left bare without Cullers is the limits of the Water The Land is either Continents or Ilands A Continent is a great quantity of Land not interlaced or separated by the Sea in which many Kingdomes and Principalities are contained as Europe Asia Affrica America An Island is a part of the Earth environed round with Waters as Britain Java S. Laurence Isle Barmudas c. These again are sub-divided into Peninsula Istmus Promontorium A Peninsula is almost an Island that is a track of Land which being almost encompassed round with Water is joyned to the firm Land by some little Istmus as Molacca in the East-Indies c. An Istmus is a little narrow neck of Land which joyneth any Peninsula to the Continent as the Straits of Dariene in Peru and Corinth in Greece Promontorium is some high Mountain which shooteth it self into the Sea the utmost end of which is called a Cape as that great Cape of Good Hope and Cape Verde in Africa The Water is either Ocean Sea Straits Creeks or Rivers The Ocean is that generall collection of all Waters which invironeth the whole Earth on every side The Sea is a part of the Ocean to which we cannot come but through some Strait as Mare Mediterraneum Mare Balticum and the like These two take their names either from the adjacent places as the Brittish Ocean the Atlantick Sea c. or from the first discovere as Mare Magellanicum Davis and Forbishers Staits c. Or from some remarkable accident as Mare Rubrum from the red colour of the Sands Mare Aegeum Pontus Euxinus and the like A Strait is a part of the Ocean restrained within narrow bounds and opening a way to the Sea as the Straits of Gibralter Hellespont c. A Creek is a crooked shoar thrusting out as it were two armes to imbrace the Sea as Sinus Adriaticus Sinus Persicus c. A River is a small branch of the Sea flowing into the Land as Thames Tiber Rhine Nilus c. Now that these Lands Ilands Towns Seas Rivers c. may at the first search be found upon the Globe all Geographers have placed them thereon according to Longitude and Latitude VII Longitude The Longitude is an Arch of the Equator comprehended between the first Meridian and the Meridian of the Place you inquire after It is numbred on the Equator from the West to the Eastwards with 10 20 30 to 360. degrees till it end where it began VIII Latitude The Latitude is an Arch of the Meridian comprehended between the Equator and the place enquired after It is numbred on the Meridian from the Equator both waies viz. North and South till it come to the Poles or 90 degrees Thus much may serve for the description of the Terestrial Globe I therefore come to treat of the Celestial CHAP. III. Of the Celestial Globe or the Eighth Sphear represented by the Celestial Globe its motion and of the Circles Lines Images Stars c. described thereon I. Of the eighth Sphear THe eighth Sphear which is the starry Heaven is represented by the Celestial Globe because upon the Convexity of it all the Stars and visible appearances are placed according to the order that they are situated in the concavity of the eighth Sphear It is called the eighth Sphear because between it and us are contained seven other Heavens or Sphears as 1. the Moon 2. Mercury 3. Venus 4. the Sun 5. Mars 6. Jupiter 7. Saturn and eighthly the starry Heaven The antients have made the Systeme of the world to consist of 2 other Sphears called the Chiristiline Heaven and the Primum Mobile or first Mover as in the following figure is represented A figure wherein may be seen the Composition of the whole frame of the World II. Of the Motion of the eighth Sphear There hath bin attributed to the eighth Sphear a twofold motion the one called its Diurnal Motion which is made from East to West upon the Poles and Axis of the World And the other called its Second motion which is made from West to East upon the Poles and Axis of the Ecliptick The Diurnal motion is caused by the violent Motion of the Primum Mobile for in 24 hours it carries along with it not only the eighth Heaven or Orb of fixed Stars but the Orbs of the Sun the Moon and all the rest of the Planets It is called the Diurnal Motion because it is finished in one Day The second Motion is unproperly attributed to the eighth Sphear it being indeed the Motion of the Equinoctiall tho Authors sometimes carelesly mention the one insteed of the other Therefore in the next Section where I treat of the Equinoctial I shall at large explain unto you the nature of this mis-called Second Motion III. Of the Equinoctial The Equinoctial upon the Celestial Globe is the same line formerly called the Equator upon the Terrestrial only with this difference that the Equator remains fixt upon the Terrestrial Globe but the Equinoctial upon the Celestial Globe is moveable or at least must be imagined to move contrary to the Diurnal motion from West to East upon the Poles of the Ecliptick I say imagined to move because in the Heavens it doth really move tho on a material Globe it would be inconvenient to make a moveable Equinoctial and therefore it hath one fixed which for this and the next age will sufficiently serve without much deviation from the truth it self Now that the difference between the Equator upon the Terrestrial Globe and the Equinoctial upon the Celestial may be proved and the motion of the Equinoctial be the better understood I shall only bring this example All places that were formerly under the Equator do and will keep the same Longitude and remain still under the Equator as may be proved by comparing the Ancient and modern Geographers together but those Stars that were formerly under the Equinoctial do not keep the same Longitude nor remain under the Equinoctial because the Equinoctial as aforesaid hath a motion from West to East upon the Poles of the Ecliptick But the Stars being fixed in their one Sphear like knots in wood and therefore move not are by the Precession of the Equinox left behind the Equinoctial Colure and so are caused to alter their Longitude as by comparing the Observations of ancient and modern 〈◊〉 together it will appear for about 346 years before Christ the first Star in the Rams horn was by the Egyptian and Grecian Astronomers observed to be in the Equinoctial Colure and 57 years ago when Tycho observed it was found to be in 27 degrees 37 minutes of ♈ So that in about 2000 years it is moved forwards 28 degrees and will according to Tycho's opinion finish its Revolution in 25412 years According to which motion I have Calculated this following Table for finding the Degrees and Minutes of the Equinoctial motion answerable to any number of years within the said Revolution ye deg m years deg m. 1
to every twelth degree of the Equinoctial accounted from the Equinoctial Colure marking them with 1 2 3 4. c. to 30 which will end where you began viz. at the Equinoctial Colure again so shall the Equinoctial be divided into 30 equal parts representing the 30 Dayes of the Moons Age These figures to distinguish them from the degrees of the Equator were best be writ with Red Ink. When you would enquire the Moons Place Elevate the North Pole 90 degrees that is in the Zenith so shall the Equator ly in the Horizon Then bring the Equinoctial Colure against the Day of the Moneth in the Horizon so shall the Moons Age written in Red figures stand against the Signe and degree in the Horizon that the Moon is in at that Time Example September 28. 