio Crowned with Branches of Olive Tree and riding their own Horses from the Temple of Honour to the Capitol The Censors were present at this Ceremony to see if their Horses were in good case and if they march'd in good order The same Day the Feast of Castor and Pollux was kept in their Temple built by the Son of Aulus Posthumius in the great place of Rome because they had fought for the Romans against the Latins who attempted to restore Tarquinius Supurbus to Rome The 18th was accounted fatal because upon that Day the Romans were defeated near the River Allia and put to flight by the Gauls The 23d Women with Child offered a Sacrifice to the Goddess Opigena and carried small Wax Figures into her Temple and prayed to her to grant them a happy Deliverance The 24th the Feasts of the Pontifs were kept The 25th they went in Processions about the Fields which were called Ambervalia The 28th a Sacrifice of Wine and Honey was offered to Ceres and the remainder of the Month was bestowed to Sacrifice reddish Dogs to the Dog-star to moderate the excessive heat of that Season JULUS The Son of Aeneas and Creusa sirnamed Ascanius who came with his Father into Italy and Reigned there after him He built a City called Alba Longa in a place where he had found a wild Sow with her young ones JUNIUS June the sixth Month of the Year wherein the Sun enters the Sign Cancer which makes the Summer Solstice This Word comes from the Latin Junius which some derive à Junone as Ovid in the 5th of his Fast introduces this Goddess saying Junius a nostro nomine nomen habet Others take the Etymology of this word a Junioribus from young people Junius-est Juvenum Ovid. And some others from Junius Brutus who expelled the King of Rome and settled the government upon the people This month was under the protection of Mercury The first day of the month they solemnized four feasts one dedicated to Mars out of the City because upon the like day F Quintius Duumvir of the Sacrifices had dedicated a Temple to him out of the gate Capena on the via Appia by the title of Mars Extra-Muranus The other feast was kept in honor of Carna in remembrance of the Temple that Junius Brutus consecrated to him upon mount Celius after he had driven away Tarquinius The common opinion was that this Divinity presided over the heart of children and inclined them which way she pleased They offerd Pap Bacon and Beans to her in Sacrifice The third feast was celebrated in honor of Juno Moneta to perform the vow that Camillus had made to build her a Temple The fourth feast was solemnized in honor of Tempest and instituted in the time of the second Punick war The fourth or the day before the Nones the feast of Bellona was kept whereof I have spoken under the word Bellona This same day a feast was celebrated in honor of Hercules and the Senate dedicated him a Temple in the Circus by Sylla's Order who gave stately entertainments to the people and presented Hercules with the tenth part of his wealth The 5th or the day of the Nones they offered a sacrifice to God Fidius to whom the Romans built a Temple on mount Quirinal after the peace was concluded with the Sabins and they honoured this God because the oaths taken in his name were inviolably kept Upon the 7th day happened the Fishermens Feast which was solemnized in the field of Mars with games mirth and banquetting The 8th or the 6th day of the Ides a solemn sacrifice was offered to the Goddess Mens in the Capitol to whom Attilius Crassus vowed a Temple after the defeat of the Consul C. Flaminins at the lake of Trasimenes praying her to remove out of the mind of the Romans the fear occasioned by the rout of the Consul The 9th or the 5th of the Ides was kept the great feast of the Goddess Vesta whereof I shall speak in its place The 11th or 3d of the Ides was solemnized the feast of the Goddess Matuta which shall be mentioned afterwards Upon the Ides of June fell out the feasts of Jupiter sirnamed Invictus or Invincible to whom Augustus dedicated a Temple for the victories he had obtained And this same day was kept the feast of Minerva called Quinquatrus minores the Fiddlers feasts mentioned in this book according to its order The 19th a sacrifice was offered to Pallas on mount Aventinus The 20th another was offered to Summanus to whom a Temple was dedicated upon such a day during the war of Pyrrhus The 22d was reckoned a fatal day because that day F. Flaminius was overcome by the Carthagimans The 23 Syphax was vanquished by Masinissa and the same day was called Dies Fortis Fortunae because King Servius dedicated her a Temple out of the
with young or because that the Romans being at War with Pyrrhus they called upon Juno to be relieved with Money Wherefore having driven Pyrrhus out of Italy they built her a Temple with this Title JUNONI MONETE and in that Temple the Money was kept JUNO REGINA or Queen Juno Under this Title Camillus after the taking of the City of Veiae where she had a very rich Temple asked if she was willing to come to Rome there to be adored and her Statue having made a sign that she consented to it he built her a Temple upon Mount Aventine JUNO CALENDARIS Because the first days of every Month called the Calends were consecrated to her and a White Cow or a She Goat was commonly Sacrificed in her Honour wherefore she was sirnamed Aegophagos or She-Goats Eater She was represented with Birds that were under her protection viz. the Goose the Peacock and the Vulture The Assyrians and Affricans and after them the Greeks and Romans have given the name of Juno to the Air and for that reason some Writers assure us that the name of Juno in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is but a transposition of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Tully speaking of the nature of the Air explains the Fable of Juno Aer ut stoici disputant interjectus tuter mare caelum Junonis nomine consecratur The Air between Heaven and the Sea is called by the name of Juno quae est sorer cusjux Jovis quod ei similitudo est atheris cum eo summa conjunctio And hereupon is grounded the Kindred and Marriage between Jupiter and Juno i. e. Heaven and Air. And this is plainly discovered in a Fable of Homer wherein he tells us that Jupiter tied Juno to a Chain with two Anvils hanging at her Feet to shew that the Air is independant on Heaven and the Earth and the Sea are dependant on the Air. In fine Poets have ascribed to Juno the quality of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 albis ulnis because of the transparency of the Air. JUNONALIA A Holy-day kept in Honour of Juno not mentioned in the Fasts of Ovid but fully described by Livy 1. 7. Decad. 3. This Feast was instituted on occasion of certain Prodigies that happened in Italy Wherefore the Pontiffs ordered that seven and twenty young Girls divided into three bands should walk singing a Song composed by Livius the Poet. But while they were learning the Song by heart in the Temple of Jupiter Stator the Thunder fell upon the Temple of Queen Juno on Mount Aventine Whereupon the Southsayers having been consulted answered that the Roman Matrons were concerned in this Prodigy and that they should pacifie the Goddess by some Sacrifices and Offerings Wherefore they collected Money and bought a Golden Bason and presented the Goddess with it on Mount Aventine Then the Decemviri appointed a day for a solemn Sacrifice which was thus ordered Two white Cows were led from the Temple of Apollo into the City through the Gate called Carmentalis and two Images of Queen Juno made of Cyprus Wood were carried Then marched seven and twenty Girls cloathed with long Gowns singing an Hymn in Honour of the Goddess Then followed the Decemvirs crowned with Laurel and clad with Robes edged with Purple This pomp passed by the Vieus Jugarius and stopp'd in the great Field of Rome where the Girls fell a Dancing keeping time with the Hymn From thence they marching by the Tuscanstreet and Velabrum through the Market for Oxen they arrived at the Temple of Queen Juno where the Victims were Sacrificed by the Decemviri and the Images of Cyprus Wood set up therein JUPITER Varro reckons three hundred Jupiters of several sorts and Countries The great Multitude of these Jupiters is doubtless grounded upon the first who went by that name who had been kind to Men and had assisted them in their wants wherefore after his Death each Nation gave the sirname of Jupiter to their King either out of flattery or because he was really a good Prince and imitated the Vertues of the true Jupiter by the name whereof Poets meant the true God In the like manner that the name of Hercules was abscribed to all great Men because the first of that name was very valiant and generous as the Roman did who gave the name of Caesar to all their Emperours tho' they were not of Julius Caesar's Family Tully lib. 3. de natura Deorum records but three Jupiters two whereof were born in Arcadia one the Son of Aether and the other of Caelus who begat Minerva The last was a Native of Crete or Candia the Son of Saturn and Rhea or Ops to whom all the actions of the two other are ascribed and was called Jupiter quasi juvans Pater as Macrobius and Aulus Gellius report and not from the word Jehova i. e. God for the Romans had then no acquaintance at all with the Hebrews After his Mother Rhea was delivered she did not put him to Death as she had promised Saturn but sent him to the Curetes Inhabitants of Mount Ida where he was secretly Nursed up and she put in his room a Stone wrapp'd up in swaddling Cloaths which as 't is said Saturn swallowed down thinking it was his Son This Child was then delivered up to the Nymps to take care of him and Amalthea suckled him with the Milk of a She Goat which Jupiter being grown up ranked amongst the Number of the Celestial Signs in acknowledgment of her kindness by the name of Olenia Capella from the Town of Olenus in Baeotia Oleniae surget sidus pluviale Capellae Quae fuet in cunis Officiosa Jovis Some relate that Rhea being afraid that her Son should not be safe upon Mount Ida in Phrygia sent him to a Mount of the same name in Candia Jupiter being grown up delivered his Father Saturn and his Mother Rhea from the hands of the Titans for having got together a Troop of Creteans he marched against the Titans routed them and restored his Father to the Throne Before he went to this Expedition as he was offering Sacrifice in the Isle of Naxos an Eagle came flying before him which he took for a good omen and after he had obtained the Victory he ordered that the Eagle should be consecrated to him Poets say that he turned himself into an Eagle to steal away Ganymedes upon 〈◊〉 Ida. However Saturn resoved the ruine of Jupiter but Prometheus having acquainted him with his design he tied him up with Woollen Bands as the Fable says gelded him and threw him headlong into Hell from whence being got out he came to Janus in Italy of whom he was kindly received Primus ab aetherio venit Saturnus Olympo Arma Jovis fugtens Regnis exul ademptis In the mean while Jupiter took possession of the Kingdom of Crete Then maintained a War against the Giants under the command of Aegon who had an Hundred Arms and as many Hands and blew Flames out of as many
