Ventricles of the Heart where kept in by the density thereof they turn into yellowish moisture as we see it happens in an Alembeck The Consistence Nature would have the Pericardium of a dense and hard consistence that by the force thereof the Heart might be kept in better state for if the Pericardium had been bony it would have made the Heart like iron by the continual attrition on the contrary if it had been soft and fungous it would have made it spongy and soft like the Lungs CHAP. XI Of the Heart What the Heart is and of what substance THe Heart is the chief mansion of the Soul the organ of the vital faculty the beginning of life the fountain of the vital spirits and so consequently the continual nourisherer of the vital heat the first living and last dying which because it must have a natural motion of it self was made of a dense solid and more compact substance than any other part of the body The three sorts of fibers of the Heart The flesh thereof is woven with three sorts of fibers for it hath the right in the inner part descending from the basis into the point that they might dilate it and so draw the blood from the Hollow-vein into the receptacles thereof and the breath or air from the Lungs by the Arteria venosa it hath the transverse without which pass through the right at right angles to contract the Heart and so drive the vital spirits into the great Artery Aorta and the cholerick blood to the Lungs by the Vena arteriosa for their nourishment It hath the oblique in the midst to contain the air and blood drawn thither by the forementioned vessels until they be sufficiently elaborate by the Heart All these fibers do their parts by contracting themselves towards the original as the right from the point of the Heart towards the basis whereby it comes to pass that by this contraction of the fibers the Heart dilated becomes shorter but broader no otherwise than it is made more long and narrow by the contraction of the tranverse but by the drawing of the oblique it is lessened in that part which looks towards the Vertebra's which chiefly appears in the point thereof The Magnitude It is of an indifferent bigness but yet in some bigger in some less according to the diverse temper of cold or hot men as we noted in the Liver Figure The figure thereof is pyramidal that is it is broader in the basis and narrower at his round point Composition It is composed of the most dense flesh of all the body by the affusion of blood at the divisions and foldings of the vessels and there concrete as it happens also to the other entrails For the blood being there a little more dryed than that which is concrete for the making of the Liver turns into a fleshy substance more dense than the common flesh even as in hollow ulcers when they come to cicatrize The proper Vessels It hath the Coronal veins and arteries which it receives either on the right side from the Hollow vein or on the left from the basis at the entrance of the artery Aorta You cannot by your eye discern that the Heart hath any other nerves than those which come to it with the Pleura The Nerves Yet I have plainly enough observed others in certain Beasts which have great hearts as Swine they appeared seated under the fat which covers the vessels and basis of the Heart lest the humid substance of these parts should be dissolved and dissipated by the burning heat of the heart Whereby you may perceive that the heat of the Heart is different from the Elementary heat as that which suffers fat to grow about this entrail where otherwise it doth not concrete unless by cold or a remiss heat which thing is chiefly worth admiration The Heart is one alone situate most commonly upon the fourth vertebra of the Chest Number and site which is in the midst of the Chest Yet some think that it inclines somewhat to the left side because we there feel the motion or beating thereof but that happens by reason of its left ventricle which being it is filled with many spirits and the beginning of the Arteries it beats far more vehemently than the right It required that seat by the decree of Nature because that region is the most safe and armed besides it is here on every side covered as it were with the hands of the Lungs It hath connexion with the fore-mentioned Vertebra's but by the parts composing it Connexion with those parts from whence it hath them with the Lungs by the Vena arteriosa and the Arteria venosa and lastly with all the parts of the body by the Arteries which it sends to them all It is of a hot and moist temper as every fleshy part is The action thereof is Temper and action first to prepare the blood in its right ventricle for the fit nourishment of the Lungs for from hence it is that Galen saith This right ventricle was made for the necessity of the Lungs Secondly to generate the vital spirits in its left ventricle for the use of the whole body What the vital spirit is But this spirit is nothing else than a certain middle substance between air and blood fit to preserve and carry the native heat wherefore it is named the Vital as being the author and preserver of life In the inner parts of the heart there present themselves to our consideration the ventricles and the parts contained in the ventricles and between them such are the Valvulae or Valves the Vessels and their mouths their distribution into the Lungs the wall or partition and the two productions or Ears of the Heart which because they are doubtful whether they may be reckoned amongst the external or internal parts of the heart I will here handle in the first place Therefore these Auriculae or Ears are of a soft and nervous substance The Auriculae Cordis or ears of the heart compact of three sorts of fibers that so by their softness they might the more easily follow the motions of the Heart and so break the violence of the matter entering the Heart with great force when it is dilated For otherwise by their violent and abundant entrance they might hurt the Heart and as it were overwhelm and suffocate it but they have that capacity which we see given by nature that so they might as it were keep in store the blood and air and then by little and little draw it forth for the use of the necessity of the Heart But if any enquire if such matters may be drawn into the Heart by the only force of the Diastole ad fugam vacui for avoiding of emptiness I will answer That that drawing in or attraction is caused by the heat of the Heart which continually draws these matters to it no otherwise than
a fire draws the adjacent air and the flame of a Candle the Tallow which is about the wiek for nourishments sake Whilst the Heart is dilated it draws the air whilst it is drawn together or contracted it expels it This motion of the Heart is absolutely natural as the motion of the Longs is animal Some add a third cause of the attraction of the Heart to wit the similitude of the whole substance But in my judgment this rather takes place in that attraction which is of blood by the venae coronales for the proper nourishment of the Heart than in that which is performed for attraction of matters for the benefit of the whole Body These Ears differ in quantity for the right is far more capacious than the left Their magnitude and Number because it was made to receive a greater abundance of matter They are two in number on each side one situate at the basis of the Heart The greater at the entrance of the hollow vein into the Heart the less at the entrance of the veinous and of the great Artery with which parts they both have connexion We have formerly declared what use they have that is Their use to break the violence of the matters and besides to be stays or props to the Arteria venosa and great Artery which could not sustain so rapid and violent a motion as that of the Heart by reason of their tenderness of substance Of the Ventricles of the Heart THe Ventricles are in number two on each side one The partition between the ventricles of the heart distinguished with a fleshy partition strong enough having many holes in the superficies yet no where piercing through The right of these Ventricles is the bigger and encompassed with the softer and rarer flesh the left is the lesser but is engirt with a threefold more dense and compact flesh for the right Ventricle was made for a place to receive the blood brought by the hollow-vein and for distributing of it partly by the Vena arteriosa into the lungs for their nourishment partly into the left ventricle by sweating through the wall or partition to yield matter for the generation of the vital spirits Therefore because it was needful there should be so great a quantity of this blood Why the right ventricle is more capacious and less compact it was likewise fit that there should be a place proportionable to receive that matter And because the blood which was to be received in the right ventricle was more thick it was not so needful that the flesh to contain it should be so compact but on the contrary the arterious blood and vital spirit have need of a more dense receptacle for fear of wasting and lest they should vanish into air and also less room that so the heat being united might become the stronger and more powerfully set upon the elaboration of the blood and spirits Therefore the right Ventricle of the Heart is made for preparation of the blood appointed for the nourishment of the Lungs and the generation of the vital spirits The action of the right ventricle as the Lungs are made for the mitification or qualifying of the Air. Which works were necessary if the Physical Axiome be true That like is nourished by like as the rare and spongious Lungs with more subtil blood the substance of the Heart gross and dense with the veinous blood as it flows from the Liver that is gross The action of the left ventricle And it hath its Coronal veins from the Hollow-vein that it might thence draw as much as should be sufficient But the left Ventricle is for the perfecting of the vital spirit and the preservation of the native heat Of the Orifices and Valves of the Heart The uses of the four orifices of the Heart THere be four Orifices of the Heart two in the right and as many in the left Ventricle the greater of the two former gives passage to the vein or the blood carryed by the Hollow-vein to the Heart the lesser opens a passage to the Vena arteriosa or the cholerick blood carried in it for the nourishment of the Lungs The larger of the two other makes a way for the distribution of the Artery Aorta and the vital spirit through all the body but the lesser gives egress and regress to the Ateria venosa or to the air and fuliginous vapors And because it was convenient that the matters should be admitted into their proper Ventricles by these orifices by the Diastole to wit into the right ventricle by the greater orifice and into the left by the lesser and because on the contrary it was fit that the matters should be expelled by the Systole from their ventricles by the fore-mentioned orifices The Valves Therefore nature to all these orifices hath put eleaven valves that is to say six in the right ventricle that there might be three to each orifice five in the left that the greater orifice might have three and the lesser two for the reason we will presently give How they differ These Valves differ many ways First in action for some of them carry in matter to the Heart others hinder that which is gone out that it come not back again Secondly they differ in site Action Site Figure for those which bring in have membranes without looking in those which carry out have them within looking out Thirdly in figure for those which carry in have a Pyramidal figure but those which hinder the coming back again are made in the shape of the Roman letter C. Fourthly Substance in substance for the former for the most part are fleshy or woven with fleshy fibers into certain fleshy knots ending towards the point of the heart The latter are wholly membranous Number Fiftly they differ in number for there be only five which bring in three in the right ventricle at the greater orifice and two in the left at the lesser orifice those which prohibit the coming back Motion are six in each ventricle three at each orifice Lastly they differ in motion for the fleshy ones are opened in the Diastole for the bringing in of blood and spirit and contrariwise are shut in the Systole that they may contain all or the greater part of that they brought in The membranous on the contrary are opened in the Systole to give passage forth to the blood and spirits over all the body but shut in the Diastole that that which is excluded might not flow back into the Heart But you shall observe that Nature hath placed only two Valves at the orifice of the Arteria venosa Why there be only two Valves at the Orifice of the Arteria venosa because it was needful that this Orifice should be always open either wholly or certainly a third part thereof that the air might continually be drawn into the Heart by this Orifice in Inspiration and sent forth by
