experience gainsayth and denieth muchlesse therefore can it be greater ten times By which is to be concluded that the water is but litle in quantity in respect of the earth although it may séeme very bigge being vp to the edges of the vpper face of the earth And if the waters had béene more bigger then the earth they had drowned or couered the whole earth euen of late yeares That the earth employeth the middle place of the Worlde and is the Center of the whole A Ristarchus Samius which was 261 yeares before the byrth of Christ tooke the earth from the middle of the world and placed it in a peculiar Orbe included within Marses and Venus Sphere and to bee drawne aboute by peculiar motions about the Sunne which hée fayned to stande in the myddle of the worlde as vnmoueable after the manner of the fixed stars The like argument doth that learned Copernicus apply vnto his demonstrations But ouerpassing such reasons least by the newnesse of the arguments they may offend or trouble young students in the Art wee therefore by true knowledge of the wise doe attribute the middle seate of the world to the earth and appoynte it the Center of the whole by which the risings settinges of the stars the Equinoctials the times of the increasing and decreasing of the dayes the shadowes and Ecclipses are declared The earth round about is equally distant from heauen therefore according to the definition of the Center the earth is the Center of the world That the stars haue alwaies one bignes in what place soeuer any shall beholde them therefore are they in an equall distance from the earth The roundnesse of the earthly globe hath a proportion vnto the roundnesse of heauen that is the certaine and proportionall parts in the earthly Globe doe answere to certaine proportionall partes of heauen therefore is the earth the Center of the world In that siftéene Germaine miles on earth doe answere to a degrée of the Meridian and that in euery houre doe fiftéene degrées arise of the Equinoctiall which coulde not be if the earth were not in the middle of the world For the vnequall Arks should otherwise appeare in the equal times and the equall partes of the Meridian shoulde the vnequall spaces on earth answere which experience dayly witnesseth vnto the contrary And hereof it ensueth that the earth stands in the middle of the world In euery Artificiall day doe sixe signes appeare and sixe like set vnder the earth therefore is the earth in the middle of the worlde and is also as a pricke to which the halfe doth regularly moue dayly The like is in the opposition of the Sunne and Moone when either light is in the Horizont which could not be if the earth should approch or come néerer vnto one part then vnto the other If it were néerer to eyther of the Poles then could not the vniuersall Equinoctials bee for that the one Arke alwaies either in the day and night time should be greater then the other The Eccclipses also coulde not bée in the changes and full moones For that there shoulde then bée vneuen spaces from the South vnto the North and from the East vnto the West If the earth were not as the Center of the worlde then of necessity shoulde these ensue that the earth shoulde approch either néerer to the East or West or South part and when any of the starres aswell the fixed as Planets shall come vnto that part they shall appeare nearer to vs then being in any other part of heauen and by that aboue saide they shall also appeare greater which is altogether vntrue and we also sée the contrary in that as aboue writen they alwaies appeare of one greatnesse eyther being in the East or in the West Also one halfe of heauen is alwaies aboue the earth and the other halfe vnder the earth and this is not onely found and knowne in one quarter of the earth but the like in euery place as the Equinoctials do witnes then which there can be no more euident tryal A third reason may bée alleadged if any imagined the earth vpon the Center to be parted into two equal halfes and that the eie is placed in the Center then shall the eie sée no more then the halfe of heauen By which appeareth that the swelling of the earth from the Center vnto his compasse about in making a comparison vnto heauen is as in a maner nothing And it is knowne to the learned in Astronomie that any of the fixed starres is by many times greater then the earth which if any behold them they appeare as poynts in heauen Now how much lesser would the earth appear if a man should behold it from his place Here learne by this demonstration following that the earth standing without the Center in the poynt B. being to the Meridiane as is the poynte A. nearer and when a star shall come vnto that poynte then shall it bée nearer to the earth and in the opposite poynt as is I. shall bee from the same much further than in any other place and shall euen there lesser appeare which by experience is quite contrary Further graunt that C. D. be the thwart Horrizont yet the contrary for the second reason E. B. K. being the Equatour which from the said Horrizont is deuided into two vnequall parts and by this consequent also must the Zodiacke bee deuided into two vnequall partes from the said Horrizont for that those two Cyrcles as hereafter shall bee taught doe crosse one another into equall parts Therefore when the sun by his proper motion carried from the East into the West shall come vnto the crossings of the Equatour and Zodiacke and that the greater part of these Cyrcles shall be vnder the earth it cannot be that the Equinoctium or a like day and night can bee through out the earth no not vnder the right Sphere much lesse can it be vnder the thwart Sphere IF this be vnpossible it shall be also as vnpossible that sixe signes may alwaies bee aboue the earth and the other sixe vnder the earth but rather that more of the signes shall be vnder the earth and more of them aboue euen as the earth is imagined to be deuided from the Horrizont aforesaid into two equall parts like as when it shall bée in the Center of the whole and that from each Center of the greater Cyrcles the earth is deuided into two partes As all these to any beholding the materiall Sphere are forthwith knowne at the first sight so by a third reason is to bee noted that when any imagineth by the lyne E. F. that the earth in the poynt G. standing as in the Center of the whole is deuided by the middle as well beeing in G. as H. for the excéeding distance from the Cyrcumference is vnpossible to sée alwaies the halfe heauen If the Earth be not in the middle of the Worlde then of necessitie shall it possesse some of these
