arteryes bycause it hath great neade of spyryte and naturall heate seinge it hath so manye dynerse mouynges and it is full of veynes that it maye be well nouryshed There is also added to it a certayne moysture lest it shoulde waxe drye bycause it is moued dayly aboue y e tunge is a pype whych the Grecyans vse to cal 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and the Latynistes call it Gulam the vnlearned or ignoraunt call it the wesaunt and it is a longe pype hauynge two skynnes or cootes the whych drawe downe the meate and drynke into the mawe or bagge and the vtter cote helpeth the stomacke to vomyte There is also in the former parte of the neck an other pype which to the intent that nothyng shoulde go that waye but only ayer is couered with the roote of the tunge and it is made of harde grassels ioyned togyther lyke rynges and doeth conduct onelye ayer and spirite to the lyghtes and herte being nothyng so long as the other which draweth meate and drynke downe to the stomacke or mawe and it hath a great knobbe al mooste at the ende nexte the iawe which the Grekes cal 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in latyn Nodus gutturis which in Englysh is the knotte of the throte and whensoeuer we swalowe any thyng it goth vp aboue the iawe The wynde pipe is the formoost parte of the necke to the intent it maye take ayer and spyryte the easelyer And the wesaunt or meate pype for why shoulde we be ashamed of these names seynge we haue no better is put farre whythin the necke because it shulde haue the more heat howebeit we wyl omytte to speke of it vntyl suche tyme as the lyghtes and hearte wyth all that is contayned in the breaste whyche the Phisitions call the myddle bellye be declared so well as my simple wytte and learnyng wyll gyue me leaue To the loweste parte of the wynde pype for it is as well the instrumēt of brethynge as of speakyng be fastned the lyghtes whych beyng made of lyght and moste subtyle and fyne fleshe not vnlyke the fome of choleryke blood congeled hath the fygure of an oxe houfe clouen in to .ii. partes and doth compasse the hart roūd about with .v. globes .iii. on the right syde and .ii. on the lyfte And loke as the pulses doth conserre and kepe temperat the natural heat thoroweout the hole body so y e lightes preserue the hearte from choking by the receyuynge of externall ayer whyche least it shulde hurte the hart wyth colde commyng sodeynly vpon it is tempered ther before so that I can neuer wonder ynough at y e hygh and diuine prouidence of god which foreseyng al these thynges hath constitute suche an order in mannes bodye as I dare saye was neuer in any publyke weale For what publycke weale eyther is there or hathe bene syns the worlde beganne in whiche the subiectes haue bene founde euer obedient wythout all grudgynge to theyr lorde and prince were he neuer so noble or valiaūt yet in mans bodye though there be infinite subiects ther can be founde no disobedience to theyr lorde and gouerner whyche is the hearte for yf anye poyson be gathered there wythin the bodye or otherwyse whyche wyth hys venym wolde pearse the heart I praye you is not euery parte readye to defende him though it be to the vtter destruction of them al for euer and to say truthe he is worthy to haue no lesse homage or seruyce seyng he is auctor of lyfe to al the rest helpyng his subiectes seruauntes at al such tymes as they be in daunger And to the entent that no one parte myght be destitute more of help then another by reason of the distance betwene hym and his gouernour Nature hath prouyded the hart to be set so egallye in the middest of the brest as is possyble to be deuysed by al the mathematikes in the worlde whych is compassed aboute wyth a cote the whych Galen calleth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 it is made of synowes so thycke and so strong that it is softer than a bone and yet it is sufficient to defende the hearte it is tyed to the skynne which couereth the rybbes and to the mydryfe and the heart strynges conteynynge a lytle quantitie of water that neuer dryeth vp vntyll such tyme as lyfe and all naturall heat is departed from the bodye There is also a lytle fatte leaste the hearte thorough hys contynual mouynge shulde be dryed vp wythin thys foresayde cote inclosed as a mooste precious iuell the heart hauynge .ii. chambres one on the ryght syde an other on the lefte To the chambre on the right side the great mayster vayne whiche groweth on the lyuer doth brynge blood that is distributed in to .iii. partes y e subtylest and moost choleryke to the nutrimente of lyghtes The seconde parte is caryed in to the chambre of the lyfte syde where by the vertue of the heart it is formed in to vytal spirite the thyrde and last parte is reserued to the nourysshement of the hole bodye after that it hath receyued of the hearte bothe vitall heat and spirite And lyke as from the chamber of the ryght syde the greate mayster vayne bryngeth blood thorough the hole bodye so from the least chamber the master pulse bryngeth vitall spirite of the whyche the lyuer taketh hys power and facultye wherby he nourysheth the body brayn by his vertue by whych he gyueth bothe felyng and mouyng to the same I wolde not nowe that any manne shulde thynke that I do defende the errour of Aristotle whyche thought that the hert as he is author of lyfe so to be the gyuer bothe of felynge mouynge to the hole bodye for that the synowes growe of the brayne euery man hauyng hys syghte maye perceyue easelye and that they gyue bothe felynge and mouyng to the bodye ye may knowe if ye take a dogge and tye bothe hys pulses and veynes and let hym go he shal both feele runne so long as y e animal spirit lasteth whych is all redy in hys synowes but in case ye tye hys synowes he shall not be able to styre one foote Thys is a very manyfest profe that the hearte gyueth not sence and mouynge to the bodye yet as I sayde before bothe the brayne and also the lyuer take theyr power of the heart for after that the hearte hath engendered vytall spirite parte is caryed to the lyuer and parte to the brayne The lyuer of hys engendreth newe spirites called naturall the whiche he doeth distribute by hys veynes thoroghout the bodye so the nuryshement of the same The brayne also tourneth those spirites whyche he receyued of the hart in to other spirites called animall these beynge dispersed amongest the synowes is cause bothe of mouyng and feelyng Sythens that I haue accordyng to my promyse made before declared by what meanes the brayne gyueth sence and mouynge to the bodye I wyll as bryefelye as I can descrybe the residue