Exspiration in the contraction of the Heart Whereby we may gather this that there is but one third part of that air we draw into the Heart in breathing sent forth again in the form of vapor in exspiration because Nature would have but one third part of the Orifice to lye open for its passage out Therefore the exspiration or breathing out and the Systole of the Heart and Arteries is shorter than the inspiration so that we may truly say that the inspiration or drawing the breath in is equally so long as the exspiration is together with the rest which is in the midst between the two motions CHAP. XII Of the distribution of the Vena arteriosa and the Arteria venosa HAving hitherto shewed the original of the vessels of the Heart we must now speak of their distribution The Vena arteriosa or the Arterious vein and the Arteria venosa or the Veinous Artery each proceeding out of his proper ventricle that is the right and left are divided into two large branches one of which goes to the right and the other to the left hand the one lying cross-ways over the other the Vein always riding over the Artery as you may understand better by the sight of your eys The Artery always lies under the vein than by reading of Books These branches at their entrance of the Lungs are divided into two other large branches and each of them go to his peculiar Lobe of the Lungs and these again run almost into infinite other branches dispersed in three places over the Lungs These Vessels have acquired their names by reason of that transmutation of consistence whereby the composure of a vein degnerates into an Artery A twofold reason why the Vein was made arterious or like an artery and that of an Artery into a Vein for the commodity of life For this is a miracle of prudent Nature to change the Coats of the vessels of the Lungs producing a Vein which in its Body should imitate an Artery and an Artery which should represent a Vein for if the Vena arteriosa should have retained its proper consistence the arterious blood which is carryed by it from the Heart to nourish the Lungs might by reason of its subtilty penetrate through and flow away by reason of the rarity of the veinous texture and so nature should never have attained her conceived end that is to nourish the Lungs by reason of the continual motion of their contraction and dilatation For nourishment cannot be assimilated to the part unless it be put and cleave to it Wherefore it was fit that nature should make the Body of this vein solid that it might be immoveable unshaken and stubborn in respect of a vein which by its softness would have been too obsequious and yielding to the agitation of the Lungs that so it might have nourishment which might be diffused into all parts thereof and which might neither be drawn by its Diastole Why the Artery was made like a Vein nor driven back into the heart by its Systole But the artery hath the consistence of a vein that by that veinous softness according to the necessity of Nature it might be the more readily contracted and dilated to bring the air in and carry the vapours forth of the heart Here we meet with a difficulty which is By what way the Blood is carried out of the right and left ventricle of the heart Galen thinks that there be certain holes in the partition made for that purpose By what way blood may pass out of the right into the left ventricle and verily there are such but they are not perforated Wherefore Columbus hath found out a new way which is that the Blood is carried to the lungs by the Vena Arteriosa and there attenuated and carried from thence together with the air by the Arteria venosa to the left ventricle of the heart this he writes truly very probably Botallus in his Treatise de Catarrho hath found out a third way to wit a vein which he cals Arteriarum nutrix that is The nurse of the arteries The vein called the Nurse of the arteries Fallop initio obser Arteriarum Gal. lib. 15. de usu partium cap. 6. which creeps a little above the Coronal to the right ear of the Heart and then goes into the left ear thereof But yet I am very much afraid that this vein observed by Botallus is that vessel observed by Fallopius whereby the Vena Arterialis is joyned to the Aorta and by which the all vital Blood is carried for the forming and nourishment of the Lungs whilst the infant is yet in the womb Of which also Galen makes mention but it had lain hid from his time to this day but that Fallopius raised up the memory of it again CHAP. XIII The Distribution of the ascendent Hollow-Vein THe Hollow Vein rising out of the gibbous part of the Liver Gal. lib. de form foetus The greater descendent branch of the hollow vein and resembling according to Galen the Body of a Tree is divided into two notable Branches but not of a like bigness For the greater by the hind-part of the Liver upon the Back-bone and by the way receives certain other Branches from the substance of the Liver which enter not into the great trunck with the rest You may often see this descendent Branch even to the Back-bone upon which it lies in this its descent covered with the substance of the Liver so that it may seem that branch proceeds not from that common trunk together with the ascendent The upper branch of the hollow vein is the less although indeed it always doth But the lesser Branch ascends to the upper parts and is distributed after this manner following For first arising into the Midriff it bestows two small veins upon it on each side one which from that part are called Phrenicae But from thence when it arrives at the right Ear of the Heart it makes the Coronales the Coronal or Crown-veins Venae phrenica Coronales which compass the basis of the heart in manner of a Crown Thirdly entring somewhat more deeply into its right Ear in its greater part it produces the vena arteriosa Fourthly lifted up above the heart Vena Arteriosa on the right side it produces the vein Azygos or sine pari that is without a fellow which descending to the fourth rib reckoning from above downwards nourisheth the intercostal muscles and also the membranes of the eight lower ribs on both sides sending a Branch into each of the muscles at the lower part of the rib which may be sufficient for their nourishment Besides also oftentimes Vena Azygos or sine pari especially in little men this vein Azygos nourishes all the spaces between all the ribs by the like Branches which it sends in the same manner to the four upper ribs Moreover also this Azygos sometimes The Azygos sometimes two How the matter
turnings might be perfectly concocted and elaborate and attain to a greater fitness to perform the Animal functions The site and number This wonderful Net situate at the sides of the Apophyses clinoides or productions of the wedg-bone is two-fold that is divided by the pituitary Glandule which is situate between the said Apophyses Clinoides having the wedg-bone lying under them next to the Crassa Meninx being perforated on the right and left side next to which lye bones as rare as a sponge even to the Palat by which the Phlegm is purged by the mouth and nose and there-hence I think that spattle flows which such as have a moist Brain continually spit out of their mouth The Eighth Figure of the Brain A The brain B the Cerebellum or after-brain C a process of the Brain but not that is called Mamillaris DD the marrow of the back as it is yet within the skull E the Mamillary process or instrument of smelling F the optick nerve G the coat of the Eye into which the optick nerve is spread H the nerve that moveth the Eye or the second pair I the third conjugation or the harder and lesser branch of the nerves of the third conjugation brought forward K the fourth conjugation or the greater and thicker nerve of the third pair bending downward L a branch of the nerve marked with I which goeth to the fore-head M another branch of the nerve I reaching to the upper jaw NN a nerve proceeding from the branch I intexed or woven with the coat of the nose O the nerve of the temporal muscle issuing from the branch I. P a nerve contorted of the nerves K and b. Q a nerve proceeding from the branch K to the sockets of the upper teeth R a nerve creeping from the nerve K to the lower Jaw S a surcle of the branch R offered to the lower lip TT other surcles from the branch R attaining to the lower teeth VV a branch of the nerve K diffused into the coat of the tongue XX the fourth pair of sinews which go into the coat of the palat Y the fifth pair of sinews which are the nerves of hearing a the membrane of the ear unto which that fifth nerve goeth bc two small branches of the fifth conjugation uniting themselves with the nerve P. d the eighth conjugation or a nerve of the fifth pair attaining unto the face ee the sixt pair of nerves f a branch from the nerve e reaching to the muscles of the neck g small branches derived unto the throttle or Larinx h the bifurcation of the nerve into two branches iii an inner branch hanging to the rack-bones and strengthening the intercostal nerves and is therefore called intercostalis kk surcles of the utter branch going to the heads of the muscles to the breast-bone and to the coller-bones lm branches of the right nerve l making the right recurrent nerve mn the insertion of the recurrent sinews into the muscles of the larinx op branches of the left-nerve making the left recurrent sinew p. qq branches from the sixth conjugation going to the coat of the lungs r small nerves of the heart and of the purse thereof called the Pericardium as also some approaching to the coats of the lungs s nerves on either side sent to the stomach t the right stomach-nerve going to the left orifice of the stomach uu the left stomach-nerve going to the right orifice of the stomach x a nerve from the branch u passing into the hollowness of the liver y the nerve belonging to the right side of the kell z the nerve belonging to the colick-gut α a nerve creeping to the gut called duodenum and the beginning of the jejunum or empty gut β a nerve implanted in the right side of the bottom of the stomach γ a nerve belonging to the liver and bladder of gall δ a nerve reaching to the right kidney ε a branch reaching the Mesenterium and the guts ζ a branch sprinkled to the right part of the bladder η a branch going through the left part of the kel θ surcles derived to the colick-gut and the kel κ small branches inserted into the Spleen λλ a nerve approaching to the left side of the bottom of the stomach μ a branch belonging to the left side of the Mesentery and the guts ν a branch which attaineth to the left kidney ξ small nerves creeping through the left side of the bladder ο the seven pair of sinews Ï€ a branch derived from the sixt conjugation to the muscles which arise from the process called Styloides Ï a branch of the seventh conjugation which goeth to the muscles of the tongue of the bone hyois and of the throttle or larynx Ï‚ a conjunction or coition of the 6. and 7. pair into one nerve What the Apophyses Clinoides are These Apophyses clinoides are certain productions of the Os basilare or Wedg-bone called the Saddle thereof between which as I said the pituitary glandule lies with part of the Wonderful Net There is a great controversie amongst Anatomists concerning this part for Vesalius denies that it is in man Whether the Rete mirabile differs from the Plexus Choroides Columbus admits it yet he seems to confound it with the Plexus Choroides Truly I have observed it always after the manner as Sylvius alledges against Vesalius It remains that we recite the perforations of the skull because the knowledg of these much conduces to the understanding of the insertions of the veins arteries and nerves CHAP. X. Of the holes of the inner Basis of the Skull IN the first place are reckoned the holes of the bone Ethmoides then those of the Optick-nerves Thirdly of the nerves moving the Eyes Fourthly of that portion of the nerves of the fourth conjugation which go to the temporal muscles Fiftly are reckoned those holes scarce visible situate under the pituitary glandule by which the spittle is evacuated Sixthly that hole which is in the wedg-bone made for the entrance into the internal sleepy Arteries composing the Wonderful Net and then passing into the brain by a great Slit. That perforation which we reckon in the seventh place is commonly double made for the entrance of one of the branches of the internal Jugular-vein The eighth hole is somewhat long of an Oval figure by which part of the third conjugation and all the fourth conjugation passes forth The ninth are the auditory passages The tenth are very small holes and give way to the vein and artery going to the auditory passage above the foramen caecum In the eleventh place are reckoned the perforations which yield passage forth to the sixth pair of nerves to part of the sleepy Arteries and of the internal Jugular In the twelfth those which yield a way out to the seventh conjugation The great hole of the Nowl-bone through which the spinal marrow passes is reckoned the thirteenth The fourteenth is that which most commonly is behind that great Hole by which the
and the inner the greater but both of them ΘΛ are scattered through the Leg and lowest part of the Foot The inner Θ in its descent sends some propagations of the Muscles that are placed on the backside of the Leg and especially those which make the Calf but most of all to the inner part 21 of the Gasteronemius externus or outward Calf-muscle and so afterward continuing its course downward when it is come to the lower Appendix of the Tibia or Leg and has bestowed some shoots upon the skin it is reflected under the inner Ancle 22 and runs out as far as to the great Toe The outer Λ is presently cleft into two lesser branches that are likewise unequall of which the inner Ξ that is the greater and lies deep is wholly spent upon the Muscles of the Calf running all along directly betwixt the two heads of the Gasteronemius externus or first moving Muscle of the Foot as also betwixt the Gasteronemius internus or inward Calf-Muscle and the Tibieus anticus or forward Leg-Muscle and at last betwixt the Muscles that bend the Toes distributing some surcles everywhere by the way to the Muscles through which it passes When it comes to the mid length of the Leg it is again subdivided into an inner and an outer branch The inner of these distributes a twig near to the joint of the Tibia or greater Leg-bone and the bone called the Cockall descends with the Tendons of the Muscles and is divided into the great the fore and the middle Toes The outer passes on near to the Fibula or lesser bone of the Leg and when it comes to the Ligament which tyes together the greater and lesser bones of the Leg it shoots forth a branch which perforating the Ligaments runs into the Foot and is scattered into the Muscles which bend the Toes of the Foot outward But the outer and less branch Î of the Crural-vein goes from that division of the outer branch which is made near the Ham to the upper Appendix of the Fibula as also to the outer and hinder part of the Tibia where scattering many little branches it goes to the outer Ankle and at last ends in the Foot And this is the univetsal History of the Hollow and Gate-veins where we have perfected the whole course of their distributions It seems yet to remain that we speak of the Umbilical and Arterious veins But because the Umbilical vein is nothing else but a more notable propagation issuing out of the Gate-vein and in a man grown performs the office of a Ligament rather then a vein because it keeps the Liver in its place as the stories of them do witness who upon the cutting off or wounding of the Navil have sodainly dyed their respiration being hindred by the weight of the Liver falling out of its place and pulling down the Diaphragma or Midriff with it we thought it not worth our pains to make any more mention of it in this place But if any one will obstinately contend that it is a peculiar vein with arguments fetcht out of his own Brain we know no better counsel that we can give him then to consult better with his own sense or if he will contend further to purge his Head with Hellebore that that dimness of the Eye-sight may be a little taken away But we shall with more convenience make mention of the Vena Arteriosa or Arterial-vein in the following Book when we shall explain the history of the Arteria venosa or venal Artery because they are very like one another and therefore the same pains may serve them both An Explanation of the Table of the Veins This Table delineates the Hollow-vein entire and free from all parts Wherein we have marked the Trunks and larger branches with pretty great letters but the propagations with little ones and when they are at an end with figures AD THe Ascendent Trunk of the Hollow vein the beginning whereof is about A which notes the place wherein the Liver should stand in the proportion of this figure the end about D. For it passes on undivided from the convex part of the Liver about which it scatters little branches aaa a a a as far as to the Hollow of the Neck but it scatters some propagations three in number The first of these ae ae ae ae is called vena Phrenica the vein of the Midriff which is distributed of both sides into the Midriff and Pericardium or purse of the Heart growing thereto as also iâ—â—â— the Mediastinum or partition of the Chest Another is Vena Coronaria the Crown-vein bb bb which embraces the basis of the heart in manner of a Crown dispersing many Surcles to the point of it The third is the vein Azygos or without a mate cc cc. which issuing out from the right side of the Hollow-vein about the heart about the fifth Rack-bone of the Chest goes down near to the right side of the Rack-benes as far as to the second almost of the loines There are ten propagations ddd from this ddd sent to as many bony distances of the ribs which are called Inter costa les inferiores the lower veins betwixt the ribs B. Shews how the Trunk AD is bowed toward the right side because of the situation of the heart C. The orifice of the Hollow-vein reaching into the right ventricle of the heart D. The division of the Ascendent Trunk about the Hollow of the Neck EE into two branches EE which they call subclaviae or the veins under the Collar-bones From these arise many propagations some issuing from the lower others from the upper part of them Out of the lower part issue five The first is called Intercostalis superior the upper vein between the ribs e. e and scatters two Surcles f f to the distances of the three upper ribs ff The second is mammaria the vein of the dugs g. g which descending under the brest-bone as far as to the strait Muscles of the Abdomen is inoculated 10 with the Epigastrick vein climbing upward 9 giving surcles to the gristly distances of the true ribs as also to the Mediastinum and Muscles that lye upon the Breast The third called Mediastina h. h is disseminated into the Mediastinum or partition of the Chest The fourth vertebralis i. or the vein of the Rack-bones i. climbs up through the holes that are bored in the transverse processes of the Rack-bones of the Neck distributing springs to the Muscles that lye upon the Rack-bones The fifth is called Cervicalis or the vein of the hinder part of the Neck l. l distributed into the Muscles seated on the lower part of the back side of the neck and on the upper part of the Chest Out of the upper part issue three The first is Jugularis interna the inner vein of the Hollow of the Neck m. m which having sent over small sprigs from