1658. I would know the Moons place in the Ecliptick she being then 12 Daies old Therefore I Elevate the North Pole 90 degrees above the Horizon and turn the Globe about till the Equinoctial Colure come to September 28. in the Circle of Daies on the Horizon then looking against what Signe and degree of the Ecliptick Circle in the Horizon the 12 th division in Red figures stands I find ♓ 9. which is the Signe and degree the Moon is in according to her mean Motion This Probleme may be applyed to many Uses for having the Moons Place you may find the Time of her Rising Southing Setting and Shining c. by working with her as you were taught to work with the Sun in several fore-going Problemes proper to each purpose PROB. LV. Having the Longitude and Latitude or Right Ascension and Declination of any Planet or Comet to place it on the Globe to correspond with its place in Heaven PLanets and Comets cannot be placed on the Globe so as their places will long retain correspondence with their places in Heaven Because as was said Chap. 44. they have a continual motion from West to East upon the Poles of the Ecliptick yet never-the-less you may by having their Longitude and Latitude or Right Ascension and Declination for any set Time place a Mark for them on the Globe either with Ink if your Globe be Varnisht for then you may with a wet finger wipe it off again or with Black-lead if it be not Varnisht and then you may rub it out again with a little White Bread which Mark for that Time will as effectually serve you to work by as any of the Fixed Stars placed on the Globe will do Therefore if the Longitude and Latitude of any Planet or Comet be given Do thus Elevate the North Pole if the Latitude given be North but if the Latitude given be South Elevate the South Pole 66 ½ degrees and place the Pole of the Ecliptick in the Zenith and over it screw the Quadrant of Altitude so shall the Ecliptickly in the Horizon and the Quadrant of Altitude being turned about the Horizon shall pass through all the Degrees of Longitude Then find the point of given Longitude in the Ecliptick and bring it to the Quadrant of Altitude and hold it there Then count upwards on the Quadrant of Altitude the number of degrees and minutes of given Latitude and at the point where the number ends close to the Quadrant of Altitude make a smal Prick and that Prick shall represent the Planet or Comet you were to place on the Globe If it be the Right Ascension and Declination of a Planet or Comet that is given you must find the degree and minute of Right Ascension on the Equinoctial and bring it to the Meridian and keep the Globe there steddy then find the degree and minute of Declination on the Meridian and under that degree and minute on the Globe make a Prick and that Prick shall represent the Planet or Comet as aforesaid If it be ♄ or ♃ that this Prick is to represent it may stand on the Globe sometimes a Week or a Fortnight without much difference from the Planets place in Heaven But if the Prick were to represent the other Planets you must in regard of their swift motion alter it very often especially for the Moon for so swift is her motion that in every two Hours she alters about a degree in Longitude Having thus placed this Mark on the Globe you may find out the Time of its several Positions and Aspects if you work by it as you are directed to work by the Sun in the several respective Problemes throughout this Book The End of the Second Book The Third BOOK Being the Practical Use of the GLOBES Applyed to the Solution of Problemes In the Art of NAVIGATION PRAEFACE BEcause the Art of Navigation consists aswell in the knowledge of Astronomical and Geographical Problemes as in Problemes meerly Nautical Therefore I must desire the Artist to seek in the last Book such Problemes as are only Astronomical or Geographical For my Designe is here to collect such Problemes as are only used in the Art of Navigation some few particulars excepted as for finding Latitude Longitude Course Distance c. Which though they are handled in than Book yet for their exceeding Vtility in the Art of Navigation and for that what there is given cannot alwayes be had to work by therefore in this Book I have mentioned divers other Observations which being made or had you may by the Rules proper for each Observation find what shall be proposed PROB. I. The Suns Amplitude and Difference of Ascension given to find the Heigth of the Pole and Declination of the Sun ELevate the Pole so many degrees as the Difference of the Suns Ascension is and screw the Quadrant of Altitude to the Zenith and bring the first point of ♈ to the Meridian then number on the Quadrant of Altitude upwards the complement to 90. of the Suns Amplitude and move the Quadrant of Altitude till that number of degrees cuts the Equator So shall the Quadrant cut in the Horizon the degree of the Pole Elevation and in the Equator the degree of the Suns Declination Example The difference of Ascension is 27. degrees 7. minutes Therefore I Elevate the Pole 27. degrees 7. minutes above the Horizon and screw the Quadrant of Altitude to 27. degrees 7. minutes which is in the Zenith then I bring the first point of ♈ to the Meridian and number on the Quadrant of Altitude upwards 56. degrees 40. minutes the Complement of the Suns Amplitude and bring that degree to the Equator then I see in what degree of the Horizon the Quadrant cuts the Horizon and find 51 ½ which is the Elevation of the Pole then looking in what degree of the Equator the Quadrant of Altitude cuts the Equator I find 20 degrees 5 min. which is the Declination of the Sun at the same Time PROB. II. The Suns Declination and Amplitude given to find the Poles Elevation ELevate the Pole so many degrees as the Complement of the Suns Amplitude is and screw the Quadrant of Altitude
the heat of the Sun and there set on fire But his opinion is of all men confuted First touching the place it cannot be in the Air for whatsoever is in the Air is not seen of all men at all times to be under one and the same part of Heaven If we see it in the South they that are in the West shall see it under the East side of the Heaven and they that are in the East shall see it in the West part of the Heaven but this Circle is of all men seen alwaies under the same part of Heaven and to be joyned with the same Stars therefore it cannot be in the Air. Again for the matter it cannot be made of that which Aristotle nameth i. e. the vapours of the earth because of the long continuance of the thing and that without any alteration for it is impossible that any Meteor made of vapours drawn up from the water or exhalations from the earth should last so long as may be seen in blazing Stars which though they have continued long as namely 16. moneths some more some less yet at the length they have vanished away whereas this Circle hath continued from the beginning unto this day Besides put case it were made of these exhalations Whence will they infer the uniformity thereof The Comets do alter diversly both in the fashion of their blazing and also in their several quantities whereas in this Circle there is nothing but the same part alwaies of one form and of one bigness In the eâ—â—cient cause therefore he must needs err for if it be neither in the Air nor made of the exhalations of the earth it cannot be caused by the Sun for the one is the place and the other the matter wherein and whereupon the Sun sheweth his power All other besides Aristotle agree in the place but difâ—er in the efficient cause thereof and they are either Philosophers or Poets Both these affirm that it is in the Firmament i. e. in the eight Sphear but they disagree in the cause thereof The Philosophers and chiefely Demecritus affirm the cause of the thing to be the exceeding great number of Stars in that part of Heaven whose beams meeting together so confusedly and not coming distinctly to the ey causeth us to imagine such a whiteness as is seen But the best opinion is this that this Milky way is a part of the Firmament neither so thin as the other parts thereof are not yet so thick as the Stars themselves If it were as thin as the other parts of the Heaven besides the Stars then could it not retain the light but the light would pass through it and not be seen If it were as thick as the Stars then would the light be so doubled in it that it would glister and shine as the Stars themselves do but being neither so thin as the one nor so thick as the other it becommeth of that whiteness we see Blaâ—u saith This Lactean whiteness and clearness ariseth from a great number of little Stars constipated in that part of Heaven flying so swiftly from the sight of our eyes that we can perceive nothing but a confused light this the Tubus Diopticus more lately found out doth evidently demonstrate to us by the benefit of which little Stars otherwise inconspicuous to our eyes are there clearly discerned About the Southern Pole are seen two white spots like little clouds colured like the via Lactea One of which is trebble the Latitude of the other some Mariners call them Nubecula Magellani This