e liuer whose substāce is red flesh not moch vnlike cōgeled blood beinge replenished w t veynes which be y e braūches of y e great master veynes y t is of y e veyne which is called Porta also of y t that is called Caua vena we haue no names in our tungue whych be propre or peculier to them onely but muste be fayne to call them master veynes and in dede so that we vnderstande the thynge it shall make but lytle matter for names howbeit Gallen sayth that the one is called Porta bycause that the iuyce commeth through it from the stomake to the liuer and the other I thynke is called Caua bycause it is a great hollowe veyne well what so euer it be called it groweth of the liuer and carieth blood from the liuer to the hert and thoughe it to be byg yet there groweth many fyne smal veynes both of it and of the other whych be dispersed throughout the whole body of the liuer to the intent that the iuice maye more easelye be turned into blood for the very dutye and office of the lyuer is to engendre blood for the nouryshmente of y e bodye and therfore it is hote and moyst accordynge to the nature of blood Moreouer it is the very fleshe of the lyuer whyche doth change the iuyce in to blood makyng it redde lyke vnto it selfe Althogh that sūme thynke the harte to be the well and original sprynge of blood notwythstandyng I had rather saye as Galene sayeth that it is the fleshe of the liuer which engendreth blood althogh the lyuer receyue both vytall heat and spiryte of the hearte and therefore from the great master pulse whyche in greke is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 there commeth manye lytle pulses to the lyuer bryngynge w t them vitall spirite but so sone as y e iuyce is concocte it is made blood and purified in y e middes of the lyuer receyueth choler of the smal veynes in the middes of the lyuer whyle the blood is purifyinge and cleansynge whyche conduyte or waye yf it fortune to be stopped by anye maner of chaunce so that the choler can not be seperate from the bloode then there foloweth hote fyeuers or els the yelowe Iandies On the lyfte side the splene or mylte enbraseth the stomacke which being blacke of colour is made of subtyle rare flesshe and is the same whyche before is called the receptacle of melancholie it is tyed vnto the backe aboute the myddes of the bastard ryb and doth drawe vnto it melancholye or blacke choler by a veyne whyche commeth from the lyuer receyuyng heat of the heart to digest the forsaid blacke choler by certayne pulses annexed vnto it From the mylte also there is a conduyt to the vppermoste mouthe of the stomacke bryngynge melancholye thyther partly to draw togyther the mouthe of the stomake and partlye to prouoke appetyte There be .ii. kydneys that be called in latyne Renes of the whych one is set vnderneth the lyuer toward y e backe and the other is set on the other syde ryght agaynst y e mylte they be made of soude and thycke flesshe least they shulde be dissolued of the water that they drawe dayly from the blood by two veynes whyche be called Mulgentes and in oure tongue suckynge veynes there is drawen also besyde the water sūme blood to the noryshment of the reynes or kydneis in the myddes of the whyche there is as it were a lytle pāne into the which the forsayde kydnies doe sweat oute the water whych they receyued of y e suckynge veynes and in thys panne the vryne taketh his colour from whēs it is brought doune after the concoction had therbefore by certayne conduites that be called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in greke and in latyne Vrinarii we maye calle them the conduytes of the vryne frō the raynes to the bladdar The bladdar in man ioyneth to the taylegutte or fundiment from whens the necke of it recheth to the yarde but in wemen it is set vpon the mouth of theyr woumbe therfore they haue bothe shorter and wyder necked bladdars than men haue and also be lesse disesed w t stone in that place It is made of skynnye synowes and there cummeth to it bothe veynes and pulses the necke onely is of flesshe and hath certayne turnynges and boughtes that it maye houlde the water more easely there is added a muscle to the mouth of the bladder to the entent y t we maye eyther letout or retayne the water at our owne wyll pleasure But howe smal and fine the holes be by the whyche the water is receyued into the bladder maye easelye be perceyued because that whan it is taken out of any dede bodye that there appeareth none at all more than that whiche is in the necke to let oute the vrine or water Manne surelye hath great profitte of the bladar for if that same superfluouse water shoulde not be caryed awaye but be permitted to runne to gyther in the vaynes with the blood after that the bodye were ones fulle mooste parte of the membres shulde cracke and breake and man shoulde be suffocated or choked Therefore the bladder is made for thys pourpose to receyue the superfluous watry substance of the blood and reteyne it so longe vntyl the due tyme of lettynge of it out be come Nowe I haue