joyned by Anastomosis or ineculation 10. 10. The second called Pudenda 11. spent upon the privy parts 11. The third Coxalis 12 upon the Muscles of the Hip. 12. Here the outer Iliacal vein having past through the Peritoneum or rim of the Belly enters the Crus and begins to be called the Crural Trunk Γ Γ. that is undivided as far as to the two lower heads of the Thigh But it reaches forth four propagations before its division The first 13 13. is called Saphena which creeps through the inside of the Leg under the skin as far as to the ends of the Toes 14. Another 14 called Ichia is spread out into the skin upon the Hip-bone The third 15 named Muscula is sent to the Muscles 15. which extend the Leg. 16. The fourth 16 named Poplitea is distributed into the Calf of the Leg. 13. The vein Saphena also scatters from it self four surcles 17 the first 17 into the upper part of the skin of the inside of the Thigh 18. the second 18 about the middle of the Thigh 19. the third 19 into the Knee the fourth 20 is carried forward and backward to the middle of the Leg. 20. Δ. The division of the Crural Trunk near to the two lower heads of the Thigh into an inner branch Θ Θ. and an outer one Λ. Λ. Θ. The inner distributes little branches to the Muscles of the Calf 21 12. and then runs down under the inner ankle to the great Toe 22. 22. Λ. The outer presently is cleft into two branches an inner one Ξ Ξ. and an outer Π. That is spent wholly upon the Muscles of the Calf Π. this passes on near to the Fibula or lesser bone of the Leg through the outer and back-side of the Leg. The second Treatise Concerning The ARTERIES CHAP. I. Shews the upper or ascendent Trunk of the great Artery with its propagations that are distributed through the Head THere is no controversie among writers of Anatomy concerning the number and original of the Arteries The Original of the great Artery but an unanimous consent that all the propagations which are scattered throughout the body take their rise from one which they call Aorta and that this is derived out of the Heart But the Heart consisting of two sinus or cavities a right and a left one this great Artery grows out of the left sinus or ventricle A where it is largest and more hard and griestly then elswhere But as soon as it is grown out and before it fall out of the Pericardium or purse of the Heart Arteriae Coronariae the Crown-Arteries it presently propagates two small sprigs a a one of each side which they call Arteriae Coronariae the Crown-Arteries because together with the vena Coronalis or Crown-vein they compass the basis of the Heart in manner of a Crown and from these many propagations are scattered downward all along the Heart But they are more and greater about the left then the right ventricle as we have also formerly said concerning the vein because the Heart needs a greater plenty of blood on that side as which beats with a perpetual and more violent motion wherein more blood is digested then the right sinus or ventricle does yet that propagation is bigger and longer which arises on t of the right side of the Artery sometimes also there is only one at whose orifice a little valve is found Those propagations being thus disseminated the Artery ascends somewhat under the Trunk of the vena Arteriosa The divisions of the great Artery into two Trunks or Arterial vein and pierces through the Pericardium and having got above it is cleft B into two branches which because of their natural greatness we will call Trunks and because one ascends C and the other runs downward Q that shall be the Ascendent Trunk this the Descendent Yet the Descendent and lower one is bigger by much then the upper What parts both the Trunks nourish The order of that which is to be said because that serves more parts then this For the Ascendent one goes only to some parts of the Chest to the Head and Arms but the lower to very many parts of the Chest to all the lowest belly and the Legs That therefore we may treat of the great Artery with more perspicuity we will first shew the Ascendent Trunk and its progress through the Chest and Head and after that its branches distributed through the Arms. Then we will fall upon the Descendent one add explain the manner of its distribution through the Chest and lowest belly and lastly through the Legs The Ascendent therefore or upper Trunk of the Aorta C being fastened to the Oe sophagus or Gullet climbs upward betwixt the rough Artery and Hollow-vein and the mediastinum or partition of the Chest Which situation of it they ought diligently to observe who desire to know the reason of that Aphorism which is the four and twentieth of the fifth Section in Hippocrates For sayes he cold things as snow and ice are enemies to the Breast provoke coughs and cause eruptions of blood and distillations Truly they are enemies to the Breast because whilest they are swallowed down through the Gullet they cool the rough Artery that lyes next to it together with the Gullet which part being of it self cold does easily take harm from so violent a cold hence the cough and other diseases of the Brest follow one another in a long row But issues of blood happen in like manner the great Artery being cooled whereby the vital Spirits and the blood are driven back to the Heart and from thence are sent up forcibly to the Head which being stuft eruptions of blood are caused by its dropping forth at the Nostrils as also catarrhs and distillations it being driven down undigested to the inferiour parts And hence also a reason may be rendered why some upon drinking of cold water after vehement motions and exercise of body have presently been suffocated the passion of the heart and grievous swoundings following thereupon For the Artery being vehemently coold the blood is congealed as well that which was in the Aorta or Great artery as that which abides in the heart from whence happen at first fearful symptoms and then suddain death But we have seen in these men that a vein being opened the blood hath come out thick and cold and with very great difficulty whence also we have not found a more present remedy for them then such things as by reason of the thinness of their parts have a power of dissolving the clots of blood Hence also a reason may be given why in burning fevers the tongue becomes black the diseased can hardly swallow For although it be true which is the cause commonly assign'd that many vapors are sent up from the whole body to the head yet we may ascribe a main
or stomach Pag. 70 Chap. XIV Of the guts Pag. 72 Chap. XV. Of the mesentery Pag. 74 Chap. XVI Of the glandules in general and of the Pancreas or sweet-bread Pag. 75 Chap. XVII Of the liver ib. Chap. XVIII Of the bladder of the gall Pag. 76 Chap. XIX Of the spleene or milt Pag. 77 Chap. XX. Of the Vena Porta and gate-vein and the distribution thereof ib. Chap. XXI Of the original of the artery and the division of the branch descending to the natural parts Pag. 62 Chap. XXII Of the distribution of the nerves to the natural parts Pag. 79 Chap. XXIII The manner of taking out the guts Pag. 80 Chap. XXIV The original and distribution of the descendent hollow vein ib. Chap. XXV Of the kidneys or reins Pag. 81 Chap. XXVI Of the spermatick vessels Pag. 82 Chap. XXVII Of the testicles or stones Pag. 83 Chap. XXVIII Of the various bodies or parastats and of the ejaculatorie vessels and the glandulous or prostates ib Chap. XXIX Of the ureters Pag. 85 Chap. XXX Of the bladder Pag. 86 Chap. XXXI Of the yard Pag. 87 Chap. XXXII Of the spermatick vessels and testicles in women ib· Chap. XXXIII Of the womb Pag. 89 Chap. XXXIV Of the coats containing the infant in the womb anâ— of the navil Pag. 92 Chap. XXXV Of the navil Pag. 93 The fourth book Treating of the vitall parts contained in the Chest Chap. I. What the Thorax or the chest is into what parts it may be divided and the nature of these parts Pag. 94 Chap. II. Of the containing and contained parts of the chest Pag. 95 Chap. III. Of the breasts or dugs ib. Chap. IV. Of the clavicles or collar-bones and ribs Pag. 96 Chap. V. The anatomical administration of the sternon Pag. 97 Chap. VI. Of the Pleura or coat investing of the ribs ib Chap. VII Of the Mediastinum Pag. 98. Chap. VIII Of the Diaphragma or midriffe ib. Chap. IX Of the lungs Pag. 99 Of the Pericardium or purse of the heart Pag. 111 Chap. X. Of the hâ—a t Pag. 100 Chap. XI Of the orifices and valves of the heart ib. Chap. XII Of the distribution of the Vena Arteriosa and the Arteria Venosa Pag. 102 Chap. XIII Of the distribution of the hollow-vein Pag. 103 Chap. XIV Of the distribution of the nerves or sinews of the sixth conjugation Pag. 106 Chap. XV. The division of the arteries Pag. 107 Chap. XVI Of the Thumus Pag. 109 Chap. XVII Of the Aspera artery or weazon ib Chap. XVIII Of the gullet Pag. 110 The fifth book Of the animal parts contained in the head Chap. I. A general description of the head Pag. 111 Chap. II. Of the musculous skin of the head commonly called the hairy scalp and of the Pericranium ib. Chap. III. Of the sutures Pag. 112 Chap. IV. Of the Cranium or skull Pag. 113 Chap. V. Of the Meninges that is the two membranes called Dura Mater and Pia Mater Pag. 114 Chap. VI. Of the brain Pag. 115 Chap. VII Of the ventricles and mamillary processes of the brain Pag. 116 Chap. VIII Of the seven conjugations of the nerves of the brain so called because they alwayes shew the nerve conjugated and doubled that is on each side one Pag. 119 Chap. IX Of the Rete Mirabile or wonderful net and of the wedg-bone Pag. 120 Chap. X. Of the holes of the inner basis of the skull Pag. 122 Chap. XI Of the perforations of the external basis of the brain ib. Chap. XII Of the spinal marrow or pith of the back ib. The sixth Book treating of the muscles and bones and the other extream parts of the body Chap. I. Of the bones of the face Pag. 124 Chap. II. Of the teeth Pag. 125 Chap. III. Of the broad muscle Pag. 126 Chap. IV. Of the eye-lids and eye-brows Pag. 127 Chap. V. Of the eyes ib. Chap. VI. Of the muscles coats and humors of the eye ib. Chap. VII Of the nose Pag. 130 Chap. VIII Of the muscles of the face Pag. 131 Chap. IX Of the mâ—scles of the lower jaw ib Chap. X. Of the ears and Parotides oâ— k rnels of the ears Pag. 132 Chap. XI Of the bone Hyoides and the muscles thereof Pag. 134 Chap. XII Of the tongue ib. Chap. XIII Of the mouth Pag. 135 Chap. XIV Of the Gargaâ—eoâ— or Uvula Pag. 136 Chap. XV Of the Larinx or throtle ib. Chap. XVI Of the neck and parts thereof Pag. 137 Chap. XVII Of the muscles of the neck Pag. 139 Chap. XVIII Of the muscles of the chest and loins Pag. 145 Chap. XIX Of the muscles of the shoulder blade Pag. 147 Chap. XX. The description of the hand taken in general ib. Chap. XXI The description of the subclavian vein and first of the Cephalica or Humeraria Pag. 148 Chap. XXII The description of the Axillary vein Pag. 149 Chap. XXIII The distribution of the axillary artery ib Chap. XXIV Of the nerves of the neck back and arm Pag. 150 Chap. XXV The description of the bone of the arm and the muscles which move it Pag. 151 Chap. XXVI A description of the bones of the cubit and the mâ—scles moving them Pag. 153 Chap. XXVII A description of the bones of the wrist after-wrist and fingers Pag. 155 Chap. XXVIII Of the muscles which seated in the cubit move the wand and with it the hand Pag. 156 Chap. XXIX Of the muscles of the inside of the hand Pag. 157 Chap. XXX A description of the leg taken in general Pag. 158 Chap. XXXI A description of the crural vein Pag. 159 Chap. XXXII A description of the crural artery ib. Chap. XXXIII Of the nerves of the loins holy-bone and thigh Pag. 160 Chap. XXXIV Of the proper parts of the thigh Pag. 161 Chap. XXXV Of the muscles moving the thigh Pag. 163 Chap. XXXVI Of the bones of the leg or shank Pag. 164 Chap. XXXVII Of the muscles of the legs ib Chap. XXXVIII Of the bones of the foot Pag. 165 Chap. XXXIX Of the muscles moving the foot Pag. 168 Chap. XL. Of the muscles moving the toes of the feet Pag. 169 Chap. XLI An epitome or brief recital of the bones in mans body ib. Chap. XLII A epitome of the names and kinds of composure of the bones Pag. 172 The seventh Book Of tumors against nature in generall Chap. I. What a tumor against nature vulgarly called an Impostume is and what be the differences thereof Pag. 177 Chap. II. Of the genral causes of tumors ib. Chap. III. The signs of impostumes or tumors in general Pag. 178 Chap. IV. Of the prognosticks in impostumes Pag. 179 Chap. V. Of the general cure of tumors against nature ib. Chap. VI. Of the four principal and general tumors and of other impostumes which may be reduced to them Pag. 180 Chap. VII Of a Phlegmon ib. Chap. VIII Of the causes and signs of a phlegmon Pag. 181 Chap. IX Of the cure of a true Phlegmon Pag. 182 Chap. X. Of the cure