was kept four days together and had no time appointed in the year for their Celebration only the Consuls were bound to solemnize the same before they went to War and it was observed that those who neglected that duty were unfortunate in their undertakings This Feast was instituted by Tarquinius Superbus after he had vanquished the Tuscans to maintain the Confederacy concluded by his means between them and the Latins They agreed about the time of their meetings on Mount Albanus where they repaired from all parts this Hill being situated in the middle of these Nations There every one brought along with him his own part for the Offering either Milk or Cheese or Lambs wherewith they made a Feast all together in token of union There was all so a Fair kept but the most remarkable thing in this Feast was the Sacrifice of a Bull offered to Jupiter sirnamed for that reason Latialis For 't is observed that every one of those who were there present carried home a piece how little soever of the Bulls entrails And tho' this Solemnity was common to forty seven Nations yet the Romans had the direction thereof and if any Man failed to bring some Offering or carry home a piece of the Victims or neglected some other duty they were obliged to begin again and that mistake was accounted for a great misfortune LATONA The Daughter of Caea the Titan and Phaebe as Hesiod and Ovid or of Saturn according to Homer's opinion Jupiter was enamoured with her whereupon Juno being jealous raised a dreadful Serpent against her called Pytho to pursue her Lucian in the Dialogue of the Sea Gods introduces Iris and Neptune discoursing thus about Latona's affairs Iris. Jupiter bids thee to stop the Island that floats over the Egean Sea having got loose from Sicily by stormy weather Nept. Why so Iris. For Latona to be brought to bed in who is in labour Nept. What are not Heaven and Earth sufficient for this service Iris. Juno is angry and won't suffer her in Heaven and the Earth has sworn that she won't receive her wherefore there is only this Island which being now no part of the world is not bound by oath Nept. Stop at my command floating Island to receive two twins who will be the honour of heaven and the finest children of Jupiter Let the winds be still whilst the Tritons bring her to lie in as for the Serpent he will serve for a trophy to these young Gods at the first instant of their birth Go and tell Jupiter that all is ready and that she may come when she pleases And in another Dialogue Lucian introduces Juno and Latona quarrelling one with another Jun. In truth Latona thou hast born Jupiter fine Children Latona We can't all be the Mother of Vulcan Jun. 'T is true he is lame and yet in that condition Venus has accepted of him for her Husband .... But thy Daughter out of a masculine courage unbecoming her sex goes as far as Scythia to murther her guests and thy Son who is of all trades an Archer a Fiddler a Poet and Physician has settled places for Prophesies at Delphi Claros and Didymas where he pretends to tell things that are to come and surprizes the people by deceitful Oracles which have always some back doors to secure themselves c. Latona Your Jealousy won't permit them to Triumph in Heaven and be famous there one for her beauty and the other for his harmony Jun. Thou makest me laugh when thou takest thy Son for an excellent Musician who had been flea'd in the room of Marsias had the Muses done him justice As for thy Daughter she is so fair with her full Moon face that Acteon was tore in pieces by his own Dogs because seen he had her stark naked lest he should discover her ugliness to the world LATOR-LEGIS A Law-giver one who ordered a Law to be posted up and then published his name under it LATRINAE A house of office We don't find neither in the Writings nor Buildings that remain of Antiquity that they had any Privies in their Houses For what they call'd Latrinae were publick places where the Slaves emptied and washed the Close-stool-pans called also Latrinae a Lavando according to the etymology that Varro gives of that word Plautus speaks of a Slave who washes the pan of the Close-stool qui latrinam lavat for in that place of Plautus 't is not meant the Privy which was washed by Canals under ground with the waters of the River Tibor 'T is then most certain that there were publick Houses of Office in many places of the Town for publick use These Houses of Office were covered and there was a Spunge hung up for cleanliness Rich Men had Close-stools and other Vessels for that use which the Slaves washed after they had emptied them into the Common-shore LATUS CLAVUS or LATICLAVIUM or TUNICA CLAVATA LATI-CLAVII A Tunick a Wastcoat trimmed with broad Buttons like the head of a nail It was a garment of distinction and a badge of honour amongst the Romans The Senators had the priviledge to wear this sort of garment and therefore were called by a single name Laticlavii as Suetonius says binos Laticlavios misit he sent two Senators The Consuls Praetors Aediles and those that triumphed were allowed to wear this Robe and during the time of the Emperours it was bestowed upon Governours of Provinces and those who had perform'd some great service for their Country as a badge of honour LAVATIO MATRIS DEUM The washing of the great Mother of the Gods kept the 26th day of March This Feast was instituted in remembrance of the day that she was brought from Asia and washed in the River Almon at the place where it goes into the Tyber Her Priests called Galli Cybeles carried her Statue in a Chariot attended by a great croud of people to the place where she was washed as her first coming to Rome Here they washed and rubbed carefully as Ovid says Est locus in Tiberim qua lubricus influit Almo Et magno nomen perdit in amne minor Illic purpurea canus cum veste sacerdos Almonis Dominam sacraque lavit aqua St. Austin l. 11. de Civ Dei cap. 4. gives us an account of this Feast The day that Cybele the Virgin and Mother of all Gods was solemnly washed some wretched Buffoons sung fifty Songs before her Chariot that decency would not only allow the Mother of the Gods to hear nor even any other Mother of Persons of the meanest rank For Nature has printed in us a kind of modesty to our Parents that Vice it self is not able to deprive us of And these Buffoons would be ashamed to repeat at home before their own Mothers all the words and the lascivious postures they played in publick before the Mother of the Gods in sight of a great multitude of people of both Sexes who coming out of curiosity to see this Shew return'd home with shame
his Companion throws him violently down upon the Ground squeezing his Throat with his Elbow and pressing his Body with his Knees insomuch that I have been afraid he would have choaked him tho' the other clapp'd him on the Shoulder to desire him to let him go as acknowledging himself overcome LUCULLUS an illustrious Roman who defended the Republick and overcame Mithridates in Two pitch'd Battles He had the Misfortune to contract the Hatred of his Followers and the Soldiery by his contemptible Usage of them He received the Honour of Triumph wherein never was such vast Riches seen Mithridates his Statue all of Gold and Six Foot in Height was carried before him with his Buckler all covered over with precious Stones He had several Mules laden with Ingots of Gold and Silver and a great many rich Moveables After he had triumphed he retired from publick Affairs and lived the rest of his Days a delicious and voluptuous Life He built Gardens and stately Houses every-where but more particularly on the Sea-side His Magnificence and luxurious Living appear'd by his Table he having Halls on purpose for the Feasts he made wherein was expended more or less according to occasion but among others there was one which they called Apollo's Hall where the Entertainment he made cost Five Thousand Crowns He erected a stately Library well furnish'd with Books that was free for any Body's perusal Sometime before his Death he was disturbed in Mind and put under the Care of his Brother 't is thought Calistenes his Freed-man gave him Poison which thus distempered his Brain LUDI Games or Plays in the Plural Number A Term used for the Shows and publick Representations made by the Ancients such as the Olympick and Pythian Games were among the Greeks and those of the Circus among the Romans Ausonius has observed the following Difference between the Four famous Games of Greece that Two of them were dedicated to the Gods and Two to Heroes Ancient Authors give an Account of Three sorts of Diversions which they named Races Combats and Shows the First were called Iudi Equestres sive Curules which were the Races made in the Circus dedicated to the Sun and Neptune the Second they called Agonales or Gymnici which were Combats and Contests as well of Men as Beasts performed in the Amphitheater and dedicated to Mars and Diana the Third were named Scenici Poetici and Musici which consisted of Tragedies Comedies and Balls that were acted at the Theaters dedicated to Venus Bacchus Apollo and Minerva There was an old Decree of the Senate of Rome that enjoyn'd the publick Plays should be consecrated and united to the Service of the Gods Constantine was the first who put down the Sanguinary Plays of the Amphitheater after he was baptized See an Account of these different sorts of Plays under their particular Heads in the Alphabet LUGUDUNUM according to Dio Lugdunus by Corruption when the Goths in the Fourth and Fifth Centuries ravaged the Roman Empire and Lugdunum by way of Abbreviation is the City of Lyons in Gallia Narbonensis concerning which Dio who wrote the Roman History in the Reign of Alexander Severus speaks in this manner The Senators says he when they understood that Syllanus sided with Mark Antony and were afraid left Lepidus and Lucius Plancus should take to the same Party they sent Deputies to them to let them know that the Republick had then no occasion for their Arms that so they might contrive no ill Designs and not begin any hostile Act. They received the Senate's Orders about building a City for such as the Allobroges had before drove out of Vienna a City in the Province of Narbonne and who had withdrawn themselves to a Place scituate upon the Confluence of the Rhosue and the Saone so that fixing themselves there they built Lyons formerly called Lugudunum It was in the Year DCCXI from the Building of Rome which according to the exactest Chronology answers the Year XLIII before the Coming of our Saviour that the said City was built according to an old Inscription by Lucius Munatius Plancus Son of Lucius Grandson of Lucius Great Grandson of Lucius Consul Censor and declared General of the Army a second time one of the Seven Officers appointed to take Care of the Banquet of the Gods who triumphed over the Rhetians built the Temple of Saturn with the Spoils of his Enemies made a Distribution of the Lands about Beneventum to the Soldiers and settled Two Collonies in Gaul one at Lyons and the other at Aost or August Five Leagues from Basil L. Munatius L. F. L. N. L. P. Plancus Cos Cens. Imper. Iter. VII Vir Epul Triumph Ex Rhoetis Aedem Saturni fecit de Manubiis Agros Divisit in Italia Beneventi in Galliam Colonias Deduxit Lugdunum Rauricam Plutarch seems to say that Lyons is older than Plancus his Words are these Adjoining unto the Soane says he there is a Mountain called Lugdunus which took its Name upon this Occasion when Momorus and Atepomarus were expelled the Kingdom of Seserone and were about to build a City upon this Hill and by Order of the Oracle had laid the Foundation thereof several Ravens appeared unto them all on a sudden with extended Wings and covered all the neighbouring Trees from which Sign Momorus being skilled in the Art of Augury named the Town Lugdunum because that a Raven in their Dialect was called Lugum and an high Place Dunum as Clitophon witnesseth in L. 13. concerning the Founding of Cities Nothing certain can be offered concerning the Etymology of the Word Lugdunum Some will have it that the Place was named Lugdus in Memory of one of the Kings of the Celtae others in Remembrance of a Legion under Julius Caesar that was called Lugda and was wont to winter-quarter in this Country Becanus deduces it from a German Word that signifies Fortune Glukdunum being as much as to say a fortunate Mountain As for the Word Dunum it is agreed that in the ancient Gaulish Tongue it signified a Hill or Mountain Some ancient Authors there are who say the Word Lug signified a Raven in the Language of the Celtae and that because the Mount of Fourviere which some have thought to have been once called Corviere was a Place frequented by Ravens the City which had been built upon the said Mountain retained the Name thereof after the Roman Eagles had chased them away Some there are who say that Lugdunum or Lucdunum as 't is sometimes found written signifies as much as Lucii Dunum the Praenomen of Plancus Lastly Others having read in Eusebius that at first when Lyons was built there was a great Steel-mirrour placed upon Mount Fourviere which by the reflected Rays of the Sun taught those who came from Savoy the Way to Lyons which was not yet become a beaten Road they have thought it Cause enough to affirm the Place was so called quasi Lucis Dunum It is true some others who are not so credulous but doubtful