descrybed all y e partes of the lowest bellye so well as I coulde sauyng the priuy partes both of man and woman whyche for dyuers causes I wylle omytte at thys tyme fyrste because I wyll gyue no occasion to youth of wantōnes and then that I wyll offende no honeste eares in descrybynge them playnlye and seyng my promyse was to tuche but certayne partes I thinke I may as wel omyt them as a great many that I haue spoken nothyng of The .vi. Chapiter ¶ Of veynes pulses and synowes VEynes be cōdytes with thinne cotes which caryeth the thyckest blood throughout the body wherwith it is nouryshed they growe all of the liuer for the master veyne which passeth all the other in largenesse and wydenesse commeth from thence Aristotel thought y e hert to be the authour and begynner of y e veynes but Hypocrates thought otherwise and Galen also whom we folowe hath euidently confuted Aristotels opinion Pulses or arteryes be conduytes that growe of the hert and do carye vitall spiryte and some parte also of the fynest bloode therfore it was necessary that they shuld be both thycker and stronger then y e veynes lest the spirite being so fyne of substaūce myght breake out wherfore nature hath enclosed it in .ii. cotes of the whiche the inner is .v. tymes as thyck as the vtter and yet is it as thicke as any cote of y e veynes y t encloseth y e grosse and thickest blood Veynes pulses be so nygh cosyns y t there is no veyne in any part of the body without his pulse nor no pulse without his veyne to the
great deale of red choler thaÌ„ it maketh hym starke woode as Hercules Aiax was But yf it be mixte with flegme it maketh hym slothfull wythout all meane or measure If melancholye it selfe wythout the admixtion of other humours be burned than it maketh hym sad and solitarye as Bellerophon whyche as Homer sayeth beyng full of sorowe and care forsoke all companye and wandered in desolate feyldes solitarye al alone Howe be it the same humoures hath not lyke effecte in euery bodye for in summe they are not so outeragious as in summe Homer hym selfe dyed for sorow that he coulde not dissolue a certayne hard question which was propounded vnto hym and the olde philosofer Haracletus beyng borne an Ephesian dyd alwayes lamente wyth wepynge the manyfolde miseries of mannes lyfe whych as Theophrastus sayth was of nature melancholye because he lyued solitarye alone and wrote confused obscure thynges wel at the last thorow hys fylthy and vnclene lyuing he caught the dropsie wherfore trustyng to dry vp the water that was betwyxt his skynne and flesshe commaunded hys bodye to be annoynted wyth doung of oxen and layde abrode in the hote sunne from whence he was brought dead Yet Democritus madnes was soÌ„mewhat more pleasaunte whyche laughed alwayes at mennes folyshnes whereby he prolonged hys lyfe an hole hundred yeres Empedocles was so outeragious madde that he lepte alyue in to the burnynge fyer of the hyl Ethna but Sophocles madnes was much sweter the whyche dyd ease the incommodities of olde age wyth makyng of verses Marius whan he was madde fantasied nothyng but fyghtynge But Lucullus beyng madde was mery full of game and sporte The .xvi. Chapiter ¶ Of Spirites SPirite is a subtyle vapour of the blood whyche by the vertue of the hearte gyueth power to the body to doe all maner of workes and actions and althogh there is but one well or spryng of all spirites yet they be diserned by their places Vitall spirite is a flambe in the heart made of blood carying vital heat to y e other partes the pulses be made to carye this spirite whose dignitie and worthines may be estemed herof that euery part of the bodye hath nede of vitall lyuely heat to y e conseruation of theyr substauÌ„ce And thys vitall or lyuelye blood is preserued kepte by that same lytle sparcâ—e of vitall spirit whiche in olde tyme wise men dyd so moche maruel at that suÌ„me thought it to be maÌ„nes soule and summe the instrumente of mans soule And Aristotle sayth that death is nothyng but the quenching and puttynge forth of lyuelye heate and therof it commeth that so manye preceptes be gyuen of the phisitions for the conseruation and instauratioÌ„ of spirites the whyche doubtles be corrupted and extincte eyther wyth euyll dyet orels wyth disease sicknes or with the weaknes of y e hart in mouynge affections or finallye with immoderate labour The .xvii. Chapiter ¶ Of animall spirites SPirite animall is a spirite that by vertue of the brayne is made bryghter and conuenient to the woorkes of the senses also to moue and styrre the sinowes For I houlde well wyth them that affyrme constantly the hart to be the fyrste authoure and begynner of spirite and afterwarde to take a newe nature of the brayne And in dede there appereth a certeyn affinitie betwene the vital animall spirite For loke with what spirites the heart is beste tempered the same in the brayne brynge forth most noble and excellent affectes how be it for all y t there is differences betwene them because they haue dyuers offyces and effectes For the vitall spirit ministreth heate to the bodye the animall spirit styrreth vp the senses moueth the synowes Sâ—me adde vnto these another kynde of spirite called naturall whyche nourysheth the blood in the lyuer But Galene douteth of it sayeng 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 id est Si spiritus naturalis est aliquid whiche is as muche to saye as yf the naturall spirit be any thynge For althoughe it can not be chosen but that there muste be spirite in the lyuer yet it is brought thyther by y e pulces which is a token that it commeth from the hert but I wyl determyne or constitute nothynge of thys matter leauynge euery man to hys owne iudgement The .ii. booke ¶ The fyrst chapter ¶ Of naturall powers or actions WHosoeuer wyl perfytely know how many natural powers is in euerye bodye he must