Selected quad for the lemma: heaven_n
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A72217
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A new and accurate map of the world drawne according to the truest descriptions, latest discoueries, and best obseruations that haue been made by English or strangers. VVith briefe and most plaine notes vpon the vvhole body of cosmographie, for the easie vnderstanding thereof: pleasant and vsefull for all such as desire to know further then of their owne home.
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Grent, William.
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1625
(1625)
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STC 12360.7; ESTC S124962
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11,470
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9
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to the center of the Moone passeth through the center of the Earth For the body of the earth being thicke and not transparent casting his shadow to that point which is opposite to the place of the Sun will not suffer the Moon to receiue any light from the Sun from whom she alwayes borroweth her light And note that euery time she is at the full shee is opposite to the Sun and yet the Earth is not at euery such full diametrally betwixt her and the Sun for then she should be eclipsed at euery full which indeed cannot be vnless she be either in the head or taile of the Dragon Now the Moone is eclipsed in part when the Sun the Earth and the Moone be met in one selfe diametrall line but the Moon is declining either on the one side or on the other But note that eclipses of the Moone may be vniuersall because the Earth is far bigger then the Moone and thereby able to shadow her whole body The manner of the Sunnes Eclipse THe Eclipse of the Sun is shewed by that Figure at the foot of Asia against your right hand and happeneth When the Moone is betwixt the Sun and the Earth which chanceth in a Coniunction or new of the Moone and yet not in euery Coniunction but when it falleth either in the head or taile of the Dragon which may chance as is said before either totally or in part totally in respect of those parts of the Earth whereon the shadow directly falleth For sith the Moone is farre lesser then the Earth she cannot shadow all the Earth and therefore the eclipse of the Sun cannot be vniuersall but yet to some parts of the earth it may be totally to some partly and to others nothing at all as may appeare by the aforesaid Figure Of the Firmament and Constellations THe two Hemispheares in the middle aboue filled with figures of men beasts fishes and the like embost with starres doe represent the fate of the Firmament or Orbe of the fixed stars those that appeare euery night which were by ancient Astronomers diuided into and distinguished by certaine Constellations and each of these is knowne by a proper name Of these Constellations the number according to the ancient account is 48 that are diuided into three parts 1 Northerne Constellations being 21 in number 2 Zodiacke Constellations being 12 in number 3 Southerne Constellations being 15 in number The Northerne Constellations consist of 332. stars The Zodiacke Constellations which be also called the twelue Signes consist of 280 stars The Southerne Constellations containe 293 starres Some of these Constellations consist of more some of fewer stars according to their greatnesse or smalnesse Besides these there are 120 stars that are exempt out of all the Constellations so that the number of stars set vpon both Hemispheares are 1025 and diuers of them haue proper names But here is to be vnderstood that all the stars in heauen are not numbred nor cannnot for that diuers of them are so small but these 1025 are the principallest among them and all that haue yet euer beene accounted of The two first parts of all that is the Northerne and Zodiacke Constellations are contained in that part right against your left hand and placed ouer a piece of America The last that is the Southerne is comprehended in that other Hemispheare on your right hand and ouer the European Sea Of the Figure of the heauenly Orbes and Elements THe whole world is diuided into two parts viz. Elementall and Etheriall or coelestiall parts The Elementall part is fourefold viz. Earth Water Ayre Fire as may be seene in that round Figure of the frame of the heauens and elements one within another the inmost and middlemost circle containing Earth and Water intermixed together The next the three Regions of the Aire and immediately aboue that Orbe is the Element of Fire all which you may easily discerne by their seuerall names in their proper places The Etheriall or Celestiall parts doe compasse the Elementall parts and containe the ten