the daies in the right Sphere and of the vnequalnesse in the thwart or bowing sphere and where the day spaces are encreased and lengthened there the night spaces be lessened and decreased and being otherwise they shew the contrary In the second the Parallels which the verticial points forme when they expresse the boundes of the latitudes of places then are they standing vnder by which their longitudes or distances from the West are accompted In the third the Parallels which either the Planets or the fixed stars describe referred vnto the Equatour do expresse the boundes of their drawings or motions from the equatour The others or rest which applied vnto the ecclipticke described doe shew the bounds of the latitudes and that for how long time they tarry aboue the earth or otherwise hid within the earth and vnder the Horizone doth either shew In the fourth the greatest and chiefest vtilities of the Parallels are that which on the habitable earth the practisioners seuer by such distances as by how much y e greatest artificiall daies are by a quarter of an houre longer increased and extended For they distinguish the habitable earth and that by obseruation into certain necessary spaces and doe iudicate the regular increasings of the daies and what is common to each dwelling vnder those parallels in asmuch as the quantities the increasings and deminishings of the dayes and nightes the risings and settings of the stars the Noonstéede shadowes and the nature of the Winter and Summer but those which are contrary as that there is a difference diuersity of the dwelling places being vnder diuers Parallelles they indéede bee necessary vnto the distribution and description of the clymate Although the number of these cyrcles bee so infinite as is the infinite variety of the stars and verticall points yet are there foure vsually rehearsed in these Elements or introduction that be especially noted and described by peculiar names and for the same cause as séemeth to mée in that they deuide the whole Globe of heauen and earth into fiue Zones and these applied vnto the plaine or flat of the equatour The tropicke of Cancer or summer tropicke The tropicke of Capricorne or winter tropicke The articke or Northerly Pole The antarticke or Southerly Pole Which Circles are called the Tropickes THe Sun according to the former words through the motion of the first mouer is in 24 houres drawn once about and for that hee is caried in the thwart Cyrcle and in the same by his proper motion chāgeth dayly vnto other places of the Zodiacke it must néeds ensue that he describeth in each day a new parallel And those doeth the sun repeat in the partes of the Zodiack which be equidistant from the solsticiall points in such wise that they be in the whole 182. cyrcles And these do they call the cyrcles of the natural daies of which the vttermost and furthest that include the suns way are named the Tropicks which is in English the sun boūds in that the sunne neuer passeth them neither toward the North nor toward the South but after his touching of each he returneth againe The one of these called the tropicke of Cancer and the other the tropicke of Capricorne Why these are called the Tropickes THey are named the Tropicks of the Gréeke word Tropikoi which is in English the turnings againe in that when the Sun is digressed from the Equatoure and come vnto those hee turneth backe againe Also the Tropicke cyrcles touch the Zodiack at the beginnings of Cancer and Capricorne of which the one is called the Tropicke of Cancer and the other of Capricorne the one being Northerly and the other Southerly And as to our dwelling the one is called the summer Circle and the other the Winter So that when the sun toucheth any of these he turneth againe and is carried toward the other As by this example further appeareth where all that season and time from the twelfth day of December vnto the eleuenth day of Iune a manne may perceiue the Sunne euery day arising higher and higher and when he is at the highest ouer our heades that day doth he by his course describe the summer Tropicke from which againe turning the sunne euery day after draweth lower and lower from our verticall pointe vntill he be come againe vnto the lowest In which twelfe day of December not going any further toward the South but being come vnto the beginning of Capricorne he describeth the winter Tropicke The Tropicke of Cancer is a lesser Circle which the sunne describeth at the entring into the beginning therof and is drawne by the daily motion whose plaine or flat passeth not by the center of the earth and it is one of the naturall Circles which is outermost described of the sun toward the North and drawne by the beginning of Cancer And it hath also his name of the standing in that the same is the bound of the sunnes iourney or course toward the North and the nighest comming vnto vs vnto which being brought he turneth backe and directeth his course into the South of which that place is called Trope It is continually distant from the Equatour by the quantity of the suns greatest declination which at this day is of 23. degrées 28. minutes and two fifts almost and it encloseth also the suns way and doth besides with the other 3. Parallels deuide the Zones of heauen and earth Further this is named the cyrcle of the summer solstice by the same reason in that it is drawne by the pointe of the summer solstice And the Northerly Tropicke in that it is the Northerly part of the world And the summer cyrcle for that the Sun in the summer falleth into this cyrcle Also this cyrcle in all the Northerly tract is on this wise that the greater part or portion is aboue the Horizone and the lesser part as to vs vnder the Horizon so that the sunne runing in that cyrcle causeth the longest day of summer And whiles the sun describeth these cyrcles the dayes bee longer then the nightes For the longest day increaseth from minute to minute from houre to houre and from the latitude of one degrée vnto the latitude of 66. degrées and 30. minutes In which the day artificial is of 24. houres and is thereof called a whole day For in the latitudes following and beyonde hee increaseth into many whole daies A like definition hath Proelus where hee writeth that the summer Tropicke is the furthest cyrcle Northwarde that the sun describeth into which when the sun is come he then maketh his summer turne and causeth also at that time the longest day and shortest night of the yeare from which turning backe he goeth againe toward the contrary coast of the world so that of the same Proclus it is called a Tropicke which is in English a returning cyrcle For it is euident to all men that after the sunne beginneth to turne he may in short time after or at the least within 5. dayes
Tropicks all heauen into fiue parts or Regions which they call zones The descriptions names qualities and vtilities of the Zones THe foure lesser cyrcles called Parallels that were afore described doe deuide the whole heauen towarde the Poles into fiue spaces which that heauen might bee compassed aboute with these larger swathes the astronomers of the same called them Zones or otherwise of the Latines Gerdils The Cosmographers by the same imagination applied doe also dispose and distribute the whole Globe of the earth into fiue roomes or spaces lying directly vnder and agréeable in proportion to them in heauen Wherefore a zone after the minde of the Gréekes is a portion tract or space of heauen or earth betwéene the two Parallels or lesser cyrcles being nighest equidistant or contained betwéene the roome equidistaunt and Pole of the world and gyrdeth or compasseth as it were the heauen or earth Or thus a zone is a space of earth like to the two Parallels or lesser cyrcles aboue which the astronomers imagine to run on the vpper face of the sphere And as the whole portion included by the two Tropicks called the burning zone doth compasse heauen as a gyrdle euen so imagine the roome of the earth lying right vnder the Tropicks The zones haue sundry names for of the Gréekes they be called zóne and of the Latines by a borowed word Zona as may appeare by Iulius Firmicus Macrobius Virgilius Ouide and other Latines That heauen or earth is imagined to bee gyrded about with these Martianus nameth them swathes Tully and Macrobius nameth them by the like reason gyrdles Ouide nameth them plagues that is roomes or spaces And how many zones they bee may easily appeare in that the astrologians Geographers Phisitions and Poets do deuide as well the heauen as earth into siue roomes or spaces by the foure Parallels or lesser