dyligently serche out the naturall workes of the same body for euery worke coÌ„meth of some action and also euery action of some cause for whyles y e infant is within his mothers woÌ„be as yet vnperfyte all hys partes is but one naturall worke procedynge of a natural action called generation but after that it is brought forth an other natural worke is to bryng the same to their ful groweth whiche is done by the facultie called auction that they maye long coÌ„tinue and endure nutrition onely doth make and bryng to passe Howbeit generation is not one simple naturall action as the other be but rather coÌ„pounde of alteration and formation For howe coulde eyther bene synowe or veyne be made without anye alteration of theyr substaunce or how coulde they be well figured or proporcioned except they were first out of all fassyon and ordre Auction is an amplification or encreasemeÌ„t in leÌ„gth bredth and depenesse of al partes of y e body and y e childe whyles he is in his mothers wombe is destitute neither of this nor of nutrition yet generation hath thaÌ„ y e chefe rule and dominion the other be as handmaydes vnto it but after it is delyuered vntyl suche time as it com to y e ful growth auction hath gouernaunce alteration nutrition be but inferioure powers Then as I sayde before it apperteyneth only to the power or vertue called auctioÌ„ to encrese in leÌ„ght bredth depenes al such partes as by helpe of generatioÌ„ hath alredy their due figure fassion But how euery part is made bygger it caÌ„ not better be knoweÌ„ then by an exaÌ„ple childreÌ„ be woÌ„t to take the bladders of oxen swyne and blowe them full of spirite rubbyng them very moche before y e fyre that they maye take heate wythoute any burnynge or harme otherwyse and wheÌ„ they haue stretched or drawen them out aboundauntlye they blowe them full of spiryte agayne stretchynge them out more then they dyd before and after they rub them and chafe them styl as is aforesayde vntyll suche tyme as they thynke theÌ„ large ynough but in this chyldysshe worke loke how moche the insyde of the forsayd bladders is made wyder so moche the bladder is thynner and yf that were not I myght well saye that chyldren coulde make as well as nature lytle bladders greate Howbeit the wysest man in y e world can not do that so moch the lesse children For that is onelye propre vnto nature Wherfore it is very euydent that nothynge can be encreased as it ought
is better than another and the very best tyme is after excersyce For then the bodye is clere pourged of all excrementes and naturall heate is encreased and made muche stronger And the next tyme is at .xi. of the clocke before dyner and agayne at .vi. a clocke of the nyght Howebeit children and suche as be not yet at theyr fulle groweth and olde men whyche be weake and feble had nede to eat oftener so that they take the lesse at ones and putte fower houres at the least betwene euerye meale and also of the synnowes whyche be the instrumentes of mouynge and that the foresayde vapours whythe doo fume vp to the brayne maye not be crude or rawe the hearte plucketh in to it bothe the blood and naturall heat that is in the vtter partes And thys same rest is good for .iii. causes fyrst to moyster the brayne and then to the generation of spirites laste of all to make an ende of the concoction bothe in the stomake and liuer The materiall cause of sleepe are the sweete vapours the whyche whan they be made moyst styllyng doune do stoppe the cōduytes of the sensis For they be not clāmye or grosse humours such as hurte the brayne but they be swete fumes the whiche after they be ascended be made thycke by the coldenes of the brayne rūne downe sprinkelyng the brayne with moysture Therfore Aristotle doeth compare the same motiō of vapours to the floude Euripus bycause in theyr goinge vp they turne backe agayne and other folowe and come after but the efficient cause is somewhat more darke and obscure For it is certayne that the heat and blood of the vtter partes is as Hypocrates sayeth drawenin to the hearte and though the body then be hotter with in it is colde without therfore when we slepe we haue nede of manye clothes The heate and blood is drawē in bycause that when the concoction is begone the vapours do fume vp naturally and whē they be disolued they come downe fulbut on y e heate of the herte which dryueth thē backe to the vtter partes and thus y e heate is dryuen styll more and more to the herte the whyche heate gathered togyther doth make an ende of cōcoction that the vapours which ascende to the brayne may both be more plētifull and also sweter But I thynke that the heate is drawen into y e hert not somoche for the cōmyng downe of vapours as that the vitall and animall powers be sociate and cowpled togyther by the diuyne prouydence of god For what parte soeuer be diseased the herte streyght lyke a naturall Prince or gouernour endeuoureth all that he can to helpe it therfore he callethe in his heate that he may helpe y e necessary action both of the stomacke and lyuer And whē the vtter partes of the body be at rest then the hert laboureth mooste drawynge vnto hym bothe heate and blood of the whych he enhendreth vitall spyrytes And trulye I se not a suffycyent cause why so moche heate shoulde be called in except this same societie of the powers were ordeyned of God that as soone as the vtter partes were at rest the hert either for hys owne cause or elles for the stomacke or liuer myght drawe vnto hym more plentiful heate to helpe the innermore actions whych be necessarye for the conseruation of nature and as euery man is moost greued and afrayed of his owne iepardye and doth couete fyrst to defende hym selfe so euerye parte of the bodye fyrst prouydeth for him selfe and thys naturall inclination is gyuen to all maner of creatures to coueyte fyrste to