Brothers upon her Son she threw the Firebrand into the Fire and presently the unhappy Meleager felt a terrible Burning throughout his whole Body and died with miserable Torments His Sisters lamented him and were transformed into Turky-Hens Lucian also relates this Fable in his Dialogue concerning Sacrifices All the Evils which formerly fell out in Etolia and all the Calamities of the Calydoneans with the Murdering of them and the Death of Meleager came from the Displeasure of Diana who was angry she had been forgotten at a Sacrifice MELICERTES the Son of Athamas and Ino who with his Mother threw himself down headlong over the Rocks called Scironides and was carried by a Dolphin to Corinth where he was turned into a Sea-God by the Name of Palemon They celebrated Games in Honour of him called the Isthmian-games near Corinth with great Expence MELPOMENE one of the Nine Muses said to have been the Inventress of Tragedies Odes and Songs MEMNON the Son of Tithonus and Aurora who came to the Relief of King Priamus at the Siege of Troy and was killed by Achilles in a Duell He was changed into a Bird by his Mother when his Body was laid upon the Funeral-Pile The Egyptians erected a Statue for him which made a Noise at Sun-rising when the Sun darted it's Beams upon it and the same in the Evening had a mournful and complaining Tone as if it were concerned for the Loss of it's Presence This is the Account Philostratus and Tacitus give thereof MENANDER an Athenean famous for his Comedies of whom Phaedrus speaks in the 5th Book of his Fables He was courted by the Kings of Egypt and more particularly in Favour with Demetrius who admired the Excellency of his Wit MENIPPUS a Cynick Philosopher whom Lucian in his Dialogue entituled Icaromenippus makes to take a Journey into Heaven by the Help of a Couple of Wings one being a Vulture's and the other an Eagle's and the Reason which he makes Menippus give why he undertook so great a Journey is that after he had observed the Frailty and Inconstancy of Humane Things he began to despise Grandeur Wealth and Pleasures and to apply himself to a Contemplation and Search after Truth for which End he consulted the Philosophers but that he found so much Contradiction and Uncertainty in what they said that he was resolved to go and enquire after it into Heaven MENOECEUS the Son of Creon King of Thebes who was willing to die for the Preservation of his Country for when they came to know by the Oracle that the Thebans should obtain the Victory if the last of Cadmus his Race devoted himself to the Infernal Gods he slew himself with his own Sword after he had so devoted himself MENSIS a Month the Space of Time that the Sun takes to run through one Sign of the Zodiac which makes the 12th part of a Year Cicero derives this Word from Mensura or Metior Qui quia mensa spatia conficiunt menses nominantur Months properly speaking are no other than the Time which either the Moon takes to run thro' the Zodiac called by Astrologers a Periodical Month or to return from Sun to Sun which is distinguish'd by the Name of a Synodical Month but yet this Name has been also given to the Time the Sun is a running through the Twelfth Part of the Zodiac two Sorts of Months viz. the Lunar and the Solar being hereby distinguished The Lunar Synodical Month which is that alone that People mind is a little above Twenty Nine Days and an Half The Solar is usually accounted to consist of some Thirty Days Ten Hours and an Half The Month is again distinguished into an Astronomical and Civil Month the first is properly the Solar Month and the Civil is that which is accommodated to the Customs of People and particular Nations every one in their Way some using the Lunar others the Solar Months The Jews Greeks and Romans formerly made use of Lunar Months but to avoid all such Fractions in Numbers as would happen they made them alternatively to consist of Twenty Nine and Thirty Days calling the former Cavi and the other Pleni The Egyptians used Solar Months and ordered all of them to consist of Thirty Days only adding to the End of the Year Five Days which were made up of the Supernumerary Hours and neglecting the Six Hours or thereabouts that arose from the Half Hours and this made their Seasons in the Revolution of every Four Years go backward One Day We now make use of these Months tho' we render them unequal and at the same Time reserve the Six Hours to make up a Day from Four Year to Four Year and this has been explained under the Word Annus which may be seen for this Purpose Romulus made his Year at first to consist but of Ten Months the first of which was March then April May June Quintilis July Sextilis August September October November December But Numa Pompiltus who had a very particular Converse with Pythagoras of whom he had learned divers Things in the Astronomical Art of which he made good Use especially upon this Occasion added Two Months more to Romulus's Ten Months by taking a Day off from April June August September and December to which Romulus had allowed Thirty Days leaving Thirty One Days to the rest as they had them then adding those Six Days to Fifty One that were wanting in Romulus his Year which consisted of 304 Days in order to perfect his own of 355 that made 57 Days the which he divided into Two other Months viz. into January which had 29 Days and February 28. which he placed before March He was not concerned that the Days in this last Month consisted of an even Number because he designed it for the Time to offer Sacrifices in to the Infernal Gods to which this Number as being unhappy according to the Egyptians Superstition seemed to belong He constituted the Month of January which he appointed for the Winter-Solstice to be the first Month in the Year instead of March which was so before and which Romulus had put for the Vernal Equinox The Romans made use of Three Words to reckon the Days of their Months by to wit the Calends Nones and Ides The first Day of every Month was called Calends the Four following Days were the Nones except in March May July and October who had 6 Days of Nones then came the Ides which contained Eight Days And the rest of the Month was reckoned by the Calends of the following Month We now make use of the Roman Months and only reckon the Days therein by 1 2 3 4 c. See what has been said upon Calendae and Calendarium MENSORES Harbingers whose Business it was to go and fix upon Lodgings for the Emperors when they were minded to go to any Province and when they intended to encamp they marked out the same and assigned its Post to every Regiment MENSURA Measure being that which serves
Measure has often introduced Confusion into Authors as may be justified by Galen who speaking of the Contest there was in his Time concerning Measures noted by Authors that were not fully explained informs us that some thought they ought to take the Term Cotyla according to the Measure of the Atheneans and others according to the Italian which was more There were Two Sorts of Measures one flat or long and the other round and hollow for dry Things and Liquids Long-Measure is a Barley-Corn which in Geometry makes the 12th part of an Inch otherwise called a Line The Inch contains 12 Lines or Barley-Corns the Romans called it Vncia It s the 12th part of a Foot and contains 3 Fingers each of which takes up the Breadth of 4 Barley-Corns or Lines The Foot is 12 Inches a Geometrical Pace 5 Foot a Geometrical Perch 10 Feet and in some Places 22 a Spar 8 Inches a Cubit a Jewish Measure a Foot and an half a Furlong 125 Paces the Funiculus an Egyptian Measure 40 Furlongs a Mile 8 Furlongs a Parasange a Persian Measure 30 Furlongs and more the Egyptian Schoenas 30 40 and 120 Furlongs a League 3 Miles more or less according to the Places or Countries you are in Measure in respect to Coelestial Distances is half the Diameter of the Earth being 15000 Leagues or thereabouts The Ell is a Measure for Stuffs The Reed called Kenech by the Hebrews contained 6 Cubits i. e. 8 Feet a Digit and an half A Rod Fathom c. differ according to different Places As for Surfaces an Acre consists of an 160 Perches Square a Day's-work is as much as one can plough in a Day The Cubical Foot is a Measure for solid Bodies Round and hollow Measures are such as serve to measure Corn and Liquids with Those used for dry Things are the Litra Bushel Minot Sestier and Muid For Liquids a Tun Muid Pipe Calens Amphora and Barrel And for Retail Hemina or the Half Sestier Sestier Quart Pottle Pot Congius Cotyla Cyathus and Acetabulum And for the Measure of Herbs in Physick that 's done by Bundles Handfuls and Pugils most of these Terms shall be explained in their proper Places MERCATORUM FESTUM the Feast of Merchantile People which fell out May 15 or the Ides of the said Month and were kept in Honour of Mercury for on that Day a Temple was dedicated to him in the great Circus when Appius Claudius and P. Servilius were Consuls They sacrificed to that Deity a whole Sow and went to sprinkle themselves with the Water of a Fountain named Aqua Mercurii which stood near unto the Gate Capena praying unto Mercury that he would prosper their Trade and forgive their Cheating Thus Ovid describes it L. 5. Fast Sive Deum prudens alium Divamve fefelli Abstulerint celeres improba dicta Noti Et pateant veniente die perijuria nobis Nec curent ent Superi si qua locutus ero Da modò lucra mibi da facto gaudia lucro Et face ut emtori verba dedisse juvet MERCURY according to the Fable was Son to Jupiter and Maia the Daughter of Atlas who Lay in of him upon Mount Cyllene near Tegaea in Arcadia they also called him the Tegean Cyllenian and Grandson of Atlas as Horace calls him Mercuri facunde nepos Atlantis Lucian informs us of his Qualities and Offices in the Dialogues of the Gods where he brings in Vulcan and Apollo speaking in this Manner Vulc. Apollo Have you seen little Mercury What a fine Fellow he is and how he laughs at all the World He discovers plainly what he will be one Day tho'he be but a Child Apoll. Do you call him a Child He who in Malice is older than Japetus Vul. What Harm could he do He is yet but new born Apoll. Ask Neptune from whom he has taken away his Trident and Mars whose Sword he has got to say nothing of my self whom he has robbed of my Bow and Arrows Vul. What! An Infant do this who is yet in Swadling-Clouts Apoll. Thou will see what he can do if he comes near thee Vul. He has been at my House already Apoll. And has he taken nothing away Vul. Not that I know off Apoll. See every-where Vul. I cannot see my Pinchers Apoll. I 'll warrant you thou wilt find it in his Clouts Vul. How Is this little Thief already so expert I believe he hath learnt to steal in his Mother 's Womb. Apoll. He has a great many other Qualities and you 'll see them when there is occasion He will in time be a great Orator and also a good Musician if I mistake not for he hath already foiled Cupid And as the Gods laughed at it and that Venus took him to kiss him he stole away her Girdle and would have deprived Jupiter of his Thunderbolt if he had not been too hot and eager but he took his Scepter from him Vul. He is a bold little Spark Apoll. He is also a Musician Vul. How so Apoll. He hath made an Instrument of a Tortoise-shell whereon he plays to great Perfection insomuch that he makes jealous of him who am the God of Harmony His Mother says he does not sleep a Nights and that he goes as far as Hell to get any Booty for he has a Rod endued with great Vertue wherewith he brings the Dead to Life again and conducts the Living to their Graves His Offices are also described in another Dialogue where he brings him in talking with his Mother Mer. Is there ever a God in Heaven more unhappy than I Maia Ah! My Son talk not at this rate Mer. Why not Since I have alone as much Business upon me as all the rest of the Gods besides In the first place I must get up at break of Day to clean the Hall where they Feast and the Place of their Assembly Then I must be at Jupiter's Levy to receive his Orders and to carry them backward and forward At my return I wait upon the Master of the Houshold and sometimes the Cup-bearer At leastwise I did this Office before the Coming of Ganymede But what disturbs me most is that in the very Night when every Body is at rest I must go and convoy the Dead to Hell and there assist at their Condemnation as if all the Day were not long enough for me to act the Offices of a Sergeant Champion Orator and many more c. He has been taken for the God of Traders and that he presided over Trade He was called Mercurius à Mercibus or à Mercium curâ and this makes Plautus in the Prologue of Amphytrion bring him in speaking Vt vos in vostris voltis mercimoniis Emundis vendundisque me laetum lucris Afficere He is usually painted with Wings at his Sides and Feet a Caduceus or Rod twisted round with Two Serpents in his Hand wherewith he performs many Wonders and a great Cap called Petasus on his Head whence he was named Mercurius