cyrcles of which there bee two maner of zones the celestiall and the earthlie The celestiall are the cause of the earthly in that the earthly lie directly vnder them And of the zones the celestiall bee they which the astronomers by imagination describe and distribute in the hollow of heauen the earthly be they which lie perpendicularly vnder And both also be temperate and vntemperate zones The celestiall zones in that they haue nothing of the elementary qualities therefore doe they not by heat burne and scorch nor by cold make stiffe nor cause a temperate mixture of qualities or temperatnesse yet are they noted and descerned by the names of the qualities as the earthly zones which being the author of the sun and fountaine both of light and heate and running continually in the middle zone of heauen is diuersly felt according to the maner of the distance Or thus there are no qualities formally attributed to the celestiall zones but to them onely vertually which is on this wise to be vnderstoode as that the celestiall zones of themselues be neither cold hot nor temperate but are so called through the suns declination from the equatour as well into the North as into the South quarter of the world In the which declination is the like matter felte as well in the suns right sending downe of beames as in the thwart proiection of thē on the vpper face of the earth which diuersly changeth the heat 〈◊〉 The scorching or vntemperate middle Zone which through the heat and burning beames the sun there causeth when he is ouer the head or in the Noonestéed place is contained betwéene the boundes of the sunnes iourney which the two Tropicks make and includeth 47. degrées of heauen For the two Tropicks are on either side the equatoure so that it vseth the middle roome in the burning zone from which the sun towarde the North and South neuer declineth aboue 23. degrées and 29. minutes By which appeareth that it is there as hot in the middle of winter as it is in Spaine in the middle of summer and therefore not disagréeing to that which the auncient Cosmographers wrote that the countries lying vnder this space or rather vnder the equatour is vnhabited through the burning heate and of them for this cause named the burning or scorching zone But of later yeares it is found contrary in that at Molucca Good-hope Calicute and Samatra rich drugges and other fine spices haue beene there gotten by the Spantards and Portingals and yéerly haunted by them as at this day the same is throughly known to many which also confesse that the places vnder the Equinoctiall and the rich City Calecute being by the sea coast of Inde standing betwéene the equatour and our Tropicke of Cancer and vnto the other Tropicke South vnder the Burning zone that the places is habitable and peopled although very cumbersome with extremity of heat Also that space on earth containeth 685. Germaine miles or 23500. furlongs Ptholomie and Auicen affirme that the places betwéen the equatour and summer Tropicke is habitable and that many Cities bee there although the sunne in those places through his direct beames and especially vnder the equatour doth by the ouer much heat and continual heat burn and mightily scorch The like doe sundry others affirme which write that those places is conuenient for the life of creatures in that vnder the equatour there bee many waters which although resolued and run through the heate yet doe they breath and send vpward colde vapors which the sun continually maintaineth in drawing vp through his vehement heat and sending down mighty showers of raine which vapors in the night through the suns furthest distance vnder the earth and especially at midnight cause a mighty cold and chilling ayre which the sun after his rising vntill he be somewhat ascended aboue the earth cannot sodainly ouercome and put away that cold impression of the ayre So that the people there inhabiting bee monstrous of forme and haue rude wits wondrous wild and terible conditions like to wilde and furious beasts The countries which lie vnder the Southerly Parallels as those which are described by the Equinoctiall line vnto the summer Tropicke where the sun is drawne and runneth ouer the tops of them there through the aboundance of vapors rayne and night colde is the suns heate repressed mitigated and dulled so that the heades of the Ethiopians or Moores be litle hauing but litle and withered braines their bodies short hauing thicke crisped haire on their heades grosse and dull of senses blacke scorched or burned bodies withred or wrinckled faces crooked of stature being in a maner hot by nature and cruell condicions through the mightinesse of heat in those places And the constitution also of the ayre is there such that al liuing and cresent things on that earth are found and known to agrée with them Further it is to be noted and vnderstood that any there trauailing from the Northerly places the further they goe towarde the South somuch the stronger heat or burning they shalbe annoyed with The two temperate zones be next adioining to the burning zone the
one on the Northerly and the other on the Southerly side of it And the beginnings of either bee the hotter the ends colder the middle of them exquisitly temperate in the other parts doth the heat either so much the more excéede or the bitter colde ouercommeth and ruleth as howe much the nearer they approach or come vnto the burning Zone or otherwise vnto either of the extreame Zones which continually cause a bitter and an extreame colde The cause of this diuersity is through the suns beames for the sun continually moouing in the middle iourney of heauen described betwéene the two Tropicks and digressing or going beyond the prefixed bounds of nature doeth not shew his beames vnto diuers parts of the earth in one manner but vnto the places right vnder and in the burning zone the tractes or countries contained vnder them doth he send downe right beames which stretcheth to the vpper face of the earth at right angles And vnto the countries of either temperate zone doeth the sun send downe thwart or slope beames And vnto the places vnder either cold zone doth he streach long beames on the plaine of the earth euen the like as being neare to the Horizone which neither reach vnto the vpper face of the earth nor cause angles but kéep an equall distance vnto it do streach forth infinitely But those beames of the sun doe neither giue light nor heat but turne backeward in that the property of the reflexion which of the beame against a solider resistance prohibiting or letting the penetration is a certaine repercussion and reuerberation that increaseth and doubleth the force of the direct beame and by the reflexed beame to it adioyned or at the least by his vertue applied and communicated Séeing this reflexion is the especiallest cause of the heat and that the angles of the reflexions falling doe continually make or be equal in the angles for that cause do they much vnlike increase the force of the directe beames and their effectes doe notably varie So that in the burning zone the reflexion stretcheth vnto right angles séeing the straight or right beames are caried led into themselues in such sort that as direct and reâ—lexen they méete and bee mixed and in this doubling as it were the vertue and force of the direct beames is on such wise increased that it kindleth burneth and consumeth And in either temperate zone is the reflexion caused at right angles in that the sun beames doe thwartly reach to the vpper face of the earth and are turned and extended backward vnto thwart angles which how much