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A19376 The arte of nauigation conteyning a compendious description of the sphere, with the making of certayne instruments and rules for nauigations, and exemplifyed by many demonstrations. Written by Martin Cortes Spanyarde. Englished out of Spanishe by Richard Eden, and now newly corrected and amended in diuers places.; Breve compendio de la sphera y de la arte de navegar. English Cortés, Martín, 1532-1589.; Eden, Richard, 1521?-1576. 1589 (1589) STC 5802; ESTC S111167 116,085 174

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respiration and life of men and other beastes As concerning which sam● thinke that the Ocean Sea is higher then the earth and aske the question why the S●a couereth not the whole earth and why the earth is not sunke in the water To this it may be a sufficient aunsweare that it hath so pleased the wyll of G●d according to the saying of the prophet D●uid Terminum posuisti quem non transgredietur neque conuertet●r operir● terram That is Thou hast appoynted limits which it shall not passe neyther shall it returne to couer the earth Besyde the wyll of God which is the cheefe and sufficient cause thereof we say that nature fayleth not in her necessaries For she sometime admitteth a litle inconuenience to auoyde a greater euill as when heauie things which natu●ally should descend doo not only not descende but rise vp And a● also so●●time it chaunceth that fyre descendeth and w●ter aryseth to fyll the voyd or emptie places least any where should be fou●d voyd or emptie which nature so greatly abho●reth T● this pu●pose nature foreseeing the kindes of many things that could not elsewhere liue then on the earth neither bee conserued w●thin the water as men and other earthly beasts determ●●ed before to m●ke the earth not perfectly round contrary to the nature thereof whereof it foloweth that it is not altogeather couered of the water And as sayth Origen the earth remayneth discouered of water that it might bring foorth fruites trees and plantes As touching the conuex aforesayde the water and earth discouered are conteyned vnder the concauitie of the ayre which is diuided into three Regions as the lowest hyghest and middlemost The lowest is hote by reason of the reflection or rebounding of the beames of the Sunne stryken backe by the earth The highest also is hote by participation of the fyre and nearenesse thereunto The myddle region is colde as is manifest by the snowe and hayle engendred in the same The ayre neare vnto the region of the fyre which is pure heate doth neither burne nor lighten because it hath no combustible matter and so hath it power and not acte It is neare vnto and reacheth the circle of the Moone which compasseth it about The heauen or circle of the Moone is next vnto the heauen of Mercuri and Mercuri vnto Venus Venus vnto the Sunne the Sunne to Mars Mars to Iupiter Iupiter to Saturne which is next and reacheth vnto the heauen of the Starres called the Firmament because that in it are all the Starres except the Planets firme and fyxt as a knot in a table The knowledge of the Planets was had by seuen sundry motions they haue among themselues and by their course not vnifourme to that of the Starres of the eyght heauen because that sometimes the Planets appeare vnto vs ioyned togeather and sometimes diuided The Christaline heauen compasseth about or conteyneth within it the heauen of Starres This Christaline heauen is transparent and p●rspicuous as cleare water or glasse that may be seene through by reason of the cleerenesse and pure substaunce thereof It is by an other name called the heauen of water whereof holy Scripture speaketh saying Aquae quae supra caelos sunt laudent nomen Domini That is to say Let the waters that are aboue the heauens prayse the name of the Lord. It was created for the conseruation of corporall things and to temper the heate engendred of the moouing of the fyrst moueable which being so great of body that it not onely compasseth all the Elements but also all the inferior heauens is mooued so swiftly that it dayly perfectly mooueth all the aforesaid Spheres And least by reason of the great heate thereof caused by his swyft motion it should consume inferior things God ordeyned this Christaline heauen that the coldnesse thereof might temper the extreame hea●e of the other This Christaline heauen reacheth vnto the fi●st moueable heauen called Primum mobile A●d this reacheth to the Emperiall heauen which is the twelfth called Emperium by reason of his cleerenesse and resple●●●●●● T●●● is 〈…〉 a●● is mo●t p●●fect The Philosophers had no kno●ledge heereof B●● we beleeue by holy Scripture that such a heau●n there is and the same to be the habitation of A●gelles and Spirituall creatures It is also called Coelum Coelorum that is The heauen of heauens because it conteyneth and includeth within it all the other heauens It is of greater cleerenesse then all the other heauens and was created immediatly with the Angelles In this also remayneth the humanitie of Iesus Christ our GOD and in dignitie aboue it It conteyneth three holy orders or principalities called Hierarchias W●ereof the fyrst is called Supercelest●all and hath in it al●o three orders Seraphims C●eru●ims an● Thrones The second is called Celestiall and conteyneth D●minations Principates and Potestates The third called Subcelestiall conteineth Uirtutes Archangells and Angelles And to co●clude it hath aboundance of all goodnesse and perfect felicitie with priuation or want of all euill The heauen also geueth influence of constancie stedfastnesse and durabilitie to things aga●nst the fluxabilitie and inconstancie of the other heauens the order whereof doth appeare in the demonstration followyng The vi Chapter of the immutabilitie or immobilitie of the Earth THE Pythagorians and other auncient naturall Philosophers as sayth Aristotle were of opinion that the earth did mooue yet not by a ryght foorth motion but circulerly about the middest of one place The which errour both Aristotle himselfe and the Astronomers do● confute and reprooue by euident causes and manifest demonstrations For circuler motion is proper to the heauens And as the earth differeth from them in nature so likewise in moouing And although it be so that the earth may naturally mooue by certayne of his partes yet to mooue in the whole and without the circuite of his Sphere it is impossible being founded and established vppon his owne center the which of it selfe is naturally immooueable for as much as in it the reason of all heauynes consisteth Whereas otherwise euery part that is mooued should ascend contrary to the nature of all heauie things B●t there is found nothing heauie that doth not naturally enclyne directly to the center of the earth and would actually descend thyther if it had no impediment of some other thing to resist it and when it toucheth there or is come thyther would still rest and remayne there And heereby it foloweth that the earth being founded vppon his owne center is not mooued The w●ich thing the Prophet Dauid also affyrmeth saying Fundasti terram super stabilitatem suam that is Thou foundedst the earth vppon his stabilitie The vij Chapter of the roundnesse of the Earth and Water THAT the Earth is rounde it appeareth by manifest euidence For if it were playne or flatte the dawning of