ventricle table 10. figure 3. HH is made iust in the middest of the heart if you The left ventricle take away that part which made the right you shall better perceiue it It is narrower then the former because it is made to contayne a lesse quantity of matter and his cauity is rounder and goeth sayth Galen in the first chapter of his 7. booke de Anatom Administ though Vesalius be of another minde as we haue sayed vnto the verie end of the cone His flesh or The reason of his thicknes wall is thrice so thicke table 10. fig. 8. RQ as that of the other as well because of the smalnesse of his cauity which must needs leaue the sides thicker as also for that it preserueth the in-bred heate it is also harder and more solide to keepe in the vitall spirits that they do not exhale or vapour out and to poyse the body the thicknes of this and subtilitie of the contents answering to the largenes of the other and thicknes of his contents that so the hart might not incline too much on either side In this the vitall spirites are laboured and contayned The poyse of the heart together with the arteriall bloud wherefore Galen in the 7. and 11. chapters of his sixt booke de vsu partium and Russus call it the spirituall others the spongie ayry and arteriall ventricle For in the cauity of this ventricle the vitall spirits are laboured and from hence by the What is contained in it arteries are distributed through the whole body to cherish the in-bred heat of the parts to reuiue it when it growes dull or drowsie and to restore it when it is consumed The matter of this spirite sayeth Galen is double ayrie and bloudy mingled together The matter of the vital spirit The ayre drawn in by the mouth and the nose prepared in the Lungs is carried through the venall artery into the left ventricle whilest the heart is dilated And the bloud attenuated and concocted in the right ventricle is partly distributed into the Lungs by the arterial veine for their nourishment partly is drawne by the left ventricle through his wall and retayned by an in-bred propriety which being mingled with the ayre is absolued and perfected by the proper vertue of the heart his in-bred spirit heate and perpetuall motion and so putteth on the forme of a spirit which is continually nourished by the arteriall bloud This bloud thus fraught with spirits in the contraction of the heart is powred out into the great artery to sustayne the life of the whole body for all life is from the heart and the vitall spirite The inward face of both the ventricles is vnequall and rugged that the substances which The inward superficies of the ventricles come into the heart should not slippe out before they are perfected for which purpose also the values doe stand in great stead That inequality commeth partly by reason of many small dennes which are more notable Whence the inequality is in the left ventricle wherefore Hippocrates in his booke de Corde sayeth it is more broken and abrupt then the right because here Nature hid the diuine fire which the Poets feyne Prometheus stole from heauen to giue life vnto man and Hippocrates because of the great heat of this place thought it to be the seate of the Soule partly because there are Prometheus fire certaine small fleshy particles table 10. figure 5. OO figure 6. L figure HH figure 8. M table 12. fig. 2. sâ— which about the cone of the heart appeare small slender to which the neruous fibres of the values table 10. figure 7. GG figure 8. L called by Galen in the 8. Chapter of his â— Booke de vsu partium and by Archangelus the ligaments of the heart do grow These ventricles are diuided by a wall or partition table 10. figure 3. H figure 6. HH figure The wall of the ventricles 7. â— figure X. R least the contents should bee mingled and shufled together which on the right side beareth out as we sayed and is gibbous on the left concaue and hollow and is of the same thicknesse with the left side of the left ventricle as if the heart were only made for the left ventricles sake This wall is also full of holes and small trenches it may be Aristotle therefore called it â— third ventricle that in them the bloud might be wrought into a further thinnesse porous also it is especially on the right side that the bloud might more freely passe out of the right â—nto the left side for the generation of vital spirits which Galen insinuateth in these words in the 15. Chapter of his third booke de Naturalibus facultatibus Out of the right ciuity that which is thinnest is drawne by the pores of the wall whose vtmost ends a man can scarce discerne because in dead bodies all such passages fall together That the bloud is carried by these passages it appeareth because nature neuer endeuoured any thing rashly or in veine but there are many trenches as it were and deep caues in the partition which haue narrow determinations Thus far Galen These breathing passages are most conspicuous in an Oxe heart after it is long sodden How best discerned But there are some as Varolius Columbus and Vlmus who deny that there is any such passage and wil that the bloud should be carried by the arteriall veine out of the right ventricle The opinion of some learned men into the Lungs part of which to remayne for their nourishment and the remaydâ—â—â— to be conuayed after some alteration in the Lungs mingled with the ayre which is drawne by the breath through the venall artery into the left ventricle of the heart for the nourishment and generation of the vitall bloud and spirits But wee will leaue this subtle question to Philosophers for vs it shall bee sufficient to haue made this mention of both waies by which it may passe leauing the Controuersie to farther disquisition At the Basis of the heart on either side hangeth an appendixe Table 9. figure 2. â—â— â—â— 10. figure 3. BE which is called the Eare not from any profite action or vse it hath sayeth The deafeeares Galen in the fifteenth Chapter of his sixt Booke de vsu partium and therefore wee in English call it commonly the deafe-eare but for the similitude for it hath a long Basis and endeth in an obtuse or blunt cone or poynt These are placed about the ventricles before the orifices or entrances of the vessels Their scituation The right which carry matter into the heart The right Table 9. figure 2. 1table 10. figure 1 B fig. 3. 2 which is placed neare table 10. figure 3. A the hollow veine is the larger and maketh as it weere a common body together with the veine and his cone or poynt looketh vpward But the left Table 10. figure 2 F figure 3. E placed
Of the Temperament nourishment Substance and Flesh of the Heart COncerning the Temperament of the heart the Physicians are at great strife among Of the temperament of the heart themselues Auerrhoes was of opinion that the heart of his owne nature was cold because his greatest part consisteth of such things as are naturally cold as immoouable fibres foure great vesselles which are spermaticall parts and without bloud and cold and that it is hot by accident onely by reason of the hot bloud and spirits contained in it and his perpetuall motion This opinion of Auerrohes his followers strengthen with these reasons First because Auerrhoes that the heart is cold the flesh of the heart is thight and solide and nourished with solide thicke and cold bloud Secondly because at the Basis of the heart which is his noblest part there groweth a great The 1. reason The second The third quantity of fat whose efficient cause saith Galen is cold Lastly because it is the store-house of bloud now bloud saith Hippocrates in his Booke de Corde is naturally cold for as soone as it is out of the veines it caketh But to the first argument we answere that the fibres Answere to the first and the vessels are not the chiefe parts of the heart but the flesh and therefore Aristotle and Galen call it a fleshy viscus or bowell To the second that the fat groweth not in the ventricles nor about the flesh of the heart but onely about his Membrane which in To the second respect of his flesh is but a cold part beside Natures finallcause that was to keepe the heart from torrifying ouercame all the rest which thing in nature is not vnusuall To the To the third third we answere that there are two sorts of blood one venall and