the néerer and liker they bee to the right so much the nearer doe they ioyne either beames togither by which they procéed and come into the nearer parts of the burning zone But so much the blunter as they streach so much the longer do they seperate either beames as howe much the more they are extended vnto the extreame or outmost bounds And for this cause doe they more heat then the fore parts of the temperate zone whose heate is a litle gentler or milder then the heate of the burning zone and the beames a litle further of whose colde notwithstanding differeth somewhat from the extreame or outmost vntemperate zones And those which streach and fall into the middle region of either temperate zone doe cause a meane betwéene the right and very sharp angles and yet not directly matched or ioyned nor doe they by so neare a space communicate their vertue as in the beginning of it neither by so large a distance as in the end but in the middle in a maner So that they cause and increase a temperate heate in the same zone But in the extreame or colde Zones is no reflexion of beames caused for those beames equally distant from the earth are streached forth infinitely and for that cause doe those neither giue light nor moue or procure heat neither doe those zones at any time warme either perfectly cleare or appeare bright but that they continually be foggy misty darke and bitter or extreame cold through the continuall mists which more and more increase especially toward the northerly pole And yet many affirme a reasonable dwelling in those places yea and vnder the Northerly pole but far colder and bitterer dwelling through the far being from the way of the sun and beholding of the comfortabler starres For the Sunne through his ouer far distance cannot by his presence aboue the earth comfort and heate This now is the perfect cause of the diuers and vniuersall coustitutions of the ayre and chiefe qualities in each zones so that of the particular constitutions be other causes But to returne vnto the temperate Zones the latitude of either temperate Zone is of 43. degrées almost of Germaine miles 645. and of furlongs 21500. So that the Boreallor Northerly zone beginning from the Tropick of Cancer endeth at the arcticke cyrcle or at the degrée of latitude 66. and 31. minutes And the Southerly from the Tropicke of Capricorne is extended or reacheth vnto the antarcticke cyrcle or the degrée of the Southerly latitude 66. and 32. minutes The vntemperate cold zones that reach froÌ„ either temperate vnto the poles of the worlde doe mooue continuall cold and frosts So that the beames of the sun although they pearse and enter through yet seeing they extende not backward nor through the reflexion or streaching backeward be strengthned and sharpned therefore can they not so heate that by the thawing they dissolue the earth and yse nor put away or voyde the mist. Now the vntemperate Northerly zone beginning from the 66. degrée and 31. minutes of the Northerly latitude endeth at the Pole arcticke and the vntemperate southerly zone begun from the same bounde of the Southerly latitude extendeth and endeth at the pole antarcticke Those people which dwell vnder the burning zone bee named of the Gréekes Amphiskioi Amphiscij in that the Noone shadowes at diuers times of the yeare goe or be cast to them twoe waies as toward the South or North. And twise also in the year runneth the sun right ouer their heades as is demonstrated in the second Theorme of Euclide so that at Noone it commeth to passe that they haue almost no shadow for the sun being direct or in right line ouer their heades at Noone hee then sendeth downe right Beames which are cast or streached to the plaine of the earth at right angles so that their shadowe falleth and is right vnder the feete and not on any side of them So that the sun in any other time of the yeare beeing without the verticall pointes the shadowes at Noone are one whiles cast into the South and another whiles into the North vnto them euen as the sun digressing from their toppes or Noonstéed is either caried into the North or otherwise declineth into the South This sorte of people which bee vnder either temperate zone are called of the Gréeke Cosmographers Eteroskioi Heteroscij in that they haue a single
and f g. be the latitudes of the temperate zones in heauen and s t a c r q. of them on earth The twoe outwarde zones to these here drawne bee by themselues noted as well in heauen as on earth Now that wee haue declared with the fiue cyrcles the latitudes either of the celestiall or terestriall zones are defined it shall therefore be necessary to write here of the latitudes of the earthly zones in miles And that you may readily find the latitude in miles multiply the degrées by 15. in that so many Germaine miles answere to one degrée of the great cyrcle in heauen as the 43. degrées of the burnt zone being the suns greatest declination multiplied by the 15. miles doe produce 705. Germain miles which is the latitude of the burning zone The latitude of either temperate zones containeth 646. Germain miles almost And from either Tropicke vnto the pointes right vnder the poles doeth the space or distaunce containe 352. Germaine miles Where is the beginning and end of euerie Zone according to latitude and which places are in which Zones THe middle of the burning zone is vnder the Equinoctiall line where either pole is in the Horizon And both be his bounds where the eleuation of the pole aswell Southerly as Northerly is of 13. degrées and 28. minutes For either temperate zone doeth there begin and streacheth vnto the same place where the eleuation of the pole is of 66. degrées and 30. minutes which place is the beginning of the cold zones By these nowe may a man easily conceiue which places are in which zone for if the eleuation of the Pole Northerly be lesser then 23. degrées and 28. minutes this place then is in the burning zone as the inner Libia Aethiopia a part of Arabia Felix and India But if the eleuation containeth precisely so many degrées and minutes the place then is in the bounde of the burnt and temperate zone as is Siene a city of Aegypt Further if the eleuation of the Northerly Pole bee greater then 23. degrées and 28. minutes yet lesser then 66. degrées and 30. minutes this place theÌ„ is in the temperate zone as Greece Italy Spaine Germanie France England c. But if the latitude be precisely of 66 degrées and 30. minutes the place is in the bound of the temperate and cold zone as is almost Lagenlaâ—us of Suetia Last if the eleuation of the pole excéedeth 66. degrées and 30. minutes the place is in the cold zone beyond which degrées hath Nicolaus Douis a Germaine added a table of Noreway Gothland Iseland Greenland Fineland and Lapeland c. How the Zones and Climats doe differ THe Zone is a space or roome of the earth froÌ„ the West into the East and from thence by the midnight pointe againe into the West But the Clymate is a space of the earth whose beginning is constituted in the west and ende in the East A Zone also is the space of earth betwéene two cyrcles equidistant but a Climate is the only space or roome of the habitable earth contained betwéene two lines equidistant What the qualities of the Zones are TO the celestiall Zones are qualities attributed not formally but onely vertually that is the celestial zones are neither cold hot nor temperate but of this named colde burning and temperate through the sunne which one whiles comming into this and another whiles declining into that parte of the worlde doâ—th send downe his beames to the earth in sundry