saue them selues And therfore the herte especially for his owne cause draweth to hym selfe heate bycause he hath neade of bloode and bycause his spirites be almost spent And therefore he also healpeth the well of the blood which is the liuer that it maye cherysh it selfe bryng forth newe and fresshe spirites and moreouer the brayne beinge werye and desyryng rest leueth mouyng of the vtter partes and whensoeuer the body hath nede of recreation or quyetnesse the actions of al the vertues be agreed by and by And this same consent or agrement god hath gyuē to all the partes that after defatigation or werynesse they may be refreshed wyth rest and quyetnesse The finall causes be great benefytes the whych slepe gyueth to euery vertue or power one by one it helpeth nutrition bycause it maketh an ende of concoction and there is nothynge more certayne thā that the crudities whych come for lacke of sleape is vncurable bycause not onely the meate is left vndigested but also the vertue of the stomake is vtterly destroyed partly by the burthē and weyght of of the crude and rawe meate partlye bycause the synowes be hurte by the wekenes of y e brayne that cōmeth for lacke of slepe as Hypocrates speking generally sayth that ouermoch watche bryngeth moost cruell crampes and there haue ben many which for lacke of slepe haue felt often crampes in theyr neckes and the palsye in theyr legges and also a great imbecillitie and weakenesse in theyr stomake And bysyde these the naturall heate throughoute the whole bodye decayeth sore bycause it is not cheryshed with vitall spirit And hereof it maye be perceyued how moche nede we haue of slepe to the conseruation of nutrition For when the concoctiō is done well and as it shoulde be there is nouryshment distributed to euery parte of the body wherw t they be cheryshed and there is also spyrites engendred whyche mynistreth newe strength to the bodye and yet the boylyng heate of the body is mittigated with takyng rest and the bodye it selfe is sprynkled with a swete dewe that cōmeth from the brayne and the brayne also taketh strength wherwith y e fynowes be made more lustye It helpeth the vitall power bycause the herte drawynge to hym heate doth brynge forth great plentye of spyrites the whych be made so moche more brighter how moche the bloode is purer And agayne it helpeth the animall powers for whose conseruation it is ordeyned of God bycause y e vertue both of the brayne synowes shulde be destroyed cleane wyth ouermoche drynesse excepte y t it were cherysshed wyth slepe in the whyche the brayne is made moyste gatherynge to hym agayne his pristinate strength How acceptable also is sleape in diseases and sorowes the which many tymes it onely healeth to mannes great profyte ease The .v. Chapter ¶ Of slepyng tyme and of the holesome lying in bedde SLepe ought to be taken in the begynnyng of y e night and there ought to be but a litle space betwyxt supper and sleape therfore after a lytle soft walkynge to the entent that the meate may go downe into the maw and also that the vpper mouth of the mawe may be shutte I wolde counsel euery man to take rest lying hym downe first on y e right side lest w t lying on y e lefte syde he open the vpper mouth of his stomake howbeit
⧠An introduction into phisycke wyth an vniuersal dyet gathered by Christofer Laugton E W ¶ To the ryght worshypfull knyght syr Arthure Darcye his humble seruaūt Christofer Langton wyssheth health encrease of vertue A Softe as I remēbre youre kyndenesse and beneuolence towarde me my singuler good master it is harde to saye howe greatly I desyre to recompence the same lest I shulde eyther seme vnkynde and vnthankefull or els not to vnderstande and perceyue the greatnesse of youre manifolde benefytes employed vpōme of y e which as y e one is a signe of a noughty hert so the other is a tokē of a dul wytte but they be both very euident argumentes of vnthankefulnesse and ingratitude From the which as I haue alwayes hytherto abhorred so I desyre nowe to be voyde from all suspicion of the same For me thinke I perceiue euery day more and more howe moche shame and fylthynesse is in that vice almost by the testimonie of euery wyse man in somoche that I thynke hym to trespasse greatly agaynst the societie of this our commune lyfe which doeth vnthankefullye receyue benefytes of any man For as gratitude or thankfulnesse doeth encrease lyberalitye which is the especiall parte of iustice so ingratitude dissolueth vtterly and abolysheth the same the which liberalitie yf it fall ones in decaye it taketh away the cōmutation of offices and the doing of one for an other the which ones taken away what helpe I praye you is left to the cōseruation of y e cōmune wealth seing y t the hole course of our lyfe consysteth in y e societie and mutuall doinge one for an other Wherfore the wyse kynges of the Parcians made lawes for to punysh suche as were vnkynde and vnthankefull personnes bycause they thought none to be so vnnaturall as they nor anye to trespasse more agaynste the cōmune weale These other suche myne especial good master hath caused me to desyre vehementlye to shewe some token of the pure zeale and loue which I haue euer borne vnto you lest I shoulde be founde vnnaturall eyther vnto you or to this my natiue countrye Wherfore seinge that fortune hath gyuen me no rychesse wherewith I myght longe yer this haue recōpenced some parte of your kyndenesse I thought mete to offre vnto you the fyrste frutes of my studyes and learnynge verely trustynge that your wysedome wyll esteme for the best my loyall hert and diligēt endeuour although my boke peraduenture shall not satisfye your expectation ¶ Physyke speaketh in her owne person to her mynisters and Phisicious AFter that Prometheus hadde stollen fyre out of heauen the father and ruler of the goddes Iupiter beinge