another arteriall the veniall indeed is lesse hot but the arteriall bloud is exceeding hot Now the hart is the shop or worke-house of arteriall not of venall bloud We conclude therefore that the heart is not onely hot but of all the bowels the hottest That the hart is hot Authorities which we are able to prooue by authorities reasons and experience Hippocrates de principijs saith There is much heate in the heart as being of all members the hottest Galen in the last chapter of his first booke de temperamentis The bloud receiueth his heate from the heart for that of al the bowels is by nature the hottest The reason is The hart is the fountaine Reasons of heat of the Nectar of life it ingendereth the arteriall blood the venall it attenuateth for the Lungs heere the vitall spirits the hottest of all others are made Finally heere is the hearth the fire wherby the natural heate of al the parts is refreshed Experience also For if you put your finger into the hart of a beast suddenly opened the heat of it wil euen burn Experience as Galen saith in his first booke de semine and experience proueth Againe the flesh of the heart is the most solid of all flesh because it is ingendered of most hot bloud made dense and thicke by the parching power of an exceeding great heate But some will say that the How the spirits are hotter then the heart by which they are made Comparison spirits are hotter then the heart I answere it is true that in the spirits there is a greater heat but in the heart there is more heate more sharped and which heateth more because of the density of his substance so fire in straw or stubble though it be a flame burneth but lightly for you may draw your hand through it without any great offence but hot glowing yron although it haue not the same degree of heate that the flame hath yet it burneth more strongly and cannot be touched without danger But it may be demanded if the spirits be Whence the spirits haue their heate that is hotter then the hart is hotter then the heart and are bred in the heart whence haue they that greater heat I answere The heart consisteth of three parts as it were or substances a spiritual a moyst and a solid The spirits are ingendered of the spirituall and hottest part of the heart and are hotter indeed then the whole heart but not hotter then that part that ingendereth the spirits Three substāces of the heart That this may be Galen giueth an instance in milke milke in his whole substance is either cold or temperate but his fatty and buttery part is hotter then the whole body of the milke so the heart is hot in his whole substance but the spirituall part of the heart is hotter then the whole heart and from that part haue the spirits their intense heat thus much of the actiue qualities of the heart Now for the passiue there is as great dissention Auicen de Temperamentis and Galen in his second Booke de Temper Cap. 3. and 12. and in his 3. Booke de Aliment facultatibus say it is dry and his flesh hard and solid now it is a sure rule Whether the hart be moyst or dry An axiome That whatsoeuer is hard to feele too in a liuing body that also is dry On the other side Auerrhoes will haue it moyst because life consisteth in heate and moysture but the heart is the beginning of life and the shop of moysture Galen in the last Chapter of his first Booke de Temperamentis calleth it a Bloudy Bowel therefore moyst and in the same Chapter It is a little lesse dry then the skinne therefore moyster then the skinne I answere it is true that the heart is moyster to feele too then the skinne But Galen when hee sayeth it is drie Resolution compareth it not to the skinne but to the other parts for so his words are The flesh of the heart is so much dryer then the flesh of the spleen or kidneyes as it is harder And so much of the Temperament of the heart Concerning his nourishment Galen in his first Booke de vsu partium and the 7. de Administ How the hart is nourished Anatomicis sayeth it is nourished with venall and thicke bloud many of the later writers say it is nourished with the thin bloud contayned in his ventricles On Galens side that is on the trueths are these reasons It is a Catholicke principle Euery thing is preserued An axiome and refreshed with his like The flesh of the heart is hard thicke and solid such therfore must be his nourishment beside there is a notable veine called Coronaria or the Crowne-veine which compasseth a round the Basis of the heart and sendeth foorth branches into all his substance but Nature vseth not to doe any thing rashly or in vaine it serueth therefore An argument from ocular inspection for his nourishment beside occular inspection prooueth it which no reason can conuince The braunches of the coronarie veine are more and more conspicuous on the left side
wyre receyueth that proportion whereof the hole is where through it is drawne The manner of the out-gate of this matter is thus When by the continuall appulsion or arriuall of such vapour to the skin the pores are plenarily obstructed then the next vapour A sâ—t Compaâ—â—on that striueth to be at liberty smiteth the former which by reason of the straitnesse of the passage is driuen out into the forme of a cord He that would see an expresse image of this manner of production let him resort to a Glasier when he extendeth his mettall into the guttered lead wherein he fastneth his glasse and he shall perceiue how the artist hath made an engine whereby an inch of lead is driuen out into a foote of length It was necessary therefore sayth Hippocrates in his booke de carnibus that this sooty excrement should haue Hippocrates a clammy or glewy substance yet without any fatnesse or greasinesse at all Wherefore wheresoeuer in the body especially in the outward parts there gathereth together any such glewy or clammy excrement there the naturall heat bringeth forth haires and this is the cause why in the arme-holes and about the priuy parts yea and in all the rest of the body haires growe plentifully Now that part of the haire that is impacted in the pores of the Comparison skinne may fittely bee resembled to the roote of an hearbe sticking in the ground and that which beareth out of the skin to the hearbe it selfe There is also required a conuenient place as a foundation wherein the rootes of the The conueniency of the place for hayres haires may be established and that is the skinne which of all other parts is fittest for their breading sayth Galen in his first chapter of the second booke de Temperamentis because it is neither too dry nor too moyst for as neither in Marrish and Fenny ground nor in one that is ouer dry and worne out of heart can any thing bee brought forth so in an ouer moyst or ouer dry skin no haire can grow For though the skin be accounted dry yet in a man it is not without some moysture as it is in those creatures which are couered ouer with a stony or crusty shell as Oysters Lobsters Crabs and such like and in such as lurke A dry skin admitteth not hayres Nor a sort in dennes as Snakes and those that haue scales as Fishes in all which haire cannot grow because their skinnes are truely and altogether dry Moreouer the skin ought not to be too soft and moyst like Cheese new curded for then it would not holde the rootes of the hayre because of his thinnes and beside after the pores were as it were bored by the excrement they would fall together again the parts being so fluid that they would run into one another and bee exquisitely reunited But moderately dry to hold the haire to his roote But moderatly dry thin and moderately hard not vnlike a cheese already well gathered and somewhat pressed for so it would bee better thrilled and perforated by the issuing humour which perforations also would remaine the dry body not suffering the parts to reunite but to consist and so by the continuall exiture of the matter the pores would bee more fistulated It must also be slack and thinne Wherefore considering the whole skin is full of pores whereout somthing is continually breathed by the naturall heate which disperseth attenuateth and carrieth away with it selfe no small part of the inward moysture it followeth that in all parts of the body the haires may issue forth euery pore hauing a haire in it to keepe it open