Statue of this God says he had a Rat at his Feet The Worshipping of Rats appears yet to be more ancient by the Authority of some Authors Herodotus relates that after Senacherib King of Assyria had conquered Asia he made War upon the Egyptians and that Setho King of Egypt and Vulcan's Priest having not Troops enough to defend him yet putting his Confidence in the Gods he advanced as far as Pelusium where he pitched his Camp and that a dreadful Multitude of Rats went into the Enemy's Camp by Night and gnawed their Bows Arrows and Shield-strings to pieces insomuch that next Day finding themselves without Arms they hastily retreated with the Loss of many of their Soldiers Herodetus adds That he had seen the Statue of King Setho put up in Vulcan's Temple holding a Rat in his Hand with this Inscription Let him that looks upon me learn to reverence the Gods The Egyptians in their Hieroglyphicks were wont to point out the Destruction of somewhat by a Rat which eats and destroys all it can as may be seen in the first Book of Horus Apollo MUSAE the Muses Diodorus Siculus informs us That the most Famous of the ancient Authors agreed that the Muses were the Daughters of Jupiter and Mnemosyne that some reckon'd them to be no more than Three viz. Mneme Aoede and Melete that is Memory Singing and Meditation But that Homer and Hesiod allowed of Nine whose Names the last Author has also given us viz. Clioque Euterpeque Thaliaque Melpomeneque Terpsichoreque Eratoque Polyhymniaque Vraniaque Calliopeque haec una alias supereminet omnes To Clio they attributed the Invention of History Tragedy to Melpomene to Thalia Comedy to Euterpe the Use of the Flagelet and other Wind-musick to Terpsicore the Harp the Lyre and Lute to Erato to Calliope Heroick Verse to Vrania Astrology and Rhetorick to Polyhymnia Diodorus says afterwards that the Word Muse comes from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which signifies to teach hidden Things and such as are above the Capacity of the Vulgar after which he gives a Reason for the several Names given to the Nine Muses It s manifest that all these Names are Greek and that they have all of them a Relation to the Nature and Agreeableness of Musick and Poetry which has very much inclined Men to believe that the same is purely a Greek Invention and that 't is no other than a Moral Genealogy like unto that which sometimes they make of Vertues and Vices and the Name of their Mother which is Memory is also a Proof hereof However this very same Historian puts Mnemosyne among the Titanes and makes the Nine Muses to accompany Osiris in his Military Expeditions when he gives an Account of the Theology of the Egyptians Risûs amator erat osiris musicâ choreisque gaudebat Ideò Musicorum agmen circumducebat in quo novem erant Virgines canendi scientiâ praestantes c. eruditae Graci Musas vocant quarum praeses Apollo undè Musagetes dictus Thus you see the Origin of the Muses of Greece laid in Egypt tho' Greece gives them proper Names and to each a particular Function Egypt is deprived of them and they are naturaliz'd in divers Parts of Greece whether the same were Fountains Woods Mountains or Cities Diodorus also makes the Muses to accompany Bacchus in his Expeditions It may be farther conjectured that the Name of Muse came originally from Phoenicia seeing the Word Mousar signifies Instruction and Learning There are some Criticks who believe there were no more than Three Muses at first to whom Mount Helicon was consecrated and that there having been Three Statues erected to each of them it was given out there were Nine of them that Pierius in Baeotia consecrated his Nine Daughters to them which made their Names to be common to them Plutarch in his Symposiacs a little before the End thereof treats of the Muses 'T is a meer Allegory wherein he applies the Nine Muses either to Nine several Sciences or to as many Coelestial Globes in order to unite them all into one Harmony Clemens Alexandrinus read in some prophane Authors that which he relates concerning Macar King of Libya who being continually jangling with the Queen his Wife their Daughter Megaclo bought Nine Maid servants put them to learn Musick and to play upon Instruments that so by the Melody of their Consort she might divert the peevish Humour of her Father This ingenious Piety in her had the desired Success and she erected Nine Columns in Honour of these Nine Female Musicians to whom afterwards great Honours were given The Poets represent the Muses unto us very beautiful and young adorned with Garlands of Flowers and made their Residence to be on Mount Parnassus and Helicon with Apollo To them they consecrated several Fountains as that called Hippoerene or the Fountain of the Horse Pegasus and among Trees the Palm and Lawrel MUSCA a Fly the Poets feigned this Insect was formerly a Female Musician and the Moon 's Rival in respect to the Amours of Endymion but because she came too often to sing and play about him when he was asleep the jealous Moon changed her into a Fly and hence it is that she always infests such as are asleep and especially young People not out of Hatred but Love to them to get some Kisses of them which smart a little as those do of passionate Lovers There was formerly a Lady of this Name that made very good Verses and a Courtizan of Athens who was reproached for having pricked her Lovers till the Blood ran Lucian of whom I have had this has writ a little Treatise in the Praise of a Fly which I have inserted in this place The Fly says he in respect to Insects is not so big but she is as little in Comparison of a Bee but it may be said that for the Delicateness of her Wing she does as much excel that of other Birds if it be lawful to reckon her of that Number as Silk does common Thread or Wool for her Wing is not covered with Feathers but with a fine Crape like the Grashoppers and when you look upon her in the Sun she shines with many Colours like a Peacock's Tail or a Pigeon's Neck she does not flie by moving her Wings as Birds do but by sudden Motions or Rebounds like Locusts but yet is so flexible as to turn about in an instant and the Noise she makes in her Flight is not so harsh as that of Wasps but is like the Musick of a Flute compared with Hautboys or Trumpets she has a large Eye and a Flower upon her Head which is hard and shining as if it were made of Horn and her Head is not fixed to her Body in such manner as that of Grashoppers is but she holds it to by the means of her Neck and stirs it any way her Body is of a heap her Legs long and not short like those of the Wasps her Belly is covered with shining
could not pass for a very handsome Person since his Eyes were too small his Neck very thick and his Legs so slender and disproportionate to his Height Indeed at the time when Seneca writ he was handsomer than afterwards seeing he was yet but young and not so gross and fat as afterwards and this may be observed by the Medals which were cast while he was yet but Caesar * We have a Dialogue in Lucian which speaks of Nero's undertaking to cut thro' the Isthmus of Corinth which I shall recite intire in this place because it contains some Particulars of the said Prince his Life Menecrates Did not this Design seem to have somewhat in it of the Air of Greece which this Prince affects so much Musonius It would doubtless have spared Merchants and Sailors much Trouble and particularly Pilots which are a long time sailing round Peloponesus and would have very much conduced to the Defence and Profit of Greece which would have had a better Intercourse with it self in the several Parts of it hereby Menecr Thou will oblige us to give a Relation of what passed upon this Occasion seeing thou were present Muson This I will very willingly do The Love of Musick and an Opinion which Nero had that the Muses could not sing better than himself carried him into Greece that he might be crowned at the Olympick Games for as to the Pythian Games he thought he had a greater Share therein than Apollo himself and I do not know but that he might believe the said God would neither dare to sing nor play upon the Harp after him This Design therefore had not been premeditated long but when he found himself upon the Place and saw the little Distance there was from one Sea to the other the same being about Three Quarters of a League he was taken with a Desire to render himself famous by this Undertaking according to the Example of other great Princes who had undertaken the like Designs For Agamemnon as 't is said separated the Island of Negropont from Baeotia Darius made a Bridge over the Bosphorus and Xerxes would have cut thro' Mount Athos Besides he was mightily pleased to hear himself praised for Tyrants are never so cruel nor blind but they desire to do something for the Benefit of the Publick or their own Glory wherefore after he had sung the Praises of Neptune and Amphitrite upon the Theatre of Corinth with another little Poem in Honour of Leucothea and Melicertus he went on with a Golden How which was presented him and with Songs and publick Acclamations advanced towards the Place where the Canal was to be made and there began to dig a little after which recommending the Business to those who had the Charge thereof he returned into the City believing that he had by this Action out-done the Labours of Hercules The Work was divided so that his Army should be imploy'd in that part which was eanest and that was to dig a Canal in the Plain while the Malefactors which were taken out of the Prison should do the rest After they had worked for Twelve Days there was a Rumour spread up and down Corinth that the Mathematicians should say that one of the Seas was much higher than the other and that if they continued to go on the Isle of Egina would be drowned But besides that these Rumours were false in themselves they never had been able to divert the Resolution of a Prince who affected to do great Things if all the Mathematicians in the World had assured him of the Truth thereof for he would never have abandoned the Undertaking had he not received the News of Vindex his Revolting and that all Things were in Confusion at Rome Menecr Tell us now what it was that inclined him to have such a passionate Love unto Musick and whether he had so good a Voice as some have reported for others have affirmed the Contrary Muson His Voice was in reality neither to be admired nor laughed at because it was neither very good nor very bad It was a kind of a rising Voice that he does not manage ill and such as agrees very well with his Harp as well as his Gesture and Countenance besides which he understood the Way of the Theatre exactly well and better than became a Prince But when he pretended to rival the Masters of the Art he made a Fool of himself whatever Danger might ensue For he was too full of Action and stood a Tip-toes besides he coloured in the Face thro' an over Eagerness and a Desire to perform well tho' he naturally had a very ruddy Countenance and as he had no extraordinary Voice nor good Breath they fail'd