Selected quad for the lemma: heaven_n
Text snippets containing the quad
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A52257
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Cosmographia, or, A view of the terrestrial and cœlestial globes in a brief explanation of the principles of plain and solid geometry applied to surveying and gauging of cask : the doctrine of primum mobile : with an account of the Juilan & Gregorian calendars, and the computation of the places of the sun, moon, and fixed stars ... : to which is added an introduction unto geography / by John Newton ...
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Newton, John, 1622-1678.
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1679
(1679)
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Wing N1055; ESTC R17177
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190,483
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519
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OR THE DOCTRINE OF THE PRIMUM MOBILE AN INTRODUCTION TO Astronomy The First Part. Of the Primum Mobile CHAP. I. Of the General Subject of Astronomy AStronomy is a Science concerning the Measure and Motion of the Spheres and Stars 2. Astronomy hath two parts the first is Absolute and the other Comparative 3. The Absolute part of Astronomy is that which treateth of the Measure and Motion of the Orbs and Stars absolutely without respect to any distinction of Time 4. The Comparative part of Astronomy is that which treateth 〈◊〉 the Motion of the Stars in reference to some certain distinction of Time 5. The Absolute part of Astronomy treateth of the Primum Mobile or Diurnal Motion of all the Celestial Orbs or Spheres 6. The Primum Mobile or Diurnal Motion of the Heavens is that Motion by which the several Spheres are moved round the World in a Day 〈…〉 from East towards West and â—o forwardâ— from West towards East and so continually returning to the same point from whence they began their Motion 7. This first and common Motion of the Heavens will be best understood by help of an Instrument called a Globe which is an Artificial representation of the Heavens or the Earth and Waters under that Form and Figure of Roundness which they are supposed to have 8. This Representation or Description of the Visible World is by Circles great and small some of which are expressed upon and others are framed without the Globe 9. The Circles without the Globe are chiefly two the Meridian and the Horizon the one of Brass and the other of Wood And these two Circles are variable or mutable for although there is but one Horizon and one Meridian in respect of the whole World or in respect of the whole Heaven and Earth yet in respect of the particular parts of Heaven or rather in respect of the diverse Provinces Countries and Cities on the Earth there are diverse both Horizons and Meridians 10. The Meridian then is a great Circle without the Globe dividing the Globe and consequently the Day and Night into two equal parts from the North and South ends whereof a strong Wyre of Brass or Iron is drawn or supposed to be drawn through the Center of the Globe representing the Axis of the Earth by means whereof the whole Globe turneth round within the said Circle so that any part may be brought directly under this Brass Meridian at pleasure 11. This Brass Meridian is divided into 4 equal parts or Quadrants and each of them are subdivided into 90 Degrees that is 360 for the whole Circle The reason why this Circle is not divided in 360 Degrees throughout but still stoping at
90 beginneth again with 10. 20. 30 c. is for that the use of this Meridian in reference to its Division in Degrees requireth no more than that Number 12. The Horizon is a great Circle without the Globe which divides the upper part of Heaven from the lower so that the one half is always above that Circle and the other under it 13. The Poles of this Circle are two the one directly over our Heads and is called the Zenith the other is under feet and is called the Nadir 14. The Horizon is either Rational or Sensible 15. The Rational Horizon is that which divideth the Heavens and the Earth into two equal parts which though it cannot be perceived and distinguished by the eye yet may be conceived iâ— our minds in which respect all the Stars may be conceived to rise and set as in our view 16. The Visible Horizon is that Circle which the eye doth make at its farthest extent of sight when the body in any particular place doth turn it self round Of these two Circles there needeth no more to be said at present only we may observe that it was ingeniously devised by those who first thought upon it to set one Meridian and one Horizon without the Globe to avoid the confusion if not the impossibility of drawing a several Meridian and a several Horizon for every place which must have been done if this or the like device had not been thought upon 17. Besides these two great Circles without the Globe there are 4 other great Circles drawn upon the Globe it self besides the Meridian 1. The AEquator or Equinoctial