for the better breathing or thrusting out of exhalations yet we must except the skin of the palms and soales of the hands feet because as some say in theÌ„ there is a large Tendon immediatly vnder the skin which being exceeding thicke and dry makes it vncapable of haires but I cannot admitte of that reason seeing a Hare hath also that broad tendon and yet Why there is no haue in the palmes soales Why haires grow not vppon scars 2. kinds of haires Arist 3. hist Animal 11. Congeniti hath not those parts voyde of haire Therefore wee say that nature hath made those partes hairelesse both for vse that they might be the more sensible as also for motion Now that the thinnes of the skin is required for the production of haires it appeareth by the example of scarres for if you raise a blister by scortching the vpper skin or cuticle after it is healed and the vpper skin is growne thicke no haire will rise out of the scarre because it hath no pores in it The haires be of two kinds some are 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is congeniti bred with vs as the haire of the head of the eye-browes of the eye-lids These are bred in the child while it is yet in the wombe and are resembled not vnto hearbes that grow by sowing but vnto such plants as nature bringeth forth of her owne accord and such do not necessarily follow the temperature of the body Other haires are called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is postgeniti bred after the skin is growne thin Postgeniti which hapneth in Boyes when they beginne to breed seede in Girles when their monthly courses begin to flow these come out in three places answerable to the three places where nature bringeth forth the former kinde First about the priuities secondly vnder the arme holes thirdly in the chin and cheekes Those that are gelded before the age of foureteen How the haires fall in such as are gelded yeares haue no haires growing on their chinne the reason is because the wayes of the seede are not opened and by castration are after intercepted and therefore the skinne doth not rarifie if after those haires be growne the Testicles be taken away those haires also fall excepting in the groyne Againe in women those hayres which wee called postgeniti doe arise later neuer in the chinne because there is not so great agitation of the humor in the act of generation in women as can rarifie the skin so farre from the place where the seed is engendred and yet wee see that in some women after their Courses are staide Why women haue no berds the haire begins to bud on their chins It may also fall out that both men and women may be without any of the postgeniti by some naturall desect contracted in their generation The forme of the haires is expressed by certaine accidents for they do vary in thickenesse and thinnesse hardnesse and softnesse length and shortnesse streightnesse and curlednesse The formes of the haires and the causes of them al. Their colours multitude or scarsity as also according to the quality of the skin and the naturall propriety or condition of the parts in which they are fixed Moreouer they differ in colours whitenesse and blacknesse and middle colours betweene
an example propounded by Hippocrates for sayth he if you giue That it is part of our drinke a Pigge that is very dry water mingled with minium or vermilion and presently stick it you shall finde all his winde-pipes along dyed with this coloured drink some would haue it to be generated from moyst vapours and exhalations raysed from the humours of the heart and driuen forth by his perpetuall motion and high heate vnto the Pericardium by whose density they are turned into water and of that opinion are Falopius Laurentius Archangelus who remembreth sixe opinions concerning the matter of it which we shall hereafter make mention of This humour is found not onely in dead bodies as some would but also in liuing but That it is found in liuing bodies But more in dead and why more plentifull after death except in those that die of consumptions in whome it is little and yellowish because the many spirits which are about the heart the body being cold are turned into water euen as those vapors which are raysed from the earth are by the coldnes of the middle region of the ayre conuerted into water wee also affirme that it must of necessity be in liuing bodies and not onely in those that are diseased as they that are troubled with palpitation of the heart but also in all sound bodies yet in some more plentifull in others more sparing but in all moderate because if it bee consumed there followeth a In sound bodies as wel as in diseased consumption if it be aboundant palpitation of the heart and if it bee so much that it hinder the dilatation of the heart then followeth suffocation and death it selfe That it is in liuing bodies may be proued by the testimony of Hippocrates in his Book of the heart where he sayeth there is a little humour like vnto vrine as also by the example of our Sauiour out of whose precious side issued water and bloud It appeareth also by the dissection of liuing The example of our Sauior creatures which euery yeare is performed for further aduertisemēt especially a sheep or such like great with young Vesalius addeth an example of a man whose heart was taken out of his body whilest he liued at Padua in Italy Finally the vse and necessity of it doth euict the same For the vse of it is to keepe moyst the heart and his vessels a hot part it is so as the left The vses of it ventricle will euen scald a mans finger if it be put into it and so continually moued that vnlesse it were thus tempered it would gather a very torrifying heate by cooling it also it keepeth it fresh and flourishing It moystneth also the Pericardium wherein it is conteyned which otherwise by the great heate of the heart would bee exiccated or dried vp By it also the motion of the heart becommeth more facile and easie and this motion spendeth it and resolueth it insensibly by the pores as it is bred but if in the passage it bee stayed then saith Varolius are there many hairs found growing right against it on the brest Finally it taketh away the sense or feeling of the waight of the heart because the heart swimmeth as it The cause of haue vpon the brest were in it euen as we see the infant swimmeth in sweate in the wombe aswell to take away the sense of the waight of so great a burthē from the Mother as also that it might not fal hard to any part in her body you may add to this if you please that it helpeth forward the concretion of the fat about the heart In the cauity also of the Chest there is found such a like water mingled with blood with Another water and blood mingled in the Chest which the parts of the chest are continually moistned and cooled And thus much of these circumstances of the heart Now followe the Vesselles of the chest CHAP. IX Of the ascending trunke of the Hollow veine Tab 5. Fig. 1. sheweth the diuision of the Hollow-vein in the Iugulum or hollow vnder the Patel-bones On the right side is shewed how it is commonly beleeued to bee diuided into two trunkes the one called the Sub-Clauius the other Super-Clauius from whence came that scrupulous choise of the Cephalica and Basilica Veines in Phlebotomy or blood-letting On the right side is shewed how the trunke is but one out of which both the foresaid veines of the arme do proceede Fig. 2. sheweth a portion of the Hollow veine as much as ascendeth out of the right ventricle of the hart vnto the Iugulū wherin is exhibited the nature of the Fibres which are in the bodies of the veines TABVLA V. FIG I. FIG II. The 2. Figure FIG III. Fig. 3. sheweth a rude delineation of the Fibres in the bodies of the veines FIG IV. Fig. 4. sheweth the distribution of the Veine Azygos which we shal shew more distinctly in the 7. Table Before the diuision it sendeth out foure branches Table 6. sheweth the trunk and branches of the hollow vein as they are disseminated through al the three Regions of the body TABVLA VI. Afterward the Hollow-veine perforateth the Pericardium againe and againe groweth round but much lesse then before and riseth vp where the right Lung is parted from the left and so passeth to the Iugulum but aboue the heart in the middest of