maner as one whiles plum downe right when the sun runneth vnder the equinoctiall and another whiles by a thwart maner as in the thwart sphere which beames besides how right angles they make on earth so much the greater heate they cause and how thwarter angles they make somuch the weaker heat they procure So that vnder the Equinoctiall the beames most rightly and downe right falling doe make right angles on the vpper face of the earth which through the same causeth a most great heat Also the beames faling toward either poles doe cause thwarter angles and they make the angles more vneuen or thwarter and therof the same heat is the lesser And in the temperate zone especially in the summer the beames doe make almost angles falling vnto a rightnes but in the winter vnto a thwartnes so that in the same Region is a coÌ„modious dwelling But in the colde zones the angles are caused vnlike or vneuen thwartest or slopest as in the burnt Zone they are rightest and most downward in somuch that the cold zones euen as the burnt are commodious to dwel vnder For the beames falling and reflexed how much néerer they fal and be togither somuch the stronger and mightier they moue and cause the heat as we dayly sée that the sun in the noonstéed being as in the summer to cast or streach downe almost perpendicular or down right beames which beames also are almost reflected into theÌ„selues of which the greatest heat of the day then is caused And contrariwise the sun being in the East or west where y e beames streaching downward and reflexed are scatred and run abroade the effects be lesser and the heat much abated and féebled Euen so the beames in the burnt zone bee perpendicular or plum downright which reflexed into themselues do cause a most great heat In the temperate zone doe the beames bylitle and litle fall sloper and sloper of which they cause there a temperate heat But in the cold zones the beames furthest decline or fall slopest through which they procure no effect of the coÌ„sequent cause there a very weake heat What the vtilities of the Zones be _1 THe auncient considerers of the stars haue thus instituted the distribution of the zones for two causes The one is that by this reason they might shewe to vs which places of the earth be reasonably habitable most commodious to dwell vnder 2 The other is as wee learne by experience that the wits of men and nature of places by them appeare and are knowne in that the ayre compassing vs is a certaine cause of the temperatnes For the maners and condicions of men as writeth Galen doe for the most parte ensue the temperameÌ„ts of the bodies yea the nature of trées plants hearbs and beasts do like ensue the temperament of ayre Of which that we might bee the surer and certainer of the natures of the foresaid matter it pleased the ancient to deuide them into fiue zones Of which it is wel known that the bodies of men or people dwelling vnder the burning zone as the Moores be shorter of stature theÌ„ those people dwelling vnder the temperate zones wilder and crueler Also they bee crafty and subtill of nature hauing besides wrinkled faces thick crisped heare on the head and blacke scorched bodies and crooked of stature Also all liuing and cresent things are found to agrée according to the quality of the ayre in that Region Further the people dwelling vnder the Northerly Parallels or Polare cyrcles
through the difficultie of measuring And this whole compasse is not onely ment of the earth but of the earth and water ioyntly togither both which are saide to make one Sphere Also Eratostenes gathereth the compasse of all the earthly Orbe by the proportion of the perticular or the degree of the celestiall Cyrcle vnto the like space on earth For he affirmeth that to one degrée of the celestiall Equatour answere 700. furlongs or 15. Germayne myles but Ptolomie attributeth to a degrée 500. furlongs Which is thus to be vnderstoode that a Cyrcle be imagined on earth directly vnder the Equinoctiall or Merydian lyne deuiding the earth into twoe halfes and that this Cyrcle be likewise deuided into 360. parts or degrées as the celestiall Cyrcles are And ech of these parts doth like vnto the celestial parts containe 700. furlonges or 15. Germaine myles This nowe being tryed and found what the whole Summe eyther of the furlongs or myles of the whole cyrcumference of the earth which contayneth 360. parts or degrées you shall easily finde and knowe the same by this maner Multiply the whole compasse of the earth that is the 368. degrées by the 700. furlongs or fiftéene Germayne myles and the whole compasse shal either appeare to be 252000. furlongs or 5400. Germayne myles This whole compasse of the earth deuide by 22. and the number comming thereof shall bee the 22. part of the compasse of it that is 11454 12 22. furlongs or 254 â—0 22. Germayne myles And abate this 22. part from the whole Summe of the circumference and the number in furlongs shall remaine and be 240545 10 22. and in GErmayne miles 5154 1â— 22. And if any of these sums be deuided a part by 3. it shal be found in furlongs to be 80181. a halfe and a third part or 3 2. 10 66. And in Germaine myles 1718 4 22. that is the dyameter of the earth aswell in the furlonges as Germayne miles And Archimedes by sundry labours and witty inuentions and by Geometrical practise hath found that the like proportion is of the Circumference of the whole Cyrcle vn to the diameter of the same as is 22. vnto 7. that is the diameter thrice with a seauenth part and a halfe But whensoeuer any man will by the cyrcumference of the Cyrcle gather and finde his diameter worke the numbers thus as this example teacheth First set down 22. at the left hand toward the right hand 7. and the cyrcumference betwéen those two numbers 22. 5400. 7. After multiply the first by the second that is 7. by 5400. the number increased which is 47800. deuide by the thirde that is 22. and you shall finde in the quotient 1718 4 22. Germayne myles Or thus in furlongs the number being set downe alike 22. 252000. 7. then multiplie the first by the second as 7. by 25200. and the increase shall be 1764000. after the increased number deuide by the third as by 22. and the diameter shall be 80181 18 22. If any couet to finde the vpper face of the earth by the dyameter and cyrcumference known worke one into the other and you shal haue that you séeke But if you desire to knowe the thicknesse of the earth then ioyne the superficiall solydenes of the Sphere vnto the sixt part of the diameter and you shall obtaine your desire THE SECOND PART OF THE SPHERICALL Elements of the Celestiall Circles with the vses of the same Circles What is the Summe of this Second Part. WHereas in the first part were only teh rudiments of the Sphere handeled and taught which are also written and contained in diuers Phyâ—â—â—e bookes as of the World and the many parts thereof that is of the Ethereall and Elementarie Region And also of the parts motion and formeâ— of â—he Etheriall Region as Heauen and the forâ—â—â—e 〈◊〉 and quantitie of the Earth Here in this second parte shall fully bee â—etâ—â—â— thâ— and largely handled the manifold vses of the Cyrcle of which the materiall Sphere is framed and made Further this second part is deuided into thrée partes the first teacheth the deuision of the Cyrcles in that the auncient Astronomers for a playner instruction deuided heauen into sundry Cyrcles and of these some in greater and other some in lesser Cyrcles In the second part are the definitions descriptions and vtilities of all the Cyrcles taught In the third and last part are the places