him often at a Pinch Menecr But how do they do to enter the Lists with him Muson He put a Player to death at the Isthmian Games who had the Boldness to dispute the Prize with him for it is no less Danger to excel him than 't is to laugh at his Voice Menecr How was that we know nothing of it Muson This was done at the Games of all Greece and was thus Tho' it were not an usual thing to represent the Diversions of the Theatre at these Games no more than to sing at the Olympick Games yet he was minded to carry away the Honour of his Tragedy amongst those who came to contend with him for the Prize there was a very famous Actor from Epirus who insisted upon having 10 Talents for yielding the Honour unto him this made him swell with Anger besides the Actor had already told in private what it was that hindred Nero to grant him what he asked But as he saw him acting his Part with great Applause he caused one of his Servants to tell him that he ought to yield that Honour to his Prince and because he would not but persisted inflexible and doubled his Efforts which were attended with the loud Acclamations of the People he ordered his Actors to go upon the Stage as if that were part of the same Act who when they had push'd him against a Pillar but his Throat with thin pieces of Ivory which they had in their Hands that were as sharp as Razors Menecr And did he after this Action get the Applause of Greece and win the Victory Muson This passed for a Jest in a Man that had killed his own Mother Menecr Indeed 't is not strange he should go about to make an Actor hold his Tongue when he had endeavoured to stop Apollo's Mouth by hindring his Priestess to deliver any more Oracles because she had placed him in the Number of Parâ—icides tho' she had still spared him for Oresles and Alcmaenon with whom she compared him had killed their Mother in Revenge for their Father which had some Shadow of Glory in it but Nero's Crime was without Pretence When the Provinces had revolted against him and that he found he was hated by every Body for his Cruelty and enormous Debaucheries he killed
is represented like a young Nymph full of Vigour and Strength and he would have her to be Mercury's Daughter who invented this sort of Exercise in Arcadia PALAMEDES the Son of Nauplius King of the Isle of Eubaea and an irreconcilable Enemy to Vlysses be added Four Letters to the Greek Alphabet 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 He also invented Weights and Measures He appointed the Watch-word to be given in Armies and the Way to form a Battallion according to the Flying of Cranes which for that Reason were called Palamedes his Birds They make him to be a great Astrologer he having regulated the Years according to the Course of the Sun and the Months according to that of the Moon He was stoned to Death by the Grecians being falsly accused of holding intelligence with Priamus by Vlysses PALATINUS Mount Palatine one of the Seven Hills of Rome and so called either from the Palantes who came and dwelt there with Evander or from Palantia Latinus his Wife or from Pales the Goddess of Shepherds The King's Palace stood upon this Mountain and from hence King's Courts came to be called Palatia Romulus was brought up on this Mount PALES the Goddess of Shepherds who was beloved of Apollo There was a Feast celebrated in Honour of Apollo April 20 or 21 by offering Sacrifices and making great Fires of Straw of Hâ—y which were kindled with great Rejoycings and by Sound of Drums and Trumpets the Country People leaped over these Fires and purified their Cattle therewith in order to keep them from the Mange and other Distempers See Palilia PALILIA they were Feasts and Publick Rejoycings made as well in the City as Country April 20th in Honour of Pales the Goddess of Flocks to intreat her to make them fruitful and preserve them from the usual Diseases Fires were kindled both in City and Country such as are at this Day used in Popish Territories on St. John's Eve And the same were made with Bean-straw Horse-blood and Calves-Ashes which Calf they took out of the Cow's Belly that they sacrificed on the Day of the Fordicidia at what time the Chief of the Vestal Virgins burnt those Calves and gathering the Ashes very carefully up they reserved the same for a Perfume on the Day of the Palilia that so the People and their Cattle might be purified therewith 'T was to her that they went to fetch those Ashes which afterwards they threw into the Fire as Ovid tells us Fast L. 4. V. 731. I pete virgineâ populus suffimen ab arâ Vesta dabit Vestae numine purus eris Sanguis equi suffimen erit vitulique favilla Tertia res durae culmen in ane fabae The People danced about the Fire and purified themselves thus In the Country they lighted a great Fire in the Morning made of the Branches of Olive Pine and Lawrel and threw some Brimstone upon it then went to fetch their Cattle which they drove round it and drew in the Smell that came therefrom This Ceremony Ovid describes at large Pastor oves saturas ad prima crepuscula lustret Vda priùs spargat virgaque verrat humum Frondibus fixis decorentur ovilia ramis Et tegat ornatas longa corona fores Caerulei fiant puro de sulfure fumi Tactaque sumanti sulfure balet ovis Vre mares oleas tedamque herbasque Sabinas Et crepet in mediis laurus adusta focis They afterwards offered Sacrifice to the Goddess which consisted of Milk boiled Wine and Millet the same being accompanied with Vows and Prayers for the Fruitfulness and Preservation of their Flocks then they fell to eat and divert themselves leaping over the Fire which they had kindled with Straw or Bean-straw These Feasts were also performed in Honour of Rome's Original which was on that Day founded by Romulus PALICI they were Gods famous in Sicily Diodorus Siculus says the Temple of these Deities was much reverenced and very ancient In it there were two very deep Basons of boiling and sulphurous Water which were always full without ever running over In this Temple it was that they took the most solemn Oaths and Perjuries were there presently punished with some terrible Punishment Some lost their Eye-sight insomuch that those Oaths determined the most intricate Causes This Temple was also used as an Asylum for such Slaves as were opprest by their Masters the Masters not daring to break the Oath they took there that they would use them more kindly Silius Italicus in a Line and an half has exprest all that Diodorus says Et qui praesenti domitant perjura Palici Pectora supplicio Macrobius observes very well that the River Symetus being in Sicily the Temple of the Palici was there also according to Virgil Symetia circum Flumina pinguis ubi placabilis ara Palici He adds that the first Poet that mentioned it was Esquilus a Sicilian he relates a Fable out of him concerning a Nymph whom Jupiter had ravished and who for fear of Juno hid her self in the Earth At the Time of her Delivery she brought forth Two Brothers which were called Palici 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as being such as had entred into the Earth and came out again The Word Palici comes from the Hebrew Palichin that signifies venerabiles colendi and from Pelach colere venerari And Esquilus himself seems to intimate as much by this Sentence Summus Palicos Jupiter venerabiles voluit vocari Hesychius says that the Father of these two Brothers was Adranus which Name comes from the Hebrew Adir which is one of God's Eulogies signifying Glorious and Illustrious The Two Basons where the Oaths were taken were called Delli and from whence Divine Vengeance broke out upon the Perjured as Macrobius says and Callias after him but this is an Arabick Word and in all likelihood was Phoenician for Dalla in Arabick signifies as much as indicare perhaps it might come from the Hebrew Daal i. e. haurire for Aristotle assures us that he who swore writ his Oath upon a Note which he threw into the Water the Note swam upon the Surface If he swore what was true otherwise it disappeared Ovid gives a natural Description enough of these two Lakes in his Met. Lib. 5. V. 405. Perque lacus altos olentia sulphure fertur Stagna Palicorum ruptâ ferventia terrâ PALILIA see next after Pales PALINURUS a Companion of Aeneas who being overcome with Sleep fell with his Helm over-board into the Sea and being carried as far as Port Velino the Inhabitants rifled him and cast him to the Sea again But a little after they were afflicted with a severe Plague which made them go and consult the Oracle of Apollo who answered that they must appease the Ghost of Palinurus in Pursuance of which Advice they consecrated a Grove to him and erected a Tomb for him upon the next Promontory which obtained the Name of Palinurus PALLA a sort of Garment long in Vse both by Men and Women which the Kings and ancient
Brother born at the same Time with Latona He is the God of Parnassus and the Muses being thus called by the Greeks from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is the Light of Life He was also the God of Divination some remains whereof are still retained in that upon Twelfth-Night when they are about to chuse King and Queen they cry in some Countries Phoebe Domine Who shall be King PHOENIX a Bird taken by the Moderns to be fabulous and concerning which the Ancients have spoken much they would have it that there is but one of the Kind and that it lives several Ages They say 't is as big as an Eagle with a golden Neck the Wings of a Fire Colour intermix'd with Azure a white Tail interspersed with Carnation Feathers and having a twinkling Star upon its Head She erects her own Funeral-Pile of Wood and Aromatick Gums claps it with her Wings in order to set it on fire and so burns her self From its Ashes arises a Worm and from this Worm another Phoenix In the Consulship of Paulus Fabius and Lucius Vitellius the Phoenix after a long Series of Years appear'd in Egypt and gave ample Occasion to the fine Wits of Greece and Asia to Discourse upon this Wonder I 'll here recount what is receiv'd for Truth but I shall also add such Things as are proper to be known tho' they are not so well attested Those who have described this Bird set her out different from others both in Form and Colour and say she was consecrated to the Sun As for the Length of her Life the most common Opinion is That she lives 500 Years but some have stretched it out even to 14 Ages They add There is never but one of them at a time in the World and that the first appear'd in the Reign of Sesostris the second in that of Amasis and third under Ptolomy one of Alexander's Successors and the third of the Macedonian Race who reigned in Egypt They say also that she came to Heliopolis or the City of the Sun accompanied by a vast Multitude of other Birds who admired the Strangeness of her Feathers There was not 250 Years from Ptolomy to Tiberius and therefore some believe that this same was not the Phoenix of Arabia nor the true one since it had not the Marks attributed to the others for 't is said that the Phoenix when she is grown very old and sees her End draw near builds a Nest in her own Country to which she communicates some secret Principle of Life insomuch that another Phoenix arises therefrom whose first Care is to give unto its Parent the Honours of Burial For which End she makes choice of a great Quantity of Perfumes which she carries by little and little because of their great distance from the Place and then bears away the Deceased's Body and goes to burn it upon the Altar of the Sun This is uncertain and intermixed with Fables but for the rest 't is not doubted but this Bird has been sometime seen in Egypt PHORBAS the Chief of the Phlegyae a cruel Man and a Robber who having seized on an Avenue by which they went over Land to the Temple of Apollo at Delphos forced all Passengers to fight him in order to exercise them said he that they might act their Part the better at the Pythian Games And when he had overcome he put them to a cruel Death by tying them by their Heads to Trees but Apollo to punish this wicked Fellow encountring him knocked him down with his Fist PHORCUS and PHORCYS a Son of Neptune and the Earth