the bodye it parteth with a notable trunke or branch to be distributed to the Spondels and the spaces betweene the ribs And this is the third branch called Vena 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or sine pari that is the vn-mated Veyne Vena 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which we haue before called Non-paril Tab. 5. fig. 1. C. fig. 2 B Fig. 4 B because commonly in a man it is but one as also in Dogges and hath not another on the other side like vnto it Although it shewe the Trunke of the hollowe verne disseminated thorough both the Bellies notwithstanding it serueth especially to exhibit the distribution of the veine Azygos and the coniunction of the branches thereof with the veynes of the Chest which heere is onely shewed on the right side TABVLA VII yyyy The outwarde Veines of the Chest which are vnited with the inner braunches of the Azygos z A branch of the Basilica which is ioyned with the Cephalica A. A branch of the Cephalica which is ioyned with the Basilica z B The veine called Mediana or the middle veine Commonly from the trunke of the veine 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Tab. 5. fig. 4. B Tab. 6. FF Tab. 7. d out of the backside of it as well on the left hand as on the right but on the right especially branches The branches of Vena sine pari are distributed to the distances sometimes of all but most what of the ten lower ribs Tab. 5. fig. 4 which are called Intercostales rami Tab. 6 GG braunches betweene the ribs This Veine also without his
PP so called because it passeth by the Axilla or Arme-hole before it reach vnto the arme do yssue from the lower part Thoracica superior Tab. 13 fig. 1 QQ which deriueth his branches to the Muscles lying vpon the breast Thoracica inferior Tab. 13 fig 1 RR which creepeth downe the whole side of the chest Scapularis Tab. 1 fig. 13 S disseminated to the Muscles in the hollowe part of the Shoulder-blade From the vpper part Humeraria Tab. 13 fig. 1 TT which climbeth to the toppe of the shoulder and is distributed into the Muscles thereâ—bout That which remayneth of Humeraria the Axillary artery Tab. 13 fig. 1 QQ being accompanied with the Axillary veine passeth vnto the arme That which remaineth of the ascendent trunke Tab. 13 fig. 1 â— lying vpon the sharpe Artery and supported by the Sweere bread whilst it is yet in the cauity of the chest is diuided into two vnequall branches which they cal Carotides Table 13 fig. 1 XY or the sleepie Carotides Arteries which rising directly vpward are by the mediation of a Membrane tied to the wezon and the internall iugular veines and so attaine vnto the head But of these wee shall speake more in the eight Booke CHAP. XVII Of the Lungs THE Lungs which are the instruments both of the voice and also of respiration the Grecians cal Pneumones because of the reception of the ayre which they call pneuma or from a word which signifieth to breath for by breathing inward they drawe ayre and by breathing outward doe put it foorth againe These Lungs are allowed by Nature to all breathing creatures and placed in Why placed in the chest the cauity of the Chest tab 3. NOP because they were to be a little distant from the mouth least by the affluence of the ayre they should haue beene presently cooled In liuing creatures whilest they breath inward they fill the whole cauity of the Chest excepting the region which wee haue already sayed the membranes of the Mediastinum Table 3. L and the How to puffe them vp in dead bodies heart couered with his purse doe occupy but when the creature breatheth out then they fall but not so as they doe in dead bodies flat and flaccid because they are still full of ayre and bloud and although they may bee puffed vp in a dead body by putting a payre of bellowes into the weazon yet hardly can you rayse them to such a height as that they will occupy so much place as they doe in a liuing body For being to contayne so much ayre as Why so great should suffice the diuerse motions of the heart that we might not be constrayned to be alwayes fetching breath to speake sing or cry out it behoued well that their quantity should be very great And although for the most part they hang loose and at liberty that they might more Their connexion freely mooue yet by the mediation of the vesselles of the weazon they are suspended and hung to the neck and the back least they should fall downward and by the interposition of the Mediastinum tab 3. GH to A they are tyed forward to the breast-bone backward to the rack-bones also in some places at the sides of the chest they grow to the pleura with fibrous tyes produced from their owne membrane which is peculiarly obserued in men as in the How they follow the motion of the chest wisest creature by which meanes the Lungs which of themselues are deuoyd of all motion more easily follow the motion of the Chest do otherwise then for the auoyding of vacuum or emptinesse Galen verily thought that the Lungs followed the motion of the chest for the auoiding of that vacuum or emptinesse which is so irreconcileable an enimy of Nature because the Galens opinion for the auoyding of vacuum or emptines chest being distended they are dilated as they are filled with ayre drawne in and the same chest being contracted and the Lungs euacuated by expiration they fall into themselues which he sheweth by an instance of a wound of the chest For if the Chest be wounded so that the ayre can get into it the Lungs sayth he become immouable and do not follow the His demonstration dilatation of the chest because there is ayre which filleth the vacuity or emptinesse of the chest but when the chest is sound and distended the Lungs are necessarily dilated least there should bee vacuum or emptines and the same Lungs not for the auoyding of emptines but either being compressed by the chest or because of the ayre breathed out or both together they fall necessarily But we adde that Nature taking knowledge of the necessity of the motion of the lungs How the lungs moue when the chest is wounded that the chest being perforated the ayre going in by the wound might not hinder the dilatation of the Lungs which is caused for the auoyding of emptinesse hath knit them in men onely as we said before to the pleura that so by the necessity of this connexion they should follow the dilatation of the chest though it were perforated They also adhere to the heart by the arteriall veine tab 9. fig. 2. c and the venall artery They haue their figure which is shewed in the 3. and 4. Tables according to the proportion of the parts vpon which they rest wherefore on the outside that they might be fitted to the cauity of the chest they are gibbous and swelling on their inside hollow table 9. figure 1. and 2. table 14. figure 1. Their figure to giue way to the heart couered with his purse which with their lobes or diuisions they encompasse round about When both parts the right and the lefte are ioyned they represent the shape of a clouen foote of an Oxe or such like Table 14. figure 1. and 2. for as the hoofes before are diuided asunder by a line as it were Like a clouen hoofe so the Lungs backward Tab. 13. fig. 2. because of the bodies of the vertebrae or spondels haue an oblique impression or diuision and forward they cleaue in the very middest They are diuided by the Mediastinum table 3. GG HH into a right Lung and a lefte that one part being hurt the other might serue the vse of the Creature for oftentimes as wee see in How they are deuided the cutting vp of such as dye of Consumptions of the Lungs the one Lung on the one side beeing vlcerated yea and consumed yet the man may liue long with the vse of the other They are onely ioyned together by the mediation of vessels Table 14 fig. 1 which are disseminated into them from the Weazon the heart Againe each Lung is diuided into two Lobes or Finnes if you draw a line from the place of the fourth rackbone or vertebra of the Chest obliquely ouerthwart Tab. 14 fig. 2 to wit the vpper Lobe or Fin The Lobes or Finnes of the Lungs the lower
