observed in Book 11. of his Method In which case blood letting is good for Ventilation and must be repeated if need be Unnatural Respiration is somtimes necessary in those that have their Health to Vnnatural Respiration somtimes 〈◊〉 in healthy persons expel smoaky vapors by forcible blowing out of the breath or to expel the Excrements of the Bellâ— or to force out a Child by holding the breath â—xâ—â—fflation or forcible puffing out of the breath answers to Expiration and holding of the breath is a long Inspiration as much as the party is able to endure for some necessary use and it is performed which is strange by one very smal muscle which shuts the Arythenois and the Glottis Chap. 8. Of the Heart THe Heart is the Principal and most Noble Bowel of the whol Body the Nobility of the Heart Fountain of Life-giving Nectar by the Influx whereof the virality or lively force of al â—he parts is recreated and cherished It is the first that lives and the last that dies by the benefit whereof al the parts of the body do live and subsist And therefore it is that Nature has framed this principal Part with admirable Workmanship both without and within of a a T. 11. f. â— B. â–¡ fleshy substance strong and thick It s Substance interwoven with al sorts of Fibres and because it is the Seat of Native Heat lest it should become dry and parched up she hâ—s â—oâ—stened it with fat placed round about and waâ—ered the same by cuâ—cumfusion of a wheyâ—sh Liquor It is scituate in the middle of the Chest hanging by the a T. 11. f. 4. A A. Mediastinum and b â— 11. f. 1. A. Pericardium It s Scitâ—ation For those two parts do joyn in this Office as hath been said in our Chapter of the Mediastinum The Heart is alwaâ—es of the same greatness in some strong men it is more smal Bigness and solid than ordinary in feebâ—er Perâ—ons iâ— is greater and of a looser substance as â—n some men and frequently in women It is shaped like a Pine-Apple having a broad bottom and growing pointed towards Shape the top The broad end is called the Basis or bâ—ttom which receives four Vessels the Vena c T. 11. f. 1 C. Cava running through the Breast and opened neer the Heart Vessels and fastened thereunto the Vena d f. 2. E E. G. â–¡ Arteriosa the e f. 1. M. f. 2. C. â–¡ Aoâ—â—a and the Arteria f f. 2. H H. â–¡ Venosa In the Basis we find little Cases or Covers placed by the Vessels which carry blood into â—he Heart They are called 〈◊〉 Cordis the g f. â— C C. Ears of the Heart Ears and are hollow In grown persons the right Ear is larger than the left but in the child in the womb and al Infants the left Ear is larger than the right The other end of the Heart is termed the Conus or poinâ—ed end There appear Veins and Arteries h f. 2. by B. â–¡ creeping upon the surface of the Heart which seem ordained to repair the Fat as it spends Before we proceed to the inner Structure of the Heart we are to consider how it Action viz. the pulse is moved For its Action is Motion or Puliation because look what blood it receives in it drives the same out by pulsation There are therefore two parts of the Hearts motion Systole and Diastole or Systole Diastole Contraction and Dilatation when it takes in blood it is dilated or widened when it expels the same it is contracted or drawn together between both which motions there intercedes a pause or resting time which is termed Peri-Systole How these motions are caused is a doubtful Question Rejecting the various Opinions of others I wil tel you how I conceive this motiâ—ion Cause of the pulse according to our Author is performed It is probable that the Heart being widened cannot receive the blood unless its dilatation be made by drawing back the Basis thereof to the Cone that the Vessels may shed their blood and the heart draw the same to it self In the Systole the heart is contracted and the blood received is thrust out and then the Heart becomes narrower and longer than it was before And because it is shut up in the Pericardium or Heart-case which is fastened circular-wise to the Sinewy Centre of the Midrif with its Cone or pointed end it smites the Nervy Centre of the Midrif and with its Basis or broad end and the Aorta sticking out it smites the Breast at the same instant when it is extended and prolonged This perpetual motion of the Heart though it depend in respect of its production How necessary the circulation of the blood is to continue the motion of the Heart upon the inbred faculty thereof yet can it not alwaies continue save by the coming in of blood out of which the Heart frames the vital Spirit and in case at every pulse the Heart receive one drop of blood or two which it casts into the Aorta and that in an hours space the Heart pulses two thousand times it must needs be that a great quantity of blood or al the blood in the Vessels should pass through the Heart within the space of twelve or fifteen hours Now this quantity may come to fifteen or twenty pounds of blood which is as much as is contained in the Vessels and therefore it must needs be that in the space of twenty four hours the whol mass of Blood is twice or thrice passed through the Heart according as the motion of the Heart is quicker or slower And that this Circular Motion of the blood might be performed with the greater Whether the blood do pass from the right Ventricle of the Heart unto the Lungs commodity and facility William Harvey an English man the Kings Physitian the Author and Inventor of this motion of the blood and Joannes Walaeus a Professor of Leyden and most eager Defender and Protector thereof wil have the blood to be carried through the Lungs from the right unto the left Ventricle of the Heart not allowing that it should pass through the Septum or Partition wal between the Ventricles of the Heart and that the whol mass of Blood in an hour or two hours space is circulated through the Heart and the whol Body which I do not allow of and I have els-where laid down my reasons of the impossibility and inconveniency of such a motion The Heart is the Original of Vena Cava When I had observed that the Trunk of the Vena Cava was separated from the Liver running continually from the Jugulum to the Os Sacrum without any interruption and that it passed not through the Liver as we may see with our Eyes and perceive also by thrusting a smal stick thereinto I came to be of Opinion that The Liver of Vena Porta They
Vertebra's of the Neck than the joynt of the Thigh does from the Vertebra's of the Loines and Os sacrum About the Beginning of this great Nerve there is another adjoined which riseing The second out of the third hole of the Os sacrum and being carried along above the spine of Os sacrum it is branched out into the Musculi Gloutij and the Flexores Tibiae as far as to the Ham. The Medicinal Consideration Diseases of the Veines belonging to the Limbes especially to the Leg and Thigh Varices what they hee are the Varices which are knottie dilatations in which the Blood is collected as it were into Certaine Satchels Now they are cured with astringents with a close and Their Cure convenient ligature Or the veines are pricked and the blood let out or at the beginning of the varix the largest vein which gives nourishment to the rest or the beginning Whether a veine cut off will grow againe it selfe is tied up and cut off Many conceive that the veines cut off are bred againe they bring for an example the veines which are seen in a very great Sarcoma or fleshy Excrescence but Fernelius has rightly observed that they are not veines but channels between the Skin which nature has framed as gutters to water and nourish the Sarcoma or fleshy Excrescence Many thinke that the veines which are cut being tied together with a string do grow againe which I do not beleive Hippocrates cals the veines Spiracula Corporis the vents of the body or the breathing holes thereof which being opened the Body is aired and he saies that when the Veines are dried they draw sharp and cholerick humors in burning fevers Also the same Author saies that the veines do draw more than the flesh Lib. 1. de Morbis Especially if they be more hot and dry than ordinary â— Bloody sweats whence they proceed When the Veines being debilitated through Sickness of the Liver become nauseant and enclined as it were to vomit they suffer the Blood to run out not only through the mouthes of the upper and lower veines but also through the Skin of the whole Body in manner of a bloody sweat which I have observed two or three times A stoppage of the Veines and Arteries does often happen in Plethâ—…ck bodies The motion of the vessels how abolished so that in all places in which the pulse is wont to be felt the motion of the Arteries is abolished 〈◊〉 which case Hippocrates commends blood letting as a meanes to put the vessells into motion againe Somtimes the Pulle of all the Arteries is intercepted not excepting the Groine or crurall Arteries the Motion of the Heart stil remaining which disposition if it continue long it kills the Patient But if the motion of the Heart be perished likewise the Patient dies suddenly I have seen two that had no pulse at all only their Heart continued beating who lived sixteen yeares but in extreme weakness Balduinus Ronsaeus saw one in the same condition as he affirms in his medicinal Epistles Hereupon a question may be raised how the pulsation of the Arteries can be How the motion of the pulse in the Arteries can be stopped while the Heart moves stopped whiles the Heart beates after its wonted manner though slowly whether it be not necessary in such a Case that the Aorta be obstructed neare the Heart and that the irradiation and influlx of the arterial blood be by that meanes interceâ—â—ped And then the Blood of the veines approaches the Heart being drawne thither in the diastole or dilatation thereof that it may receive the seale of Vitality in the right ventricle and being afterwards driven forth by the Systole or Contraction into the vena cava the vital spirits are forcibly carried into the length of the channel and by the mutual anastomoses of the veines and Arteries they are communicated to the said Arteries with the blood I have in some persons observed that the motion of their Arteries hath been frequently intercepted or became very unequal for some daies together afterwards the impediment being removed which was near the Heart I found the same inequality in the Caeliac Arterie which did beat vehemently although the pulse appeared equal and wel ordered in the rest of the body This I conceive happened by reason of a little bit of flesh or fat which ascending to the Gates of the Heart did cause such a