Milkie way is discribed on the Globe between two tracks of smal Pricks running through the Images mentioned in the beginning of this Section Thus have you the definition of the Globes with the description of all the lines Circles c. described thereon I shall now explain unto you the meaning of Several words of Art which in the use of them you will meet with and then come to the Use it self And first what is meant by the word Horizon When I spake of the Horizon before I only mentioned the wooden Horizon or frame about the Globe which because it represents the Mathematical Horizon is therefore called the Horizon but the word Horizon is to be considered more particularly two manner of waies as First the Natural Horizon Secondly the Mathematical Horizon The Natural Horizon is that Appearent Circle which divides the Visible part of Heaven from the invissible it extends it self in a straight line from the Superficies of the Earth every way round about the place you stand upon even into the very Circumference of the Heavens It is onley discerned at Sea or on plaine ground that is free from all hinderances of the sight as Hills Trees Houses c. The Mathematical Horizon which indeed is meant in this Treatise so oft as I shall have occasion to name the word Horizon is a great Circle which divides that part of Heaven which is above us from that which is under us precisely into two equal parts whose Poles are the Zenith and Nadir In this Circle the Azimuths or Verticle Circles are numbred and by this Circle our Daies and Nights are measured out unto us for while the Sun is above the Horizon it is day and when it is under the Horizon it is Night This Circle is represented unto us by the upper Plain of the wooden Horizon Therefore so oft as you are directed to bring any degree or Star c. to the Horizon it must be understood that you must turn the Globe till the degree or Star come just to the upper inner edge of the wooden Horizon The Zenith and Nadir are two points opposite to one another The Zenith is that point in Heaven which is directly over our Heads and the Nadir is that point in Heaven which is directly under our feet The Azimuths or Verticle Circles are great Circles passing through the Zenith and Nadir whose Poles are the Zenith and Nadir And as the Meridians cut the Equator and all Parallels to the Equator at Right Angles so the Azimuths cut the Horizon and all Almicanthars at Right Angles also The Azimuths as the Meridians are infinite and are numbred by degrees from the East and West point towards the North and South in the Horizon as also is the Amplitude The Almicanthars are Circles Parallel to the Horizon whose Poles are the Zenith and Nadir They are also called Circles of Altitude because when the Sun Moon or any Star is in any number of degrees above the Horizon it is said to have so many degrees of Altitude which degrees of Altitude are numbred upon the Verticle Circle from the Horizon upwards towards the Zenith The Almicanthars are also infinite as Parallels Meridians and Azimuths are The Amplitude is the number of degrees contained between the true East or West point in the Horizon and the rising or setting of the Sun Moon or Stars c. The Declination is
Quadrant of Altitude the same degree on it will ly on both the Stars so shall the Index of the Hour-Circle point at the Hour of the Night PROB. XLI The Hour given that any Star in Heaven comes to the Meridian to know thereby the Place of the Sun and by consequence the Day of the Moneth though it were lost BRing the Star proposed to the Meridian and turn the Index of the Hour-Circle to the Hour given Then turn about the Globe till the Index point at the Hour of 12 for Noon and the Place of the Sun in the Ecliptick shall be cut by the Meridian Example March 7. at 11 aclock at Night the Pointers come to the Meridian of London Therefore I place the Pointers on the Caelestial Globe under the Meridian and turn the Index of the Hour-Circle to 11. past Noon afterwards I turn back the Globe till the Index point to 12. at Noon Then looking in the Ecliptick I find the Meridian cuts it in ♓ 26. 45. minutes Therefore I say when the Pointers come to the Meridian at 11. a clock at Night the Place of the Sun is ♓ 26. 45. Having thus the Place of the Sun I may find the Day of the Moneth by the fourth Probleme and so either know the Day that the Pointers come to the Meridian at 11. a clock at Night or at any other Hour given The Day of the Moneth might also be found by the Declination and the Quarter of the Ecliptick the Sun is in given For the Meridian will cut the degree of the Suns Place in the Ecliptick in the Parallel of Declination So that having respect to the Quarter of the Ecliptick you 'le find the Suns Place and having the Suns Place you may as aforesaid find the Day of the Moneth PROB. XLII The Day of the Moneth given to find in the Circle of Letters on the Plain of the Horizon the Day of the Week THe seven Daies of the Week were by the Idolatry of the ancient Roman Heathenish Times Dedicated to the Honour of seven of their Gods which we call Planets The first is the most eminent and therefore doubtless by them set in the first Place called Dia Solis or the Suns Day The second Dia Luna the Moons Day The third Dia Martis the Day of Mars by us called Tuesday The fourth Dia Mercurius Mercuries Day by us called Wednesday from Woden an Idol the Saxons Worshipt to whose Honour they Dedicated that Day and is by all those Germain Nations still called Wodensdagh The fifth Dia Jovis Jupiter or Joves Day which doubtless the Saxons from whom probably we receive it called Donder-dagh because Jupiter is the God of Thunder and we either by corruption or for shortness or both call it Thursday The sixth Dia Veneris the Day of Venus but the Saxons transferring her Honour to another of their Goddesses named Fria called it Fridagh and we from them call it Fryday The seventh is Dia Saturnis Saturus Day The same Day of the Moneth in other Years happens not on the same Day of the Week therefore the Dominical Letter for one Year is not the same it is the next Now because you cannot come to the knowledge of the Day of the Week unless you first know the Sundaies Letter therefore have I in Prob. 5â— inserted a Table of M r Palmers by which you may find the Dominical or Sundaies Letter for ever and having the Dominical Letter you may in the Circle of Letters on the Horizon find it neer the day of that Moneth and count that for Sunday the next under it for Monday the next under that for Tuesday and so in order till you come to the Day of the Moneth Example I would know what Day of the Week June 1. Anno 1658. Old Style falls on I find by the Table aforesaid the Dominical Letter is C then I look in the Calender of Old Style for June 1. and against it I find Letter E which because it is the second Letter in order from C therefore it is the second Day in order from Sunday which is Tuesday PROB. XLIII The Azimuth of any Star given to find its Hour in any given Latitude THe Hour of a Star is the number of Hours that a Star is distant from the Meridian To find which Rectifie the Globe and Quadrant of Altitude and bring the Star proposed to the Meridian and the Index of the Hour-Circle to 12. Then place the lower end of the Quadrant of Altitude to the given Azimuth in the Horizon and turn the Globe till the Star come to the graduated edge of the Quadrant of Altitude so shall the Index of the Hour-Circle point at the Hour of the Star Only this caution you must take If the Star were turned from the Meridian towards the Eastern side of the Horizon you must substract the number of Hours the Index points at from 12. and the remainder shall be the Hour of the Star But if the Star were turned from the Meridian towards the West side the Horizon the Hour the Index points at is without more adoe the Hour of the Star PROB. XLIV How you may learn to know all the Stars in Heaven by the Coelestial Globe REctifie the Globe Quadrant Hour-Index and Horizon as by Prob. 2. Then turn about the Globe till the Index of the Hour-Circle point at the Hour of the Night on the Hour-Circle Then if every Star on the Globe had a hole in the midst and your Ey were placed in the Center of the Globe you might