according to Hesiod King of Sardinia who having been overcome in a Fight by Sea the Poets said he was a Sea-God and the Father of the Gorgones PHOSPHORUS the Planet of Venus it s a Greek Word which the Latins turned into that of Lucifer the Shepherds Star PHRIXUS the Son of Athamas who to avoid the Anger of Ino his cruel Mother-in-Law that would have killed him fled away with his Sister Helle upon a Ram who had a Golden Fleece and arrived at Colchos where he offered the Ram in Sacrifice to Jupiter or as some will have it to Mars who placed him among the Twelve Signs of the Zodiac As for the Golden Fleece he left it to the King of the Country who hung it up in a Temple consecrated to Mars under the Keeping of a Dragon PICTURA Painting It s not to be doubted but Painting is as ancient as Sculpture but 't is very hard to know the real Time and Place where it first appear'd the Egyptians and the Greeks who make themselves to be the Inventors of the best Arts have not failed to assume the Glory of their being the first Painters also In the mean time as 't is very difficult to see clearly into a Matter that is obscured with the Revolution of so many Years which conceal its Original we ought to be content to know in respect to Painting that after it had had like unto other Things its faint Beginnings it was brought to Perfection among the Greeks and the principal Schools for this illustrious Art were at Sicyone Rhodes and Athens From Greece it was brought into Italy where it was in great Request in the Time of the Republick and under the first Emperors till at last Luxury and Wars having ruined the Roman Empire it lay quite buried as well as other Arts and Sciences and began not to revive in Italy till Cimabue fell to work and retrieved out of the Hands of some Greeks the deplorable Remains of it Some Florentines having seconded him were those who first appear'd and brought it into Reputation however it was a long time before any one came to excel in it Chirlandaio Michael Angelo's Master acquired the greatest Reputation tho' his Manner was very dry and Gothick but Michael Angelo his Scholar coming up in the Reign of Julius the 2d obscured all that went before set up a School at Florence and educated several Pietro Perugino had also Raphaele d'Vrbino for his Scholar who excelled his Master very much and even Michael Angelo himself He erected a School at Rome composed of the most excellent Painters At the same time that in Lombardy was set up and grew famous under Giorgione and Titian whose first Master was Giov Belini There were also other particular Schools in Italy under different Masters as that of Leonardo da Vinci at Milan But the first Three are reckoned the most Famous from whence the rest sprung Besides these there were Painters on this side the Alps who had no Correspondence with those in Italy such as Albert Durer in Germany Holbens in Switzerland Lucas Van Leiden in Holland and many others who painted in France and Flanders after different Manners But Italy and Rome were the principal Places where this Art flourish'd in its greatest Perfection and where excellent Artists were brought up from time to time Raphael's School was succeeded by that of the Carachii which
Canaanitish Poet after he had gained the Victory over the Moabites and Ammonites There is no doubt but that there were Poets in the East and that there the Spring-head was from whence came all the Greek Poetry The less civilized Nations of the West had also Poets who very often had the Management of their Philosophical and Theological Schools Homer lived above 300 Years before Rome was built and there were no Poets at Rome till 400 Years after the building thereof so that Poetry began not to be cultivated in that City till 700 Years after Homer Plutarch assures us that in the most Ancient Times Men never exprest great and divine Things any otherwise than in Poetry making use even of Verse for their History and Philosophy it self for the Poets for 6 or 700 Years before the Philosophers were the Preservers of all the Religion and Morality of the Heathens St. Augustine himself does not deny to the ancient Greek Poets the Title of Divines and Lactantius is of Opinion that whereas the Poets as being more ancient than the ancientest Historians Orators or Philosophers writ so much Theological Truth it has proceeded from their collecting together the Stories that went abroad in the World which arose from an Intercourse with the Children of Israel and their Prophets POLLUX the Son of Jupiter and Leda and the Brother of Castor and Helen Lucian explains the Story of Castor and Pollux in a Dialogue between Apollo and Mercury Apollo Will not you teach me to know Castor from Pollux for I am continually mistaken because of their Likeness to one another Mercury He who was Yesterday with us was Castor and this is Pollux Apol. How can one distinguish them seeing they are so like Merc. Pollux has his Face disfigured with the Blows he received in Wrestling and especially from Bebrix in the Expedition of the Argonauts the other is a handsome Fac'd Fellow without ever a Scar. Apol. You have obliged me to let me know the Particulars of it for seeing each of them has his half Shell his white Horse Dart and Star I always mistake them but tell me why are not they both at the same time with us Merc. It is because it was decreed concerning Leda's Two Sons that one should be mortal and the other immortal they divided the Good and the Evil between them like good Brothers and so lived and died by turns and their Business is to assist Mariners in a Storm Men swore by Pollux in this manner Aede-Pol that is per aedem Pollucis and the Women by Castor Ecaestor or Mecastor The Romans more particularly profest to give them Honour because of the Assistance they believed to have received from them in the Battle they fought near the Lake of Regillus against the Latins and therefore they erected a very fine Temple for them They performed a great many famous Actions as their delivering their Sister Helen out of the Hands of Theseus who had stole her and clearing the Seas of Pyrates they sacrificed pure white Lambs to them they were translated to Heaven and made one of the Signs of the Zodiac which is represented by Two Boys It s the Third from Aries and in May the Sun enters into it Pollux and Helen were the Children of Jupiter and Leda Caestor was the Son of Leda and her Husband Tindarus it was pretended they proceeded from an Egg because they were nursed in the uppermost Room in the House which they called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Diodorus Siculus relates that the Argonauts being overtaken with a great Storm Orpheus made a Vow to the Samothracian Gods thereupon the Storm ceased and Two Coelestial Fires appear'd upon the Heads of Castor and Pollux who were of the Number of the Argonauts from whence came the Custom of invoking the Samothracian Gods in a Storm and giving those Two Coelestial Fires the Name of Castor and Pollux Lucian in a Dialogue between Apollo and Mercury observes that these Two Brothers were also invoked in Storms because they themselves had used the Seas as being in the Company of the Argonauts Cicero relates a wonderful Piece of Revenge taken upon one Scopas for speaking irreverently of those Two Brothers called Dioscorides also he having been crushed to pieces by the Fall of his Chamber while Simonides who had made their Elogy was called out by Two unknown Persons The Greek and Roman Histories are full of the wonderful Apparitions of these Two Brothers either to gain a Victory or to give News thereof after the obtaining of it But Cicero himself in another place tells us how we are to entertain these Relations He says that Homer himself who lived a little after these Two Brothers affirmed that they were buried at Lacedaemon and consequently that they could not come and acquaint Vatienus of the Gaining of the Victory that they should rather have communicated the News to Cato than to such an insignificant Fellow lastly That we should believe the Souls of such great Men to be Divine and Eternal Spirits but that after their Bodies had been burnt and reduced to Ashes they could neither ride on Horses nor engage in Battle POLYHYMNIA or POLYMNIA One of the Nine Muses who presided over the Hymns and Songs that were play'd upon the Lute and Harp Hesiod attributes the Art of Geometry to her and Plutarch History POLYNICES the Son of Oedipus King of Thebes and Brother of Eteocles Eteocles after the Death of Oedipus deprived his Brother Polynices of the Kingdom of Thebes tho' they had agreed to reign by turns Polynices retired to Argos married there the Daughter of King Aâ—rastus and afterwards marched with a formidable Army against Eteocles to call him to an Account for what he did Jocasta their Mother endeavoured in vain to reconcile them so both sides made themselves ready to give Battle The Prophet Tiresias declared the Thebans would get the Victory if they sacrificed Menoeceus the Son of Creon to Mars Creon denied his Son but Menoeceus offered himself then the Battle began wherein Eteocles and Polynices killed one another and Jocasta finding them to be dead also slew her self POLYPHEMUS one of the Cyclops the Son of Neptune and the Nymph Thoosa according to Homer Lucian gives a Description of him in his Dialogues of Sea-Gods where he introduces Doris and Galatea speaking thus Doris They say Galatea that Polyphemus is in Love with you you have a fine Lover of him Galatea Doris do not jear as mean as you think him to be he is Neptune's Son Dor. What tho' he were Jupiter's Son he is as hairy as a Bear and has but one Eye Galat. Hair is a sign of Strength and his Eye looks very graceful in the middle of his Forehead so that he looks as well as if he had had two Dor. It seems to me as if you were enamoured on him and not he on you Galat. Not in the least but I cannot endure your nor your Companions Jealousie for while he was feeding his Flocks
the first Year after the Expulsion of the Tarquins the City of Rome being afflicted with the Plague Publius Valertus Publicola who was then Consul freed the People from this Evil by offering in the same Place a black Ox to Pluto and a black Cow to Proserpina and he caused this Inscription to be graven on the same Altar Publius Valerius Publicola hath consecrated a Fire to Pluto and Proserpina in Campus Martius and celebrated Games in Honour of the said Gods for the Deliverance of the People of Rome Rome being after that afflicted with Wars and Pestilence in the Fourth Consulship of Marcus Potitus 352 Years after the Foundation thereof the Senate ordered the Sibyll's Books to be consulted by those whose Business it was They answered that those Evils would be at an end if they did but offer Sacrifices to Pluto and Proserpina They presently sought out the Place where the Altar of these Gods was buried found it and consecrated it anew and they had no sooner finish'd their Sacrifices thereon but the Romans found themselves freed from the Evils they laboured under after which they buried the said Altar again and the same is in a certain Place at the End of Campus Martius but these Sacrifices having been neglected from the Consulship of Lucius Cénsorinus and Manlius Puelius and new Misfortunes befalling them in Augustus his Reign the said Prince renew'd those Plays under the Consulship of Lucius Censormus and Caius Sabinus after Ateius Capito had informed them of the Ceremonies they were to observe thereat and that the Quindecim-viri in whose Custody the Sibyll's Books were had found out the Place where the Sacrifices and Shews ought to be performed The Emperor Claudius after Augustus caused the same Games to be celebrated without any regard had to the Law that required they should not be performed but once every Age. Afterwards Domitian not minding what Claudius had done celebrated them at the full Revolution of an Age from the time of Augustus his solemnizings of them Lastly Severus assisted by his Sons Caracalla and Geta renewed the same Games under the Consulship of Chilo and Libo Here follows the Manner how these Plays are set down in the publick Registers