pulse so inordinate and being repelled or drawen back unto the Caeliac Arterie which is a branch of the Aorta it did produce such an irregularity as aforesaid The Crural Arterie seeing that it is evident in the Groine and subject to our feeling The Pulse is last felt in the crural Arterie the pulse thereof is easily discerned being vehement in regard of the greatness of the Arterie and the last which remaines after the pulse is extinguished in other extreme parts of the Body wherein it is usually felt to beate And therefore when no pulse can be felt in the other usual places it must be sought for e examined in this crural Artery not only in Men but in women also provided the Rules of Honesty be not broken And if when a disease is at the Heigth we can feel no pulse in this part death is neare at hand The Dilation or Section of an Arterie happens chiefly in the external parts Aneurisma what it is where the lesser Arteries reside which are branches of the great Trunk And this disease is termed Aneurisma It is seldome seen in the trunk of the Aorta because of its thickness The End of the Fift Book THE SIXTH BOOK OF THE ANATOMY AND PATHOLOGY OF John Riolanus THE KINGS PROFESSOR OF PHYSICK A new Osteologia or History of the Bones Wherein he treates of the Bones Ligaments and Gristles of the whole Body by which the frame of the Body is compacted together the Muscles being removed handling al the Diseases and symptomes which happen unto the Bones CHAP. 1. THe Scope of Nature and of the Physitian about the Body of Man its Fabrick are contrary the one unto the others Nature intending to make up the Body of Man begins at the most simple parts and so proceeds by little and little to the more compounded ones until she The Method finish her work But the Physician that he may attaine unto the knowledg of this workmanship of Nature proceeds gradually from the more compound unto the most simple parts so that in his Analysis or Resolution these parts are last which were first in the Composition So when we pul down an house first we throw off the Ceeling then we demolish the walles and Why we treat of the Bones in the last place lastly we dâ—g up the foundation Wee in like manner in our takeing asunder this House of Mans body by Anatomical Administration do now in the last place treat of the Bones which are the foundation of the whole Body and
have different blood in them the Vena Cava did spring from the Heart as the Vena Porta takes its rise from the Liver and that two sorts of blood were contained in those Veins though both of those sorts are labored and wrought in the Liver the one of these sorts of blood being sent into the Porta the other by a branch rooted in the Liver twice as smal as the Trunk of Vena Cava carried unto the Heart What kind of blood is circulated The blood which is contained in the Vena Porta is not circulated although it have a flux and reflux within its own Channels and communicate with the Caeliacal Arteries which are joyned one to another by mutual Anastomoses Within those Vessels the blood may pass to and fro reciprocally but it does not run out according to the longitude of the body neither is it in such a sense circulated In what Vessels And therefore the Circulation which is made in the Heart does borrow its matter from the Liver by the Vena Cava The Circulatory Vessels are the Aorta and Cava neither do their branches receive that Circulation because the blood being shed into al the parts of the second and third Region does remain there to nourish the said parts neither does it flow back unto the greater Vessels unless it be revelled by force when there is great want of blood in the larger Vessels or when it is stimulated into some violent motion and so flows unto the greater Circulatory Vessels After what manner And so the blood which is brought from the Liver unto the right Ventricle of the Heart does pass through the Partition wall of the two Ventricles into the left Ventricle I confess that in a violent Circulation the blood is carried through the Lungs unto How the circulation is performed the left ventricle of the Heart where it is forcibly ejected into the Aorta that it may afterwards be carried into the greater Veins of the Limbs which communicate by mutual Anastomoses with the Arteries and then from the Veins it flows up into the right Ventricle of the Heart and so there is made a perfect Circulation by the continual flux and reflux of the blood So that the blood in the Veins does naturally and perpetually ascend or return unto the Heart the blood of the Arteries naturally and continually descends or departs from the Heart Howbeit if the smaller Veins of the Arms aud Legs shal be emptied of blood the blood of the Veins may descend to succeed in the place of that which is taken away as I have cleerly demonstrated against Harvey and Walaeus No man can deny the mutual Anastomoses of the Veins and Arteries seeing that Galen has said it and demonstrated the same by Experiments and our dayly Experience confirms the same Hippocrates himself in his third Book of the Joynts takes notice of this communion of the Veins and Arteries in a Discourse by it self How necessary the circulation of the blood is You see how necessary it is for the blood to circulate that the motion of the Heart may not cease and how this Circulation may be performed without confusion and perturbation of the Humors and without destroying the Ancient Art of Healing And therefore the Circular motion of the blood is necessary to continue the motion of the heart as in Mils the Water must perpetually fal upon the Wheel to make it turn about also to warm again and restore the strength of the blood The Vtility thereof which is decayed by the loss of Spirits dispersed up and down the body whereas in the Heart it is refurnished with new Spirits and that the Heart being the Fountain of Native Heat may be moistened with a perpetual Dew lest by little and little it should parch and wither away for want of that dewy moisture or Life-giving Nectar By the Circulation of the blood in the Heart the Causes of Life and Death are more easily declared than by the Humidum Primigenium or Original Moisture bred in the Heart when the Child is formed which is so little that it is soon consumed and the perpetual motion of the Heart continuing day and night without ceasing would at length wear away the Substance of the Heart unless by a perpetual flowing in of the circulated blood it were moistened and repaired Whether the Heart and Arteries are moved at the same time Howbeit we must hold that the Heart and Arteries do move by Course one after another not being moved at the same instant with the same kind of motion but taking their turns and performing their work interchangably for when the Heart sends out the blood the Arteries receive it and transmit it into the Veins not that which is expelled the same instant but that which is neerest the Veins This being granted these parts must of necessity be moved one after another and the swelling motion of the Artery when it rises under our Finger is dilatation or widening and not contraction although it seem very like the pulse which the Heart makes when it contracts it self Having explained the Circulation of the Blood we must now open the Heart The right Ventricle of the Heart which you shal see divided into two Ventricles by the Septum Medianum or a T. 11. f. ☉ D D. □ Middle Partition The one is termed the b f. ☉ C C. f. 3. D D. f. 4. C C. □ Right Ventricle being the wider and softer The other the c f. ☉ B. f. 5. C C. f. 6. D D. □ Left being harder narrower and compassed with a thicker wal reaching as far as the Cone or Point of the Heart which the Right does not The Right Ventricle receives the Vena d f. 1. C. f. ♃ E. □ Cava and the Vena e f. 2. E E G. f. 4. A. T. 12. f. 3. all □ Arteriosa The Its Vessels Cava pours blood into the Heart the Vena Arteriosa carries back all or a part thereof into the Lungs To the Orifices of the Cava are adjoyned certain three-pointed f T. 11. f. 3. C C C. □ Valves or Their Valves Shutters which hinder the going back of the blood The Orifice of the Vena Arteriosa is compassed with three Valves or Shutters shaped like an old fashioned g f. 4. B B B. □ Greek Sigma which hinder the reflux of the blood The Left Ventricle receives two Arterial Vessels the a T. 11. f. 1. M. f. 2. C. f. 5. A. □ Aorta and the Arteria b f. 2. H H. f. 6. A. T. 1. e. f. 6. all □ Venosa Which latter according to the Doctrine of some Anatomists carries The left Ventricle of the Heart Its Vessels blood from the Lungs into the left Ventricle of the Heart or carries Air prepared in the Lungs into the said Ventricle and likewise carries back fuliginous Vapors howbeit many do not allow the said use
of the Vital which is continually brought in great The place where the Animal Spirits are made according to our Authâ—r quantity by the Carotick Arteries to the Basis of the Brain where the branches meeting and being woven together do make the Rete Mirabile from which innumerable branches are derived into the Crassa Meninx that the blood may aâ—cend on every hand to those blood-channels of the Dura Mater which I coâ—ceive does alone palpitate or pant and I have seen in Fractures of the Skul that when that Membrane is broken the brain remains immovable Seeing therefore the foremost Ventricles are opened in the Basis of Brain and equal in their widness to the upper Cavities of the said Ventricles and are close unto the Rete Mirabile from it the Ventricles draw their Spirits or the Spirits exhaling from that Texture whose Arterâ—es are exceeding tender and thin they are brought along into the â—oremost Ventricles and soon after by the third Ventricle which serves instead of a Channel or passage they are forthwith carried by a streight course into the fourth Ventricle the Cistern or Conduit Head of Spirits that from thence they may be distribuâ—ed into the inferior Nerves and into the Cavity of the Spinal Marrow But the seven Pair of Nerves are propagated from those four Eminencies of which the two greater do form and enclose the sides of the foremost Ventricles the other two make the sides of the fourth Ventricle whose Roof and fore and after parts are made up by the double Apophysis Scolicoides Those four Eminencies are Spongy and receive Spirits which run directly into the Nerves of the Spinal Marrow by the â—ourth Ventricle And no man can deny that the Nerves of â—he brain are the off-springs of those four Eminencies and so this Proposition is to be interpreted All Nerves of the Body and Brain do spring from the Spinal Marrow either within