by keeping your Ey in the Center and looking through any Star on the Globe see its Maâ—ch in Heaven that is the same Star in Heaven which that Star on the Globe represents for from the Center of the Globe there proceeds a straight line through the Star on the Globe even to the same Star in Heaven Therefore those Stars that are in the Zenith in Heaven will then be in the Zenith on the Globe those that are in the East in Heaven will be in the East on the Globe those in the West in Heaven in the West on the Globe and those Stars that are in any Altitude in Heaven will at the same time have the same Altitude on the Globe So that if you see any Star in Heaven whose Name you desire to know you need but observe its Azimuth and Altitude and in the same Azimuth and Altitude on the Globe you may find the same Star and if it be an eminent Star you will find its Name adjoyned to it Example December 10. at half an hour past 9. a clock at Night here at London I see two bright Stars at a pretty distance one from another in the South I desire to know the Names of them Therefore having the Globe rectified to the Latitude of London and the Quadrant of Altitude screwed to the Zenith the Hour-Index also Rectified and the Horizon posited Horizontally as by Prob. 2. I observe the Altitude of those Stars in
DUCTOR ad ASTRONOMIAM GEOGRAPHIAM vel usus GLOBI Celestis quam Terrestris In Libris sex viz. Astron. Geogr. Rudimē Astrō Geogr. Problē Nautica Problē Astrologica Problē Gnomonica Problē Sphaeric Triang Problē Per Josephum Moxon LONDINI Sumptibus Josephi Moxon A TUTOR to ASTRONOMIE and GEOGRAPHIE Or an Easie and speedy way to know the Use of both the GLOBES Coelestial and Terrestrial In six BOOKS The First teaching the Rudiments of Astronomy and Geography The 2. Shewing by the Globes the solution of Astronomical Geographical Probl. The 3. Shewing by the Globes the solution of Problemes in Navigation The 4. Shewing by the Globes the solution of Astrological Problemes The 5. Shewing by the Globes the solution of Gnomonical Problemes The 6. Of Spherical Triangles More fully and amply then hath ever been set forth either by Gemma Frisius Metius Hues Wright Blaew or any others that have taught the Use of the Globes And that so plainly and methodically that the meanest Capacity may at first reading apprehend it and with a little Practise grow expert in these Divine Sciences By Joseph Moxon Whereunto is added the Antient Poetical Stories of the Stars shewing Reasons why the several shapes and forms are pictured on the Coelestial Globe Collected from Dr Hood As also a Discourse of the Antiquity Progress and Augmentation of Astnonomie Psal. 111. 2. The Works of the Lord are great sought out of them that have pleasure therein Job 26. 13. By his Spirit he hath garnished the Heavens His hand hath framed the crooked Serpent LONDON Printed by Joseph Moxon and fold at his Shop on Corn-hill at the signe of Atlas 1659. A Catalogue of Books and Instruments Made and sold by Joseph Moxon at his shop on Corn-hil at the Signe of Atlas GLobes of all sizes Coelestial and Terrestrial Sphears according to the Ptolemean Tychonean Copernican Systeme The Catholick Planisphere call'd Blagrave's Mathematical Jewel made very exactly on Past-boards about 17. inches Diameter And a Book of the Use of it newly set forth by I. Palmer M. A. The Spiral Line Gunters Quadrant and Nocturnal Printed and pasted c. Stirrups Universal Quadrat Printed and Pasted c Sea-Plats Printed on Paper or Parchment and Pasted on Boards Wrights Corrections of Errors in the Art of Navigation The third Edition with Additions Vignola or the Compleat Architect useful for all Carpenters Masons Painters Carvers or any Gentlemen or others that delight in rare Building A new Invention to raise Water higher then the Spring With certain Engines to produce either Motion or Sound by the Water very useful profitable and delightful for such as are addicted to rare curiosities by Isaac de Caus. A Help to Calculation By J. Newton A Mathematical Manuel shewing the use of Napiers bones by J. Dansie A Tutor to Astrology with an Ephemeris for the Year 1659. intended to be Annually continued by W. E. Also all manner of Mathematical Books or Instruments and Maps whatsoever are sold by the foresaid Joseph Moxon To the Reader Courteous Reader IFormerly Printed a Book of the Use of the Globes Intituled A Tutor to Astronomy and Geography The Book was Composed by William Blaew but the Title was mine own and therefore I hope I may be the bolder to use it when and where I list The sale of that Impression had almost perswaded me to have Printed it again But when I considered it wanted many necessary Problemes both in Astronomy Navigation Astrology Dyalling and the whole Doctrine of Triangles by the Globe And also that the Examples throughout that Book were made for the Citty of Amsterdam which by the general sale of the Book I found rendred it less acceptable then it would have been if they had been made for London And when I considered that to add so many Problemes and alter all the Examples would both Metamorphose that Book and be as Laborious a work to me as if I should write a new one Then I resolved to take this Task upon me which at length with Gods Assistance I have finished And now expose it to thy acceptance The Globes is the first Studie a Learner ought to undertake for without a competent knowledge therein he will never be able to understand any Author either in Astronomy Astrology Navigation or Trigonometry Therefore my aim hath been to make the Use of then very plain and easie to the meanest Capacities In prosecution of which Designe I doubt the Learneder sort may be apt to Censure me guilty of Prolixity if not Tautology Because the Precepts being plain they may account some of the Examples Useless But I desire them to consider that I write not to expert Practitioners but to Learners to whom Examples may prove more Instructive then Precepts Besides I hope to encourage those by an ample liberal plainness to fall in love with these Studies that formerly have been disheartned by the Crabbed brevity of those Authors that have in Characters as it were rather writ Notes for their own Memories then sufficient Documents for their Readers Instructions The Globes for which this Book is written are the Globes I set forth about four years ago which as I told you in my Epistle to the Reader of Blaew's Book differs somewhat from other Globes and that both the Coelestial and the Terrestrial mine being the latest done of any and to the accomplishing of which I have not only had the help of all or most of the best of other Globes Maps Plats and Sea-drafts of New Discoveries that were then extant for the Terrestrial Globe but also the Advice and directions of divers learned and able Mathematicians both in England and Holland for Tables and Calculations both of Lines and Stars for the Coelestial upon which Globe I have placed every Star that was observed by Tycho Brahe one degree of Longitude farther in the Ecliptick then they are on any other Globes So that whereas on other Globes the places of the Stars were correspondent with their places in Heaven 58. Years ago when Tycho observed them and therefore according to his Rule want about 47. minutes of their true places in Heaven at this Time I have set every Star one degree farther in the Ecliptick and Rectified them on the Globe according to the true place they will have in Heaven in the Year 1671. On the Terrestrial Globe I have inserted all the New Discoveries that have been made either by our own or Forraigne Navigators and that both in the East West North and South parts of the Earth In the East Indies we have by these later Times many spacious Places discovered many Ilands inserted and generally the whole Draft of the Country rectified and amended even to the Coast of China Japan Giloli c. In the South Sea between the East and West Indies are scattered many Ilands which for the uncertain knowledge former Times had of them are either wholely left out of other Globes or else laid down so