Table 18 fig. 7 M on the outside Table 18. figure 8. vv it buncheth and that bunch is called the Basis of His figure the bone it hath also an angle or corner and a ribbe both aboue and below from which is produced a spine tending vpward table 1. 8. fig. 9. GH The vpper angle is shewed in the 18. table fig. 7 8 9. The processes of this scapula aboue are three the first is very short and determineth The processes with a short necke table 18. fig. 7 8. CD into a hollowed head table 18. figure 7 8. AB such as the Anatomists cal Acctabulum wherin it receiueth the head of the shoulder-bone And this hollowed head of the scapula is compassed with a thicke gristle table 18. figure 8. α and ◠Acctabulum whereby the cauity is enlarged least that the head of the shoulder should easily fal thereout The second processe is the very end of the spine and hangeth ouer the ioynt of the shoulder and therefore it is called Humeri mucroor summus humerus The top of the shoulder Table 18. figure 7 8 9. K and by this processe the shoulder-blade is ioyned to the coller-bone The third is inward and lesse table 18. fig 7 8. E called Sigmoides and this contayneth the shoulder-bone in his seate The appendices or if you will appurtenances of the shoulder-blade are fiue three are in the inside and at the Basis table 18. figure 7 8 9. XY affording a beginning to some muscles The appendices and two other out of which issue the ligaments which ioyne the shoulder to that hollow head of the blade wee spake of and also the coller-bone to the second processe which we called the top of the shoulder It hath also a double cauity one aboue the other beneath the spine with the Anatomists Inter scapulium The bone of the blade is very vnequall for in the middest it is the thinnest the processes thicke medullous and spongy it hath also certaine perforations by which veines and The substance arteries are admitted for his nourishment The Neck which was framed to sustaine the head and to mooue the same consisteth of many spondels called vertebrae or rack-bones which are commonly seauen tab 19. fig. 2 3. 4. The spondels of the neck differing one from another and from the rest of the vertebrae of the spine The first Table 19. figure 2 3. FF table 20. figure 2 3 4 is called Atlas and hath a thinner yet thighter and faster body then the rest and wanteth the vpper processe or the spine The first rack bone The ascending and desending processes of this rack are hollowed on either side table 20. figure 2 3. EF aboue to receiue the two processes of the occipitium table 19. figure 1. D◠The processes of it for the better motion of the head below to receiue the processes of the second vertebra table 20. figure 5. 6. MN it hath also at the sides thereof two transuerse processes table 19. fig. 2 3. II table 20. fig. 2 3 4. GG perforated table 19. figure 2. K table 20. figure 2. M sheweth the perforation for the ascent of a veine and an artery into the brayne Table 19. sheweth the bones of the necke Figure 1. the bone of the occipitium or nowle separated from the skull Figure 2. sheweth the coniunction of the seuen vertebrae of the necke as it appeareth in the back-part Figure 3. sheweth the forepart Figure 4. the later all face Figure 5. sheweth the ligaments which ioyne the first and the second rack-bones Figure 6. sheweth the gristles which are sometimes found betwixt these vertebrae TABVLA XIX FIG I II. III IV V VI Table 20. Figure 1. sheweth all the racke-bones of the backe knit together Figure 2. sheweth the fore and vpper face of the first rack-bone of the necke Figure 3. sheweth the backward and vpper face of the same Figure 4. the lower and backward face thereof Figure 5. the forepart of the second rack-bones Figure 6. the back-part of the same Figure 7. the lower part of the sayd second rack-bone Figure 8. the foreward and vpper face of the third vertebrae Figure 9. the backer and vpper face thereof TABVLA XX. FIG I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX The third spondell of the necke table 19. fig. 2 3 SS Table 20. fig. 8 9 which is called The 3. spondell 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and groweth together very firmely on the foreside with the other foure as also the 3. following haue their laterall processes bifurcated or forked Table 19. fig. 2. vv fig. 4. β because of the implantation of the muscles But the seauenth spondell table 19. figure 2 3 The seuenth 4. character 7. is like the rack-bones of the chest and his backward processe is not alwayes forked table 19. fig 2. 4. x but sometimes whole the body below is playne that it may fully loyne with the following vertebra All of them except the first haue appendices betweene which doe run thicke and soft Their appendices gristles to make them more nimble and free And thus much shall suffice for the bones of the chest in this place where also we will put an end to the History of the middle belly and proceede to the Controuersies concerning the same ¶ A Dilucidation or Exposition of the Controuersies concerning the Chest and Heart c. QVEST. I. An Anatomicall demonstration concerning the Phrensie of the Midriffe THE ancient Physicians before Plato did not call the Midriffe Diaphragma Why the midriffe is called phrenes but 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 not because there was in it any seate of wisedome which the Greeke worde signifieth but because when this muscle is inflamed presently followeth the disease called Phrenitis or the phrensie which is a continuall abalienation or distemper of the minde ioyned with an acute feuer and want of rest or sleep What is a phrensie The inflamations of many parts breede this deliration as of the liuer the Stomacke and the Lungs but such distemper is but vncertaine and at some times not continual only the inflamation of the How the phrensie of the midriffe is distinguished from that of the Liuer other parts midriffe breedeth a perpetuall or continual phrensie which so neerely resembleth the true phrensie arising from the inflamation of the brain and his membranes that it may deceiue a Physicion vnlesse he be right skilful we wil deliuer in this place the signes how they may be distinguished They are therefore discerned the one from the other by respiration by the voyce and by the handling of the Hypochondria The true and primarie phrensie which commeth from the inflamation of the braine or his membranes maketh the respiration How from the phrensie of the braine great and that is deepe and long that is seldome and rare with much distance betweene the breathings but in the phrensie of the midriffe the respiration is small and frequent or quicke
calleth the Animall The instrument instruments the Muscles and the Nerues the heart is no muscle vnlesse wee speake abusiuely because of the fastnes and colour of his flesh and for nerues there are none that That the nerue helpeth not the motion of the hart reach vnto his ventricles There is indeed a small surcle or tendrill from the sixt coniugation that maketh the Recurrent which is disseminated in the purse and Basis of the heart but the heart standeth in no need of it for his motion for if this nerue be intercepted with a string or which is the surest way his originall which is easily perceiued by the sides of the weazon yet neuerthelesse is the heart moued as also the arteries as in Dogges we haue often made experiment Seeing therefore all the causes of the hearts motion be Naturall we may conclude that it selfe is natural comming from the vitall faculty which is not volūtary But that the trueth of this conclusion may more playnely appeare some obiections must bee answered which otherwise would breede scruple in the mindes of them that are The first obiection not so sufficiently grounded in these secrets of Nature First therefore say some all naturall motions are continuall but the motion of the heart is interrupted with a double rest one betweene each motion Let vs admit that one simple Answere Naturall motion is continuall yet when there are two natural motions and those contrary there must needs be a rest betweene them Secondly they say no natural motion is compound but the motion of the heart is The second Answere compound I answere The motion of the heart is not compound but double not simple because of two contrary motions cannot be made one compound motion neither of many motions is made one motion as one line of many poynts Thirdly they vrge vs further thus with