or without the brain I deny not that the Spirits are diffused through the whol substance of the brain and not wholly contained in the Ventricles but I aver that the Ventricles are the true Shops or Work-Houâ—es of â—he Animal Spirit which is distributed unto the seven Couple of Nerves and to the Spinal Marrow That this is abâ—uâ—d and impossible Hofmâ—n does thus seek to prove 1. Arg. There is the Spirit made where the Action is performed I Answer many Actions are performed in parts in which no Spirits are bred The Arguments of Hoâ—man to the contrary answered and I deny that in the Body of the Brain al Actions are performed Again there needs no other elaboration than their passage through the brain for as the blood of the Veins passing through the Hearts Ventricles is in a moment made Vital so the Vital Spirits running through the middle of the Brain as far as the Ventricle do become Animal For if it were needful that the Animal Spirit should be elaborated in the Substance of the Brain it would lose much of its â—ubtilty because the brain is cold and moist 2 d Arg. of Hofman If the Spirit be to act it must needs be under the command of the Soul in the Vessels for after that it is entered into the Sea of the Veâ—tricles what is there to compel the same to return into the straâ—t passages of the Neâ—ves I â—nâ—wer If the Spirit be diffâ—â—ed into the whol substance of the brain being really soft as Wax how can it return into the Nerves seeing there are no Vessels running through the â—ubstance of the brain Those bloody marks wherewith it is sprinâ—â—ed are poinâ—s of blood dropping down from above out of the Arteries which runs between the winding substance of the brain The great Providence of Nature because the blood could not pieâ—ce nor pass through the midst of the Substance of the brain hath carried the same through the Channels of the Dura Mater as far as the â—â—ood passages whence â—â— slides into the â—â—ferior parts and by the Press oâ— that great Vein which Constiâ—utes the Plexus Choroides it â—â—ows into the Venâ—ricles More probable it were to assign the Seat and Shop of the Animal Spirits in the Plexus Choroides which is diffuâ—ed through al the Cavities of the brain as far as the baâ—â—s thereof But shew me friend Hofman the way by which the Animal Spirits made of the Vital may be diffused into the substance of the brain so as to flow back into the Nerves 3 d Arg. The Ventricles are surrounded within with the Pia Mater which â—inders the ingress and regresâ— of the Spirits I Answer If the Ventricles have for their Covering the thin Meninx the passage is thereby the saâ—er into the foremost Ventricles without any loss at all I have already demonstrated in an Entrance in the basis of the brain being the way into the fourth Ventricle there is no need of a regâ—ess for Arterial blood which ascends upwards by the Crassa Meninx distilling into the brain does on al sides afford Spirits to the whol brain neither can the blood penetrate without Spirits 4. Arg. Hofmans strongest Argument is this Seeing the two superior Ventricles open into the third and that into the Funnel and it into the Pallate who will be Suâ—ety that the Spirits will not maâ—e their escape this way I Answer This danger is easily shunned by the continual flux and pulse or driving of the Spirits to the Ciâ—â—ern and that same hole is exceeding smal and so deep even to the Oâ— Sphenâ—â—des that it can equal the length of a mans â—â—â—ger You who beleeve that the blood passes from the Right Ventricle of the Heart through the Lungs that it may return into the Left are you not afraid lest we should lose our vital Spirits when we blow ouâ— breath out in Respiration 5. Arg. The Ventricles are not continued with the Nerves but with the whol Body I Answer If the Nerves proceed from those same Eminencies which are Roots oâ— the Spinal Marrow between the Brain and the Petty-brain and they are principal portions of the Brain do not the Nerves arise from the brain it self But you your self have often times written that the Nerves arise within the brain from the â—oots of the Spiâ—al Marrow 6. Arg. The Ventricles have now another Office which cannot stand with that of the Spirits I Answer That I deny any such Office For the Choana or Funnel can pâ—â—ge away any wheyish Excrements which shal be in the Ventricles but the greatest part flowing down by the external windings of the brain unto the basis fals partly into the Os Ethmoides or Colander bone partly it descends to the basis of the brain and if not by the Choana yet by other holes neer abouts it is purged into the Paâ—â—ate But because Hofmans Spirits fail him in â—andling this Quâ—stion can you forbear laughing for they are his own words we shal also leave him to enjoy his self-love with a great flock of bleating Animals so he saies which follows
is Purged and emptyed by sweating by Cupping-Glasses Scarrification and Rubbing according to the Doctrine of Galen Lib. de Sanitate by Bathings Whippings and Beatings and blistering and Rubifying or Pimple-raising Applications Therefore seeing the smal Pocks and Measses are but the scum of the whol habit of body that is of the Flesh and sollid parts their coming out is to be furthered either at the beginning or at any other time with Sweating Medicamants and such things as draw to the external Parts Neither need you let blood so often though the Patient be strong twice if need be is enough because it hinders the Motion of Nature in expelling unless either a dead sleep or strangling with a Feaver or bloody Flux which is for the most part deadly draw us to that remedy not neglecting young Pidgeons Cut alive through the middle laid to the Hands and Feet and somtimes to the Heart and smal Cupping-Glasses fastned al about the body with light Scarification And somtimes bathing the Body in Luke warm Water profits if the season of the year be convenient to make the Measses and smal Packs come out the better Chap. 4. Of the lower Ventricle THe Dissection and Anatomical demonstration must be begun at the belly because Why the Disection begins aâ— the lower Ventriole it is the sink and Kitchin of the body and therefore soonnest Putrifies and stinks It is called in Greek Coilia because it is coile that is hollow in latin Venter in English the Belly It s substance is fleshy composed of various similar parts which we shal propound It s Substance in order hereafter The belly seeing it is a most compound part it s own temperature is none at al but Temperature it follows the temperament of the parts contained in it and especially of the Liver It hath its Original from the first comformation with the rest of the Parts Original Scituation Quantity It is Scituated in the inferior part of the Trunk of the Body It s Quantity or widness is from the bastard Ribs or Diaphragma to the Os Pubis or share Bone and with these bounds it is Circumscribed above and below The whol widness of the belly is distinguished into three Regions the superior called a T. 1. f. 1. A. B. â–¡ Stomacbal the middle called b f. 1. C C. â–¡ Vmbiliar and the lower called c f. 1. E E. â–¡ Hypogastrica Again in every part both the lateral and middle parts ought to be observed the lateral parts of the stomachal Region are called d T. 1. f. 1. A B. â–¡ Hypochondria of the middle Region e f. 1. D D. â–¡ Ilia The middle is called the f infra C C. â–¡ Navil which is the centre both of the belly and of the whol body The lateral parts of the Hypogastrick Region are called g f. 1. F F. â–¡ Groyns the middle h f. 1. g. f 2. D D. â–¡ Pubis the share which after the fourteenth year both in men and Women is adorned with Hair as a natural covering for those parts which the common Law of bashfulness commands us to conceal In respect of number the belly is but one yet by the Peritonaeum it is divided into to Cavities The greater holds the parts which prepare for nourishment The lesser holds the bladder and Genitals in men and the Womb also in Women which never bear Children It is divided into parts containing and contained Parts containing are proper Parts containing Common common and diverse common are five i f. 2. B B. â–¡ Cuticula or scarf Skin k f. 2. C C. â–¡ the Skin l f. 2. D D. â–¡ the Fatty Membrane m T. 2. f. 8. 9. â–¡ the Fleshy Membrane and the Common Membrane of the Muscles Proper are the Muscles of the n T. 2. f. 3. and 4. â–¡ Abdomen and the o T. 10. f. 10. O O. â–¡ Peritoneum Proper Diverse Diverse are partly Fleshy partly bony bony are the p T 23. f. 1. A. â–¡ Vertebrae and q T. 14. f. 2. L L. f. 3. B B. â–¡ Pelvis which are parts of the Os Sacrum and Ilium Fleshy are the Muscles r T. 14. f. 1. C C. D D. â–¡ Psoas s f. 4. B B. â–¡ Sacrolumbus t f. 3. D D. f. 4. A A. â–¡ Latissimus v f. 2. O O. â–¡ Sacer x f. 4. C C. â–¡ Semispinutus y T. 10. f. 1. N N. Quadratus I cal them diverse because those bones and Muscles being Scituared in the hinder part of the belly do make somthing toward the constituting of the belly though they are referred to another part and pertain to another use The parts contained are manifold which are divided into such as nourish and Contained â— Parts Figure such as engender such as nourish are such as make Chyle and such as make blood The Genitals are of men and of Women The Figure of the belly is Oval by reason of the parts contained which if removed it is hollow that it may be the seat of the Vessels dedicated to nourishment and Generation and therefore the latins cal it Abdomen and the Greeks Epigastrion The color of the superficies of the belly is like the color of the rest of the body Color in men of ripe Age it is Hairy from the Pubis up to the Navil It is outwardly knit to the breast and inferior limbs by the Skin inwardly by Connexion the Peritoneum It communicats with the principal parts by Veins Arteries and Nerves The use of the Belly is to comprehend and involve the parts of nourishment Vse and generation take it individually it consists of Musculous Flesh It hath action to compress the parts contained within its self for the expultion Action of excrements upwards and downwards and to force the Child out of the Womb. The Medicinal Consideration From this discourse a Physitian collects many things in his Practice useful 1. That the Belly is the Sink of the Body in which the vices of our intemperance reside the Mother of all mischeifs and the Nurse of Physicians in which condition 'c is called Collatibus Venter an Aldermans Belly He whose Belly grows to a great bigness is called Ventrosus Fat Guts Some we read of whose Bellies grew to a monstrous bigness as Nichomachus Smyrnaeus in Galen in Athenaeus Lib. 12. Deipnosophist we read of a King that was choked with fatness But famous is that History in Michael Neander in Erot. Hebr. ex Talmud in Jona Rabbi Ismael and Rabbi Eliazer had such great Bellies that when they stood with their Faces together and their Bellies touched two great Oxen might pass between them and touch neither of them By reason of the Fleshy and fatty substance of the Belly it is subject to diverse Swelling in the Abdomen swellings Especially Aposthemes either from the liver by the Vmbilicar Vein or else the matter