sore offended with his malicious facte swore by a great oth that he wolde not only be reuenged vpon hym but of all his posteritie wherfore commaundyng his sonne Vulcanus to shape a beautyfull woman called al the goddes and goddesses togyther to whō he spake on this fassyon what auayleth vs our scepter crowne mooste valiauntlye conquered of our father Saturne whom we deposed for tyrannie what auayleth vs the notable victorye of Thiphocus and hys brethren or the punyshmentes of Titius Tantalus Siliphus and Ixion seing that one can not be ware by an others harme I am sure none of you be ignoraunt of our iniuryes which we haue receyued of the handes of Prometheus my wyfe and syster Iuno for Paris his sake destroyed the whole natiō of the Troians and my doughter Minerua burned an hole nauy of the Grecians for one mans offence and shall we Iupiter father of all the goddes and ruler of heauē and earth suffre our eternall fyre to be stolen out of heauen vnpunyshed whyle he spake these wordes Mulciber his sonne brought in the ladye which was now already shapen thā Iupiter cōmaundyng as well goddes as goddesses to trymme decke her to the vttermost named her Pādora bycause euery god and goddesse had gyuen her somthing and he him selfe gyuyng her a boxe wherin was enclosed al maner of diseases and maladyes sent her to Epimetheus by hys sonne and faythfull messenger Mercurius which Epimetheus although he were warned of his broher Prometheus to receyue no gyft from Iupiter most louyngly retayned her and openyng her boxe lette forthe abrode al maner of maladyes and diseases wherwith al mankynd was cruellye punyshed vntyll suche tyme as Iupiters furour and indignation was sūwhat slaked through the prayer of Esculapius to whome he sente me as a remedye and medicine to all such euyls and gryeffes whome for his faythefull seruyce I made a god And I praye you haue I not rewarded both Hypocrates Gallene accordynglye seinge that at this daye they are glorifyed in fame as moche as eyther Alexander Magnus or any other notable prince but out alas what cruell fate of fortune is this that I somtyme the spryng welle of al felicitie and goodnesse vnto man am now cleane turned to the contrarye For where as before I was authour of health to euery māsekyng for me now I am not onelye a cōmune murtherer and a cōmune thefe but also a mayntayner of Paricides moche more vyle then y e stynkynge whore of Babylon For you that be my mynisters and Phisiciōs to you I speake I praye you tel me why doth euery man now vtterly abhorre my company trumpyng eftsones in my waye who is wyllyng to dye let hym goo to Phisyke who is wyllyng to be robbed of his money let hym go to Phisyke yf I be not a thefe a murtherer But what sayd I did I cal you my seruaūtes no I knowe ye not moche lesse ye know me wo shall be vnto you which rauyshyng me agaynste my wyll hath thus brought me in captiuitie bondage wo shalbe vnto you which for youre owne lucre and aduauntage hath made me an instrument of mischefe woo shall be vnto you whyche haue sclaundered me with the death of so many thousandes woo shall be vnto you that haue robbed and polled of theyr money so many nacyons But paraduenture ye wyll saye that I wrongfully and without all cause do sclaundre you laying the fault in me that ye heale not as other that were my seruauntes and mynisters dyd bycause there is not lyke vertue in me now as was then and wherof I beseche you cōmeth that of me or of you which knowe me not For what soeuer he be that hath not exactly learned naturall Philosophye be he neuer so well practised he neuer knewe me Therfore whosoeuer wyll be my seruaunt let him first be sure that he haue a good natural wit that he maye be able to practyse any thynge that is taught hym and thā let hym be exercysed euen from hys tendre age in dialect arithmaticke and mathematicke he must also be very payneful settyng his mynde on nothyng but only on learnynge and conferryng his studyes alwayes w t the best and ought alway to be a very diligent sercher of the truthe forsakynge all other thynges and cleauynge hollye vnto it Moreouer
substaunce and matter wherof our body is made and the seed of man is nexte vnder God the maker and fashyoner of the same and these same be made of the same elementes whyche I haue spoken of alreadye whyche is the fyre ayer earth and water and these two dyffer one frō an other in temperature For in the seede there is more of fyre and eyer then of water and earth and in the blood there is lesse of fyre and ayer then there is of water and earth and yet in the same there is more heate then colde and more moysture then drynesse After that these two be receyued and .vi. dayes retayned w tin the wombe of the woman the great heate which is there doth so bake the seede blood being mirt togyther y t it cōpasseth them about w t a skyn or a crust not vnlike the vtter cote of an egge whiche the Grekes call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in latin is called secūdine or secūdina what oure mydwyues call it I can not tel how beit it may very well be called a skyn wherein is wrapped y t that is cōceiued and this is made in y e fyrst .vi. dayes with diuers pulses and veynes as fyne small as anye thredes whiche serueth afterwarde to nourysh the infant by the nauyll For in this same skynne whiche before is called Chorion there are many fyne holes moche lyke the lytle holes in the small lamparie heedes by the which the nauyll after the seuēth daye doth drawe vnto it both spirite and blood to the nourishment of the infant Then in the meane seasō the rest of the seede boylynge all hotte doth make thre lytle bladers which is the place of the lyuer herte and brayne For a veyne whiche is stretched ryght vpwarde from the nauil dothe drawe vp the grossed bloode which for lacke of heate easelye congeleth in y e