vpper Spheares viz. 1 the Moone 2 Mercury 3 Venus 4 Sol 5 Mars 6 Iupiter 7 Saturne 8 the Starry firmament 9 the Christaline heauen hauing no stars at all the 10 is the Primum mobile or first Mouer containing all the rest within it and mouing from the East to the West carieth about with it in violence all the other Spheares The rest of the Spheares haue contrary motions euery one in his kind though far slower then the other and their motions are contrary from the West to the East and so are caried about oftentimes by the first Mouer before they make one perfect reuolution in themselues The Crystaline or ninth Spheare his motion is almost vnsensible and is called The trembling Motion and is performed according to the opinion of later Astronomers in 49000 yeares The eight Spheare being the Starry Firmament performeth his motion in 7000 yeares The rest of the Spheares are the seuen Planets each Spheare containeth in it but one Starre whereof the vppermost and slowest is Saturne which performeth his course in thirty yeares Iupiter being next vnder that makes his reuolution in twelue yeares Mars beneath him finisheth his course in two yeares Sol passeth through the Zodiacke in 365 dayes and sixe houres which is one whole yeare Venus ends her course in somewhat more then a yeare Mercury holds equall pace with the Sunne Luna courseth about the heauen once euery eight and twenty dayes Geography and the principles thereof Certaine termes of Land and Water plainly defined and described THe Terrestriall Globe is defined to be a sphearicall body proportionably composed of Earth and Water into which two parts it is diuided Whereof the earth comes first to view whose parts are either Reall Imaginary and the Reall parts either Continents Ilands Now a Continent is a great quantity of land not interlaced or separated by the Sea in which many Kingdomes and Principalities are contained as Europe Asia Africa America An Iland called in Latine Insula quasi in salo is a part of the earth enuironed round with waters as Britaine Iava St. Laurence I le Barmudas These againe are subdiuided into Peninsula Istmus Promontorium A Peninsula is almost an Iland that is a tract of Land which being almost encompassed round by water is ioyned to the firme land by some little Istmus as Poloponnesus Taurica Cymbrica and Peruana An Istmus is a little narrow neck of land which ioyneth any Peninsula to the Continent as the Straights of Dariene in Peru and Corinth in Greece Promentorium is some high Mountaine which shooteth it selfe into the Sea the vtmost end of which is called a Cape as that great Cape of good hope and Cape Verde in Africa Cape Comori in Asia and that of St. Michaels Mount in Cornwall the North Cape vp in Norway and diuers other There are likewise other reall parts of the earth as Mountains Vallies Fields Plaines Woods and the like The other generall
part of the Globe is the Water which is diuided into 1. Oceanus 2. Mare 3. Fretum 4. Sinus 1. Oceanus the Ocean is that generall collection of all waters which enuironeth the world on euery side 2. Mare the Sea is a part of the Ocean to which we cannot come but through some Straite as Mare Mediterraneum Mare Balticum and the like These two take their names Either from the adiacent places as the Brittish Ocean the Germane sea the Atlantick sea Or from the first discouerer as Mare Magellanicum Dauis and Ferbishers straits c. Or from some remarkable accident as Mare Rubrum from the red colour of the Sands Mare Aegeum Pontus Euxinus and the like 3. Fretum a Straite is a part of the Ocean restrained within narrow bounds and opening a way to the Sea as the Straits of Gibralter Hellespont Anian 4. Sinus a Creeke is a crooked shoare thrufling out as it were two armes to imbrace the louely presence of the Sea at Sinus Adriaticus Sinus Persicus and Corinthiacus To this also belong Riuers Brookes and Fountaines which are engendred of congealed ayre in the earths concauities and seconded by the Seas waters creeping through hidden crannies thereof Thus much of the reall parts of the Globe in generall Of the Circles of this Map and their vses THe imaginary parts of the earth are such which not being at all in the Earth must yet bee supposed to bee so for the better teaching and learning this Science and are certaine Circles going about the Earth answerable to them in Heauen in name The Meridian which comes first to be considered is a great Circle compassing round the earth from Pole to Pole and is that which you see in the circumference of both Planispheares of this Map and wherein are written the names of the Zones and Climates This chiefe first fixed Meridian passeth through the Ilands called Azores according to the ancient Cosmographers and there are two reasons why they did there begin to reckon