motive-faculty Lib. 6. Epidem Hippocrates seems to have confirmed the same where he writes Those who have a thick and great head have also great bones nerves and limbs And in another place he saith those who have great heads and when they stoop shew a long neck such have all their parts large but chiefly the Animal Not for that Hippocrates would therefore have the head the beginning and cause of the magnitude and greatness of the bones and the rest of the members but that he might shew the equality and private care or government of Nature being most just and exact in the fabrick of man's body as if she hath well framed the head it should not be unlike that she idly or carelesly neglected the other parts which are less seen I thought good to dilate this passage lest any might abuse that authority of Hippocrates and gather from thence that not only the bones membranes ligaments grisles and all the other animal parts but also the veins and arteries depend on the head as the original But if any observe this our distinction of the parts of the body he will understand we have a far other meaning What parts are called Vital By the Vital parts we understand only the heart arteries lungs wind-pipe and other particles annexed to these But by the Natural we would have all those parts understood which are contained in the whole compass of the Peritonaeum or Rim of the body and the processes of the Erythroides the second coat of the Testicles For as much as belongs to all the other parts which we call Containing they must be reckoned in the number of the Animal which notwithstanding we must thus divide into principal sensitive and motive and again each of these in the manner following The division of the animal parts For first the principal is divided into the Imaginative which is the first and upper part of the brain with its two ventricles and other annexed particles into the Reasoning which is a part of the brain lying under the former and as it were the top thereof with its third ventricle into the Memorative which is the cerebellum or after-brain with a ventricle hollowed in its substance Secondly the Sensitive is parted into the visive which is in the eyes the auditive in the ears the smelling in the nose the tasting in the tongue and palat the tactive or touching which is in the body but most exquisite in the skin which invests the palms of the hands Thirdly the motive is divided into the progressive which intimates the legs and the comprehensive which intimates the hands Lastly into simply-motive which are three parts called bellies The division of the vital parts for the greatest part terminating and containing for the vital the instrument of the faculty of the heart and dilatation of the arteries are the direct or streight fibers but of the constrictive the transverse but the three kinds of fibers together of the pulsifick or if you please you may divide them into parts serving for respiration as are the lungs and weazon and parts serving for vital motion as are the heart and arteries furnished with these fibers which we formerly mentioned The division of the natural parts The division of the natural parts remains which is into the nourishing auctive and generative which again are distributed into attractive universal and particular retentive concoctive distributive assimilative and expulsive The attractive as the gullet and upper orifice of the ventricle the retentive as the Pylorus or lower passage of the stomach the concoctive as the body of the ventricle or its inner coat the distributive as the three small guts the expulsive as the three great guts we may say the same of the liver for that draws by the mesaraick and gate-veins retains by the narrow orifices of the veins dispersed through the substance thereof it concocts by its proper flesh distributes by the hollow vein expels by the spleen bladder of the gall and kidnies We also see the parts in the Testicles divided into as many functions for they draw by the preparing vessels retain by the various crooked passages in the same vessels they concoct the seed by the power of their proper substance and faculty they distribute by the ejaculatory at the glandules called Prostatae and the horns of the womb supplying the place of prostates Lastly they expel or cast forth by the prostates horns and adjoyning parts For as much as belongs to the particular attraction retention concoction distribution assimilation of each part that depends of the particular temper and as they term it occult property of each similar and simple part Neither do these particular actions differ from the universal but that the general are performed by the assistance of the three sorts of fibers but the special by the several occult property of their flesh arising from their temperature which we may call a specifick property Now in the composition of mans body nature principally aims at three things The first is to create parts necessary for life as are the heart brain and liver The second to bring forth other for the better and more commodious living as the eyes nose ears arms and hands The third is for the propagation and renewing the species or kind as the privy parts testicles and womb And this is my opinion of the true distinction of mans body furnished with so many parts for the performance of so many faculties which you if you please may approve of and follow If not you may follow the common and vulgar which is into three bellies or capacities the upper middle lower that is the head breast The vulgar division of mans body and lower belly and the limbs or joints In which by the head we do not understand all the Animal parts but only those which are from the crown of the head to the first vertebra of the neck or to the first of the back if according to the opinion of Galen Lib. de ossibus where he makes mention of Enarthrosis and Arthrodia we reckon the neck amongst the parts of the head By the breast whatsoever is contained from the coller bones to the ends of the true and bastard or short ribs and the midriff By the lower belly the rest of the trunk of the body from the ends of the ribs to the share-bones by the limbs we understand the arms and legs We will follow this division in this our Anatomical Discourse because we cannot follow the former in dissecting the parts of mans body by reason the Animal parts are mutually mixed with the vital and natural and first of the lower belly Nature would not have this lower belly bony Why the belly is not bony because the ventricle might be more easily dilated by meat and drink children might grow the better and the body be more flexible It is convenient we begin our Anatomical Administration from this because it is more subject to
The magnitude The figure The composure NOw we must speak of the Stomach the receptacle of the food necessary for the whole body the seat of appetite by reason of the Nerves dispersed into its upper orifice and so into its whole substance The substance thereof is rather spermatick than sanguine because that for one fleshy membrane it hath two nervous The quantity or magnitude of the ventricle is divers according to the various magnitudes of bodies and gluttony of men The figure of it is round and somewhat long like a Bagpipe The stomach is composed of two proper coats and one common from the Peritonaeum together with veins sinews and arteries the innermost of its proper coats is membranous woven with right fibers for the attraction of meats it is extended and propagated even to the mouth thereof whereby it comes to pass that the affections of one part may easily be communicated to the other by sympathy or consent The cause of the consent of the mouth and stomach This coat hath its original from the membranes of the brain which accompany the nerves descending from the third and fourth conjugation to the mouth thereof And in like sort from other productions descending by the passages of the head from whence also another reason may be drawn from that which they commonly bring from the nerves of the sixt conjugation why in wounds of the head the stomach doth so soon suffer by consent with the brain The exterior or outer is more fleshy and thick woven with oblique fibers to retain and expel It draws its original from the Pericranium which assoon as it comes to the gullet takes unto it certain fleshy fibers There be nerves sent into the Stomach from the sixt conjugation of the Brain as it shall be shewed in its proper place Veins and Arteries are spread into it from the Gastrica the Gastrepiploides the Coronaria and Splenick from the second third and fourth distribution of the Vena-porta or Gate-vein and the third of the descendent artery to the natural parts assoon as it passes forth of the Midriffe It is one in number The greater part of it is situated on the left side between the Spleen The number the hollowness of the Liver and the Guts that assisted by the heat of such neighbouring parts it may more cheerfully perform the concoction of the meat Neither am I ignorant that Galen hath written that a great part of the Stomach lies on the left side But inspection it self and reason makes me derogate from Galen's authority for because there is more empty space on the left side Lib. de usu partium by reason the Spleen is less than the Liver it was fit it should lie more on the left side The connexion The more proper connexion of it is with the gullet and guts by its two orifices with the brain by its nerves with the liver and spleen by its veins with the heart by its arteries and with all the natural parts by its common membrane The temper of the ventricle in men of good habit is temperate because it is almost composed of the equal commixture of sanguine and spermatick parts or according to Galen's opinion The temper Lib. 9. Meth. it is cold of it self and by the parts composing it and hot by the vicinity of the bowels But in some it is hotter in others colder according to the divers temper and complexion of divers bodies That stomach is to be thought well tempered that powerfully draws down the meat and drink and embraces and retains them so drawn until by concoction and elixation they shall be turned into a juyce like cream which the Greeks call Chylos and lastly which doth strongly send from it and repel the excrements of this first concoction The Stomach is known to be hotter by this that it better concocts and digests coorse and hard meats as Beef hard Egs and the like than soft meats easie of digestion Notes of a hoâ— Stomach which it corrupts and turns into belchings For so a young Chicken is sooner burnt than well roasted at a great fire The stomach which is colder desires much meat but is slow in concocting them especially if they be cold and hard of digestion which for that cause quickly turn sowre The action of a well conditioned stomach is twofold one common another proper The common is to attenuate The action twofold mix and digest the meats taken in at the mouth for the nutrition of it self and the whole body after the liver hath performed its duty which before it be done the ventricle only enjoys the sweet pleasure of the Chylus and comforts it self against the impurity of the adjacent parts whereof it is called the work-house of concoction Its first action is to attract retain and assimilate to it self that which is convenient but to expel whatsoever shall be contrary either in quantity or quality or in the whole substance It hath two orifices one above which they commonly call the stomach and heart The two orifices of the stomach the other lower which is called the Pylorus or lower mouth of the stomach The upper bends to the left side neer the back-bone it is far more large and capacious than the lower that so it may more commodiously receive meats half-chewed hard and gross which Gluttons cast down with great greediness it hath an exquisite sense of feeling because it is the seat of the appetite by reason of the nerves incompassing this orifice with their mutual imbracings whereby it happens that the ventricle in that part is endued with a quick sense that perceiving the want and emptiness of meat it may stir up the creature to seek food For albeit nature hath bestowed four faculties on other parts yet they are not sensible of their wants but are only nourished by the continual sucking of the veins as plants by juyce drawn from the earth This orifice is seated at the fifth Vertebra of the chest upon which they say it almost rests The site Yet I had rather say that it lies upon the twelfth Vertebra of the chest and the first of the loins for in this place the gullet perforates the midriffe and makes this upper orifice The glandulous ring of the Pylorus The lower orifice bends rather to the right side of the body under the cavity of the Liver It is far straiter than the upper lest any thing should pass away before it be well attenuated and concocted and it doth that by the help or assistance of as it were a certain ring like to the sphincter muscle of the fundament which some have thought a glandule made by the transposition of the inner and fleshy membrane of the ventricle into that which is the outer of the guts I know Columbus laughs at this glandulous ring but any one that looks more attentively shall perceive that Pylorus is glandulous The stomach in its lower and inner side hath many folds