the number of degrees that the Sun Moon or any Star is distant from the Equinoctial towards either Pole and hath a double Denomination viz. North Declination and South Declination for if the Sun Moon or Star swarve towards the North Pole they are said to have North Declination if towards the South Pole South Declination The Right Ascension is the number of degrees of the Equinoctial accounted from the first point of Aries which comes to the Meridian with the Sun Moon or Star or any other point in Heaven proposed The Oblique Ascension is the number of degrees of the Equinoctial which comes to the East side of the Horizon with the Sun Moon or any Star The Oblique Descension is the degrees of the Equinoctial which comes to the West side of the Horizon with the Sun Moon or any Star The Ascensional Difference is the number of degrees after subtraction of the Oblique Ascension from the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 â—scension So many degrees as you are said to sail towards the Pole you are said to Raise the Pole and so many degrees as you sail from the Pole you are said to Depress the Pole Course is the point of the Compass you sail upon as if you sail East-wards it is an Easterly Course if West a Westerly Course c. Distance is the number of leagues you have sailed from any Place upon any Course A Zone is a space of Earth contained between two Parrallels The ancient Geographers made five Zones in the Earth Two Frozen Two Temperate and one Burnt Zone The two Frozen Zones are those parts of the Globe comprehended between the North Pole and the Arctick Circle and the South Pole and the Antarctick Circle by the Ancients called inhabitable because the Sun being alwaies far remote from them shoots its beams Obliquely upon them which Oblique beams are so very weak that all their Summer is but a continued Winter and the Winter as they thought impossible to be at all indured The Temperate Zones are the space of Earth contained between the Arctick Circle and the Tropick of ♋ and the Antarctick Circle and the Tropick of ♑ by the Ancients called Temperate and Habitable because they are composed of a sweet Mediocrity between outragious Heat and extremity of Cold. The Burnt Zone is the space of Earth contained between the Tropick of ♋ and the Tropick of ♑ called by the Ancients Unhabitable because in regard the Sun never moves out of this Zone but darts its Beames perpendicularly upon it they imagined the Air was so unsufferable Hot that it was impossible for any to inhabite in this Zone So that as you see they held the two Temperate Zones only habitable and the two Frozen Zones and one Burnt Zone altogether unpossible to be inhabited But their Successors either animated by industry or compeld by necessity have apparently confuted that Assertion for at this time many thousands can witness that their bloods are not so greasie as to be melted in the Scortching heat of the one or so watry as to be congealed in the Icy frosts of the other The Ancients have yet otherwise divided the Earth into four and twenty Northern Climates and four and twenty Southern Climates so that in all there is eight and forty Climates The Climates are altered according to the half hourly increasing of the longest daies for in the Latitude where the longest daies are increased half an hour longer then they are at the Equator viz. longer then 12 hours the first Climate begins and in the Latitude where they are increased an whole hour longer then in the Equator the second Climate begins where the daies are increased three half hours longer then in the Equator the third Climate begins and so onwards the Climates alter according as the longest day increases half an hour till you come to find the longest day 24 hours long Now the Ancients in those times knowing no more then nine Habitable Climates gave names only to nine The first they called Dia Meroes after the name of a famous Inland Iland which is scituate about the middle of that Climate and is now called Gueguere The second Climate they called Dia Syenes after the name of an eminent Citty in Egypt lying about the midst of that Climate The third Dia Alexanderas after the name of the Metropolitan Citty of Egypt The fourth Dia Rhodes The fifth Dia Romes The sixth Dia Ponton The seventh Dia Boristheneos The eighth Dia Ripheos The ninth Dia Daniam These names belong only to the Climates on the North side of the Equator But those on the South side in regard of the smal Discoveries those Ages had on that side the Equator were distinguisht only by the addition of the word Anti to the same Southerly Climate as the first Southern Climate which is that Climate that lies as many degrees to the South-ward as the first doth to the North-ward they called Anti Meroes The second Anti Syenes The third Anti Alexanderas and so on to the ninth In every Climate is included two Parallels which are of the same nature with the Climates save only that as the Climates alter by the half hourly increasing of the longest day the Parallels alter by the quarter hourly increasing of the longest day Furthermore in respect of the Horizon we find the Sphear constituted into a threefold Position as first into a Direct Sphear Secondly a Parallel Sphear Thirdly an Oblique Sphear A Direct Sphear hath both the Poles of the World in the Horizon and the Equinoctial transiting the Zenith In a Direct Sphear all the Circles Parallel to the Equator make right angles with the Horizon and are also divided into two equal parts by the Horizon and in a Direct Sphear the Sun Moon and Stars are alwaies twelve hours above the Horizon and twelve hours under the Horizon and consequently make twelve hours Day and twelve hours Night It is called a Direct Sphear because all the Celestial Bodies as Sun Moon and Stars c. by the Diurnal Motion of the Primum Mobile ascend directly above and descend directly below the Horizon They that inhabite under the Equator have the Sphear thus posited as in the Iland Borneo Sumaira Celebes St. Thomas a great part of Africk Peru in the West-Indies c. as you may see by the Globe it self if you move the Brasen Meridian through the notch in the Horizon till the Poles thereof touch the Horizon As in this Figure A Parallel Sphear hath one Pole of the VVorld in the Zenith the other in the Nadir and the Equinoctial line in the Horizon In a Parallel Sphear all the Circles Parallel to the Equinoctial are also Parallel to the Horizon and in a Parallel Sphear from the 10th of March to the 11th of September the Sun being then in the Northorly Signes and consequently on the North side the Horizon there is six Moneths Day
Heaven either with a Quadrant Astrolabe Cross-staff or the Globe it self as hath been shewed Prob. 13 16. to be the one 78. degrees the other 42 degrees above the Horizon Therefore having their Altitudes I count the same number of degrees as for the first 78. upon the Quadrant of Altitude upwards and turn it into the South under the Meridian and see what Star is under 78. degrees for that is the same Star on the Globe which I saw in Heaven Now at the first examination of the Globe you may see that that Star is placed in the Ey of that After time which is called Caput Medusa and indeed that being the only Star of Note in that Constellation bears the Name of the whole Constellation The other Stars about it you may easily know by their Scituation As Seeing two little Stars to the Westwards of that Star in Heaven you may see on the Globe that the hithermost is in the other Ey of Caput Medusa and the furthermost in the Hair or Snakes of the same Asterisme Looking a little to the Southwards of those Stars in Heaven you may see two other smal Stars a little below those in the Eyes Therefore to know those also you may look on the Globe and see that there is one on the Nose and another Starre in the Cheek of Caput Medusa In like manner for the second Star in the Meridian which is 42 degrees above the Horizon If you move the Quadrant of Altitude as before to the South or Meridian and count 42 degrees upon the Quadrant of Altitude you will find a Star of the second Magnitude in the Mouth of the Whale Therefore you may say that Star in Heaven is in the Mouth of the Whale and because close to it on the Globe is written Menkar Therefore you may know the name of that Star in Heaven is Menkar In the South East and by South 56 degrees above the Horizon I â—ee a very bright