the Heralds went about to invite the People to a Shew which they had never seen and should never see again but this once Harvest-time being come a few Days before this Feast the Quindecim-viri whose Business it was to look after the Ceremonies of Religion sate upon a Tribunal before the Capitol and Apollo's Temple from whence they distributed Torches of Sulphur and Bitumen to the People which every one used to purifie himself with They gave none to the Slaves but only to such as were free Afterwards all the People went to the Temples we have mentioned and to that of Diana upon Mount Aventine every one of which carried some Wheat Barley and Beans thither and kept the sacred Eve there all Night in Honour of the Destinies with a great deal of Company Lastly They solemnized this â—east for Three Days and Three Nights beginning with offering Sacrifices in Campus Martius upon the Banks of the Tiber in a Place named Terentum The Gods to whom they offered were Jupiter Juno Apollo Latona and Diana as also the Destinies Lucina Ceres Pluto and Proserpina The first Night Two Hours after Sun-set the Emperor being assisted by the Quidecim-viri of whom before sacrificed Three Lambs upon Three Altars raised upon the Banks of the Tiber and when he had sprinkled the Altars with the Victims Blood he burnt them all whole during which Time the Musicians who were set upon an advanced Place sung an Hymn made for that Purpose They lighted Fires and Lamps every where and gave Shews that agreed with those Sacrifices Those who were to provide for Ceremonies by way of Recompence receiv'd the first Fruits of the Earth after some of them had been distributed to all the People In the Morning they met in the Capitol from whence after they had sacrificed the usual Victims they went to the Theater to celebrate Games there in Honour of Apollo and Diana On the second Day the Women of Quality went to the Capitol at the Hour assigned them in the Sibyll's Books and there sacrificed to Jupiter and sung Hymns in his Praise Lastly On the third Day a Company of Youths of good Birth to the Number of 27 and as many young Girls all whose Parents were alive in fix Chorus's sung Hymns in Greek and Latin and Sacred Songs for the obtaining all manner of Prosperity to the Cities of Rome There were moreover many other Things done according to the Prescription of the Gods and as long as these Ceremonies were observed the Roman Empire remained entire but to the end you may know the Truth of what has been said I 'll here recite the Oracle of the Sibylle her self as others have already done Roman remember every 110th Year which is the longest Time of the Duration of a Man's Life I say remember to offer Sacrifice to the immortal Gods in the Field that is watered by the Tiber. When the Night is come and that the Sun is set then offer Goats and Sheep to the Destinies afterwards offer proper Sacrifices to Lucina who presides over Child-bearing next sacrifice a Hog and a black Sow to the Earth and this done offer white Oxen on Jupiter's Altar and this must be performed in the Day-time and not by Night for those Sacrifices that are made in the Day-time please the Coelestial Gods by the same Reason thou shall offer to Juno a young Cow that has a good Hide the like Sacrifices thou shall make to Phoebus-Apolio the Son of Latona who is also called the Sun and let the Roman Boys accompanied with Girls sing Hymns with a loud Voice in the Sacred Temples but so that the Girls sing on one side and the Boys on the other and the Parents both of the one and the other must be then alive let married Women fall upon their Knees before Juno's Altar and pray that Goddess to give Ear to the publick Vows and theirs in particular let every one according to his Ability offer first Fruits to the Gods to render them propitious and these first Fruits ought to be kept with Care and they must not forget to distribute some of them to every one that assists at the Sacrifices let there be a great Number of People Night and Day at the Resting-places of the Gods and there let serious and diverting Things be agreeably intermix'd See therefore O Roman that these Injunctions be always kept in mind by thee and thus the Country of Italy and that of the Latins will always be subject to thy Power SELLA SOLIDA a Chair or Seat made of a piece of Wood wherein the Augurs sate when they were taking their Augury SELLA CURULIS the Curule-Chair which was adorned with ivory and on which the great Magistrates of Rome had a Right to sit and to be carried SEMELE
They reckoned there were 424 Streets in Rome in all the Divitions of the City whereof there were but 31 that were considerable which all began at a gilt Pillar for that reason called Milliarium auream that was set up at the Entrance into the great Place below the Temple of Saturn and lead to as many Gates and to made the like Number of great Roads that passed through all Italy These great Streets were called Viae regiae militares publicae of which the three most famous were Appia the Road of Appius which was made and paâ—ed by him Flaminia that of Flaminius made by a Consul of that Name and reach'd from Porta Flamentana near Campus Martius as far as Rimini upon the Adriatick Sea and Via Aemilia Aemilius his Road. VICTORIA Victory a Deity adored by the Ancients and made by Varro to be the Daughter of Coelum and Terra for whom the Romans built a Temple during their War with the Samnites in the Consulship of L. Posthumius and M. Attilius Regulus and dedicated to her a Temple of Jupiter Optimus after the Overthrow at Cannae according to Livy L. Sylla instituted Games in Honour of her The Athenians also built her Statue without Wings that so she might not fly away from their City in the same manner as the Lacedaemonians represented Mars with Chains that so he might continue with them according to Pausanias She was usually represented like a young Goddess winged and standing upon a Globe with a Lawrel Crown in one Hand and a Palm in the other Domitian represented her with a Horn of Plenty to intimate that Victory brought Plenty of all Things with it On the Reverse of the Silver Medal of L. Hostilius Victory is represented with a Caduceus which was Mercurie's Rod of Peace in one Hand and a Trophy of the Enemies Spoils in the other Victory is represented upon the Reverse of a Gold Medal of Augustus with her Feet upon a Globe and extended Wings as if she flew a Lawrel Crown in her Right-Hand and a Labarum or Emperor's Banner in the Left She is also represented sitting upon the Spoils of the Enemy with a Trophy set before her and carrying a Crown with these Words Victoria Augusti VINDICTA the Rod or Switch wherewith the Praetor touched a Slave's Head when he was affranchised VIRBIUS surnamed Hippolytus the Son of Theseus whom Aesculapius at Diana's Request raised from the Dead and was surnamed so as being born twice VIRGA the Rod of Moses which according to the Rabins God made between the two Vespers of the Sabbath that is on the Evening of the sixth Day of the Creation of the World and on which the Holy Great and Glorious Name of God called Tetragrammaton was inscribed after a wonderful Manner and therefore 't is said in the Zoar upon Exodus that the Miracles were graven and the most holy Name of God inscribed upon it Galatinus writ a great deal concerning this Rod and he relates some Things remarkable out of a Jewish Book entituled Gale resaia i. e. Revelans arcana It 's to be observed according to the Sentiments of the Jews that this Rod by reason of the particular and divine Vertue it had to work Miracles was never given to any other but Moses that Josuah himself though his Disciple and most worthy Successor never made use of it but only of a Lance and Javelin It 's true when other sacred Things as Aaron's Rod the Pot of Manna and Vessel of sacred Incense were laid up in the Ark by Josuah we could never learn what became of Moses his Rod and we do not find either in the holy Scriptures or Books of the Rabbins any mention made of it And Abarbinel inferrs from Moses his going up to the Mount Abarim to die there that he took Gods Rod in his Hand and that it was buried with the Body of that Prophet in the same Grave God being unwilling that any other Man should make use of it after him for as there never was a Man in Israel like unto Moses either in respect to the Heighth of Prophesie or Signs and Wonders done by him so no other but himself made use of that Rod for working all those Miracles As Moses was the Conductor of the People of God into the promised Land the Pagans also ascribe unto Mercury the Charge of conducting Souls into Hell They likewise endue him with a Rod twisted round with Serpents called Caduceus in Imitation of Moses his Rod that was changed into a Serpent and was so famous amongst them that whatever miraculous and strange Thing was performed by him it was attributed to that Rod. Virgil describes the Vertue of that Rod in his Aeneids Tum virgam capit hac animas ille evocat orca Pallentes alias sub tristia tartara mittit Dat somnos adimitque lumina morte resignat Illâ fretus agit ventos turbida tranat Nubila He therefore used his Rod as well when he fetch'd Souls from Hell as when he carried them thither By the Help of this Rod he made the one sleep and awaked the other and made whom he would to die He expelled the Winds and passed through the Clouds VIRGILIUS Virgil the Prince of the Latin Poets born at Andes near the City of Mantua and named Publius Maro The Romans admired him for the Excellency of his Works and honoured him as much as the Emperor himself and his Modesty acquired him the Name of Parthenius He has left us his Bucolicks Four-Books of Georgicks and Twelve of the Aeneids wherein he has imitated the Iliads and Odysses of Homer The Emperor Augustus hindered this last Piece to be burnt as Virgil had ordered it by his Will VIRTUS Vertue a Goddess among the Romans whose Temple was joined to that of Honour so that you must first pass through the Temple of Honour to it VISCERATIONES a Gift consisting of the Entrails of Animals conferred upon the People at the burying of great Men in Rome VITA Life Homer seems to allude to the long Lives of Men in the first Ages of the World when he says that Nestor was cotemporary with the Men of the Two preceding Ages and having survived them did also then live with those of the third Age and he told them that the former People with whom he had conversed were a great deal stronger than those born afterwards so that they were not afraid to encounter wild Beasts Hesiod gives us a compleat Description of the Terrestrial Happiness of those People that lived in the first Age but he has not given an Account of the Duration of their Lives which he makes to end in a sweet Sleep Moriebantur ceu somno obruti but he clearly intimates that this Life must have been very long when he says that those of the succeeding Age who came far short of the other were a Hundred Years in a State of Infancy We cannot truly determine how many Years an Age consisted of by