of the Zones learnedly described and the vtilities of them So that this second part doeth especially intreate of the Cyrcles séeing the principall poynte of the Sphere is of the celestiall appearances which by reason of the celestiall Cyrcles or of the first moouer are caused as may appeare of the ascentions and descentions of the signes by which the whole knowledge aswell of the naturall as artificiall day is learned Wherefore in that this instruction of the ascentions of the signes consisteth in the Cyrcles which the auncient Astronomers imagined to bée in the first mouer therefore is this second part of the celestiall Cyrcles aptely placed and necessarily before taught That the Sphere of the worlde is either right or thwart THe roundnesse of the earth as is afore taught both altereth the standing of the Poles and the whole Sphere of the worlde in diuers partes of the earth For to them which dwell vnder the Equatour either Pole falleth to the playnesse of the HorizoÌ„t But to others dwelling without the Equatoure the one Pole is raysed and the other depressed hid through which diuersitie of the standinges of them are these differences caused that the risings and settings of the signes are altered the spaces betwéene the dayes and nights varied whose causes ought diligently to be sought Therefore is the right Sphere distinguished from the thwart Sphere of the worlde In this maner as here you may be holde by these figures following That is called the right Sphere in which either Pole resteth and standeth on the plaine of the Horizont and the Equatoure which there doeth exactly possesse the middle place betwéene the Poles and doeth with the Horrizont make a right sphericall angle of which it is so named a right Sphere For they haue such a standing vpon the Sphere of the worlde as that neyther of the Poles is eleuated aboue the Horizont to them which dwell vnder the Equatoure The thwart declined or bending Sphere is that in which either of the Poles of the world eleuated is séene aboue the Horizont and the other iust somuch set and hidde beneath the Horizont and also that the Equatoure frameth and maketh with the Horizont thwart and vnequall angles And that is called a blunte angle which séeth the Pole eleuated and that a sharpe angle declining vnto the contrary They which dwell on this side and beyonde the Equatoure haue such a Sphere But the same forme and condicion of the thwart Sphere is not euery where nor the positure of it the same reason but that the thwartnesse of the Sphere
the sixt is learned that in the same Cyrcle as by the subiect is both the length of the whole earth and perticular places standing in diuers parts of the earth considered and measured For according to the exact doctrine of the sphericall tryangles the longitude or length of places and the difference of longitudes is alwaies the Equinoctiall Arke and not any Parallell By it also the declination of any degrée of the Zodiacke is knowne which being had in any day at noone the sun then shining cleare forth the Northerly latitude or eleuation of the Pole of any Towne may artificially be knowne It is besides the measure of time in that a naturall day is perfourmed by one whole returne of the Equinoctiall with an adition or inerease to that parte of the Ecclipticke which the sun in the meane whiles accomplisheth by his proper motion against the motion of the first mouer 7 By the seuenth it much auaileth and helpeth the doctrine of astrology in that by the guide and leading of the same are the beginnings of the twelue houses of heauen found when astrologiall figures are erected and fashioned to prognosticate or iudge by which can neuer so perfectly be searched and found without the Equatoure and this through the vnlike motion and ascention of the parts or signes of the Zodiacke By it also are all Townes according to their longitude and latitude easily placed and found in the earthly Globe so that by it a man may readily know which Townes are Northerly and which Southerly It hath besides a most great vse in Geography vnto finding the distances of places and vnto placing of Cities in the earthly globe in hauing the true longitude and latitude of them 8 The eight instruction that by it a man may attaine the knowledge of all the celestiall Parallell cyrcles and the earthly Zones lying vnder them As by this example the Parallel streached along by Rodes cannot otherwise be knowne but by his distance from the Equinoctial as by his principall fore noted Parallell which a man may learne and know to bée from the Equatoure toward the North 36. degrées The same knowledge may aptly be had of all the other Parallell cyrcles rightly knowne so that none otherwise can bee prompt and saillfull in Geographicall matters Cleonedes affirmeth prima Meteor that it afterwards behoueth to know how to discribe each turning about of the fixed stars with the first mouer about his Center cyrcle as that all the Parallell cyrcles are knowne Séeing among those cyrcles the Equinoctiall is greatest and those Parallell cyrcles least which are drawne about the Poles of the worlde euen the like are those the greater cyrcles according to proportion from them which are described vnto the Equinoctiall 9 The niuth sheweth that no description of the earth although in platefourme can bee expressed neither by straight nor crooked lines without the knowledge of the Equatoure 10 By the tenth appeareth what commodity of the same hath and serueth in the iudging of genitures is here by silence ouerpassed séeing with breuity it cannot bée vttered The description names and offices of the Zodiacke and Ecclipticke line or way of the Sunne AFter the ancient Astronomers had deuided heauen into twoe equall halfes by the Equinoctiall and diligently obserued and noted the thwart drawing and standing of the Zodiacke and a like forme of a larger Zone the diuers courses motions and wandrings both of the sun moone and other Planets which being drawne about with the first moouer kept no equall spaces in them selues agréeing to the first moouer nor a like distaunt in their motions from the Equatoure but that whiles they were dayly drawn by a contrary motion of the first moouer into the East they in the meane time wandered one whiles into the North and anotherwhiles into the South vnto a certaine elongation and distiance and so returned vnto that cyrcle They abserued also that the Planets kept alwaies one maner of iourney and way and that way cutting or cressing heauen and the Equinoctiall by a thwart manner the same of these they named the Zodiacke This cyrcle of the 12 signes commonly called the Zodiacke which also is a greater cyrcle and thwart lying hauing a latitude moueable vnto the motion of the sphere to which it fasteneth and euery where is a like vnder which the Planettes by a continuall motion are drawne and run This cyrcle also doe the Latines name thwart through the thwart standing of it for the Equatour doth compasse the sphere of the worlde by the iust middle space betwéen either Pole but the Zodiacke is thwartly drawn both to the sphere of the worlde and to the Equatoure so that in some partes it is nearer to the Poles of the same and in some parts further distance from it It is crossed also of the Equatoure into two eqnall halfe cyrcles of which the one is called the Boreall or Northerly halfe cyrcle and the other the Meridionall or Southerly halfe cyrcle therefore by the continuall turning of heauen drawne about vnto any right and thwart Horizont inclined according to the thwart Angles it doeth both chaunge and varie those Angles by the