Star in Heaven therefore I bring the Quadrant of Altitude to the South East and by South point in the Horizon and find under 56 degrees of the Quadrant of Altitude a great Star to which is prefixed the name Occulus Taurus Therefore I say the name of that Star in Heaven is Occulus Taurus In the South East in Heaven you may see three bright Stars ly directly in a straight line from one another the middlemost whereof is 25. degrees or thereabouts above the Horizon therefore bring the Quadrant of Altitude to the South East point of the Horizon and about 25 degrees above the Horizon you will see the same great Stars on the Globe in the Girdle of Orion Therefore those Stars are called Orions Girdle At the same time South East and by East you have about 10 degrees above the Horizon the brightest Star in Heaven called Sirius in the Mouth of the Great Dog Canicula a bright Star in the Little Dog East and by South about 25 degrees above the Horizon Cor Leonis just Rising East North East you have also at the same time on the East side the Horizon the Twins Auriga the Great Bear and divers other Stars eminent both for their splendor and Magnitude In the West side the Horizon you have South West and by West about 4 degrees above the Horizon a bright Star in the Right Leg of Aquarius and all along to the Southwards in Cetus the Whale you have other eminent bright Stars More upwards towards the Zenith you have a bright Star in the Line of the two Fishes Higher yet you have the first Star in ♈ an eminent Star because the first in all Catalogues that we have cognizance of and therefore probably in the Equinoctial Colure when the Stars were first reduced into Constellations yet more neer the Zenith you have a bright Star in the Left Leg of Andromeda From thence towards the North you find other very eminent bright Stars in Cassiopea Cepheus Ursa Minor in the Tail whereof is the Pole Star and Draco Hecules where you turn back to Lyra Cygnus Pegasus the Dolphin c. all which or any other you may easily know by their Altitude above the Horizon and the point of the Compass they bear upon Thus knowing some of the most eminent Fixed Stars you may by the Figure of the rest come to the knowledge of them also For Example Looking towards the North North East in Heaven you may see seven bright Stars constituted in this Figure Therefore looking towards the same Quarter on the Globe you may without taking their Altitude see the same Stars lying in the same Figure in the hinder parts of the Great Bear from whence you may conclude that those Stars in Heaven are scituate in the hinder parts of the Asterisme called Ursa Major Yet nevertheless you may see some Stars of Note in Heaven which you shall not find on the Globe and those in or neer about the Ecliptick They are called Planets and cannot be placed on the Globe unless it be for a particular Time with Black Lead or some such thing that may be rubbed out again Because they having a continual motion alwaies alter their Places Of those there are five in number besides the Sun and Moon which are also Planets though they shew not like Stars These five are called Saturn Jupiter Mars Venus Mercury yet Mecury is very rarely seen because he never Rising above an Hour before the Sun or Setting above a Hour after for the most part hath his light so overspread with the dazelling Beams of the glittering Sun that sometimes when he is seen he seems rather to be a More in the Suns Beams then a Body endowed with so much brightness as Stars and Planets seem to be Now there are divers waies by some of which you may at all times know those Planets from the Fixed Stars as first Their not twinkling for therein they differ from fixed Stars because they most commonly do twinkle but Planets never unless it be ♂ Mars and yet he twinkles but very seldom neither Secondly They appear of a considerable Magnitude as ♃ sometimes appears greater ly far then a Star of the first Magnitude and ☿ many times bigger then he They are both glittering Stars of a bright Silver collure but ♀ most radient especially when she is in her Perigeon ♂ appears like a Star of the second Magnitude and is of a Copperish colloure ♄ shewes like a Star of the third Magnitude and is of a Leaden Collour and he of all the others is most difficult to be known from a fixed Star partly because of his minority and partly because of the slowness of his motion ☿ is very seldom seen as aforesaid unless it be in a Morning when he Rises before the Sun or in an Evening when he Sets after the Sun He is of a Pale Whitish Collour like Quick silver and appears like a Star of the third Magnitude He may be known by the Company he keeps for he is
placed at the East or West point of the Horizon Therefore when you would find what Circle of Position any Star or degree of the Ecliptick is in Rectifie the Globe and Quadrant of Altitude and bring the lower end of the Quadrant of Altitude to the East or West point of the Horizon and lift up the Circle of Position till it come to the Star or degree of the Ecliptick proposed and the number of degrees the Circle of Position then cuts in the Quadrant of Altitude is the number of the Circle of Position that the Star or degree of the Ecliptick is in If the Star or degree of the Ecliptick be under the Horizon turn the Globe about till 180 degrees of the Equator pass through the Meridian then will the Star or degree of the Ecliptick be above the Horizon Lift up then the Circle of Position as before to the Star or degree of the Ecliptick and the number of degrees of the Quadrant of Altitude the Circle of Position cuts on the East side is the number of Circles of Position the Star was under the Horizon on the West side Or so many degrees as the Circle of Position cuts on the Quadrant of Altitude in the West side the Horizon is the number of the Circles of Position the Star or degree of the Ecliptick was under the Horizon on the East side PROB. VII To find the Right Ascensions the Oblique Ascensions and the Declinations of the Planets EXamine the Right Ascensions and Declinations of those pricks made to represent each Planet in Prob. 1. of this Book and work by them as you were directed to work by the Sun in Prob. 26 27 28. of the second Book PROB. VIII How to Direct a Figure by the Globe TO Direct a Figure is to examine how many degrees of the Equinoctial are moved Eastwards or Westwards while any Planet or Star in one House comes to the Cusp or any other point of any other House When you would Direct any Promittor to any Hylegiacal point examine the degree of the Equator at the Meridian then turn about the Globe till the Promittor come to the Hylegiacal point and examine again the degree of the Equator at the Meridian and by substracting the lesser from the greater you will have the number of Degrees that passed through the Meridian whiles the place of the Promittor was brought to the Hyâ—â—gâ—â—cal point and that number of degrees shall be the Arch of Dâ—rection Example I would Direct the Body of the Moon in our Figure aforesaid to Medium Câ—â—â— or the tenth House I find by the Globe 20â— degrâ—es 30. minutes of the Equator at the Meridian with the â—eath House and turning the Globe till the prick made to represent the Moon come to the Meridian I find 227 degrees 20 minutes of the Equator come to the Meridian with it Therefore I 〈◊〉 the lesser from the greater viz. 2â—3 degrees 3 minutes from 227. degrees 2â— minutes and have remaining 2â— degrees 50 minutes This 〈◊〉 degrees 50. minutes shews that 23. Years 1â— Moneths must expire ere the Effects promised by the Moons present position shall opperate upon the signification of the 〈◊〉 House If the Body of the Moon had been Directed to any other point the◠〈◊〉 Meridian or Horizon you must have Elevated the Circle of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the point proposed and have under-propped it to that 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 have turned about the Globe till the prick 〈◊〉 the Moon had come to the Circle of Position and then 〈◊〉 degrees of the Equator that should have passed through the Meridian whiles this motion was making should be the number of degrees of Direction and signifie in Time as foresaid PROB. IX Of Revolutions