Aristotle in the 7. Booke of his Metaph. Whatsoeuer The third is moued by Nature is moued to some end which end when it hath obteyned then it resteth as water being heated if by it own force and proper forme it be cooled neuer groweth hot againe by the same forme or force Wherefore if the heart be moued naturally it is mooued that it may be dilated or contracted when therefore it is dilated why is it contracted and when it is contracted why is it dilated againe I answere that that is true Answere in a motion that is purely and meerely naturall but the motion of the heart is from the vitall faculty of the Soule which hath a naturall instinct and knowledge of his owne vse and according to the diuers appetites of that naturall instinct moueth diuersly For when the heart is contracted it desireth to be dilated that it may draw in cold ayre when it is dilated or distended it desireth to be contracted to auoyde the smoke and soote that by his heate are ingendred so the vitall faculty of the Soule which is sensible of his owne want moueth the heart perpetually with diuers motions according as the needs of the Soule do require By which this motion of the heart is distinguished from other motions of the Naturall faculty of the Soule to wit of the wombe and the stomacke For the motion of these parts is not perpetual because there wanteth a perpetuall obiect neither doth any necessity vrge How the motion of the heart differeth from that of other parts the finall cause it is not alwayes at hand but the heart hath a continual obiect necessity and end for it wanteth perpetuall nourishment tempering and expurgation Finally they contend that the motion of the heart is not Naturall because it is to two contrary poynts but opposite and contrary motions are onely performed by the Animall faculty so the arme is lifted vp and pulled downe onely by the will I answere that in things without The fourth Answere life this is true but all things that haue life yea euen in plants themselues there is motion to contrary poynts I say more there is neuer in the Soule one motion but presently resulteth another opposite or contrary vnto it so in nutrition the attraction of the Aliment is from the Soule so is also the expulsion of excrements from the same Soule The Soule is so diuine a thing that not only it doth many things beside the lawes of other formes but The diuinity of the Soule also is the author of contraries for it moueth vpward and downeward and beyond the Nature of Elements to the right hand to the left and circularly The motion of the earth is simple and vniforme the motion of the Soule manifold because the forme of the earth is one and simply simple The Soule is simple manifold and manifold wayes Simple in his Essence manifold in his Power and Vertue and manifold wayes in his knowledge of obiects Multiplicity from which his operations and actions are drawne We therefore conclude that the motion of the heart is Naturall and proceedeth from the vitall faculty for a certaine end and purpose of Nature and that it doth so proceede The conclusion these two arguments doe necessarily auerre First because in the dilatation there is a certaine and determinate kinde of bloud and ayre drawne perpetually through the same set and determinate vessels In the contraction likewise the smoky ayre and the spirits are thrust out by certayne vessels Secondly because the flesh of the heart is wouen with all kindes of fibres If therefore those seuerall fibres doe in other parts some draw some contract and some loosen either they are superfluous in the heart which to say is to blaspheme Nature or else they haue the same vses in the heart that they haue in other partes VVee sayed it proceeded for a certaine end because this faculty neither worketh voluntarily as the Animall nor according to the power of the Agent in respect of that which suffereth but for meere necessity The stomack although it be not hungry yet it concocteth so much meat as is put into it if it can but the heart is not moued but as necessity vrgeth making a pulse either swifter or slower as the vse of Nature is to haue a slow or quick pulse QVEST. III. Of the manner of the motion of the Heart and whether it strike the Brest in the dilatation or in the contraction THus much concerning the cause of the motion of the heart It followeth now to speake of the manner of his motion which is better knowne by the eye The maner of the motion of the heart then by discourse of reason wherefore it is vsual with Anatomists for the better obseruation of this motion to open Dogs aliue that they may more distinctly see the manner thereof From this Autopsia and witnesse of the eye will we vnfold this mystery There are two motions of the heart Dyastole or dilatation and Systole or contraction The ◠motions of the heart The double rest how necessary
they haue gotten the measure of heate that they had in the liuing body will be dilated but neuer fall because there wanteth a faculty but they are both deceiued For if both the Dyastole and Systole came not from the faculty but from the constitution How both were deceiued of the artery then the artery should euer keepe the same magnitude and the same vehemencie of pulsation but we see that the pulse is now greater now lesser as the strength is great or little sometimes the Systole sometimes the Dyastole is greater as the vse of either is increased There want not some who striue to prooue that the motion of the arteries is from the brayne standing vpon one authoritie of Galens where hee sayth in the 2. Booke That the motion of the arteries is not from the braine de causis pulsuum When in a man the pulse beginnes to be convulsiue presently he is taken with a convulsion which seemeth to intimate that there is one originall of the faculty of pulsation and of that to which convulsion doeth belong But Galens owne obseruation bewrayeth the vanity of this opinion For if the brayne be compressed sence and motion will perish but the arteries will still beate If the nerue which commeth from the brayn to the heart bee cut or intercepted the creature becommeth dumbe but the arteries beate still Seeing therefore that the arteries neither moue by a power of their owne nor from the The true cause whereby the motion is moued Elementary forme nor onely from heate nor from a spirit or spumy bloud it remayneth necessary that they should be mooued by pulsatiue power of the heart For if they should be moued by any thing saue by a faculty their motion should be not continual but violent neither would there bee any attraction of ayre in dilatation but the boyling bloud would take vp all the roome This Faculty or power pulsatiue is in a moment carried not through the Cauitie but along the coats of the Arteries and that it is carried in a moment this is an argument that Which waie the Faculty is led all the Arteries are mooued with the same motion all together in the same time vvhen the heart is mooued If it be obiected that Galen in the 1. de different pulsuum de 2 prima cognitione ex puls speaking of those that haue hot hearts and cold Arteries in whom the parts of the Arterie that are neerer to the heart are dilated sooner then those that are more remote is constrained to confesse that the pulsatiue power is mooued through the What may hinder the motion of the heart arterie slowly by degrees I answer that the faculty floweth in a moment vnlesse it be hindred But it may be hindred sometimes by his owne fault sometimes by the fault of the Instrument by his owne when the heate is weake by the instrument when the arteries are either cold or soft or obstructed It remaineth therefore that when al things are aright disposed it floweth in an instant and not through the Cauitie but along the coats of the Arteries Galen in the last Chapter of the Booke Quod sanguis Arterijs delineatur giueth an An instance for experiēce instance from experience If you put a Quill or Reede into the Arterie which will fill the whole cauity yet will the Artery beate but if his coats be pressed with a Tie it will cease instantly If it be obiected that the Arteries in an Infant beate before the heart and therefore the pulse is from the spirit not from the heart I aunswere that the Infants Arteries Obiection Solution