a Bull sometimes into a Swan or an Eagle or into Gold to enjoy his Amours wherefore Lucian introduces Momus rallying thus Your fine Metamorphoses made me sometimes affraid left you should be brought to the Shambles or put to the Plough when thou wert a Bull or that a Goldsmith should melt thee down when thou wert Gold and when a Swan lest they should have put thee upon the Spit and roasted thee 'T is also reported that he brought forth Minerva out of his Brain which Vulcan opened with an Axe as Lucian relates in the Dialogue of the Gods where Vulcan and Jupiter speak thus Vulcan Here is a very sharp Axe I bring you what am I to do with it Jup. Prythee strike hard and cleave my head asunder Vul. You have a mind to see whether I am mad or no I warrant but tell me in good earnest what will you imploy it about Jup. To divide my Skull I say I am not in jest and if you refuse I will plague you Strike with all thy might for my Head is ready to split with pain and I suffer such torments as if I was in labour with a Child Vul. 'T is against my will but I must obey Great Gods No wonder your head-ach was so great having such an Amazon with a Sphear and a Shield lodged in it 'T is still recorded that Bacchus came out of his thigh where he had been lodged to perfect his time after he was taken out of his Mother Semele's Womb being yet but half form'd Wherefore an incision was made in his Thigh when the pains of labour seiz'd him to give a free Passage to little Bacchus And this is yet reported by the same Lucian in the Dialogue of the Gods The Nations of the World built him a great many Temples and honoured him like a God under several names according to his several performances He is called Jupiter Inventor an Epithet that Hercules bestowed upon him because by his means he had found again the Cows which Cacus had stole away from him and erected him an Altar whereupon he offered him sacrifices Romulus called him Jupiter Feretrius because he had strengthned him to overcome his Enemies and get the spoils which he consecrated to him in a Temple built at the top of the Capitol under the Title of Jupiter Feretrius Livy gives us the words of this dedication Jupiter Feretri haec tibi victor Romulus Rex regia arma fero templumque his regionibus quas modo animo metatus sum dedico sedemque opâ—mis spolâ—â—s quae Regibus Ducibusque hostium caesis me auctorem sequentes posteri ferent This was the first Temple that was consecrated to Jupiter in Rome whither the spoils taken from Kings or Commanders of the Enemies Forces were brought JUPITER STATOR a Sistendo i. e. to stop because upon the day of the engagement between the Romans and the Sabins Romulus perceiving that his Soldiers lost ground and were upon the point of running away begged earnestly of Jupiter to stop them and raise their Courage promising him withal to build another Temple to his honour which being granted to him he built a Temple at the foot of Mount Palatinus under the Title of Jovi Statori JUPITER ELICIUS Numa gave him this title upon this occasion For in his time Mount Aventinus being not yet inhabited nor inclosed into Rome and that Hill being covered with Springs of Water and thick Groves frequented by Picus and Faunus two Satyrs who cured most desperate Distempers by Inchantments Numa having heard of them desired to see them and learn their secrets wherefore by the advice of the Nymph Egeria he ordered that Wine should be poured into the Fountain and men should lye in wait to seize upon the Satyrs at their coming to it Both Satyrs according to their custom came thither but being got drunk with the Wine of the Fountain they fell asleep and were easily seized upon and brought to Numa who learned of them the secrets how to bring down Jupiter upon the Earth Elicere Jovem And Numa having immediately tried it Jupiter came down whereupon he commanded that a Temple should be built to his honour by the title of Jupiter Elicius JUPITER CAPITOLINUS Thus called because of the Temple vowed by Tarquinius Priscus in the War against the Sabius he laid only the foundations of it and it was finished by Tarquinius Superbus The Temple was of a square Figure having 220 Foot every way and eight Acres of ground in compass There were three Chapels in it the Chapel of Jupiter in the middle thereof that of Minerva at the Right hand near the place where the Nail was driven in every year to reckon the number of years and that of Juno which was on the Left hand The admirable Building and the rich Ornaments of this Temple made it the most famous in Rome and all the Provinces subdued to the Roman Empire and the Confederate Kings in emulation one of another sent Presents thither JUPITER LATIALIS had a Temple on Mount Albanus which Tarquinius Superbus caused to be built to his honour after the defeat of Turnus This Temple was common to all the Confederates and a Sacrifice was therein offered every year in common to the Feriae Latinae JUPITER SPONSOR The Temple built to him by this Title was consecrated to his honour by Tarquinius in the Wood of Bellona and dedicated by Sp. Posthumus Consul in pursuance of a decree of the Senate in the year cclxxxvii JUPITER PISTOR Thus called because the Gauls having besieged the Capitol and the Romans being very much streightned by the enemy and pressed with hunger Jupiter inspired them to make Bread with the remainder of their Corn and throw it into the Camp of the enemy Which having performed the enemy lost all hopes to starve them wherefore they raised the Siege and retired and in acknowledgement of this good advice the Romans erected him an Altar under the title of Jupiter the Baker Jovi Pisteri There was also in the Capitol a Figure of Jupiter Imperator which Titus Quintius Dictator brought from the Town of Praeneste and placed there with a Table whereupon were ingraven his great Atchievements JUPITER VICTOR Jupiter the Conquerour to wom L. Papyrius Cursor built a Temple by this title because he had overcome the Samnites and the Gauls VE-JUPITER or VE-JOVIS had a Temple between the Tarpeian Rock and the Capitol near the Asylum His statue was made of Cyprus Wood holding a Dart in his hand ready to be flung JUPITER TONANS Jupiter thundering an Epithet that Augustus gave him for having built a Temple to him upon the Capitol he dedicated it to him under that name and erected therein three statues one done by the hand of Buthyraus Disciple to Miron the other by Locras and the third was made of Brass Augustus caused this Temple to be built in honour of Jupiter Tonans because going once by night against the Inhabitants of Biscay the Thunder fell
by his Litter and killed one of his Servants who carried a Torch whereupon the Emperor vowed a Temple to Jupiter Tonans for having preserved him in so great a danger Jovi Tonanti says Suetonius edem consecravit liberatus periculo cum expeditione Cantabrica pur nocturnum iter lecticam ejus fulgor perstrinxisset servumque praelucentem exanimasset JUPITER ULTOR Jupiter the Revenger of Crimes had a Temple dedicated to him by M Agrippa JUPITER HERCEUS from the Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Jupiter of private houses where an Altar was erected This privilege was only allowed to the Citizens of Rome says Arnobius Quicunque Herceum Jovem habebant jus civitatis etiam habebant JUPITER AMMON or Hammon had a Temple in Libya and a Statue under the Figure of a Ram from whence he was called Corniger Hammon This Temple was very famous on the account of his Oracles Jupiter is represented on several Medals sometimes carrying Victory in his right hand and a Spear instead of a Scepter in the left sometimes riding on a Kam or a She Goat with this Inscription JOVI CRESCENTI because he had been Nursed up with her Milk sometimes sitting in the midst of the Four Elements holding a Dart with one hand and laying the other upon the Head of his Eagle with two Figures that lay along under his Feet which represent the Two Elements of Water and Earth having the Zodiack round about him where the Twelve Signs are represented JUPITER OLYMPIUS sirnamed Eleus famous for his Oracle and the publick Games performed in Elis called Olympick Games On the Silver Medals of Lucius Lentulus and Caius Marcellus both Consuls is represented the Head of Jupiter holding his Thunder Bolt with his right hand and his Eagle with his left having before him a little Altar and the Star of Jupiter This Medal was stamp'd to pacifie Jupiter after the Thunder was fallen upon the Capitol Jupiter Conservator was also represented holding his Thunder-bolt with one hand and a Dart with the other and the Figure of the Emperour under his Thunder to shew that he was under Jupiter's protection or else his Figure was Ingraven laying upon a Globe and holding Victory which he endeavours to Crown and the Eagle at his Feet with these words JOVI CONSERVATORI AUGUSTORUM NOSTRORUM On the Medals of Nero and Vespasian Jupiter was named Custos and represented sitting on a Throne holding his Thunder in his right hand with this Inscription JUPITER CUSTOS or JOVIS CUSTOS JUPITER was sirnamed Anxurus in Italy and is represented like a young Boy without a Beard Crowned with Branches of Olive and holding a Goblet or Patera in his right hand and his Scepter in the other JURAMENTUM An Oath taken to confirm a thing The solemnal Oath of the Gods was by the Waters of the River Styx The Fable says that Victory the Daughter of Styx having assisted Jupiter against the Giants he order'd for a Reward of her Service that the Gods should Swear by the Waters of that River and in case they forswore themselves they should be deprived of Life and Feeling during Nine thousand Years as Servius reports and gives this reason for this Fable that the Gods being Immortal and happy swear by the Styx which is a River of sorrow and grief which is very contrary to their temper and that Oath was a kind of Execration in lib. 6. Aeneid Hesiod in his Theogonia relates that when any of these Gods had told a lye Jupiter sent Iris to fetch some Water out of Styx in a Golden Vessel whereupon the Lyer takes the Oath and if he forswears himself he is a whole year without life and motion but a very long one including many Millions of Years Diodorus Siculus l. 11. Pag. 67. tell us that the Temple of the Gods called Palici famous in Sicily was there much respctred and very ancient and that two very deep Basons were kept therein full of boyling Water mix'd with Brimstone always full and never flowing over In this Temple solemn Oaths were taken and Perjuries were immediately punished very severely some of them being condemned to have their Eyes put out Silius Italicus has expressed in Verse what Diodorus has here reported Et qui praesenti domitant perjura Palici Pectora Supplicio To this purpose Virgil speaks thus Lib. 9. Aeneid v. 584. .......... Symethia circum Flumina pinguis ubi placabilis ara Palici The two Basons where the Oaths were taken and the Divine vengeance broke out upon the Purjured were called Delli Macrobius after Callias makes mention of them saying Nec longe inde lacus breves sunt quos incolae Crateres vocant nomine Dellos appellant featres que eos Palicorum aestimant Aristotle assures us that the Person who took the Oath wrote it upon a Ticket which he threw into the Water The Ticket floated over if the Oath was true if it was false the Ticket appeared no more Appollonius Tyaneus l. 1. c. 4. in his Life written by Philostratus mentions a Spring of Water at Tyana in Cappadocia which was very like this above-mentioned This my Story of taking the Oath and punishing Perjuries was doubtless an imitation of what is written in the Book of Numbers concerning the trial of Waters which Women impeached of Adultery were obliged to drink The Rom ans swore by their Gods and Heroes ranked in the number of Gods as by Quirinus Hercules Castor and Pollux c. Suetonius relates that under the Empire of Julius Caesar the Romans began to swear by the health of the Emperours and by their Genius However Tiberius did not allow it but Caligula ordered that all those who should refuse to do it should be put to Death and came to such an excess of folly and madness that he commanded that the People should swear by the Health and Fortune of a fine Horse which he intended to take for his Colleague in his Consulat as Dion tells us lib. 59. They also Swore by one anothers Genius as appears by a place of Seneca Jurat per Genium meum JUS The Law There are three kinds of Laws the Law of Nature the Law of Nations and the Civil Law The Law of Nature is what Nature teaches all living Creatures and is in a manner common to Men and Beasts as Marriage Procreation and Education of Children The Law of Nations is what natural Reason has inspired and dedicated to all Men and is practised by all Nations as Religion towards God Piety towards Parents and Love of our Country From thence comes the difference and division of Nations settlement of Kingdoms share of Demesn Trade and most sort of Obligations From hence also arises the right of War to take Prisoners to accept of their ransom to set them at liberty or to detain them in slavery The Civil Law is what each City or State has established or enacted for a Law For natural reason having taught Men to live together and for that purpose