divided into four lobes disjoyned with a manifest and visible division on each side two whereby they may be the more easily opened and contracted and the air may the better enter Besides also in large bodies who have a very great Chest there is found a fifth lobe arising from the second lobe of the right side as a cushion or bolster to bear up the Hollow-vein ascending from the Midriff to the Heart In little men who have a shorter Chest because the Heart is so near as to touch the Diaphragma this lobe is not seen yet it is alwayes found in Dogs The Lungs represent the figure or shape of an Oxes foot or hoof Figure for like it they are thicker in their basis but slenderer in their circumference as you may see in blowing them up by the Weazon with your mouth or a pair of bellows Composition They are compounded of a coat coming from the Pleura which on each side receives sufficient number of nerves from the sixth conjugation and also of the Vena arteriosa coming from the right ventricle of the Heart and the Arteria venosa from the left as shall be shewed in the Anatomy of the Heart besides the Aspera arteria or Weazon coming from the Throat and lastly it s own flesh which is nothing else than the concretion of cholerick bloud poured out like foam about the divisions of the foresaid vessels as we have said of other parts The body of the Lungs is one in number unless you will divide it into two by reason of the variety of its site because the Lobe of the Lungs stretched forth into the right and left side do almost involve all the Heart that so they may defend it against the hardness of the Bones which are about it they are tyed to the Heart chiefly at its basis but to the roots of the ribs and their vertebra's by the coat it hath from thence but by the vessels to these parts from whence they proceed The sticking of the Lungs to the ribs But oft-times presently from the first and natural conformation they are bound to the circumference of the ribs by certain thin membranous productions which descend from thence to the Lungs otherways they are tyed to the ribs by the Pleura The nourishment of the Lungs is unlike to the nourishment of other parts of the body Their nourishment for you cannot find a part equally rare light and full of air which may be nourished with blood equally thin and vaporous In temper they incline more to heat than to cold whether you have regard to their composure of cholerick blood or their use which is to prepare and alter the air that it hurt not the Heart by its coldness The Lungs is the instrument of voice and breathing by the Weazon or Wind-pipe For the Lobes are the instruments of voyce and the ligaments of respiration But the Larinx or Throttle is the chief instrument of the voyce for the Weazon first prepares the voice for the Throttle in which it being in some measure formed is perfected in the Palate of the Mouth as in the upper part of a Lute or such like Instrument by the help of the Gargareon or Uvula as a certain quil to play withall But as long as one holds his breath he cannot speak for then the muscles of the Larinx ribs the Diaphragmn and the Epigastrick muscles are pressed down whence proceeds a suppression of the vocal matter which must be sent forth in making or uttering a voice Nature would have the Lungs light for many reasons the first is Why the lungs are light That seeing they are of themselves immoveable they might be more obsequious and ready to follow the motion of the Chest for when it it straitned the Lungs are straitned and subside with it and when it is dilated they also are dilated and swell so big that they almost fill up all the upper capacity thereof Another cause is That by this their rarity they might more easily admit the entring air at such times as they have much or sodain necessity as in running a race And lastly That in Plurisies and other purulent abscesses of the Chest the Pus or matter poured forth into the capacity of the Chest may be suckt in by the rare substance of the Lungs and by that means the sooner sent forth and expectorated The use of respiration is to cool and temper the raging heat of the Heart The use of respiration or breathing For it is cooled in drawing in the breath by the cool air and in sending out thereof by avoiding the hot fuliginous vapor Therefore the Chest performs two contrary motions for whilst it is dilated it draws in the encompassing air and when it is depressed it expels the fuliginous vapor of the Heart which any one may easily perceive by the example of a pair of Smiths-bellows CHAP. X. Of the Pericardium or Purse of the Heart Whence it hath its matter THe Pericardium is as it were the House of the Heart which arising at the basis thereof either the ligaments of the Vertebra's situate there or else the vessels of the Heart yielding it matter is of a nervous thick and dense substance without any fibers It retains the figure of the Heart and leaves an empty space for the Heart to perform its proper motion Wherefore the bigness of the Pericardium exceeds that of the Heart It consists of a double coat one proper of which we have spoken another common coming from the Pleura and also of the veins arteries and nerves the vessels partly coming from the Mamillary partly from the Diaphragma chiefly there where it touches it the nerves come on each side from the sixt Conjugation Number and Connexion It is only one placed about the Heart and annexed to it at the basis thereof by its membranes to the original of the Lungs and the Vertebra's lying under them and by the vessels to the parts from whence it received them It is of a cold and dry temper as every Membrane is Use The use thereof is to cover the Heart and preserve it in its native humidity by certain natural moisture contained in it unless you had rather say that the moisture we see contained in the Pericardium is generated in it after death by the condensation and concretion of the spirits Although this seems not very likely because it grows and is heaped up in so great quantity in living bodies that it hinders the motion of the Heart and causes such palpitation or violent beating thereof that it often suffocates a man From whence the matter of the watery humor contained in the Pericardium For this Palpitation happens also to hearty and stout men whose Hearts are hot but blood thin and waterish by reason of some infirmity of the Stomach or Liver and this humor may be generated of vapors which on every side exhale into the Pericardium from the blood boyling in the
by the bent of the knee under the skin as far as the heel 7 also to the skin of the outward enkle 8 the vein called Suralis or calf-vein because it runneth unto the muscles that make the calf of the leg 9 the division of the Sural-vein into an exterior trunk 9. and an interior 14. 10 11 the division of the exterior trunk under the knee into an external branch which along the brace attaineth unto the muscles of the foot 11 and an internal 12 13 14 which descending along the outside of the leg to the upper part of the foot is cloven into divers branches and in the back of the foot mixeth it self with Poplitea or the ham-vein 20. 15 the interior branch of the Sural-vein which runneth into the back-side of the leg 16 a branch hereof descending to the inside of the heel and the great toe and is divided into divers surcles 17 Ischias major issuing out of the internal trunk at 14 and running through the muscles of the calf 18 a propagation hereof derived unto the upper part of the foot and affording two surcles to every toe 19 the remainder of the inner trunk 14 behind the inner ankle approacheth to the bottom of the foot and is consumed into all the toes 20 the commixion of the vein Poplitea with the small or Calf-branch at 13. Where the external Jugular-vein may be fitly opened in inflammations of the parts of the mouth But when it arrives to the basis of the lower part of the head it is divided into more branches one whereof is carryed to the muscles of the bone Hyois the Larinx the Tongue and the lower part of the tongue in which place it is commonly opened in the Squinances and other inflammations of the mouth and to the coat of the nose Another is carried to the Dura mater passing on both sides through a hole situate under the bone mastoides and besides ascending to the bone of the back-part of the Scull it comes obliquely to the upper part of the future Lambdoides where these branches meeting together pass into the reduplication of the Dura mater dividing the fore-part of the Brain that so joyned and united they may make the Torcular the third ascendent is distributed upon the back-part and basis of the lower jaw to the lips the sides of the nose and the muscles thereof and in like manner to the greater corner of the eyes to the fore-head and other parts of the face and at length by meeting together of many branches it makes in the fore-head the vein which is called vena recta Vena recta or vena frontis that is the forehead-vein The fourth ascending by the glandules behind the ears after it hath sent forth many branches to them is divided into two others one whereof passing before and the other behind the ear are at length spent in the skin of the head The fifth and last wandring over all the lower part of the head going to the back-part thereof Vena pupis makes the vena pupis which extended the length of the head by the sagittal suture at length goeth so far that it meets with the vena frontis which meeting is the cause that a vein opened in the fore-head is good in griefs of the hinder-part of the head and so on the contrary But we must observe that in the Cranium of some the vena pupis by one or more manifest passages sends some portion thereof to the inner part of the head so that the vena pupis being opened may make revulsion of the matter which causeth the internal pains of the head CHAP. XIV The distribution of the Nerves or Sinews of the sixth Conjugation Three pair of Nerves of the sixt Conjugation BEcause the distribution of the Arteries cannot be well shewed unless we violate those Nerves which are carryed over the Chest therefore before we shew the distribution of the Arteries we will as briefly as we can prosecute the distribution of these nerves Now the sixth conjugation brings forth three pair of Nerves for passing out of the Skul as it comes down to the Chest it by the way sends forth some branches to certain muscles of the neck and to the three ascendent muscles of the Larinx on each side of the Sternon and upon the clavicles Then the remainder descending into the Chest is divided on each side into these three pair The first pair makes the Ramus costalis The second the Ramus recurrens The third pair the Ramus stomachicus Ramus Costalis The Ramus costalis or costal branch is so called because descending by the roots of the ribs even to the holy bone and joyning themselves to these which proceed from each of the Vertebra's of the Spine they are carryed to all the natural parts Recurrens The Recurrens or recurrent is also so called because as it were starting up from the Chest it runs upward again but these two Recurrent Nerves do not run back from the same place but the right from below the Artery called by some the Axillary by others Subclavian and the left from beneath the great Artery descending to the natural parts But each of them on each-side ascending along by the Weazon even to the Larinx and then they insinuate themselves by the wings of Cartilago scutiformis and Thyroides into the proper muscles which open and shut the Larinx An anatomical Axiome By how much the Nerves are nearer the original to wit the Brain or Spinal-marrow they are by so much the softer On the contrary by how much they are further absent from their original Why Nature would have the vocal Nerves recurrent Ramus Stomachicus they are so much the harder and stronger which is the reason that Nature would have these Recurrent Nerves to run back again upwards that so they might be the stronger to perform the motions of the muscles of the Larinx But the Stomachicus or Stomach-branch is so called because it descends to the Stomach or Ventricle For this branch descending on both sides by the sides of the gullet sends many branches from it into the inner substance of the Lungs into the coat thereof into the Pericardium and Heart and then coming into the upper orifice of the Stomach it is spent in many branches which folded after divers manners and ways chiefly makes that Mouth or Stomach which is the seat of the Animal appetite as they term it and hunger and the judger of things convenient or hurtful for the Stomach But from thence they are diversly disseminated over all the Body of the Ventricle Moreover the same branch sends forth some small branches to the Liver and Bladder of the Gall giving each part by the way so much sense as should be sufficiently necessary for it Here you must note the Stomach-branch descends on each side one knit to the gullet and by the way they divide themselves into two branches each of which goes
which was cut quite asunder and put the lips of the wound as close together as I could I could not get hold of the Gullet because it was fallen down into the Stomach then I bound up the wound with medicines pledgets and fit ligatures After he was thus drest he begun to speak and tell the name of the villain the author of this fact so that he was taken and fastened to the wheel and having his limbs broken lost his wretched life for the life of the innocent wounded man who dyed the fourth day after he was hurt Another History The like hurt befel a certain German who lay at the house of one Perots in the street of Nuts he being frantick in the night cut his throat with a sword I being called in the morning by his friends who went to see him drest him just after the same manner as I dressed the Englishman Wherefore he presently recovered his speech which before could not utter one syllable freed from suspition of the crime and prison the servant who lying in the same chamber with him was upon suspition committed to Prison and confessing the thing as it was done lived four days after the wound being nourished with Broths put into his Fundament like Clysters and with the grateful vapour of comfortable things as Bread newly drawn out of the Oven and soaked in strong Wine I having thus by Art of Chirurgery made the dumb speak for the space of four days CHAP. XXX Of the Wounds of the Chest The differences of wounds of the Chest SOme wounds of the Chest are on the fore-side some behind some penetrate more deep others enter not into the capacity thereof othersome pierce even to the parts contained therein as the Mediastinum Lungs Heart Midriffe hollow Vein and ascendent Artery Othersome pass quite through the body whereby it happens that some are deadly some not The signs You shall thus know that the wound penetrates into the capacity of the Chest if that when the Patients mouth and nose be shut the breath or wind break through the wound with a noise so that it may dissipate or blow out a lighted candle being held near it If the Patient can scarse either draw or put forth his breath this also is a sign that there is some bloud fallen down upon the Diaphragma Signs that the heart is wounded By these signs you may know that the heart is wounded If a great quantity of bloud gush out if a trembling possess all the members of the body if the pulse be little and faint if the colour become pale if a cold sweat and frequent swooning assail him and the extream parts become cold then death 's at hand A History Yet when I was at Turin I saw a certain Gentleman who fighting a duel with another received a wound under his left brest which pierced into the substance of his heart yet for all that he struck some blows afterwards and followed his flying enemy some two hundred paces until he fell down dead upon the ground having opened his body I found a wound in the substance of the heart so large as would contain ones finger there was only much bloud poured forth upon the midriffe Signs that the Lungs are wounded These are the signs that the Lungs are wounded if the bloud comes foamy or froathy out of the wounds the Patient is troubled with a cough he is also troubled with a great difficulty of breathing and a pain in his side which he formerly had not he lies most at ease when he lies upon the wound and sometimes it comes so to pass that lying so he speaks more freely and easily but turned on the contrary side he presently cannot speak Signs that the midriffe is wounded When the Diaphragma or Midriffe is wounded the party affected is troubled with a weight or heaviness in that place he is taken with a Delirium or Raving by reason of the sympathy of the Nerves of the sixth conjugation which are spread over the midriffe difficulty of breathing a cough and sharp pain troubles the Patient the Guts are drawn upwards so that it sometimes happens by the vehemency of breathing that the Stomach and Guts are drawn through the wound into the capacity of the Chest which thing I observed in two The one of these was a Mason who was thrust through the