dangerously sick and there upon warily to give their Aurum Potabile or som such other Medicine as a cordial and restorer of strength until Nature being freed from al disturbance of Physick begins to gather strength and then they take opportunity to give a gentle Vomit which Purges serous or such like Excrements up and down In very many Diseases Hippocrates saies 't is better to be quiet than to do any thing that is 't is better to leave the work to Nature than to give any Medicament And if the Physitian knew that he is the Servant and Assistant of Nature he would cure more Patients than he does See Valesius upon the 19. Text of Sect. 2. of the 6. Book of Hippocrates Epidemicks Sluggishness of the Belly and impurity of the Vessels brings al into confusion Hippocrates Chap. 24. Of the Liver THe Liver which is the Instrument of making Blood consists of a Substance Substance of the Liver It s Color proper to it self fitted and ordained to that end for it is like congealed blood and therefore red and the same color it imprints upon the blood howbeit the Liver of some Fishes is of another Color viz. green black yellow as Saffron in which Creatures the blood receives its red color by passing through the substance of the Heart But in Men and other living Creatures which have the two Veins distinct called Blood where and how made Porta and Cava the whol Mass of blood is wrought in the Liver but one part thereof less perfect than the rest is by the Vena Porta distributed among those Parts which serve to nourish the Body another part being conveighed by the Vena Cava is perfected in the Heart of which is made the Arterial blood which is distributed to al the parts and afterwards is transmitted into the Veins that so in a Circular motion it may pass again into the Heart that by its flux it may maintain the perpetual motion of the Heart as the Wheels of a Mil are continually turned about by force of the Wind or Water-fal Such blood is furnished to those parts which having sence and motion depend upon the Brain or Heart The Liver is a T. a. f. 10. 1. D. T. 4. f. 1. A B. â–¡ scituate in the right Hypochondrium under the bastard or short Scituation of the Liver Bigness Ribs and fils with its bulk al that Cavity to the Sword-like Cartilage Somtimes it is so enlarged as to exceed those Natural Bounds and then it rests upon the Stomach reaching as far as the Spleen and descends three or four fingers breadth below the bastard or short Ribs which happens partly through relaxation of the bands wherewith it is bound to the Midrif and short Ribs partly through swelling of the Liver it self over loaded with Nutriment In Man-kind there is one single Liver which is not divided into Lobes or Fingers Number as in bruit Beasts yet there is a certain b T. 4. f. 5. C. â–¡ Cleft to be seen where the Umbilical c f. 1. a. f. 5. B. T. 2. f. 10. G. â–¡ Vein creeps into the Liver and many times two little Lobes or Laps are d T. 4. f. 4. A A. â–¡ seated Lobes or laps under the greater ones somtimes there is only e f. 5. B. â–¡ one which being hollowed receives the Trunk of Vena f f. 5. I. â–¡ Porta which is included in a Duplication of the Omentum or Call that the Excrements of the Liver might be derived thither Although the Liver be one continued Substance yet Anatomists divide the same Two Regions of the Liver into two Regions the one superior and exterior the other inferior and internal The superior or upper is called the g f. 1. B. f. 4. A A. â–¡ Gibbous or bunching part of the Liver the inferior is called the h f. 1. A. f. A A. â–¡ hollow part of the Liver Into the upper Region the Vena Its Vessels i f. 4. D D. â–¡ Cava sprinkles its Roots into the nether Region the Vena k f. 5. I. c. â–¡ Porta sows abroad its Suckers Besides these Roots there are observable certain Branches of the Channel of Choler dispersed among the Roots of Vena Porta and certain little twigs of the Milky Veins which neer the Trunk of Porta do enter into the Cavity of the Liver m T. 9. f. 1. a a a a. â–¡ l f. 15. H. â–¡ It is the mind of Physitians that both these Regions ought diligently to be observed Diversity of the Regions to be observed in practice because in either of these Regions the morbifick matter may be contained which is diversly to be purged according as it possesses the one or other Region for as much as the bunching part of the Liver is purged by the Kidneys through the Vena Cava the hollow part is purged by the Guts by means of the Branches of Porta which are terminated in the Guts conveighing blood and the evil humors of the Liver I have seen Impostumes in the bunching part when the hollow part has not been at al tainted and on the other side I have seen the hollow part impostumated without any detriment to the bunching part Howbeit inasmuch as I cannot see those two Regions separated so much as by a Membrane I cannot beleeve that one part can be sick and the other sound unless the morbifick humor be contained within the Pipes of the little Veins Many Anatomists do affirm that the Roots of Vena Cava and Vena Porta do Whether the Roots of Cava and Poâ—â—â— are united in the liver meet together and are united one unto another by many Anastomoses others deny that there is any such Conjunction among which I willingly acknowledg my self for one and give my voyce on their side my Reasons I have els-where laid down and Nature would have it so that natural and vicious Humors might not be confusedly jumbled together in the Liver You shal observe how the Vein which is taken for Cava takes its rise out of How blood is distributed from the Liver the upper part of the Liver and is inserted into the Trunk of Cava neer the midrif that the Cava may forth with powr out the blood which it hath received from the Liver or rather transmit the same into the neighboring Heart scituate only two or three fingers breadths off and inclosed in the Pericardium which cleaveth circularly to the Nervous Centre of the Diaphragma whereby thou maiest perceive that the greater part of the blood goes into the right Ventricle of the Heart that it may become Arterial by a double Circulation Particular and General A double Circulation of the blood I cal that the particular Circulation which is made from the right Ventricle of the Heart through the midst of the Lungs so as that the blood comes again into the left Ventricle of the Heart The general
2. D D. â–¡ Navel it breaths a little its Heart h T. 9. f. 3. B. T. 11. f. ♃ â–¡ moves and exercises its vital Faculty it feels and is moved and has been heard also to cry At last when it finds it self perfect whether in the seventh or in the ninth The Natural Birth month which is the ordinary time for a Child to be born being impatient to be any longer there imprisoned it breaks its bands and prison doors and seeking to come out makes its own way with the Head i T. 8. f. 1 D. â–¡ foremost and such an Egress is termed a Natural and right fashion'd Birth Before that Nature begins to work she moistens the waies before the Birth with a What precedes the same Clammy and gluish Humor The internal Orifice of the womb and the whol Sheath which in the last months do by little and little grow thick are moistened with the same clammy glutinous Humor that they may easily be enlarged to such a widness as shal be necessary for the going out of the Infant That the Child be rightly born it ought to come out with its Head first and its Face towards the Mothers Breech the Membranes being first broken and the water run out After the Child the Secondine or After-birth must come forth viz. What follows the Placenta Carnea or Womb-Liver whol and untorn VVhen the Child is come forth the Navel is tied a T. 9. f. 2. P. â–¡ a Thumbs breadth from the Skin and after it is tied it is cut of leaving only another Thumbs breadth The Infant being wiped and clensed with its Head gently pressed together and closed is delivered unto the Nurse The Midwife takes care of the Mother who is careful of her privy parts being pained and to recover her languishing strength If the Birth prove hard and painful a Feaver is raised and the privy Parts are swelled by laboring and endeavoring in vain to bring forth the Child Somtimes Helps to further hard labor her strength falls her and other whiles Convulsions do arise Then is blood drawn from the Arm and the Foor and the Genital Parts are fomented with Emollient and laxative Fomentations and are anointed within with opening Oyls and fresh Butter The Patient is put into a bath of luke-warm water and sharp Clysters are given to provoke the womb to excretion and the inferior parts are provoked by Aperitive and provoking Potions to open themselves Finally when all wil not do and the woman has passed over two or three daies in these Torments if she appear like to die and ready to faint away if tokens of a Gangrene in the Privities do appear although we are not sure that the Infant is dead it is drawn out with an Hook that the Mothers life may be saved it is better that Drawing the Infant out by an Hook one die than two and the life of the Mother is to be preferred before the life of the Child The Mother ought not to die to save the Child and therefore the Caesarean Section ripping the Child out of the Mothers Belly ought not to be practised 'T was elegantly said by Tertullian in his Book de Anima cap. 25. Necessaria crudelitate trucidatur Infans maâ—ricida ni moriturus that is It is a necessary kind of Cruelty to kill that Child which otherwise would kill its own Mother VVhen the Infant has broke prison and escaped if the Placenta or After-birth do not follow the Midwife must thrust her hand into the Cavity of the womb and pul it â—way gently lest the bottom of the womb be drawn down If in a woman dead presently after her Delivery you view the privy Parts you shal observe the Caruncles obliterated and defaced the Nymphes much diminished so that only some Rudiments of them are to be seen and the inmost Orifice so wide that it wil receive a mans four fingers bended together The widening of those Parts to let out the Infant and the straitening of