and how they are found by the Globe BY Revolution is meant the Annual Conversion of the Sun to the same place he was in at the Radix of any Business When you would find a Revolution by the Globe first find the Right Ascension of Mâ—d Heaven at the â—â—adix of the Business as by Prob 26. of the second Book you were directed to find the Right Ascerâ—â—on of the 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 add 87 degrees for every Yâ—aâ— since the Radix Then substract 360 so oâ—â— as you can from the whole and the Râ—mâ—â—â—s shall be the Right Ascension oâ— Mid Hâ—aven for the Aâ—â—â—al Revoluâ—â—on Iâ— yâ—u 〈◊〉 the number of degrees of the Equator contained between the Râ—ght Aâ—cension of the Mid Hâ—aven and the Right Ascension of the Sun and convert that number of degrees 〈◊〉 Time by allowing for every 15. degrees 1 Hour of Time it will shew if the Suns place be on the Western side of the Meridian the number of Hours and minutes Afternoon the Revolution shall hâ—ppen on but if on the East side the Meridian the number of Hours and minutes Before-noon the Revolution shall happen on PROB. X. How a Figure of Heaven may be erected by the Revolution thus found SEek the degree of Right Ascension of Mid Heaven and bring it to the Meridian so shall the four Cardinal points of the Globe be the same with the four Cardinal points in Heaven at the time of the Revolution The other Hâ—â—â—ses are 〈◊〉 by the Circle of Position as in the first Probleme of this Book The End of the Fourth Book The Fifth BOOK Shewing the Practical Use of the GLOBES Applying them tâ— the Solution of Gnomonical Problems PRAEFACE DYals are of two sorts Pendent and Fixed Pendeâ— are such as are hung by the hand and turned towards the Sun that by its Beams darting througâ— smal Pin-holes made for that purpose the hour of the Daâ— may be found These are of two sorts Vniversal and Pâ—â—ticular Vniversal Dyals are those commonly called Equiâ—ocâ—â—â— or Ring-Dyals They are used by Sea-men and Trâ—vellers that often shift Latitudes Particular are such as are made and only serve for Particular Latitudes Of these sorts are the several Dyaâ—â— discribed on Quadrants Cilinders c. Fixed Dyaâ—s shall be the matter of this discourse and they are such as are made upon fixed Planes and shew the Hour of the Day by a Stile or Gnomon made Parallel to the Axiâ— of the World Of the several Kinds of Dyal Plains and how you may know them A Plain in Dyalling is that flat whereon a Dyal is discribed There is some disagreement among Older and Later Authors in the naming of Plains for some name them according to the Great Circle in Heaven they ly in and others according to the scituation of the Poles of the Plains Thus they which name them according to the Great Circle in Heaven their Plains ly in call that an Horizontal Plain which others call a Vertical Plain those Vertical which others will call Horizontal and those Polar which others call Equinoctial However they be called it matters not so you can but distinguish their kinds which with a little consideration you may easily learn to do For remembring but upon what grounds either the
that shadow shall be a Meridian liâ—e Secondly on the backside the Clinatory discribe a Circle and draw a line through the Center to both sides the Circumference cross this line with an other line at Râ—ght Angles in the Center so shall the Circle be divided into four equal parts These four parts you must maâ—k with East West North South and divide each of them into 90. degrees In the Center of this Plain erect a straight wyer prependicularly when you would find a Meridian line examine by the tenth Prob. of the second Book the Amplitude of the Suns Rising or Setting from the East or West points and waiting the just Rising or Setting that Day turn the Instrument about till the shadow of the wyer falls upon the same degree from the East or West the Amplitude is of for then the North and South line in the Instrument will be the same with the North and South line in Heaven Thirdly by the Suns Azimuth Find the Azimuth of the Sun by Prob. 22. of the second Book and at the same instant turn the Instrument till the shadow of the wyer fall upon the degree on the Instrument opposite to the degree of the Suns Azimuth so shall the Meridional line of the Instrument agree with the Meridional line in Heaven You may the same way work by the Azimuth of any Star Only whereas the shadow of the wyer should fall upon the opposite degree aforesaid Now you must place a Sight or Perpendicular upon that opposite degree and turn the Instrument about till the wyer at the Center the Sight in the opposite degree of the Stars Azimuth and the Star in Heaven come into one straight line so shall the Meridian line of the Instrument agree with the Meridional line in Heaven Fourthly It may be found by any Star observed in the Meridian if two Perpendiculars be erected in the Meridian line of your Instrument for then by turning the Instrument till the two Perpendiculars and the Star come into a straight line the Meridian line of your Instrument will be the same with the Meridian line in Heaven See more waies in Mr. Palmer on the Planisphear Book 4. Chap. 9 If your Plain either Recline or Incline apply one of the sides of your Clinatory Parallel to one of the Semi-diameters of the Quadrant to the Plain in such sort that the Plumb-line hanging at liberty may fall upon the Circumference of the Quadrant for then the number of degrees of the Quadrant comprehended between the side of the Quadrant Parallel to the Plain and the Plumb-line shall be the number of degrees of Reclination if thâ— Center of the Quadrant points upwards or Inclination if thâ— Center points downwards If your Reclining or Inclining Plain Decline draw upon it a line Parallel to the Horizon which you may do by applying the back-side of the Clinatory and raising or depressing the Center of the Quadrant till the Plumb-line hang just upon one of the Semi-diameters for then you may by the upper side of the Clinatory draw an Horizontal line if the Plain Incline or by the under side if it Recline If it neither Incline or Recline you may drawâ— an Horizontal line both by the upper and under sides of the Clinatory Having drawn the Horizontal line apply the North 〈◊〉 â— of the Clinatory to it and if the North end of the Needle 〈◊〉 directly towards the Plain it is then a South Plain If the 〈◊〉 point of the Needle points directly from the Plain it is a Norâ—â— plain but if it points towards the East it is an East Plain if towards the West a West Plain If it do not point directly 〈◊〉 East West North or South then so many degrees as the 〈◊〉 declines from any of these four points to any of the other of 〈◊〉 four points so many degrees is the Declination of the Plain 〈◊〉 respect as aforesaid had to the Variation of the Compass Or if you find the Azimuth of the Sun by its Altitude observed just when its beams are coming on or going off youâ— Plain that Azimuth shall be the Azimuth of your Plain Or you may erect a wyer Perpendicularly on your Plain and wait till the shadow of that wyer comes to be Perpendicular with the Horizon which you may examine by applying a Plumb-line to it for then the shadow of the Plumb-line and the shadow of the Perpendicular will be in one then taking the Altitude of the Sun you may by Prob. 22. of the second Book find its Azimuth and thereby know in what Azimuth the Plain of your Dyal lies for the Azimuth your Plain lies in is distant from the Azimuth of the Sun just 90. degrees PROB. I. How by one position of the Globe to find the distances of the Hour-lines on all manner of Plains YOu may have Meridian lines drawn from Pole to Pole through every 15. degrees of the Equinoctial to represent the Horary motion of the Sun both Day and Night and when the Pole of the Globe is Elevated to the height of the Pole in any Place and one of these Meridian lines be brought to the Brazen Meridian all the rest of the Meridian lines shall cut any Circle which you intend shall represent the Plain of a Dyal in the number of degrees on the same Circle that each respective Hour-line is distant from the Noon-line point in the same Circle Thus if you should enquire the distance of the Hour-lines