Circle 2. The Zodiack 3. The AEquinoctial Colure 4. Solstitial Colure And these four Circles are immâ—table that is in whatsoever part of the World you are these Circles have no variation as the other two have 18. The AEquator is a great Circle drawn upon the Globe in the middle between the two Poles and plainly dividing the Globe into two equal parts 19. The AEquator is the measure of the Motion of the Primum Mobile for 15 Degrees of this Circle do always arise in an hours time the which doth clearly shew that the whole Heavens are turned round by equal intervals in the space of one day or 24 hours 20. In this Circle the Declinations of the Stars are computed from the mid-Heaven towards the North or South 21. This Circle gives denomination to the AEquinox for the Sun doth twice in a Year and no more cross this Circle to wit when he enters the first points of Aries and Libra and then he maketh the Days and the Nights equal His entrance into Aries is in March and is called the Vernal Equinox and his entrance into Libra is in September and is called the Autumnal Equinox 22. And from one certain point in this Circle the Longitude of Places upon the Earth are reckoned and the Latitude of Places are reckoned from this Circle towards the North or the South Poles 23. The Zodiack is a great Circle drawn upon the Globe cutting the AEquinoctial Points at Oblique Angles for although it divides the whole World into two equal parts in reference to its own Poles yet in reference to the Poles of the World it hath an Oblique Motion 24. The Poles of this Circle are as far distant from the Poles of the World as the greatest Obliquity thereof is from the Equinoctial that is 23 Degrees and 31 Minutes or thereabouts 25. This Circle doth differ from all other Circles upon the Globe in this other Circles to speak properly have Longitude assigned them but no Latitude but this hath both Whereas other Circles are in reference to their Longitude or Rotundity only divided into 360 Degrees this Circle in respect of its Latitude is supposed to be divided into 16 Degrees in Latitude 26. The Zodiack then in respect of Longitude is commonly divided into 360 Degrees as other Circles are but more peculiarly in respect of its self it is divided into 12 Parts called Signs and each Sign into 30 Degrees and 12 times 30 do make 360. 27. The 12 Signs into which the Zodiack is divided have these Names and Characters Aries ♈ Taurus ♉ Gemini ♊ Cancer ♋ Leo ♌ Virgo â™ Libra ♎ Scorpio â™ Sagittarius â™ Capricornus ♑ Aquarius â™’ and Pisces ♓ 28. These two Circles of the Equator and Zodiack are crossed by two other great Circles which are called Colures They are drawn through the Poles of the World and cut one another as well as the Equator at Right Angles One of them passeth through the Intersections of the Equinoctial points and is called the Equinoctial Colure The other passeth through the points of the greatest distance of the Zodiack from the Equator and is called the Solstitial Colure 29. The other great Circles described upon the Globe are the Meridians Where we must not think much to hear of the Meridians again That of Brass without the Globe is to serve all turns and the Globe is framed to apply it self thereto The Meridians upon the Globe will easily be perceived to be of a new and another use 30. The Meridians upon the Globe are either the great or the less Not that the great are any greater than the less for they have all one and the same center and equally pass through the Poles of the Earth But those which are called less are of less use than that which is called the great 31. The great is otherwise called the fixt and first Meridian to which the less are second and respectively moveable The great Meridian is as it were the Landmark of the whole Sphere from whence the Longitude of the Earth or any part thereof is accounted And it is the only Circle which passing through the Poles is graduated or divided into Degrees not the whole Circle but the half because the Longitude is to be reckoned round about the Earth 32. The lesser Meridians are those black lines which you see to pass through the Poles and succeeding the great at 10 and 10 Degrees as in most Globes or at 15 and 15 Degrees difference as in some Every place never so little more East or West than another hath properly a several Meridian yet because of the huge distance of the Earth from the Heavens there is no sensible difference between the Meridians of places that are less than one Degree of Longitude asunder and therefore the Geographers as well as the Astronomers allow a new Meridian to every Degree of the Equator which would be 180 in all but except the Globes were made of an extream and an unusual Diameter so many would stand too thick for the Description Therefore most commonly they put down but 18 that is at 10 Degrees distance from one another the special use of the lesser Meridians being to make a quicker dispatch in the account of the Longitudes Others set down but 12 at 15 Degrees difference aiming at this That the Meridians might be distant