them again Admirable power of Nature Child-bed Purgations what they are a while after is an admirable work of Nature The widness and thickness of the womb are diminished by little and little by the coming away of the Loches or Child-bed Purgations which is nothing but that blood squeezed out which had been shut up between the Spongy sides of the womb But if the largeness of the womb be not diminished nor the blood evacuated it putreâ—ies and causes an Inflamation and the womb continues stretched and bard as is the Child were yet within it and at length a Gangrene arises which brings unavoidable death after it But if the whol Placenta be not drawn forth it is no necessary cause of Death and the place from whence it was pulled by force for a while appears rough and uneven til the whol womb be dried and reduced unto its natural Figure al which ought diligently to be observed especially in Child-bed women that are sick The largeness and hardness of the Body of the womb continuing with a Feaver is Child-bed Purgations retained how to be evacuated a very dangerous and doubtful Disease and a great Question it is towards the Cure whether we should open a Vein in the Arm or in the Foot Fernelius confidently lets blood in the Arm Pereda a Spaniard tels us That we should not regard from whence the blood comes but into what part it is collected and bids us open the Vein which is next that part Cortesius in his Miscellanies has sifted this Question and favors the Opinion of Fernelius howbeit more profitable it is and more secure to take blood out of the Foot liberally respect being had to the Patients strength not neglecting cooling Clysters Epithems Fomentations and Pessaries made to provoke the womb to cast forth that putrified and death-causing blood and the rather to avoid the Calumny and prating of il-tongu'd Gossips by whom Remedies are defamed which have been the means to save many peoples lives The Infant has no Diseases proper to it self saving Teeth-breeding Smal Pox Diseases proper to Infants and Meazles Hippocrates under the name of Tooth-breeding comprehends al Childrens Diseases because chiefly when they breed their Teeth Infants are so sick that many times they are taken away by death Many Diseases are raised by the pain of the Childrens Tooth-breeding There Teeth-sickness are two times in which the Tooth-sickness does vex and endanger the lives of Children viz. When the Teeth first sprout and when they break out of the Gums The Meazles and smal Pox are new Diseases unknown to the Antient Physitians Meazles Smal pox which are thought to be contracted and bred in the Mothers womb by the Mothers corrupt and Menstrual blood the fault whereof Nature is wont to purge out and scum away by those Eruptions I say no more lest I should seem to go beyond the bounds of an Anatomical Discourse Neither is it my Design to
The Arteria Venosa hath in its Orifice only two c T. 11. f. 6. C C. â–¡ three-pointed Valves or Shutters The Aorta carries back Arterial blood out of the left Ventricle of the Their Valves Heart and its Orifice is stopped by three d f. 5. B B B. â–¡ Sigma shaped Valves or Shutters which hinder the blood from returning back again It is to be observed that these three-pointed Valves or Shutters are membranous neer their Vessels but they depend upon fleshy Pillars which within the Heart are like unto Muscles being fastened to the sides of the partition wall or Septum of the Heart which remains unmovable saving towards the Basis where it is softer and gives way a little when the Basis is drawn back in the Diastole or Dilatation of the Heart The Septum e f O D D. medium or Partition-wall of the Heart is porous ful of little holes which are somtimes manifestly discerned towards the Cone or Point of the The Septum Medium of the Heart Whether the blood pass through it or no Heart It is more probable according to the Doctrine of Galen that the blood does naturally pass through the said Septum or partition wall than through the Lungs Howbeit I deny not but that in the violent Agitation of the Heart and Lungs the blood is carried through the midst oâ— the said Lungs The Medâ—cinal Consideration Having finished these Observations I proceed unto the Diseases of the Heart The Heart as Pliny saies cannot endure long Diseases nor suffer lingring torments Vsual Diseases of the Heart art And Galen tels us That Physitians have not been able to find out or invent Medicines able to cure an evil and malignant distemper which has taken hold of the substance of the Heart Wherefore this part is diligently to be preserved which suffers not by its own fault but by the Impurities of other parts wherewith it is infected and corrupted Wherefore if the Heart be supplied with pure and good blood and be not infected by conâ—agion of the neighboring parts he Lungs and the Liver it flourishes Swouning most cheerfully and causes a very long life But by our Intemperance we suffer it not to continue in Health for the good of the whol Body And therefore it is exercised with divers Diseases by the loss of strength that is to say of Spirits or by their Dissipation such as are Syncope and Leipothymia or swouning and fainting Fainting away which differ only in degrees Syncope being greater than Leipothumia Oftentimes the Heart does counterfeit and make shew of a kind of Apoplexy but without snorting neither does it leave a Palsey after it or any feebleneis of Body or mind If this Disease return often with violence at length it over-whelms and stifles the Heart not only because the blood is stopped from going forth by reason of the fulness of the Vessels but by the Hearts being oppressed by some gross substance of the blood forcibly crowded into the Ventricies of the Heart stopping the pulsative motion of the Heart and Arteries and causing somtime that the Patient cannot speak and bringing him finally to his Grave This Disease is as common among the Germans as is the Apoplexy by reason of their full and Champion-like habit of body contracted by their dayly Feastings and liberal drinking especially at dinner which lasts til within Night they in the mean time taking no care to abate their Plethorick habit by liberal blood-letting Nor is it any wonder if from so great plenty of blood they fal into an Apoplexy or the Heart-swoonings aforesaid Hence depends the Explication of the 42. Aphorism of the Second Book The motion of the Heart is depraved in the Palpitation or Panting thereof and Palpitation it is interrupted in Syncope and Leipothymia The Ventricles and Partition are oftentimes obstructed being filled with little The Circulation intercepted by obstruction of the Ventricles Or of bits of Flesh or Fat wherewith the Heart is choaked the Circular motion of the blood being stopped Somtimes they stick in the right Ear of the Heart whence follows Palpitation or inequality or Interception of the Pulse Worms are also bred in the Heart of which Salius treats There is a memorable Story of a certain English man whose Heart was eaten into by a Worm You may read the Story in Aurelius Severinus The Circulation of the blood is stopped not only in the Heart but also in the The Velns Veins when they are stopped with very thick blood or with blood congealed like the pith of an Elder stick as I have often seen it after burning Feavers and as it has been observed by Fernelius The most frequent Diseases of the Heart are Feavers wherewith it is inflamed A Feaver and roasted as it were so that the Original moisture thereof becomes exhaust and dried up for as Ludovicus Duretus saies in his Commentary upon Hippocrates his Coick Discourses We lose more of our strength by a feaver of seven daies continuance than by the depraedation of our Natural Heat in seventy yeers time a yong man dies in seven daies consumed by a Feaver who might have lived seventy yeers under the sole Regiment of his Natural Heat Differences of Feavers In respect of the Cause a Feaver is Spirital The History of Feavers belongs to this place which I shal dispatch in few words The Hot Distemper of the Heart is termed a Feaver The Differences of Feavers are taken from their conjunct Cause which is three-fold The Spirits the Humors in the Vessels and the Humors fixed in the solid parts of the body From the Spirits a Feaver is termed Spirituosa or Spirital from the Humors in the Vessels it is termed Humoralis and from the Humors fixed in the solid parts it is termed Hectica Though there be three sorts of Spirits Natural Vital Animal yet is it the Vital Spirit alone which being inflamed causes the Spirital Feaver There are four Humoral Humors contained in the Vessels whence comes four sorts of Humoral Feavers the Sanguine the Cholerick the Flegmatick and the Melanchollick But the Hectick Feaver is distinguished by three degreee For the simple Hectick arites Hectick from the fixed Humor being only inflamed the middle Hectick is when the said Humor begins to wast and the Hectica Marasmodes when it is quite exhaust and consumed The Modi of Feavers or their manner of afflicting is two-fold for either the In respect of the manner Continual Intermittent Feaver is continual or it intermits it is putrid or not putrid malignant or wel-affected A continual Feaver never ceases burning til it go wholly away An intermitting Feaver leaves the Patient some space of time free from burning The Cause of the Continualness of a Feaver is the plenty of Morbisick matter and its nearness to the Heart and the distance and paucity of the said matter is the Cause of its Intermission A Putrid Feaver is caused by