continuall motion and turning about For to certaine Arks it figureth and formeth righter and to certaine others thwarter Angels through that diuers inclination vnto the Horizont which ensueth after the standing of it And the diuersitie of the inclination of it vnto the Horizont doth also cause a varietie in the motion For those doe slower arise which make right Angles with the Horizont and those are sooner drawne vp and appeare which doe cause thwart Angles In the thwart Sphere with that thwartnesse of the Sphere and the Angles which the Horizont and Zodiack performe is the thwartnesse encreased What the names are of this Circle _1 THis Cyrcle is named the Zodiacke of this Gréeke worde zoes that is in English Life in that it is the path or the comming and going of the sun which is called the author of life causer of generations as Aristotle writeth Or of the Gréeke name zódion which in English is the figures of Beastes with the which this cyrcle is imagined to be formed by the concourse of stars 2 This Cyrcle is named thwart or bowing in that it crosseth thwartly the Equinoctiall and first moouer and doth appeare thwart in respect of the Poles of the worlde from which it is not equally distant Or for that it maketh not right but thwart Angles with the Equinoctiall and Colures or Tropickes Or for that it doeth not regularly ascend and discend according to his partes like as the Equinoctiall doth but that certaine parts or signes of the same doe righter and slower and certaine thwarter and swifter arise in either Sphere But the Zodiacke is not named thwart compared vnto the proper Poles séeing from them it is equidistant according to each parte as the Equinoctiall from the Poles of the world Yet compared vnto the Poles of the world in that the
from the furthest point of the ecclipticke vnto the equatour By which it appeareth that so much is the distance of the poles of the Ecclipticke from the poles of the worlde as is the suns greatest declination being 23. degrées and 28. minutes and two fiftes almost Or thus that the pole of the Zodiacke is far distant from the pole of the world as is the greatest declination af the sun from the Equinoctiall cyrcle and by the equidistance also on each side of the arctick cyrcle from the Pole of the world that that part of the Colure comprehended betwéene the first point of Cancer and the articke cyrcle is almost double so much vnto the greatest declination of the sun And if cyrcumspectly you consider the maner of the motions you shall readily perceiue that those cyrcles which euer more be of like largenesse increase and decrease togither with the twoe Tropicke cyrcles according to the increase or decrease of the suns declination As appeareth by the letter n. in the foresaid figure that representeth the Northerly pole of the ecclipticke or Zodiack moued from the letter n. into o. by the motion of the first moouer and returning againe into the point n shall be moued the cyrcle describing n o. being distant from the Northerly pole a. asmuch as is the suns greatest declination h g. as hereafter by demonstration shall plainer appeare And this cyrcle named the arcticke in that it is described by the arcticke of the Zodiacke The like is described from the point r. being the pole antarcticke by the motion from r. vnto s. and returning againe vnto r. so that the antarcticke cyrcle r s. is equall to his opposite and equidistaunt to the Equatoure This probation that the distaunce of the Poles of the worlde and Zodiacke is equall to the suns greatest declination doth require before hand these thrée propositions The first that the quarters of each cyrcle any where taken be in themselues or betwéene one another equall The second that the poles by a quarter that is by 90. degrées be distant from their proper cyrcle The third that the equals deducted from their equalles then doe the equalles rest As for example if you borowe two fourthes in one and the same Colure cyrcle that is the Solsticiall of the same parte where it passeth by the beginning of Capricorne and is the like from the pole of the worlde vnto the Equinoctiall and that other is that which is from the Pole of the Zodiack vnto the Zodiacke or ecclipticke and of this I thus reason that when the equals be deducted or abated from the equals the remainer shall be equall Therefore are the foresaid quarters equal in that they be in the same cyrcle and that from either is the equall or common arke deducted that is the same which is contained betweene the Equinoctiall and the pole of the Zodiacke which arke doeth containe 66. degrées and 31. minutes almost So that the arks resting or remaining of these quarters be equall that is the distance of the poles of the Zodiack and the Equinoctiall is equal to the suns greatest declination For if 66. degrées and 31. minutes bee deducted from either quarter the remainer then shalbe 23 degrées and 31 minutes which is the distance betwéen the foresaid poles and the greatest declination of the sun This other example demonstrateth that the suns greatest declination and the distance of the poles of the zodiack or ecclipticke from the poles of the world is equall and of like largenes and that what soeuer hapneth to the distances of the said Poles For as this increaseth or decreaseth the like doth that decrease or increase Of this it is manifest that the two foresaide articke cyrcles is nowe in our time lesser through the decreasing of the suns greatest declination and that the Tropickes are greater then they were in Ptholomies time The offices or vtilities of the foure lesser Cyrcles 1 THe office of the Solsticiall Tropicke after the Gréekes is to define the longest summer day and the winter Tropicke to determine the shortest winter day and longest night For Proclus to finde the longest day did deuide the summer solstice into 8. equall partes of which so deuided he affirmed thrée parts to be continually hidde vnder the horizon and fiue aboue The truth of which is known if the Sphere bee rectified for the latitude of 41. degrées where by this diuisiō the longest day containeth 15 hours and the night but 9. houres 2 Many and notable offices doe the Tropicke cyrcles offer as well vnto the composition of dialles as vnto the preparing many other Instruments in Astronomie 3 They declare the places of the Ecclipticke in which the suns solstices are caused whereof the longest or shortest daies by them are knowne Or thus they declare in euery standing of the sphere the longest and shortest day with their quantity 4 They include the Suns way in that they bee as the bounds including the Region in heauen in which the sun is continually moued 5 They declare the suns greatest declination as afore hath bene often taught 6 They seperate in heauen the burning Zone from the two temperate Zones But of the Polare cyrcles these be the chiefest and especialest vtilities 1 They iudicate or shewe the Poles of the Zodiacke and howe farre they bee distaunt from the Poles of the world 2 They inclose those stars which euer appeare aboue our Horizone and those in like maner right against being alwaies hid vnto vs. But for that euery seueral Climate hath disagréeing from other Climates these cyrcles their distance therefore cannot bee certaine from the other Parallel cyrcles sauing for one Region certaine as neither their quantities nor their order For in that place where the altitude of the pole is lesser then 66. degrées and a half these cyrcles there are lesser then the Tropicks and in order are betwéene them and the poles and is from the pole continually distant by so many degrées as the pole in that country is raised aboue the Horizon So that in the same place the Pole raised more then 66. degrées and a halfe The Tropicke then is aboue the horizone as the like may be vnderstoode by that place called Wardehouse So that in the same Climate the arcticke cyrcle is greater then the Tropicke of Cancer as witnesseth the learned Stoeflerus Iustingensis 3 They distinguish after the mind of the Gréeks the cold Zones from the temperate Which Ferio denieth affirming that the arctick and antarcticke cyrcles kéeping no vniformitie to all countries and béeing vncertaine and variable boundes can limit any certaine place For the temperate Zones are places certaine the arcticke and antarcticke cyrcles bee changeable limits therefore cannot they be as bounds of the temperate Zones yet dooth hee better allowe and agrée vnto that that the Tropickes bee bounds of the temperate zones So that changeable limits by this argument cannot be appointed as bounds to vnchangeable places 4 They deuide togither with the