the longitude of the earth First for that at that time there was no land knowne further to the Westward then that place Secondly vnder that Meridian the needle in the Mariners Compasse had no variation but did point directly North and South There are also many Meridians according to the diuerse place in which a man liues the number of them equall to so many points as may bee imagined in the Globe but the vsuall setting them downe to view is by ten degrees asunder and are those blacke lines which you see in both Planispheares running down along from the North to the South Pole The vse of the Meridian is to shew the longitude of any place Now the longitude of a Region City or Cape is the distance of it East from the first great Meridian and this longitude is measured and numbred in the Aequinoctiall line by Meridians from the generall and fixed Meridian into the East and containeth the whole compasse of the earth viz. 360. degrees To proue this by example cast your eye on London and you shall see it something to the East of the second blacke Meridian passe downe with that blacke line to the Aequinoctiall and look as much East there as London is from that Meridian aboue then count the degrees of the Aequinoctiall from the first great Meridian to that place and that distance is the longitude of London which you may perceiue to be 20. degrees and better And the like manner of working is to be made for all other places That line full of degrees crossing both Planispheares straight along in the middle and diuiding the world into two halfs viz. North and South halfes is called the Aequinoctiall line or the Aequator either because it is of equall distance from both Poles of the world or else because the Sunne comming in this Circle makes the dayes and nights throughout the world of like length which happens vpon the 10. or 11. of March and the 13. or 14. of September It passes through Abassia or Prestor Iohns Kingdome and Mani Congo in Africa through the great Iland Sumatra and the Maldiue Iles of Asia and in America through Guiana The vse of it is to shew the Latitude of any Country Citie Promontory or the like Now the Latitude is the distance of a place toward the South or North from the Aequinoctiall line or middle of the world and is reckoned and measured vpon the Meridian toward either Pole those therefore haue Northerne latitude that inhabit betweene the Aequinoctiall and the North Pole as they haue Southerne latitude that are betweene the same Aequator and the South Pole Those blacke lines thwarting the blacke Meridians from East to West are parallels are also called Aequidistants being distant one from another 10. degrees toward both Poles and are here set downe for the easier counting the latitude of any place from the Aequinoctiall as for the latitude of London count so many decimall parallels till you come to the parallel which is neerest London you shall finde them to be fiue then follow that line to the Meridian and see the figures set thereat they are 50. moreouer adde to that number of 50. so much as London is situate aboue that parallel the space is one degree and a halfe thus shall you finde the latitude of London that is the distance thereof from the Aequator toward the North Pole to be 51. degrees and a halfe and in like manner must the Latitude of all other places be sought Thus much of Longitude and Latitude by which two the whole Earth is reckoned The Meridian and Aequinoctiall as also the Zodiacke are filled throughout with degrees the number 360. and euery degree consists of 60. Minutes and containes according to our ordinary account 20. leagues or threescore miles The great circle that is drawne bending bias in the one planispheare vp to the Tropicke of Cancer in the other downe to the Tropicke of Capricorne is the Zodiacke it is replenished with degrees and bears on it the characters of the 12. signes The vses of it are to shew ouer what Countries and people the body and beames of the Sunne come perpendicular at some times or other in the yeare and it shewes to all where the dayes increase and decrease the longest and shortest daies of the yeare for the Sunne which causeth the same being alwaies in this circle and therein mouing about one degree a day all the while he is comming vp from the Tropicke of Capricorne to that of Cancer the dayes increase in the Northerne Climats but contrariwise in his course backe from Cancer to Capricorne they shorten to vs and lengthen to those in the Southerne Climates and this Circle shewes the foure quarters of the yeare Spring Summer Autumne Winter The Tropicke of Cancer so called of the coelestiall signe Cancer is a circle whose distance from the Aequinoctiall toward the North is 23. degrees and a halfe When the Sunne is come so farre Northward as to touch