Putrefaction of the Humors Putrid Imputrid Malignant An Imputrid Feaver is caused only by the fervency of the Spirits and Humors contained in the Vessels or fixed in the solid Parts A Malignant Feaver is caused by extream Pucrefaction or by divers Symptomes greivously afflicting the noble Parts a Well-affected Feaver has none of al these A great Feaver is the Non-malignant same with a Malignant and a little Feaver differs not from a Well affected Hence are al the differences of Feavers taken a spirital Feaver is continual indeed yet lasts but a Day and is therefore termed Ephemera a Sanguin Feaver is also continual and threefold Encreasing standing at a stay and decreasing Putrid or Imputrid It is by some termed continens to distinguish it srom the rest of the Humoral Feavers Cholerick Melancholick and Flegmatick Feavers are continual when the Humors from whence they arise do Putrifie in the great Veins when they Putrifie in the little Veins or out of the Veins they make Intermitting Feavers An Hectick Feaver is also continual but slow and lingering The Return of intermitting Feavers is termed their fit the more than ordinary The sit of a Feaver It s Exacerbation Circuit Tertian Feaver Quartans Quotidians violence of continual Feavers it called their Exacerbation The beginning of a â—iâ— is called Invasio the time of Remission and Exacerbation of intermission and accession is termed Periodus or Circuitus the Period or Circuit Now the Accessions or exacerbations of Feavers are various according to the various motion of the Humor They come every third day by reason of the proper motion of Choler whence al bilious intermitting Feavers are called Tertians or third day Agues as the Quartans come every fourth day because the Melancholick Humor is moved upon that day as Flegm is moved every day whence quotidian Agues are Flegmatick Quintan Septan Nonan or sift seventh and ninth day Agues as they are exceeding rare so ate they not comprehended under any Rules of Art The Proper Symptomes of the beginnings of Ague-fits do shew the sort of Ague what it is so a shaking shewes a Tertian Ague A grinding cold fit that makes a man think it would break his bones argues a Quartan and for the fit to begin with a mere simple coldness is the token of a Quotidian A double tertian comes every day as the Quotidian does but with extream shaking whereas the Quotidian comes only with a coldness Confused and implicated Feavers are made of those Feavers which we have Confused now explained Confused or mixed Feavers are made by mixiture of the Humors as a Bastard Tertian is made by a mixture of Choler and Flegm But Implicated Implicated Feavers are stirred up by Vicissitude of Humors put into Putrefaction or Commotion where upon there is observed in them distinct sits one following another as in a double Tertian and in a double and triple Quartan and in a Semitertian which is nothing else but a complication of a continual Quotidian and an Intermittent Tertian and in the Feaver called Triteophyaea which lasts thitty hours and longer Two Agues are observed to follow one another so that the first being not quite Erratick finished another which is worse succeeds and follows the same But iâ— these sits are inordinat keeeping no certain Course and returning upon several daies they make such Agues as are termed Erraticae wandring giddy Agues There are other differences of Feavers taken from the Symptomes yet so as they In respect of Symptomes may be reduced to these sorts I have spoken of as the Feaver Epiala Leipyria Typhodis Elodis Pestilens Causus for they are al Humoral and distinguished by some remarkable Symptomes In the Feaver Epiala there is a sence of heat and cold by reason of the unequal Epiala Leipyria motion of the Morbifick matter In Leipyria the outward Parts are cold and the inner Parts burn with Heat because the Feaverish Heat is drawn inwards Typhodis and Eleodis are in which the Patient sweats much without any ease Typhodes thereby A Pestilential Feaver is no other than a putrid but it Springs from an extream and remarkable putrefaction and so deadly that more die than recover Causus is a name signifying extream Heat and burnning such as is in a continual Burning Feaver Feaver arising from Choler so that a Cholerick continiual Feaver by way of Eminency is so termed Cremnodes Febris the Feaver so called is said to proceed from an Inflammation Symptomatical Feavers of the Lungs but such Feavers as are caused by Inflammation of the Internal Parts are Symptomatical neither are they properly termed Feavers For here we speak of a Feaver only as it is an hot distemper of the Heart primarily affected Chap. 9. Of the Vessels viz. Veins Arteries and Nerves conteined within the Chest I Have a few things to speak of one Part of the Trunk of Vena Cava for In the Chest are Veins the whol Trunk has been sufficiently explained in our Chapter of the lower Belly You shal observe that the Trunk piercing through the Midrif does receive that same a T. 12. f. 1. r r. c. Hepatick branch which arises from the top of the Liver and carries Blood Hepatica into the Cava and from that same Oblique insertion unto the opening of the Trunk in the right Ventricle of the heart there is the distance of two Fingers breadth From whence we may gather that Blood is carried directly from the Liver to the Heart although it is mixed with other blood ascending by Circulation That same opening of the Vena Cava and its cleaving to the right Ventricle of the heart is contained and to be seen within the Pericardium which when the Trunk has passed through it ascends unto the Claves And therefore you may know that the blood ascending unto the heart by Circulation does also come as far as the Throat and is derived into the upper Limbes with that blood which descends from the Head by the Veins You shal observe that this Trunk does afford no branches to the heart except the a T. 12. f. 2. â–¡ Coronaria but only to other parts of the Chest and how blood shed out of Coronaria the left Ventricle of the heart into the Lungs may be revelled by Blood-letting seeing it has two Doors to be broken open in the heart before it can come to the Trunk of Vena Cava which hinder the flowing back of the Blood from the Lungs You shal consider if the b T. 11. f. 3. and 6. B. â–¡ Anastomosis of the Arteria Venosa with Vena Cava he remaining by which the foresaid Reflux may be made or whether the blood of the Lungs ought not to return into the left Ventricle of the heart that it may be made vital and then speedily to be cast into the Aorta from thence to be forthwith delivered over into the Veins Then you are to search
The Mediana k f. 1. g â–¡ vena is to tally external and runs under the Skin into the palme of the Hand The Basilica creepes through the l f. 1. o o. x. y. c. â–¡ internal and external parts of the Cubit with a two-headed branch Now the Veines have one thing peculiar to them in the Limbes viz that they Anastomosis of the Veines and Arteries manifestly do communicate with the Arteries This Galen proves in his third Book of Natural faculties the last Chapter And up and down in other parts of his works Which thing is so maâ—â—test that it ought not to be called into question Moreover the veines in the f. 7. the whol â–¡ Limbes and internal Jugulars have Valves In the The Valves of the Veins greater channells and in the division of the lesser ones there are n f. 8. the whole â–¡ two on each side one opposed to the other and placed interchangeably Now we may doubt of their use since the circulation of the blood has been found Their use out for the common opinion was that they were placed in the Limbes and in the internal jugular to stop the exceeding flux of blood into those outmost parts which are in continual motion But those that hold the Circulation of the blood do say their use is to hinder the flowing back of the Blood which ascends upwards unto the Heart according to the opinion of Dr. Harvy unto which I willingly give my Assent Let us paâ—son from the Veines to the Arteries of the Arme. The Ramus supeâ—â—â—avâ—us The Arteries Axillaris proceeding to the Arme-pits is termed a T. 24. f. 2. A. â–¡ Axillaris It accompanies the Vena Basilica whereas there is no Arteria Cephalica Neare the Arme-pits it produces the b f. 2. c. d. â–¡ Thoracica and in its progress bestowes Thoracica certaine twiggs upon the bordering Parts and being lengthened out as fâ—r as to the bending of the Arme it is divided into two c f. 2 C. B. â–¡ branches which are carryed oâ— to the Inside of the Hands For the outside of the Hand above the Metarcarpium is void both of Muscles and Arteries The other d f. 2. B. â–¡ Branch being drawn out upon the Inside of the Radius is felt to beat Ramâ— minores in the wrist The other running streight along the Ulna is with its Cosin spread out into the hand according to the length of the Thumbe and of the little Finger so as to bestow of their twigs upon every Finger I shall in the same Method dispatch the Nerves of the whole Hand The Nerves Out of the Holes of the foure lower Vertebra's of the f f. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. â–¡ Neck and the two first Vertebras of the g f. 3. 1. â–¡ Back h f. 3. a. b. c. d. e. â–¡ five or sixe Nerves take their Original which being ouerwhelmed under the Muscle scalenus they are brought under the Clavicula as far as to the Arm-hole where they are i f. 3 X X. â–¡ twisted one within another like the strings of a Cardinals Hat e f. 2. C. â–¡ Afterwards the foure superior ones are under the Deltoides scattered over the internal part accompanying the Vena basilica and the Artery of the Arm and creeping betweene the Muscles Biceps and the Brachieus externus The a T. 24. f. 3. f f. â–¡ fift and sixt b T. 24. f. 3. I I. â–¡ Nerve being bowed back under the scapulary Muscle Rotundus major they are disseminated into the hinder Muscles of the Head There remaine then the Quatuor Primi alreadie described which being carryed through the Arme and Cubit they are dispersed into the said Cubit and the Hand The Primus c T. 24. f. 3. g g. â–¡ Nervus beneath the head of the shoulder is over-whelmed in the Primus Coracoidaeus and drawne along under the inner side of the Biceps and lurking under the Tendon of the said Muscle it joines it self to the Vena Cephalica where it growes small also it is placed beneath that Veine below the bending of the Arme. The Second d T. 24. f. 3. K K. â–¡ Nerve being undivided and thicker does descend to the bending of Secundus the Arme being covered only with fat and at the bending of the Arme it is placed beneath th Arteria and Vena Basilica Howbeit the Vena Basilica a little below the Cubit does towardes the interior part recede a little from that Nerve that it may be united to the Vena Cephalica But foure fingers beneath the bending of the Arme being alwaies superintendent to the Basilica it passes undivided along unto the wrist the veine appeares above At the Wrist t is cleft into ten small branches affording two little twigs to every singer which crepe along the sides of the said singers You shall observe by the way that three fingers breadth beneath the bending of the Cubit it is covered by the Muscles which bend the wrist and Cubit which arise cut of the internal Tuberositie of the Arme. The third e T. 24. f. 3. h h. â–¡ Nerve is carryed along undivided unto the Angona where being Tertius conveighed through a Cleft which is betweene the Elbow and the inner Condylum or Tuberosite of the Arme according to the length of the Cubit and being drawne out over the Cubitaeus externus it is carryed unto the wrist towards the little finger And therefore by leaneing on the elbow the whole Arme is benummed Being divided neare the Hand into foure branches it is spred into the out-side of the Hand or Back of the Hand The fourth Nerve is the thickest of all interwoven with Veines and Arteries and Quartus sunk deep in the Brachiaus externus it is carryed from the forepart of the Arme into the Hinderpart and descending there through unto the Radius and being carried all along the same it is joyned to the vena Cephalica and looses it selfe at last into the wrist I proceed unto the vessels of the Inferiour Limbes The Crural b T. 24. f. 4. A. â–¡ veine does in The veines of the lower Limbes Poplitea the groine produce a remarkable branch viz. The c T. 24. f. 4. a a a. â–¡ saphena which according to the longitude of the sutorius Musculus descends unto the Ham. Beneath which in the Anckle it constitutes the vena poplitea which was opened in Times past There it transmics the branch which is in the upper part returrent above the Ham unto the crural veines or the sarhena receives that same branch from those cruralls Afterward being divided into two parts it slips down unto the two external Ankles but the greater portion takes its course unto the internal Ankle where it formes the true e T. 24. f. 4. a. beneath â–¡ Saphena which is usually opened It is termed corruptly Saphena as if one would say Saphaia