and reasonable well furnished of all things néedfull for mans life So that in the same middle Region of the earth vnder the Equatour it appeareth that through the coldnesse of the night it doth there temper sufficiently the burning heat of the day Besides these after the mind of Hiero. Cardane in that Saturne Mercurie and the moon which properly are cold and moyst planets haue a great force in the Regions vnder this zone but especially the moon that worketh her most force there in the night time more then the other twoe and of this cause more temperatnesse in the day time Besides these it is well known that those people haue two summers and two winters in the yeare For in the yeare of our Lord 1530. at the will and charge of Charles the fift Emperor a parte of America westward was discouered where Peru among the rest was found richest both of Gold and other rich things and costly drugges which is situated in longitude of 290. degrées from the West toward the East and is distant 5. degrées from the Equatoure toward the South But what substance of Gold and other rich things hath yearely bene brought from this yle néedeth not here any further rehersall And the like is to be considered and noted of the other two zones contained betwéene the Polare cyrcles and Poles of the worlde Although Albertus Mag. denieth a commodious dwelling for men in those places and confirmeth the same by probable reasons yet experience reclaimeth and denieth those opinions of his and other ancient writers In that it is well knowne that Gothland Norway Russia Lapeland Groueland and diuers other countries towarde the North pole is inhabited and well peopled And Galeottus Naruiensis proueth that men dwell vnder the North pole affirming the same not to bee true that the cause of the cold there is onely the far distaunce of the sun as not of the heate by nearenesse of his comming In that the sun by reason of the signe in which he is either increaseth or diminisheth them with vs. Besides he affirmeth that the colde is not so dispersed rounde about as that it compasseth rounde after the forme of a cyrcle nor that the heate in like sort doeth run round about the whole body of the earth Further Cardane writeth that vnder the poles there is no such coldnes as some suppose in that the Moone Venus and Mars haue the greatest latitudes in respect of the sun and the others besides For the moon hath fiue degrées to the North Venus and Mars excéed vnto eight degrées Northward but Saturne which is the author of cold scarcely performeth thrée degrées Northward Besides these the Moone more auaileth Northward and Southward neare to the poles then the sunne in that she nearer approacheth those parts For the Moone as aboue said hath fiue degrées of latitude as well to the North as South so that when she shall be in the first degrée of Cancer with her greatest latitude Northward that is in the head of the Dragon she shal then be néerer by fiue degrées to the Northerly pole then the sunne And in like maner when she shalbe in the taile of the Dragon at the entrance and beginning of Capricorne she shall bee nearer the pole antarcticke by fiue degrées than the sun Although in the winter the moone should be in the beginning of Capricorn with the Southerly latitude of foure or fiue degrées yet may she worke and cause more in the change of weather and shall cause more in Scotland than the sun in that her power and vertue there is such But in Brasilia and vnder the antarcticke pole for two causes the one in that shee is there of such power and the other for that in her working she is nearer What the longitudes and latitudes of the celestiall Zones are THe longitude of Zones beginneth from the West and is extended by the Noonestéede into the East and from the East againe by the midnight pointe into the West The motions of the sun in the zodiacke and Poles of the zodiacke doe describe the latitude of the zones For the suns motion or the zodiacke do describe the burnt zone séeing the sun on the one parte of the zodiacke goeth toward the North vnto the elongation of 23. degrées 28. minutes and being by his dayly motion in the beginning of Cancer doth describe the Tropick of Cancer which is the bound of the two zones the burnt zone and Northerly temperate Zone And on the other part of the zodiacke doeth the sun goe into the South vnto the same elongation and being in the beginning of Capricorne doth likewise describe the Tropicke of Capricorne which is the bounde of the other twoe zones in that it distinguisheth the burnt from the southerly temporate zone And the space also included in these two cyrcles vsing the middle place is called the burnt zone and thus the burnt zone doth imploy 46. degrées and 57. minutes The Poles of the Zodiacke which are dayly about the Poles of the worlde from which they differ 23. degrées and 28. minutes and are drawn by the motion of the first mouer doe describe two cyrcles in the diuers parts of heauen as the Polare cyrcles which also be the bounds of the zones that distinguish the twoe temperate from the colde zones So that the latitude of either colde zone vnto the poles of the world is of 23. degrées and 28. minutes The other degrées of the semicyrcle are atributed to the temperate zones so that either zone containeth 43. degrées and 3. minutes What is the Longitude and Latitude of the earthly Zones THe longitude of the earthly zones is like to the longitude of the celestiall as from the West by the noon stéed into the East and from thence by the midnight pointe againe into the West And the latitude of them is like to the latitude of the celestial zones for as the maner of the latitude of the celestiall burnt Zone is vnto the whole cyrcumference euen so is the maner of the earthly burnt zone vnto the compasse about of the earthly Globe that is as 47. degrées is vnto 360. and so likewise conceiue of the others And that this may plainer appeare vse the figure following in which a l h e. is the meridian or Colure of the solstices e x l. the Equatoure a x h. the meridian s u p. the earthly Globe s n. the earthly Tropicke of Cancer k o. the Tropicke of Capricorne t u. and q p. the arcticke cyrcles To these answere f r o k b b. and d s m c c. also c ff b a g e e i. the celestiall cyrcles And what the proportion f d. is vnto the whole cōpasse d a k g f the same is as aboue written the proportion r s. vnto the whole cyrcumference of the earthly Globe and on this wise conceiue of the other cyrcles The letters f d. bee the latitude of the celestiall burnt zone and r s. of the earthly d c.