do mooue by a vertue that proceedeth from the heart of the Mother for the Arteries of the infant are continuall with those of the Mother and receiueth as well life the pulsatiue Faculty from her as the Liuer and all the other parts do nourishment QVEST. V. Whether the Arteries are dilated when the Heart is dilated or on the contrary then contracted THere ariseth now a more obscure thornie and scrupulous question then A difficult question the former and that is whether the Arteries and the heart are mooued with the same motion For the explication whereof we must first resolue that the Arteries are filled when they are dilated and emptied when they are contracted The Arteries are filled in their dilatatiō that they draw when they are dilated and expell when they are constringed The reason is manifest For the vessels must needs draw with that motion whereby they are made most fit to receiue but the vesselles by how much they are more enlarged by so much are they more capeable now they are enlarged by dilatation therefore when they are dilated they draw and are filled so that Archigines is no way to be hearkned vnto Archigines who was of opinion that in the Systole the arteries do draw and are filled and in the Diastole do expell and are emptied whose argument for this was because in inspiration the lippes are streightned and the Nosthrils contracted but whether this Diastole of the Arteries The first opinion Erasistratus be at once and together with the dilatation of the heart that is indeede a great controuersie Erasistratus was the first that thought their motions contrary that is that when the heart is dilated the Arteries are contracted and when the heart is contracted the Arteries are dilated Amongst the new writers these haue sided with him Fernelius Columbus Cardane Sealiger and truely his opinion may be confirmed by authorities and reasons Galen in his Authorities Booke De Puls ad Tyrenes saith that the Vitall Faculty dooth mooue diuers bodies at the same time with diuers motions which can be vnderstood of nothing else but the motions of the heart and of the arteries Auicen Fen. 1. cap. 4. doctrin 6. affirmeth that the vitall Reasons The first Faculty doth together dilate and constringe The reasons beside these authorities are In the Diastole the heart draweth blood by the hollow veine into his right Ventricle and aer by the venall artery into the left Therefore at that time the heart is filled and the vessels are emptied Contrariwise in the Systole the heart expelleth the Vitall spirit into the arteries therefore at that time the heart is emptied and the arteries are filled but when the arteries are filled they are distended and when they are emptied they fall wherefore when the heart is distended the arteries are contracted and when it is contracted they are distended Beside there is the same proportion betweene the arteries and the heart which The second there is betweene the heart and the deafe eare but it is most certaine which our eie-sight teacheth vs that the motion of the heart and of the eares of the heart are diuers for when the heart is dilated then those eares doe fall and when the heart is contracted then they are distended and filled wherefore the heart and the
the third paire they are separated to dilate it Now betwixt the Flexion and extension of the Ewre-gristle and of the rest there is this difference that in the others one motion is made for the behoofe of an other but in the Ewre-gristle both motions are of themselues profitable the Flexion to constringe the slit that so the breath might be kept in and the voyce made at our pleasure the extension to dilate it againe that the ayre might be plentifully receiued in The membranes which tie the gristles together do make certaine bosomes or cauities betwixt the Ewre and the Sheild gristles into which if in eating or drinking any thing The sinus or cauities betwixt the first and third gristles fall be it but a little beare which often hapeneth when the Epiglottis or ouer-tongue by laughter or speech when wee are eating is opened because whatsoeuer it is that passeth against the wind causeth a coughing Of these bosomes or sinus Galen seemes to make mention in the eleuenth chapter of his seuenth booke de vsu partium but since Galen saith Seuerinus Pinaeus neuer any man made mention of them but Gasper Bauhine our Authour but whether Laurentius had them from him I know not Placentinus hauing got the hint of Bauhine first made mentiō of them them as should seeme from Bauhine hath examined them very diligently in brute beastes and findes them seldome saue in Swine Horses and Dogs Aquapendens professeth that he finds them in all creatures vsed to the earth but in some lesser in some bigger yea so bigge as a man may put his finger downe them Swine and Horses haue the largest those of men are not so deepe The vse of these Sinus is to alter the attracted ayre that it fall not with violence as the deafe eares of the heart doe They helpe saith Aquapendens to retaine the breath when the whole glottis is shut vp In Dogs these sinus are like ventricles Their vse CHAP. XXXV Of the Glottis and Cleft of the Larynx THat which is called in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is that body which maketh the Cleft or Fissure in the Larynx which is the chiefe instrument whereby the voyce The Glottis is formed and vttered Table 15. figu 4. d It hath the name from the likenesse that is betweene it and the tongue of a flute or other pipe The Latines all so call it the Little Tongue For as the Sound is made by the Tong of a pipe so the voyce is made by the Linguet of the Larynx and as a man speaketh by his Tongue so the pipe is sayde to speake as it were by this Glottis therefore wee call it the Whistle It is situated within for the better generation of the voyce and because the instrument Situation might be freer from outward iniuries The figure of it is Ouall sharpned at either side yet more toward the Shield-gristle then Figure toward the Ewer-gristle It is as long as the Larynx as well that the gristles thereof might establish it as also that a man might vary with his voyce high low or in a middle key or as we say Treble Base or Tenor adde hereto that being so long it is able to admit a sufficient quantity of ayre Moreouer as there is but one Larynx so there is but one Whistle or cleft which beginneth from the Ewer-gristle and endeth into the Shield-gristle that so it might be moued with voluntary motion for wee sayde before that onely these two gristles were mouable the middle which is the Ring-gristle is immouable Notwithstanding it may be deuided into that which in the vpper part is made especially How it is diuided of the parts of the Ewer-gristle and that which in the lower part is formed of the membrane duplicated This Glottis and cleft runneth in the middle of the Larynx directly from the foreside backward that the ayre yssuing out of the cleft and formed into a voyce might instantly touch vpon the top of the Palate and the tip of the Tongue by them to be articulated And as the slit or cleft of a pipe is sometimes broade and long sometimes narrow and long or short so is it in this For if it be long and broade the voyce is base if it be narrowe it is treble or shrill yet the magnitude is proportionable to the body large bodies haue large slits and little bodies narrow from whence comes the differences of Voices The composition of it is very artificiall that the Ayre which is the matter of the Voyce The composition of it might easile ascend and descend and might beside receiue a fit repercussion For it is made of both the processes of the Ewer-gristle Table 16. fig. 7. 