seede And there is made also a double forked veyne and to one of the forkes of the same veyne is fashyoned this forsayde congeled blood which is the liuer and lyke as from the nauyll the veyne bryngyng grosse bloode into the forsayde lytle bladder was cause of the generation of the liuer so lykewyse a pulse or an artery bryngyng fyne blood and spirite commynge from the same place sumwhat nere y e backe into another lyke bladdar is cause of makynge of the hearte whyche is made of verye sounde fleshe thycke and grosse mete for suche a pourpose and of the most fyne and subtyle blood that cōmeth from the hearte the lyghtes be made and the whole brest also wherin thei are closed In to the thyrde bladdar whyche is mencioned before a great parte of the seede beynge full of spirite is driuen the whych to kepe him selfe moyst doth drawe a great parte of the seede to it and maketh a lytle sell whiche is the brayne to y e which ther is added afortres of hard bone And thus the brayne is made of the seede only that he myght be furnysshed wyth most fyne spirites whom the brayne conserueth and altereth the whiche are the cause of sense and voluntarie mouynge as shall be declared more playnely hereafter Nexte to the brayne groweth y e marye of the backebone whyche the Arabians call Nucha it is of the same nature that the brayne is and differeth very muche from the marye of the other partes I haue shewed to you nowe thoghe very rudely the original begynning of mannes body ▪ Of the sede is only made all the bones gristels veynes pulses strynges synowes tyinges selles and skynnes whyche be called Spermatyke partes because they be made of y e seede and not of the blood They are the verye same whyche I sayde before that the Latyne menne called Partes similares and the Phisitions sensible elementes al the rest be made of the bloode as the lyuer the hearte and the lyghtes wyth al the flesshe and fatte of the bodye The infant whyles he is within his mothers woumbe is nourysshed of that blood whyche is called Sanguis menstruus drawynge it at hys nauyl and after he is delyuered it is tourned all to mylke whych is his meat long after and therfore there is manye conduytes from the woumbe to the pappes After that the infant is fully proportioned figured ī the first monethes he pisseth by the conduyte that commeth through his nauyl in the later monethes that is shut vp and he pysseth wyth hys yerde he auoydeth no excrementes at hys fundament because he receyueth no norysshemente by hys mouthe There is a skynne muche lyke a puddynge whyche receyueth hys vrine and excrementes lest they shulde hurte eyther hym or els hys mother I shulde seme bothe to longe and also to tedious yf I descrybed the hole bodye but bycause the action of the instrumentes canne not be vnderstande excepte I shulde touche y e most principal partes therfore it was necessarye to entermedle wyth the descryption of the bodye in the whyche I wyll not be so scrupulous as to reherse euery lytle part or the scituation or fygure of euery bone and vayne no nor the knyttynge of euery muscle for why shulde I make me more cūnyng than I am in dede it passeth my learnynge as yet but I entende to shewe and sette forthe the greatest and moste noble partes the whyche he muste nedes knowe that wyll profyt in physicke The .v. Chapiter ¶ The sections of the bodye THere was no nede in y ◠olde tyme to wryte of the body for than children were excersised in their yonge and tender age daylye in cuttynge and openyng of the same but nowe that thys diligence is vtterly extyncte we haue very great nede of wrytynge wherfore I haue taken this lytle payne vppon me whyche I shall thynke wel bestowed yf it shall eyther healpe the studyes of those that be rude and rawe in physicke or satisfye them that be learned And fyrst I wyl declare by goddes grace suche partes as couereth the head wythout afterwarde those that be w tin begynnyng w t the heares thogh they be but excrementes superfluities nexte vnderneth the hear there is a skynne somwhat thycke and fleshye wherein the hear is rooted vnderneth thys skin there is a lytle flesshe aboute the browe temples Than next vnderneth ther is a fyne kell whyche is made of synowes and tyenges commyng thorowe the seames of the scull whyche the Grekes call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 vnder the whyche immediatly is the skulle in greke called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for the defence of the brayne it is made lyke an helmet the latyne men call it Caluariam and it is not one hole continual bone but is deuyded by certayne semes in to seuen bones Then within y e head vndernethe the sculle is Dura mater which Galen calleth Crassum 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 it is a thycke and harde kel or skinne made of many stronge sinowes and bondes to the entent it myght holde vp and susteyne the veynes whyche nouryssheth
of the partes whyche I thynke most necessarye to be knowen begynnynge there where as I lefte wyth the hearte whyche besyde hys chambres hath also twoo eares the whiche be grassels made of synowes beynge full of wrynkles and foldynges and they be also called the selles or butteries of the hearte I promysed before to declare as nere as I coulde those partes y t the brest whyche is called the myddle bellye doth conteyne and I haue al redy so to my lytle power descrybed both y e hearte the lyghtes the instrumentes of the voyce and brethyng wyth the partes couerynges of the same therefore nowe there remayneth the mydryfe whyche in latyne is called Mediastinus and the skinne that compasseth the rybbes whyche in Greke is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the heart strynges whyche in greke is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The mydryfe doth deuyde the breast 〈◊〉 in lengthe and