midst of the Midriffe where it is nervous and dyed the third day following I opening his lower belly and not finding his stomach A History thought it a monstrous thing but at length searching diligently I found it was drawn into the Chest through the wound which was scarse an inch broad But the stomach was full of wind but little humidity in it The other was called captain Francis d' Alon a Native of Xantoigne Another History who before Rochell was shot with a Musket Bullet entring by the breast-bone near to the sword-like Gristle and passing through the fleshy part of the midriffe went out at the space between the fifth and sixth bastard ribs The wound was healed up on the outside yet for all that there remained a weakness of the stomach whereupon a pain of the guts like to the colick took him especially in the Evening and on the night for which cause he durst not sup but very sparingly But on the eighth month after the pain raging more violently in his belly then it was accustomed he dyed though for the mitigating of the vehemency thereof Simon Malmâ—dy and Anthony du Val both learned Physitians omitted no kind of Remedy The body of the diseased was opened by the skilful Chirurgeon James Guillemeau who found a great portion of the Colick-gut swelled with much wind gotten into the Chest through the wound of the Diaphragma for all it was so small that you could scarse put your little finger in thereat But now let us return from whence we digressed We understand that there is blood poured forth into the capacity of the Chest by the difficulty of breathing the vehemency of the increasing feaver the stinking of the breath Signs that there is blood pouted into the capacity of the Chest the casting up of blood at the mouth and other symptoms which usually happen to those who have putrefied and clotted blood poured out of the vessels into the belly infecting with the filthy vapour of the corrupt substance the parts to which it shall come But also unless the Patient cannot lye upon his back he is troubled with a desire to vomit and covets now and then to rise whence he often falls into a swound the vitall faculty which sustains the body being broken and debilitated both by reason of the wound and concreat or clotted blood for so putting on the quality of poyson it greatly dissipates and dissolves the strength of the heart It is a sign the spinal marrow is hurt when a Convulsion or Palsie that is a sodain loss of sense and motion
in the parts thereunder an unvoluntary excretion of the Urine and other excrements Signs that the Spine is wounded or a totall suppression of them seises upon the Patient When the hollow vein and great Artery are wounded the Patient will dye in a short time by reason of the sodain and aboundant effusion of the blood and spirits which intercepts the motion of the Lungs and heart whence the party dies suffocated CHAP. XXX Of the cure of the Wounds of the Chest WE have read in John de Vigo that it is disputed amongst Chirurgeons concerning the consolidation of wounds of the Chest For some think that such wounds must be closed up Vigo tract de vuln thoraâ— cap. 10. and cicatrized with all possible speed lest the cold air come to the heart and the vitall spirits fly away and be dissipated Others on the contrary think that such wounds ought to be long kept open and also if they be not sufficiently large of themselves that then they must be inlarged by Chirurgery that so the blood poured forth into the capacity of the Chest may have passage forth which otherwise by delay would putrefie whence would ensue an increase of the feaver a fistulous ulcer and other pernicious accidents The first opinion is grounded upon reason and truth if so be that there is little or no blood poured forth into the capacity of the Chest But the latter takes place where there is much more blood contained in the empty spaces of the Chest Which lest I may seem rashly to determin I think it not amiss to ratifie each opinion with a history thereto agreeable Whilst I was at Turin Chirurgeon to the Marshall of Montejan the King of France his General A History I had in cure a Souldier of Paris whose name was Levesque he served under captain Renovart He had three wounds but one more grievous than the rest went under the right brest somewhat deep into the capacity of the Chest whence much blood was poured forth upon the midriff which caused such difficulty of breathing that it even took away the liberty of his speech besides through this occasion he had a vehement feaver coughed up blood and a sharp pain on the wounded side The Chirurgeon which first drest him had so bound up the wound with a strait and thick suture that nothing could flow out thereat But I being called the day after and weighing the present symptoms which threatned speedy death judged that the sowing of the wound must straight be loosed which being done there instantly appeared a clot of blood at the orifice thereof which made me to cause the Patient to lye half out of his bed with his head downwards and to stay his hands on a Settle which was lower than the bed and keeping himself in this posture to shut his mouth and nose that so his Lungs should swell the midriffe be stretched forth and the intercostal muscles and those of the Abdomen should be compressed that the blood poured into the Chest might be evacuated by the wound but also that this excretion might succeed more happily I thrust my finger somewhat deep into the wound that so I might open the orifice thereof being stopped up with the congealed blood and certainly I drew out some seven or eight ounces of putrefied and stinking blood by this means When he was laid in his bed I caused frequent injections to be made into the wound of a decoction of Barly with Honey of Roses and red Sugar which being injected I wisht him to turn first on the one and then on the other side and then again to lye out of his bed as before for thus he evacuated small but very many clots of blood together with the liquor lately injected which being done the symptomes were mitigated and left him by little and little The next day I made another more detergent injection adding thereto wormwood Why bitter things must not be cast into the Chest centaury and Aloes but such a bitterness did rise up to his mouth together with a desire to cast that he could no longer indure it Then it came into my mind that formerly I had observed the like effect of the like remedy in the Hospital of Paris in one who had a fistulous ulcer in his Chest Therefore when I had considered with my self that such bitter things may easily pass into the Lungs and so may from thence rise into the Weazon and mouth I determined that thenceforwards I would never use such bitter things to my Patients for the use of them is much more troublesome than any way good and advantagious But at the length this Patient by this and the like means recovered his health beyond my expectation Read the History of Maryllus in Galen lib. 7. de Anaâ—om administra But on the contrary I was called on a time to a certain Germain gentleman who was run with a sword into the capacity of his Chest the neighbouring Chirurgeon had put a great tent into the wound at the first dressing which I made to be taken forth for that I certainly understood there was no blood powred forth into the capacity of the Chest because the Patient had no feaver no weight upon the Diâ—phrâ—gma nor spitted forth any blood Wherefore I cured him in few dayes by only dropping in some of my balsome and laying a plaister of Diacalcitheos upon the wound What harm ensues the too long use of Tents The like cure I have happily performed in many others To conclude this I dare boldly affirm that wounds of the Chest by the too long use of tents degenerate into Fistula's Wherefore if you at any time shall undertake the cure of wounds which penetrate into the capacity of the Chest you shall not presently shut them up at the first dressing No liniments must be used in wounds of the Chest but keep them open for two or three dayes but when you shall find that the Patient is troubled with none or very little pain and that the midriffe is pressed down with no weight and that he breathes freely then let the tent be taken forth and the wound healed up as speedily as you can by covering it only with lint dipped in some balsome which hath a glutinative faculty and laid somewhat broader than the wound never apply liniments to wounds of this kind lest the Patient by breathing draw them into the capacity of the Chest Wherefore also you must have a care that the tent put into those kinds of wounds may be fastned to the pledgets and also have somewhat a large head lest they should be drawn as we said into the capacity of the Chest for if they fall in they will cause putrefaction and death Let Emplast Diacalcitheos or some such like be applyed to the wound But if on the contrary you know by proper and certain signs that there is much blood fallen into the spaces of the Chest then let the orifice of
putrefaction as you may learn by those Countries which are blown upon by a wind from Sea For in these flesh which is kept for food putrefies in the space of an hour Flesh quickly putrefies in maritine places and such ulcers as in other places are easily and quickly healed do there by the conflux and collection of matter become inveterate and contumacious Therefore as when the seasons of the year successively fall out agreeable to their nature and when each season is seasonable then either we are not sick at all or assuredly with less danger So on the contrary the perfect constitution and health of our Bodies becomes worse and decays when the seasons of the year are depraved perverted in time and temper Now seeing that these many years the four seasons of the year have wanted their seasonableness the Summer wanting his usual heat and the Winter its cold and all things by moisture and the dominion of the Southern winds have been humid and languid I think there is none so ignorant in natural Philosophy and Astrology who will not think but that the causes of the malignity and contumacy of those diseases which have so long afflicted all France are to be attributed to the Air and Heavens For otherwise whence have so many pestilent and contagious diseases tyrannized over so many people of every age sex and condition whence have so many Catarrhes Coughs and heavinesses of the head so many Pleurisies Tumors small Poxes Measles and Itches not admitting of digestion and remedies prescribed by Art Whence have we had so many venemous creatures as Toads Grashoppers Caterpillers Spiders Wasps Hornets Beetles Snails Vipers Snakes Lizards Scorpions and Efts or Nutes unless from excessive putrefaction which the humidity of the air our native heat being liquid and dull hath caused in us and the whole Kingdom of France Hence also proceeds the infirmity of our native heat and the corruption of the bloud and humors whereof we consist which the rainy Southwind hath caused with its sultry heat Wherefore in these last years I have drawn little bloud which hath not presently shewed the corruption of its substance by the black or greenish colour as I have diligently observed in all such as I have bled by the direction of the Physitians either for prevention of suture or cure of present diseases Whence it comes to pass that the fleshy substance of our bodies could not but be faulty both in temper and consistence seeing that the bloud whence it is generated had drawn the seeds of corruption from the defiled air In what bodies ulcers and wounds are not easily cured Whence it fell out that the wounds which happened with loss of substance could be scarse healed or united because of the depraved nature of the bloud For so the Wounds and Ulcers of those which are troubled with the Dropsie whose bloud is more cold or wholly waterish so of Leprous persons whose bloud is corrupt and lastly of all such as have their bodies replete with ill juyce or else are Cachectick will not easily admit of cure Yea assuredly if but the very part which is hurt swerve from its native temper the wound will not easily be cured Therefore seeing all these things both the putrefaction of the Air and depraved humors of the body and also the distemper of the affected parts conspired together to the destruction of the wounded what marvail was it if in these late civil wars the wounds which were for their quantity small for the condition of the wounded parts but little have caused so many and grievous accidents and lastly death it self Especially seeing that the Air which encompasseth us tainted with putrefaction corrupts and defiles the wounds by inspiration and exspiration the body and humors being already disposed or inclined to putrefaction Now there came such a stink which is a most assured sign of putrefaction from these Wounds when they were dressed that such as stood by could scarse endure it neither could this stink be attributed to the want of dressing or fault of the Chirurgeon for the wounds of the Princes and Nobility stunk as ill as those of the common Souldiers An argument of great putrefaction of the humors And the corruption was such that if any chanced to be undrest for one day which sometimes happened amongst such a multitude of wounded persons the next day the wound would be full of worms Besides also which furthermore argues a great putrefaction of humors many had abscesses in parts opposite to their wounds as in the left knee when as the right shoulder was wounded in the left arm when as the right leg was hurt Which I remember befel the King of Navarre the Duke of Nevers the Lord Reden and divers others For all men had nature so over-charged with abundance of vicious humors that if it expelled not part thereof by imposthumes to the habit of the Body it certainly otherwise disposed of it amongst the inner parts of the Body for in dissecting dead Bodies we observed that the Spleen Liver Lungs and other Bowels were purulent and hence it was that the Patients by reason of vapours sent from them to the heart were troubled with continual Feavers But the Liver and all the veinous parts being polluted and so the generation of the laudable Bloud hindered they languished for want of fitting nourishment But when the Brain by vapours was drawn in to sympathize with the rest they were molested with Ravenings Convulsions Wherefore if any thing succeeded unprosperously in so great malignancy of wounds the Chirurgeon was not to be blamed for that it were a crime to fight against God and the Air wherein the hidden scourges of the divine justice lye hid Therefore if according to the mind of the great Hippocrates who commands to bring all contused wounds to suppuration that so they may be healed we indeavoured to cure with such medicins wounds made with Gunshot and therefore contused who can rightly be angry with us if we performed it not so well by reason of those putrefactions gangrenes All contused wounds must be brought to suppuration and mortifications which proceeded from the corrupt Air for all that we used not only suppuratives but were oft-times forced to use other medecins so long turning aside from the cure of the disease until we had orecome the symptoms which much indanger the Patient and customarily happen upon such wounds as also upon those which are made with a sword or any other kind of weapon as shall plainly appear in the following Treatise to which it now seems high time that we betake our selves CHAP. I. A division of Wounds drawn from the variety of the wounded parts and the Bullets which wound A division of wounds from the variety of the wounded parts ALl Wounds which are made in mans Body by Gunshot whether simple or compound are accompanyed with contusion dilaceration distemper and swelling I say all these possess either the