33. or of the double Ewer-gristle and a portion of that muscle of the Shield-gristle inserted into the processe of the Ewregristle which two are inuested with a membrane making the Inner Cleft of which we shall How moystned speake by by which is not only thight to defend it but also moyst which moysture is not only slimy but also fatty and yet this Glottis is moystned with a proper moysture of it own least our voyce should soone faile in discourse or other vse of it if the glottis and the parts belonging to the Larynx should be exiccated For being of a membranous substance the frequent motion thereof in our speech or vocifiration the perpetuall ingresse of ayre and egresse of the breath which is hot might haue dryed it if Nature had not prepared a proper moysture to keepe it in Temper for as we see whistles and pipes doe need euer and anon to be moystned or else they will not sound so well so if this Whistle of the Larynx had not had a naturall moysture the voyce must needs haue fayled as wee see it doeth in those that are sicke of burning Agues or trauell in hot weather who cannot speake before they haue moystned their throttles or if they speake their voyce is stridulous or whining which kind Vox clangesa Hippocrates calleth voces clangosas in Prorrhet This moysture makes the surface of the Glottis or whistle to be slippery yet is it beside smooth glib least the ayre lighting vpon vnequall parts and so yssuing vnequally should make the voyce harsh and vnpleasant Notwithstanding it was fit this moysture should be moderate because those bodies that are too wette doe sound woorse then those that are dry VVhence it is that in Rheumes and Murrhes the Voyce is hoarse because the Larynx is dewed with too much moysture but when the moysture thereof is Naturall it maintayneth How the voice becommeth hoarse the Voyce a long time without helpe the rather because as wee sayde the moysture is not thinne that it should soone be spent but viscid and fatty And haply this made Galen say that the glottis was not onely membranous but also fatty and glandulous The Glottis Galen also by
the venall or short vessell to belch out melancholy iuyce into the cauity of the stomacke for the prouoking of appetite of the veynes of the wombe to exclude the surplusage of blood at certaine and determinate periods of the veynes of the splene to purge faeculent or drossy blood and so of the rest for particulars we shall better handle in the following discourse Hippocrates the Oracle of Physicke from the habite and structure of the veynes drewe many and those notable signs of the state of the whole body Those that haue broade veines sayth hee haue also broade bellyes and broade bones for because the blood through the veines is diuided into the whole body we may well make estimation of the plenty and temper of the bloode by the amplitude or straytnesse of the veynes They that haue much blood are esteemed hot for their veynes are large If the veynes be narrow and slender Aristotle accounteth them cold They that haue much flesh haue small veynes red blood and little bellyes and bowels on the contrary they that haue litle flesh haue large veynes blacke blood great bowels and side wambes or bellyes Finally by the veynes the whole body hath a kind of connexion or coherence whence it is that they are called common ligaments CHAP. III. The differences of veynes THere are of the veynes innumerable almost infinite surcles yet al of them are saide to flow from fiue trunkes or bowes For Anatomists doe account fiue especiall veynes The hollow veyne the Gate veyne the vmbilicall veine the arteriall veine and the venall artery The Caua or hollow veyne is the largest of all the rest It issueth out of the gibbous part of the Liuer and is Fiue vessels called veines diuaricated or diuided into the stomacke the spleene the guts and the Omentum or Kell The vmbilical veine which is the Nursse of the infant runneth from the fissure or partition of the liuer vnto the Nauill and whilest the infant is in the wombe it leadeth nourishment vnto it but after the birth it looseth that vse altogether and degenerateth into a ligament The arteriall veine hath both the name and office of a veyne but is indeed an artery and is all spent into the Lungs The venall artery hath the coate and structure of a veyne and might better be called a veine then an artery The branches of this vessell are diuersly diuided and dispersed through the flesh of the whole Lungs There are therfore fiue vessels commonly called veynes which we because we endeuour to deliuer nothing but truth will referre to two the Hollow and the Gate veynes For the vmbilicall Two veines onely veyne is a propagation of the Gate veyne and is so continuated thereto that I cannot perswade my selfe but it is a branch thereof The venall artery is a shoote of the hollow veine as may bee prooued by that wonderfull inoculation in the heart of the infant before the birth of which we spake in the 25 question of the fift booke and the 15 chapter of the 6. The arterial veyne hath his continuity with the great artery by the Arterial vessel in those places mentioned and may rather be saide to be an artery then a veine because it hath a double and thick coate There remain therfore but two notable veynes the Hollow and the Gate veynes The rootes of both these veynes are confusedly sprinkled through the flesh of the Liuer yet so that there are many moe rootes of the Gate veyne in the hollow side of the liuer and fewer in the gibbous or conuex on the contrary there are many moe rootes of the hollow veyne which runne through the gibbous part of the liuer and fewer through the hollow part so that it seemeth sanguification is made rather in the hollow of the liuer distribution and perfection in the gibbous or embowed part The rootes of these two vessels which hath beene obserued but of late yeares are wonderfully inoculated one with another for the extremities or ends of the rootes of the Gate veyne are Their inoculations fastened into the middle of the rootes of the hollow veynes and the ends of the hollow veyne into the middle of the rootes of the Gate veyne that so the bloud might flow and reflow out of one into another of them Aristotle therefore in his second booke de partibus Animalium saide true truer it may bee then hee wist for haply hee had a Genius at his elbow that all the veynes were continuall yet Hippocrates before him hath the same thing in his booke de locis in homine All the veynes saith he doe communicate and flow mutually Hippocrates one with and into another And this saith Lauren. I haue somtimes proued to be true in childrē new born for if you put a hollow bugle into the vmbilicall veine and blow it you shal perceiue that the guts Laurentius his obseruation the branches of the hollow veyne the heart and the very flesh of the Lungs will be distended because the vmbilicall veine endeth into the Gate veine Now in the parenchyma or flesh of the liuer there are many inoculations of the gate and hollow veines The hollow veine also hath a continuity with the venall artery which is the proper vessell of the Lungs by a large hole This therefore shall be the first and most generall diuision of the veines The peculiar differences of veynes are taken from their magnitude number site office and the name of the parts to which they are deriued In regard of the magnitude The peculiar difference of veynes from the magnitude some are great some middle some small Great and large veines Hippocrates calleth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 hollow and sanguifluent because they yeelde aboundance of bloud if they be eyther wounded or broken or opened The lesser veynes are called Capillares hairy or threddy veines because when they be diuided they yeeld but slender and small streames of blood and are easily stanched Those parts that neede aboundance of nourishment or which are moued continually haue greater veynes So the Lungs haue notable vessels so the flesh and all hot and moyst parts haue great veynes but bones gristles ligaments very small veines Table 1. Sheweth the hollow veine whole and freed from the whole Body TABVLA I. L L the descending mammary veine this descendeth vnder the brest-bone vnto the right muscles of the Abdomen and affoordeth surcles to the distances of the gristles of the true ribs to the Mediastinum the muscles that lye vppon the breast and the skinne of the Abdomen M the coniunction of the mammary with the Epigastricke veine ascending about the Nauill vnder the right muscles N the veine of the necke called Ceruicalis ascending toward the Scull which alloweth surcles to those muscles that lye vppon the necke O the veine called Muscula which is propagated with many surcles into the muscles that occupy the lower parts of the necke and the vpper parts of the chest P