of this works them for a sceleton You shal observe that there are two things required thereunto first the purifieing and clensing of the bones secondly their apt uniting and fastening together which may be termed Sceleto-paeia The Clenseing of the Bones As for what concerns the clensing of Bones Scaliger in his Exercitations observes that the stone termed Sarcophagus does in a short space eat off and consume the flesh from the Bones And so the bones remaine bare and naked Pausanias in Eliacis relates that the Divel Eurynymus eates off the flesh of dead People so as nothing but the bones remaine The Jewes imagine that there is an internal Divel named Azazel who in Leviticus is named Princeps desertorum and eates and devoures the flesh of the dead leaveing only the bones behind But we are not wont to use the stone sarcophagus because we have it not neither are we acquainted with its operations Neither do we use the assistance of the Divel Eurynomus because we defie and execrate those wicked spirits Wherefore haveing cut the Bones one from another and taken their flesh off you shal cast them into a large Kettle or Caldron except the Brest-bone the Hyoides and Coccyx Then fil the Caldron with scalding water so as to cover all the Bones and set them on the fire and boile them foure or five houres You shal be careful while they are boiling that no bone stick out so as to be fainted by the smoak Also you shal ever and anon take off the scum and fat which swims aloft that the Bones may be the more neat and cleane Which that it may be more effectually performed you shal perce the larger bones that are ful of Marrow in the Head with an Awle that all the superfluous marrow may flow and soake out You may throw away the first water and boile them in a second that all the marrow may be drawn forth Then take them out while the water is hot for if it be cold they wil be greasie and scrape and clense them with a smal knife Some while they are boyling throw in a pound of Lime or Chalke to make them the whiter but this eates off the Epiphysies and the Gristles which do crust the extremities of the Bones which you must take heed you pul not away when you scrape the Bones Then you shal put the Bones againe into most pure water boiling hot and boile them for an houre that all the marrow and fat may be separate and exhausted After that cast them into cold water and take them out and wipe and rub them wel with course linnen cloaths When the Bones are thus prepared many lay them two or three moneths in the open aire to bleach and grow white Others put them into a wooden case bored ful of holes and hang them in a running brooke or in the streames of a swift River that the rubbing of the streame may whiten them I had rather lay them under the falling of a Mil-stream for the space of ten or twelve daies Bellonius in his Book de Admirandis relates that he saw in the shoare of Bononia in Picardy an inumerable company of exceeding white bones of Bodies which had been drownd and cast out upon the shore haveing been buried in the Sea sand He saw the like by the Red-sea so that the bones so prepared and sticking and growing together by their nerves and Ligaments are exceeding neate and cleane and whiter then Snow Such as were those two Sceletons which Galen had to serve him in Anatomy Bellonius observes in the same place that dead bodies are preserved from corruption if they be anointed with the Balme that drops out of Cedar trees also that bones moistened with the same juice remaine uncorrupted The Bones accurately clensed and dried you shal preserve in a Chest or you may fasten them together with brass-wire and so keep them standing in a Case It is needful that you have bones both waies viz. single and united And the truth is as Vesalius has rightly observed the Bones united serve more for ostentation than Instruction Moreover by long boileing first in water and then in oile al the Bones of the The manner of fastening the Bones to make a Skeleton Head and of the upper jawbone are easily separated as I have often observed and by this meanes you may have them severed one from another that you may view and measure the size and dimentions of every one The manner of fastening the bones together depends either upon the Industry of the Artist or it is done by imitation of another Sceleton neatly composed You may read more of this subject in Vesalius and Columbus Also Carolus Stephanus has noted some things upon those Authors worthy of Consideration FINIS An Alphabetical Table A ABdomen It s Medicinal consideration the swelling thereof and its constitution what it should be Page 33 Abdomen The diseases thereof Page 34 Its Muscles Page 248 Absurd Longings whence they proceed Page 55 Accelerator What Muscle so termed Page 250 Amaurosis What we are to understand thereby Page 142 Anastomosis Of the Veins and Arteries what it is Page 255 Anatomy The consideration thereof twofold towit Phylosophical and Physical both which necessary Page 1 Anatomy How far forth useful and profitable in Physick Page 2 The Authors intent and method in treating thereof ibid c. The Method of teaching it twofold Page 3 Anatomist General Precepts for him to be first acquainted with Page 26 Anchylosis What to be understood thereby Page 266 Aneurisma What it is Page 259 Angina or Squinsy What kind of tumor Page 201 Ankle The wounds thereof Page 214 Annular Ligament of the Toes what it is Page 238 Animal Spirits The place where they are made according to our Author Page 128 Hofmans arguments to the contrary answered Page 129 130 How they are carried through the Nerves Page 277 Anxiety Whence it proceeds Page 55 Aorta Vein Descending its distribution its great Artery called Lienalis its Vse Thickness of its Membrane and its Vessels Page 67 Aphthae or Ulcers of the Gums their malignancy Page 204 Appetite Want thereof whence it proceeds and likewise Dog-appetite Page 55 Apophysis What it is Page 279 Apophysis Coracoides Its Vse ibid Apoplexy What and whence it proceeds Page 133 Apoplexy And such like diseases their cure ibid Arm The nine Muscles thereof Page 225 Arteria aspera Or Wind-pipe its Vse c. And whether the wounds thereof are curable Page 208 209 Artery Its definition Page 27 Arteries What they are whence they have their original a large discourse hereof by the Author Page 115 116 Arteries Whether they may and which of them may be opened Page 217 Arteries Of the Head before they be opened a profitable experiment of Alxander Benedictus to be put in practise Page 218 How the motion of their Pulse can be stopped while the Heart moves Page 259 Ateries Crural The Pulse is last felt in them Page 259
Arteries Carotides Or sleepy Arteries whether or no the obstruction of them do cause deep sleep Communion of them and the spinal Marrow Page 115 116 Articulation Of the bones what concurs thereto Page 263 c. Asthma What it is its kinds Page 103 Atrophy What it is and whence it proceds Page 59 Auditory Passages of the Ear Page 193 Axillary Kernells their diseases Page 211 B Back and Breastbones Their Vertebrae Fallopius his observation touching them Page 23 Back Properly is not moved Page 231 How it is bowed by the Quadratus ibid It s various Muscles Page 231 232 Back-bone Its shape gristles Membranes and the way to dissect the Vertebras thereof Page 275 276 Baldness Whence it proceeds Page 120 Belchings and Hiccupings Whence they proceed Page 55 Belly The Muscles thereof their number figure largness original the white-line connexion action use c. Page 40 41 their medicinal consideration Page 42 Belly The division of its parts Page 44 the two notable veins thereof and what is to be considered in them Page 50 51 52 the Caeliacal Artery thereof Page 52 the Nerves thereof and what diseases rise therefrom Page 67 Its Muscles ten Page 232 Benedictus His experiment before the Arteries of the head may be opened Page 218 Blackmoors Whether they have any sutuers in thir Sculls Page 268 Blindness Whence it proceeds and the causes thereof Page 142 Bladder Its Muscles and the office thereof Page 232 251 Blood Where and how made and how distributed from the liver a double circulation thereof Page 57 58 105 how necessary the circulation of it is to continue the motion of the hart and whether the blood do pass from the right ventricle of the heart unto the Lungs Page 108 Blood what kind of it is circulated in what vessels after what manner and how necessary the circulation is Page 109 difference of blood in Vena Cava and Porta Page 108 whether the blood pass through the Septum Medium of the heart or no Page 110 the circulation thereof intercepted by obstruction of the ventricles or of the veins Page 111 The conditions of that which is good and how the Fibres are bred therein the natural temper thereof the quantity sometimes congealled Page 66 Whether it may be lessend otherwise than by blood-letting Page 66 Body Of man how to be considered by Anatomists its Parts its solid parts how manyfold its similar parts what and how many Page 26 It s natural and legitimate conformation and the necessariness of it Page 29 Body Of man its division Page 31 Bone its definition Page 27 Bones the history of them otherwise termed Ostology Page 4 Four consider ations of them ibid Bones Doctrine of them double Page 5 Why there are many of