incompassing air under which also is comprehended that which is taken from the season of the yeer region the state of the air and soil and the particular condition of the present and lately by-past time Hence it is we read in Guido Why wounds of the head at Paris and of the legs at Avignion are hard to be cured that Wounds of the head are cured with far more difficulty at Paris than at Avignion where notwithstanding on the contrary the Wounds of the legs are cured with more trouble than at Paris the cause is the air is cold and moist at Paris which constitution seeing it is hurtfull to the brain and head it cannot but must be offensive to the Wounds of these parts But the heat of the ambient air at Avignion attenuates and dissolves the humors and makes them flow from above downwards But if any object that experience contradicts this opinion of Guido and say that wounds of the head are more frequently deadly in hot countries let him understand that this must not be attributed to the manifest and natural heat of the air but to a certain malign and venenate humor or vapor dispersed through the air and raised out of the Seas as you may easily observe in those places of France and Italy which border upon the Mediterranean Sea An indication may also be drawn from the peculiar temper of the wounded parts for the musculous parts must be dressed after one and the bony parts after another manner The different sense of the parts indicates and requires the like variety of remedies for you shall not apply so acrid medicins to the Nerves and Tendons An indication to be drawn from the quick and dull sense of the wounded part as to the ligaments which are destitute of sense The like reason also for the dignity and function of the parts needfull for the preservation of life for oft-times wounds of the brain or of some other of the naturall and vitall parts for this very reason that they are defixed in these parts divert the whole manner of the cure which is usually and generally performed in wounds Neither that without good cause for oft-times from the condition of the parts we may certainly pronounce the whole success of the disease for wounds which penetrate into the ventricles of the brain into the heart the large vessels the chest the nervous parts of the midriffe the liver ventricles small guts bladder if somewhat large are deadly as also those which light upon a joynt in a body repleat with ill humors as we have formerly noted Neither must you neglect that indication which is drawn from the situation of the part and the commerce it hath with the adjacent parts or from the figure thereof seeing that Galen himself would not have it neglected Gal. lib. 7. Meth 2. ad Glauc But we must consider in taking these forementioned Indications whether there be a composition or complication of the diseases for as there is one and that a simple indication of one and that a simple disease so must the indication be various of a compound and complicate disease But there is observed to be a triple composition or complication of affects besides nature for either a disease is compounded with a disease as a wound or a plegmon with a fracture of a bone or a disease with a cause as an ulcer with a defluxion or a disease with a symptome as a wound with pain or bleeding It sometimes comes to pass that these three the disease cause and symptome concur in one case or affect In artificially handling of which we must follow Galens counsell Gal. lib. 7. Meth. who wishes in complicated and compounded affects that we resist the more urgent then let us withstand the cause of the disease and lastly that affect without which the rest cannot be cured Which counsell must well be observed for in this composure of affects which distracts the Emperick on the contrary the rational Physitian hath a way prescribed in a few and these excellent words which if he follow in his order of cure he can scarse miss to heal the Patient Symptomes truly as they are symptomes yeeld no indication of curing neither change the order of the cure for when the disease is healed the symptome vanishes as that which follows the disease as a shadow follows the body But symptomes do oftentimes so urge and press How and when we must take indication of curing from a symptome that perverting the whole order of the cure we are forced to resist them in the first place as those which would otherwise increase the disease Now all the formerly mentioned indications may be drawn to two heads the first is to restore the parts to its native temper the other is that the blood offend not either in quantity or quality for when those two are present there is nothing which may hinder the repletion or union of wounds nor ulcers CHAP. IX What remains for the Chirurgeon to do in this kind of Wounds THe Chirurgeon must first of all be skilfull and labour to asswage pain hinder defluxions prescribe a diet in those six things we call not-natural forbidding the use of hot and acrid things as also of Wine for such attenuate humors and make them more apt for defluxion Why such as are wounded must keep a slender diet Therefore at the first let his diet be slender that so the course of the humors may be diverted from the affected part for the stomach being empty and not well filled draws from the parts about it whereby it consequently follows that the utmost and remotest parts are at the length evacuated which is the cause that such as are wounded must keep so spare a diet for the next dayes following Venery is very pernicious for that it inflames the spirits and humors far beyond other motions whereby it happens that the humors waxing hot are too plentifully carried to the wounded and over heated part The bleeding must not be stanched presently upon receiving of the wound for by the more plentiful efflux thereof the part is freed from danger of inflammation and fulness Why we must open a vein in such as are wounded by Gunshot Wherefore if the wound bleed not sufficiently at the first you shall the next day open a vein and take blood according to the strength and plenitude of the Patient for there usually flows no great store of blood from wounds of this nature for that by the greatness of the contusion and vehemency of the moved air the spirits are forced in as also I have observed in those who have one of their limbs taken away with a Cannon bullet For in the time when the wound is received there flows no great quantity of blood although there be large veins and arteries torn in sunder thereby But on the 4 5 6. or some more dayes after the blood flows in greater abundance and with more violence the native
power to kill it no otherwise then meat well drest is apt to nourish it For Conciliator writes that the properties of poyson are contrary to nourishments in their whole substance for as nourishment is turned into blood in each part of the body whereto it is applied to nourish by perfect assimilation substituted in the place of that portion which flows away each moment Thus on the contrary poyson turns our bodies into a nature like it self and venenate for as every agent imprints the force and qualities thereof in the subject patient thus poyson by the immoderation of faculties in their whole nature conttary to us changeth our substance into its nature no otherwise then fire turneth chaff in a moment into its own nature and so consumes it Therefore it is truly delivered by the Antients who have diligently pried into the faculties of natural things that it is poyson that may kill men by destroying and corrupting their temper and the composure and conformation of the body Now all poysons are said to proceed either from the corrupt air or from living creatures plants and minerals or by any artificial malignity in distilling The differences of poyson subliming and diversly mixing of poysonous and fuming things Hence arise sundry differences of poysons neither do they all work after the same manner for some corrupt onr nature by the unmeasureableness of the manifest and elementary qualities whereof they consist All poysons have not a peculiar antipathy with the heaâ—r others from a specifick and occult property Hence it is that some kill sooner then other some neither is it true that all of them presently assail the heart but others are naturally at deadly strife with other parts of the body as Cantharides with the bladder the sea-Hare with the lungs the Torpedo with the hands which it stupefieth though the fishers rod be betwixt them Thus of medicines there are some which are apt presently to comfort and strengthen the heart others the brain as stoechas others the stomach as cinnamon Also there are some poysons which work both wayes that is by manifest and occult qualities as Euphorbium for that both by the excessive heat and the whole substance or the discotd of the whole substance with ours corrupts our nature An argument hereof is that Treacle which by its quality is manifestly hot infringeth the force thereof as also of all others of an occult propetry Poysons which work by an occult and specifick property do not therefore do it because they are too immoderately hot cold dry moist but for that they are absolutely such and have that essence from the starrs and celestial influence which is apt to dissolve and destroy the strength of mans body because being taken but even in a small quantity yet are they of so pernicious a qualityâ— that they kill almost in a moment Now poysons do not only kill being taken into the body but some being put or applied outwardly neither do venomous creatures onely harm by their stinging and biting but also by their excrements as spittle blood the touch and breath CHAP. II How poysons being small in quantity may by their only touch cause so great alterations IT seemeth strange to many how it may come to pass that poyson taken or admitted in small quantity may almost in a moment produce so pernicious effects over all the body and all the parts faculties and actions so that being admitted but in a little quantity it swells up the body into a great bigness Neither ought it to seem less strange how Antidotes and Counter-poysons which are opposed to poyson can so suddenly break and weaken the great and pernicious effects thereof being it is not so likely that so small a particle of poyson or Antidote can divide it self into so many Cap. 5. lib. 6. de loc affect and so far severed particles of our body There are some saith Galen who think that some things by touth onely by the power of their quality may alter those things which are next to them and that this appears plainly in the fish Torpedo as that which hath so powerful a quality that it can send it alongst the fishers rod to the hand and so make it become torped or numb But on the contrary Philosophers teach that accidents such as qualities are cannot without their subjects remove and diffuse themselves into other subjects The true reason of the wondrous effects of poysons Therefore Galens other answer is more agreeable to reason that so many and great affects of poysons and remedies arise either from a eertain spirit or subtil humidity not truly for that this spirit and subtil humidity may be dispersed over the whole body and all the parts thereof which it affects but that little which is entred the body as cast in by the stroak of a Spider or the sting of a Scorpion infects and corrupts all the next parts by contagion with the like quality these other that are next to them until from an exceeding small portion of the blood if the stroke shall light into the veins it shall spread over the whole mass of blood or of phlegm if the poyson shall chance to come to the stomach and so the force thereof shall be propagated and diffused over all the humors and bowels The doubt of Antidotes is less for these being taken in greater quantity when they shall come into the stomach warmed by the heat of the place they become hot and send forth vapors which suddenly diffused over the body by the subtility of their substance do by their contrary forces dull and weaken the malignity of the poyson Wherefore you may often see when as Antidotes are given in less quantity then is fit that they are less prevalent neither do they answer to our expectation in overcoming the malignity of the poyson so that ir must necessarily follow thar these must not onely in qualities but also in quantity be superior to poysons CHAP. III. Whether there be any such poysons as will kill at a set time No poysons kill in a set time TO the propounded question whether there may be poysons which within a certain and definite time put case a mouth or year may kill men Theophrastus thus answers of poysons some more speedily perform their parts others more slowly yet may you find no such as will kill in set limits of time according to the will and desire of men For that some kill sooner or later then others they do not this of their own or proper nature as Physicians rightly judg but because the subject upon which they light doth more or less resist or yield to their efficacy H w poysons come to kill sooner or later Experience sheweth the truth hereof for the same sort of poyson in the same weight and measure given to sundry men of different tempers and complexions will kill one in an hour another in six hours or in a day and on the contrary will not