maketh .ii. chābers one on the ryghte syde and an other on the lefte syde And because it is a very stronge skynne it doth fashyon both veynes pulses and synowes to the brest and it is tyed before to the brestbone and behynde to the ioyntes of the backebone The seconde skynne is that that is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which couereth the rybbes on the insyde and the muscles also that be betwyxt the rybbes Next vndernethe this is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which the Latyne men call Trausuersum septū or p̄cordia we may cal it an ouerthwart bridge or the hertstrynges it is made of synowes fleshe couered with .ii. fyne rymes made to moue the lyghtes also to drawe in and let out ayer and to separate the lowest belly from the mydle bely vnderneth the hertstrynges somwhat toward the ryghtside the mawe or paunche whiche before we called the lowest bellye beinge rounde with a greate bottome and somthyng narowe towarde the left syde is fastened to the .xiii. ioynte of the backe bone and in the same place the wesaūt that before we called the stomake is tyed to the mawe whych hath .ii. mouthes one at the lowest parte of the wesaunt and the other in the ryght syde of y e mawe or pāche The mouth by the which the meate is receyued into the mawe doth shut the nether parte of the wesaunt and is called the hyther mouthe of the mawe the mouthe that letteth oute the meate shytteth the nether parte of the mawe and is called in Greke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latyne Iauitor in our tung a portar or a keper of the gate and bothe these mouthes to the intente that the meate and drynke maye not fall oute at any tyme vnconcocte be set in the syde of the belly or pauche which be fast shutte as soone as euer the bellye hath receyued meate and therby naturall heate is very moche encreased wythin the mawe beynge made of synowes and of flesshe and it hath also two cootes of the whych the innermoost hath more synowes then flesshe and it is very thycke and rough ful of wryncles by the which the meate is drawen downe and retayned The vtter cote is more flesh and serueth onely to expell that that the bely refuseth and hath done w tal The temperature of the belly is cold and drye accordyng to the nature of synowes wherof it hath abūdaunce that it may be delyted w t such thīges as be cōueniēt mete for it and may abhorre suche as be noyful hurtful vnto it I haue spoken somewhat brefely of the bellye and mawe but before we descrybe the liuer I wyll first reherse .ii. cotes or coueringes of the bely which nature by her diuine and hygh sapiēce hath prouyded for the defence of the belly and entrailes The fyrst coueryng is called iu latyn Omentū y e Grecians do cal it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 our bouchers call it the kell and it is wouen lyke a nette of veynes pulses and senowes beinge couered with a great deale of fatte to the intent that it maye holde in the naturall heate which is in the mawe and guttes for it couereth all the belly from the top to the too the next cote or couerynge the Grekes call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 whiche couereth not onelye the bellye but also the liuer mylte and reynes it groweth of the bladder being thycker in some place then in some it tyeth the lowest partes of the belly to y e backe and doth sustayne the muscles of the belly which the Latyn men cal Musculos abdominis vpon the which muscules is a great deale of fatte then the skynne that couereth the whole body Next vnto the mawe immediatly downewarde be the guttes and entrayles the whiche although they be all one whole and continual body yet they maye be decerned bothe by theyr figure situation and action The fyrst whyche is fastened to the nether mouth of the mawe is called Duodenum bycause it is .xii. ynches longe and it is in the ryght syde in the region of the lyuer Nexte vnto Duodenum is I eiunium whiche is so called bycause it is alwayes emptye For to this gutte there cōmeth moch choler from the lyuer and bycause it of all the rest is nexte the liuer therfore the lyuer draweth from it verye quycklye by hys small veynes suche iuise as came from the stomake before And from this gutte there commeth choler into the rest to expell the excrementes The nexte is called of Galene 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 whyche hath manye circuites and boughtes bycause it shulde retayne the iuyce longer and it doth farre passe all the rest ioyned vnto thys is the gutte called Cecum whych doth receyue the excrementes and it is called Saccus bycause it is the wydest of all Then foloweth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ▪ beynge two cubytes of length hauyng dyuerse boughtes ▪ and compassynges lest the excrement shulde fall strayte out and in this gutte the excrement taketh hys coloure The last gutte whiche we call the fundament begynneth vnder the left reyne and is stretched downe euen to the very hole in the tayle it is tyed to the great back bone being large wyde to the intent that the excrement may go down more at ease Sith I haue descrybed the guttes entrayles I wyll adde somthyng as cōcernyng y e matter that they be made of They be made of flesh sinowes hauīg brode strīges by y e which they expel the excrementes There is a certayne skyn mixt amongest the guttes which is no gutte but a fortresse or a stay for y e smal veynes which come frō y e lyuer and it is called in Greke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 thervpon al the small veynes be called Mesaraice and it is a fyne and subtyle skyn made of very smal veynes gathered on an heape togyther amōgest the whyche there is a lumpe of fleshe lyke vnto a kernell whiche we call the swyt bread Underneth y e bastard ribbes in y e rightside of y e maw or stomake is y