upon an Horizontal Plain in Londons Latitude The Pole of the Globe as aforesaid must be Elevated 51½ degrees and one of the Meridian lines you may chuse the Vernal Colure be brought to the Brazen Meridian which being done you are only to examine in the Horizon Because it is an Horizontal Plain at what distance from the Meridian which in Horizontals is the Noon-line the several Meridians drawn on the Globe intersect the Horizon for that distance in degrees shall be the distance on a Circle divided into 360. degrees that each respective Hour-line must have from the Meridian or a Noon line chosen in the same Circle and lines drawn from the Center of that Circle through those degrees shall be the Hour lines of an Horizontal Plain If your Plain be not Direct but declines East or West 〈◊〉 must number the Declination Eastwards or Westwards reâ—pectively in the degrees of the Horizon and the Quadrant 〈◊〉 Altitude screwed to the Zenith as aforesaid bring the lower end of the Quadrant of Altitude to the said degrees of Declination and the number of degrees cut by the Meridians in the Quadrant of Altitude numbred downwards is the number of degrees that the Hour-lines are distant from the Noon line in a Circle of 360 degrees And lines drawn from the Center of that Circle through those degrees be the Hour lines of half the Day And if you turn about the Quadrant of Altitude upon the Zenith point till the lower end of it come to the degree of the Horizon
Science partly to the Gods themselves and partly to ancient Hero's which Achilles Tatius seasonably alluding unto introduceth old Aeschylus attributing to God that He shewed the risings and settings of the Stars and distinguish't Winter Summer and the other Seasons and Ovid Fathers the same wholly upon Jupiter Perque Hiemes Aestusque in aequales Autumnos Et breve Ver spatijs exegit quatuor Annum Besides it is in the Fiction that Jupiter took his Father Saturn bound him and precipitated him into Hell Now this seems to intimate that Jupiter having imposed his own name upon one of the most eminent and illustrious of the Planets gave that of his Father to another of them that was more remote situate in the deepest part of the Aetherial spaces and of the slowest progress though all this while we are not ignorant that those names were fixed upon those Planets a long time after since more anciently the Planet Jupiter was called Phaeton and that of Saturn Phoenon For we may collect very neer as much from Lucian who by Tartarus understands the immense Altitude or Profunditie of the Aetherial Region so denies that Saturn was either exil'd by Jupiter into Hell or cast into bonds as common heads were perswaded to beleeve As for Hyperion Diodorus hath a tradition that he being of the progeny of old Coelus demonstrated the courses of the Sun and Moon and therefore called the Sun Helios after the name of his Sonne and the Moon Selene after that of his Daughter Last of all comes Japetus who also was the Sonne of Coelus but performed nothing worthy commendation in the advance of his Fathers Speculations but Promotheus whom he begat was therefore imagined to have been chained on the hill Caueasus and to have his heart perpetually torn by a hungry Eagle or Vultur Because as Servius expounds the riddle with restless care and solicitude of mind he constantly excruciated himself with observing the Stars and studying their Ascensions and Declinations We shall not insist upon what follows in the same Author namely that this Prometheus was the first who introduced Astrology to the Assyrians not far from Caucasus it being more usefull for us now to observe that He was imagined to have stolen Fire from Heaven for the inanimation of Man for no other reason but because he infused this Heavenfetch't Knowledge into the breasts of men and inflamed their souls with the desire and love thereof For as to the remainder for as much as Belus was the same with Jupiter among the Assyrians as Diodorus testifies it is He rather who was accounted both the most sacred of their Dieties and the Inventor of this Sideral Science as Pliny affirms It is not needfull for us here to examine many other of the ancient Traditions accounted likewise among the Fabulous as in particular the Fable of Phaeton which hath this Mythology that in his life time he had made a considerable progress toward the discovery of the Suns Annual course but dying immaturely he left the Theory thereof imperfect That other of Bellerophon whom Interpreters maintain to have been carried up to Heaven not by a flying horse but a studious and contemplative mind eager in the the quest of Syderal mysteries That of Doedalas who indeed by thâ— same towring speculations as by the artifice of wings mounted up to the Northern part of Heaven while his less ingenious Sonne Icarus falling short in his attempt of imitating his Fathers sublime flight as not so well understanding the demonstrations of the reasons of his Theory flaggd very low in his Studies and fell from the true and apodicticall cognition of Coelestial motions and vicissitudes with many other the like recounted by Lucian as that of Endymion the favourite of the Moon of Tiresias the Prophet c. Yet one thing there is mentioned as well by Lucian as Tatius which we cannot well pass by which falling under the account of Heroicall times seems to come somwhat neer to that which is called Historicall And that is the notable Centention that arose betwixt Atreus and Thyestes about supreme dominion For when by the publike Consent and Vote of the Argives the Kingdom was to be his of the two who should give the most eminent testimony of Science it came to Atreus share to be King because though Thyestes showed them the signe Aries in Heaven for which he was honourd with a golden Ram yet had Aireus declared a thing more excellent while discoursing about the variety of the Suns rising he made it appear that the Sun and the World i. e. the Starry Orb were not carryed the same but quite contrary wayes and consequently that that part of the Heavens which was the West or Occident of the Starry Orb was the very rising or Orient of the Solary Hence that verse of Euripides 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Qui Astrorum enim contrariam ostendi viam To the same times likewise are we to refer the Institution of the Olympick Games by Hercules which after a long interruption were renewed by Iphitus For inasmuch as those sports were instituted for no other end as may be assured from Censorius but that their celebration might put men in mind of that Intercalation of a month and half that was to be made constantly every fourth Year in respect of those four times eleven or 44. Dayes by which the moâ—ion of the Moon anticipated that of the Sun and the four times six hours or one whole Day by which the circuit of the Sun exceded 365 Dayes manifest it is that Hercules could not understand this without having first exactly observed the Motions of Sun and Moon Hither also belongs that which is reported of Orpheus who must needs have attentively observed the seven Planets if it be true as Lucian averrs that he represented their Harmony by his Seven-stringed Harp which the Grecians thereupon designed in Heaven by some Stars that to this Day retain the name of Lyra. So likewise doth what Sophocles saith of Palamedes who pointed out the several Asterisms and particularly 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Vrsum volutam gelâ—dum occasum Canis And lastly what Homer recounts that in those times were well known besides Bootes and the Bear or Wain 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Pleiades atque Hyades roburque ipsum Orionis We have now struggled through the Darkness of Fabulous Times and are advanced as far as to discerne the twilight of Historicall An here the first thing we clearly perceive is that the whole controversy about the Antiquity of Astronomical Observations lies betwixt the Egyptians and the Assirians or Babylonians For as to the Grecians though some have thought they might put in also for a claim to the honour of being the Anthors of this admirable Science yet by the Verdict even of Plato himself they are to lay by the presence of Competition For sayth He the