them in man Page 6 Bones Of men in what particulars they differ from those of Women Page 18 The number of them in a Mans Body Page 19 Bones Of Infants the history of them ibid Which is both Ancient and profitable Page 20 The number of them in Insants Page 25 Bones A new history of them Page 260 c Why they are last treated of Page 261. The Doctrine of them demenstrated in a dead body very necessay for the perfect knowledg of Mans body for the practice of Physick ibid Bones Their general diseases Page 265 c. Bone Called Luz the fable of the Cabalists concerning it Page 275 A threefold cavity in them and a threefould marrow Page 286 Bones The remote matter that nourisheth them Page 263 The immediate matter of them and whether they have Veins Arteries and Nerves ibid Bones the collection and ordering of them for a Sceleton Page 287 The manner of fastening them to make a Sceleton Page 288 Brains Their substance division their Coats Pipes and principal diseases Page 121 130 Brain Ful of windings and turnings Page 122 Brain Whether it hath any motion and whether it cooleth the heart Page 124 Whether or no and how the blood is circulated therein and what blood it is nourished with Page 124 125 Brain The manner of dessecting of it and history of it's parts ibid Breast or Chest What it is fourfold Page 14 Its form what it ought to be Page 30 Breasts What to be chosen in Nurses ibid Breast-bone Of how many particular bones it is made up the hole thereof and the Natural shap thereof Page 274 Bronchocele what it is Page 201 Buboes where they arise Page 76 Buccinator what muscle so called Page 220 C Cabalists their fable touching the Bone Luz Page 275 Cachexy what it is and whence it proceeds Page 59 Cacochimie what it is and whence it proceeds Page 65 Call what it is its scituation original diseases thereof similar organical and common Page 45 46 Cancer in the gums what it is and whence Page 204 Caries of the Skul what it is Page 270 Cartilage its definition Page 27 Cartilage xiphoides its figure Page 274 Its use and hole ibid It s crooking Page 275 Carunculae Myrtiformes what and where they are Page 81 Catalepsis and Carus what diseases they are Page 133 Catarrhs what they are and whence Page 135 Cheeks their description Page 195 Cheeks whence that sympathy between them and the knees proceeds Page 284 Chest its bounds shape parts and medicinal consideration and diseases Page 94 95 96 97 Its Muscles proper and common Page 230 Child its conception Page 87 its posture and accommodation in the Womb its natural birth Somtimes drawn out with a hook Page 88 89 Child-bed purgations what they are retained how to be evacuated Page 89 90 Chin described Page 194 Choler what it is the passages thereof two sorts thereof in the Liver Page 59 60 Choler diversity of it proved by the different sorts of Jaundice Page 60 Chorda of Hippocrates what it is Page 237 Choroides plexus tâ—…ause thereof Page 122 Circocelâ— what kind of tumor and where bred Page 78 Clavicula what it is its gristle and Ligament Page 273 Clitoris in women what meant thereby Page 82 The Muscles thereof Page 233 Coccix or crupper bone what it is and the Muscles peculiar thereunto in a Woman Page 250 Cods their coats cavities vessels Page 77 Columella or Uvula inflamed Page 205 Coma or dead sleep whence it proceeds Page 132 Concha what it is and its parts Page 273 Conorium what it is Page 123 Convulsion what it is and whence Page 134 Corus their original Page 213 Cough whence it proceeds Page 104 Courses in letting blood to move them what to be observed Page 86 Cremaster Muscle what it is Page 76 How it is known Page 249 Crupperbone what it is and the Muscle peculiar thereunto in man and woman Page 250 Its structure c. Page 276 Cubitus what it is and why the Radius is joyned thereunto Page 280 Cubit the Muscles thereof Page 225 Cuphosis a disease and where Cynicus spasmus what and whence Page 196 D Dandrif what it is and whence it proceeds Page 120
Deafness whence it proceeds Page 193 Diabetes what it is and whence it proceeds Page 68 Diaphragme its originall motion and use Page 231 see midrif Diastole what it is and wher Page 107 Digestion how it is caused Page 53 Dropsie how defined and whence it proceeds Page 59 Drum of the Ear what it is Page 193 Dugs of Women their substance scituatiod magnitude shape the teats and the circle about them their diseases Page 95 96 Dugs and Womb their consent how caused Page 97 E Ears the passage of them and the Bony Circle 21. Their parts windings Nervs and diseases Page 191 192 Ear external its Muscles common and proper Page 219 Inside thereof it s three Cavities and why the drum thereof is placed obliquely Page 272 273. It s Mallet anvil and stirrup Muscles Ligaments and drumstring ibid Ears Noises in them their cause and cure Page 193 The passages from them to the palate Page 269 Egyptians their operation in cutting out the stone not to be approved Page 72 Eyes their Scituation Parts Membrane Muscles Kernels c. Page 136. 137 Eyes their divers Diseases and their names Page 138 c. Eye the Orbitary bones thereof how many Page 12 Picolominus his error touching their number ibid Their Muscles are six Page 219 Eye-holes the bones thereof Page 22 Eye-lids their Muscles four Page 218 Elephantiasis of the Arabians what it is Page 213 Empyema what we are to understand thereby Page 96 Emphysema what dstemper of the eyè Page 139 Epididymis what it is Page 78 Epiglottis what is meant thereby Page 207 Its diseases Page 208 Excretion of Blood Choler Serum Quittor c. Page 194 Exostosis what it signifieth Page 266 Exostosis of the Skul what it is Page 270 F Face what it is And its Parts Page 11 Its description and diseases Page 194 195 Fallingsickness whence it proceeds Page 134 Falx a partition so termed Page 122 Fat its definition and division Page 27 Feavers continual and intermittent seated in the trunk of the Vena Cava Page 64 Feavers different either in respect of their Cause matter or manner c. Page 111 Fibre its definition and description Page 27 Fingers their Muscles Page 228 229 Their pappy ends Page 212 The best way of dissecting them Page 247 Flegm whether or no it may be collected within the Cavity of the Sphenoides Page 269 By what waies the flegm of the nose passeth Page 269 Flesh its definition and description Page 27 Proud Flesh in head-wounds whence it proceeds Page 267 Foot its division into Tarsus Metatarsus and Toes Page 18 c. Its Muscles and Motion Page 236 237 c. The Sesamoidean bones belonging thereto and its ligaments Page 285 Forehead Muscles should rather be they called the Eyebrow Muscles Page 218 Forinx what meant thereby Page 123 French Maidens why they have their right shoulder higher than the left Page 280 Frontal Muscles two of them Page 228 Fundament in what order to be dissected Its Name Muscles and their use Page 76 77 Its diseases sometimes closed up ibid G Gall The Bladder thereof its name substances scituation bottom neck sinews bigness shape communion vessels diseases Page 59 60 Gargareon Vvula or mouth-palat Its Muscles Page 223 Gelding How it may be made insensible Page 76 Genitalls Of a man and first of the yrad its parts skin foreskin bridle membrane vessels muscles the hollow ligaments their internal substance the Nut there of and its diseases Page 73. 74 see Yard Gongroni What kind of Tumor Page 201 Gonorrhea Virulent theseat thereof Page 79 What vein to be opened in the cure thereof Page 80 Greensickness What it is and the cause thereof Page 195 Groyns What to be observed therein Page 76 Gullet Its membrane kernels and obstruction Page 209 Gums Their natural and preternatural constitution Page 204 Their Vlcers or Aphthae Page 204 Guts Their substance scituation longitude general division and specialy their cavity and use Page 46 Their names â—…ments fat shutters connexion and Medicinal consideration Page 46 47 48 Gut Duodenum The Biliar pore thereof Page 46 Gut Ileum Its descent Page 76 H Ham Why the wounds therein are deadly Page 284 Hairs gray what kind of Symptom Page 120 Hallucination What meant thereby Page 142 Hand Its division into three parts Page 16 The two muscles thereof Page 227 228 The Void space therein Page 283 Head What it is and its division Page 8 The sutures thereof Page 21 The form thereof Page 30 Why placed in the highest Place its size shape division and the general diseases thereof Page 118 119 Its Muscles proper and common Page 218 223 Whether an issue may be made in the crown Page 268 Its moâ—â—â—n and ligaments Page 272 Head Dropsie What it is and whence it proceeds Page 121 Head Which Vertebra it is moved upon Page 272 Heart Whether it be the original of vena cava and whether it and the Arteries are moved at the same time Page 108 109 Heart The Nobility thereof its substance scituation bigness shape vessels Ears pulse and the cause thereof according to our Author Page 107 How necessary the circulation of the blood is to continue the motion of the heart Page 108 Whether the blood do pass from the right ventricle of the heart unto the Lungs and what kind of blood is circulated Page 108 It s right and left ventricle their vessels and valves Page 109 110 Heart It s usual diseases Page 110 Heart the Septum medium of it what it is Page 110 Heartburning Whence it proceeds Page 55 Heart Eaten by worms bred in the blood Page 66 Heart The original of Vena Cava Page 108 Hemorrholds What they are and where Page 77 Hermaphrodites Who so to be termed Page 75 Hildanus His way of taking out the stone not to be approved of Page 72 Hip The consumption thereof Page 283 It s natural shape ibid Hippocrates Certain places in him expounded Page 92 Hoatsness Whence it proceeds Page 208 Hofmans Arguments touching the breeding of the Animal spirits answered Page 128 c. His tenent disturbs the practice of Physick Page 130 Huckle bone The Oval hole thereof Page 283 Hydrocele What kind of rupture it is Page 78 Hymen In Virgins what it is Page 81 I Jaws Two the bones thereof Page 11 12 22 The lower Jaw its Muscles on either side six Page 221 Iliacus Muscle its original Page 234 Ilium The bones thereof its parts Page 17 How its motion is performed Page 42 Ilium and os sacrum Joyned together their motion and by what Muscles they are moved forwards and backwards Page 232 282 Indigestion Ill digestion and Slow digestion from whence they al proceed Page 55 Infants What diseases are proper to them Page 90 Intercostals internal what they are Page 230 Interosseans what Muscles they are Page 29â— Joints Gallens doctrine concerning them Page 8 Ischuria What it is and whence it proceeds Page 68 Issues in what places they are commonly made Page