into the bowels All things that resist poison must be given any way whatsoever as lemons oranges angelica-roots gentian tormentil burnet vervain cardus benedictus borage bugloss and the like Let all things that are afterwards set before the patient be meats of good juice such as ate veal kid mutton patridg pullets capons and the like CHAP. XVI Of the biting of a Viper or Adder and the symptoms and cure thereof THe remedies that were formerly mentioned against the bitings of mad dogs the same may be used against all venomous bites and stings yet nevertheless each poison hath his peculiar antidote Vipers or Adders as we vulgarly term them have in their gums The bites of vipers how virulent or the spaces between their teeth little bladders filled with a virulent sanies which is pressed out into the part that they bite with their teeth There forthwith ariseth a pricking pain The symptoâ— the part at the first is much swollen and then the whole body unless it be hindred gross and bloody filth sweats out of the wound little blisters rise round about it as if it were burnt the wound gnaws and as it were feeds upon the flesh great inflammation possesseth the liver and the guts and the whole body becomes very dry becoming of a pale or yellowish colour with thirst unquenchable the belly is griped by fits a cholerick vomiting molesteth them the stomach is troubled with a hicketting the patients are taken with often swoundings with cold sweat the fore-runner of death unless you provide by fit medicines for the noble parts before the poison shall invade them Matthiolus tells that he saw a country-man who as he was mowing a meadow An history by chance cut an Adder in two with his sithe which when he thought it was dead he took the one half whereon the head remained without any fear in his hand but the enraged creature turning about her head cruelly bit him by one of his fingers which finger as men usually do especially when as they think of no such thing he put into his mouth and sucked out the blood and poison and presently fell down dead When as Charls the ninth was at Montpelier An history I went into the shop of one Farges an Apothecary who then made a solemn dispensation of Treacle where not satisfying my self with the looking upon the Vipers which were there in a glass ready for the composition I thought to take one of them in my hands but whilst that I too curiously and securely handled her teeth which were in her upper jaw covered with a skin as it were a case to keep the poison in the beast catched hold of the very end of my fore-finger and bit me in the space which is between the nail and the flesh whence presently there arose great pain both by reason of the part endued with most exquisite sense as also by the malignity of the poison forthwith I exceeding straitly bound my finger above the wound that so I might press forth the blood and poison lest they should diffuse themselves further over the body Remedies for the bite of a viper I dissolved old Treacle in aqua vitae wherein I dipped and moistned cotton and so put it to the wound and within a few daies I throwly recovered by this only medicine You may use in stead of Treacle Mithridate and sundry other things which by reason of their heat are powerful drawers as a quill rosted in hot embers garlick and leeks beaten and applied barly-flowr tempered with vinegar hony and goats-dung and so applied like a pult is Some think it sufficient forthwith to wash and foment the wound with vinegar salt and a little honey Galen writes that the poison inflicted by the bite of a viper Lib. de theriac may be drawn forth by applying to the wound the head of a viper but othersome apply the whole viper beaten to mash CHAP. XVII Of the Serpent called Haemorrhous The Haemorrhous why so called THe Serpent Haemorrhous is so called because by biting he causeth blood to drop out of all the passages of the wounded body he is of a small body of the bigness of a viper with eies burning with a certain fiery brightness and a most beautiful skin The back of him as Avicen writes is spotted with many black spots his neck little and his tail very small the part which he bites forthwith grows blackish by reason of the extinction of the native heat which is extinguished by such poison which is contrary thereto in its whole substance Then follows a pain of the stomach and heart these parts being touched with the pestiferous quality of the poison These pains are seconded by vomiting the orifice of the ventricle being relaxed by a Diarrhaea the retentive faculty of all the parts of the belly being weakned and the veins which aâ—e spread through the guts Wonderful bleedings not being able to retain the blood contained in them For the blood is seen to slow out as in streams from the nose mouth ears fundament privities corners of the eies roots of the nails and gums which putrefie the teeth falling out of them Moreover there happens a difficulty of breathing and stoppage of the urine with a deadly convulsion The cure is forthwith to scarisie and burn the bitten part or else to cut it quite off if that it may be done without danger of life and then to use powerfully drawing Antidotes The figure of the Serpent Haemorrhous CHAP. XVIIII Of the Serpent called Seps The reason of the name and description of the Seps THe Serpent Seps is so called because it causeth the part which it bites forthwith to putrefie by reason of the cruel malignity of its poison It is not much unlike the Haemorrhous but that it curls or twines up the tail in divers circles Pausanias writes that this serpent is of an ash colour a broad head small neck big belly writhen tail and as he goes he runs aside like a crab But his skin is variegated and spotted with several colours like to Tapistry By the cruelty of his caustick and putrefying venom he burns the part which he hath bit with most bitter pain he causeth the shedding of the hairs and as Aetius addeth the wound at the first casteth forth manifest blood The symptoms but within a little while after stinking filth The putrefied affected parts wax white and the body all over becomes of the colour of that scurf which is termed Alphos so that by the wickedness of this putrefactive poison not only the spirits are resolved but also the whole body consumed as by fire a pestilent carbuncle and other putrid tumors arising from an hot and humid or suffocating constitution of the air Now for the remedies they must be such as are formerly prescribed against the bitings of a viper The figure of the Serpent Seps CHAP. XIX Of the Basiliske or Cockatrice THe Basilisk far exceeds all kinds
speedily putrefie Men that are of an ill juyce are also most apt to this kind of Pestilence for in the naughty quality of the juyce there is a great preparation of the humors unto putrefaction You may know it by this that when the Pestilence reigneth there are no other diseases among the common people which have their original of any ill juyce but they all degenerate into the Plague Therefore when they begin to appear and wander up and down it is a token that the Pestilence will shortly cease or is almost at an end But here also I would have you to understand those to be of an ill juyce which have no pores in their skin by which as it were by rivers the evil juyce which is contrary to nature may be evacuated and purged Who least subject to take the Plague And I have noted and observed that those are less in danger of the Pestilence which have Cancerous Ulcers and stinking sores in their Noses and such as are infected with the French-Pox and have by reason thereof tumors and rotten Ulcers or have the Kings-evil running upon them the Leprosie or the Scab and to conclude all those that have Fistulaes and running in their bodies I think those that have quartane Fevers are the better priviledged for the same because that by the fit causing sweat that cometh every fourth day they avoid much of the evill juyce that was engendred This is more like to be true then to think that the poyson that cometh from without may be driven away by that which lurketh within Contrariwise women that are great with childe as I have noted Who subject thereto because they have much ill juyce being prohibited from their accustomed evacuations are very apt to take this disease and so seldom recover after they are infected Black or blew Impostumes and spots and pustles of the same colour dispersed over the skin Signs the disease is incurable A good sign argue that the disease is altogether incurable and mortal When the swelling or sore goeth or cometh before the Fever it is a good sign for it declareth that the malignity is very weak and feeble and that nature hath overcome it which of it self is able to drive so great portion thereof from the inner parts A deadly sign But if the sore or tumor come after the Fever it is a mortal and deadly sign for it is certain that it cometh of the venomous matter not translated but dispersed not by the victory of nature but through the multitude of the matter with the weight whereof nature is overcome When the Moon decreaseth those that are infected with the Pestilence are in great doubt and danger of death because then the humors that were collected and gathered together before the Full of the Moon through delay and abundance do swell the more and the faculties by which the body is governed become more weak and feeble because of the imbecillity of the native heat which before was nourished and augmented by the light and so consequently by the heat of the Full Moon For as it is noted by Aristotle the Wainings of the Moon are more cold and weak and thence it is that women have their menstrual fluxes chiefly or commonly at that time In a gross and cloudy air the pestilent infection is less vehement and contagious In what air most contagious then in a thin and subtil air whether that thinness of the air proceed from the heat of the Sun or from the North winde and cold Therefore at Paris where naturally and also through the abundance of filth that is about the City the air is dark and gross the pestilent infection is less fierce and contagious then it is in Province for the subtilty of the air stimulates or helps forward the Plague But this disease is mortal and pernicious wheresoever it be because it suddenly assaulteth the heart which is the Mansion or as it were the fortress or castle of life but commonly not before the signs and tokens of it appear on the body and yet you shall scarce find any man that thinketh of calling the Physician to help to preserve him from so great a danger before the signs thereof be evident to be seen and felt but then the heart is assaulted And when the heart is so assaulted what hope of life is there or health to be looked for What effects fear and confidence produce in the Plague Therefore because medicines come oft-times too late and this malady is as it were a sudden and winged messenger of our death it cometh to pass that so many die thereof And moreover because of the first suspicion of this so dire and cruel a disease the imagination and mind whose force in the diversly much stirring up of the humors is great and almost incredible is so troubled with fear of imminent death and despair of health that together with the preturbed humors all the strength and power of nature falleth and sinketh down This you may perceive and know by reason that the keepers of such as are sick and the bearers which are not fearful but very confident although they do all the basest offices which may be for the sick are commonly not infected and seldom die thereof if infected CHAP. XVIII How a pestilent Fever comes to be bred in us THe Plague oft-times findeth fuel in our bodies and oft-times allurements to wit the putrefaction of humors or aptness to putrefie but it never thence hath its first original for that comes alwayes from the defiled air therefore a pestilent Fever is thus bred in us The pestilent air drawn by inspiration into the lungs The original of the Plague alwayes from the air and transpiration into the utmost mouths of the veins and arteries spread over the skin the bloud or else the humors already putrefying or apt to putrefie therein are infected and turned into a certain kind of malignity resembling the nature of the agent These humors like unquench't lime when it is first sprinkled with water send forth a putrid vapor which carryed to the principal parts and heart especially infecteth the spirituous bloud boyling in the ventricles thereof and therewith also the vital spirits and hence proceeds a certain feverish heat This heat diffused over the body by the arteries together with a malign quality taints all even the solid parts of the bones with the pestiferous venom and besides causeth divers symptoms according to the nature thereof and the condition of the body and the hâ—mors wherein it is Then is the conflict of the malignity assailing and nature defending manifest in which if nature prevail it using the help of the expulsive faculty will send and drive it far from the noble parts either by sweats vomits bleeding evacuation by stool or urine buboes carbuncles pustles spots and other such kinds of breakings out over the skin Signs that nature is oâ—â—come But on the contrary if the malignity prevail
concoct the same as may be seen in the ejaculatory spermatick vessels for which use also the length of the navel is half an ell so that in many infants that are somewhat grown it is found three or four times doubled about their neck or thigh As long as the child is in his mothers womb he taketh his nutriment only by the navel The childe in the womb taketh his nutriment by his navel not by his mouth and not by his mouth neither doth he enjoy the use of eyes ears nostrils or fundament neither needeth he the functions of the heart For spirituous blood goeth unto it by the artertes of the navel and into the Iliack arteries and from the Iliack arteries unto all the other arteries of the whole body for by the motion of these only the infant doth breath Therefore it is not to be supposed that the air is carried or drawn in by the lungs unto the heart in the body of the child How the childe breatheth but contrariwise from the heart to the lungs For neither the heart doth perform the generation or working of blood or of the vital spirits For the issue or infant is contented with them as they are made and wrought by his mother Which untill it hath obtained a full perfect and whole description of his parts and members cannot be called a child but rather an embryon or an imperfect substance CHAP. IX Of the ebullition or swelling of the seed in the womb and of the concretion of the bubbles or bladders or the three principal entrails IN the six first dayes of conception the new vessels are thought to be made and brought forth of the eminences or cotyledons of the mothers vessels and dispersed into all the whole seed as they were fibres or hairy strings Those as they pierce the womb so do they equally and in like manner penetrate the tunicle Chorion And it is carried this way being a passage not only necessary for the nutriment and conformation of the parts but also into the veins diversly woven and dispersed into the skin Chorion For thereby it cometh to pass that the seed it self boileth and as it were fermenteth or swelleth not only through occasion of the place but also of the blood and vital spirits that flow unto it and then it riseth into three bubbles or bladders like unto the bubbles which are occasioned by the rain falling into a river or channel full of water These three bubbles or bladders are certain rude or new forms The three bladders or concretions of the three principal entrails that is to say of the liver heart and brain All this former time it is called seed and by no other name but when those bubbles arise it is called an embryon or the rude form of a body untill the perfect conformation of all the members When the seed is called an embryon on the fourth day after that the vein of the navel is formed it sucketh grosser blood that is of a more full nutriment out of the Cotyledons And this blood because it is more gross easily congeals and curdles in that place where it ought to prepare the liver fully and absolutely made For then it is of a notable great bigness above all the other parts and therefore it is called Parenchyma Why the liver is called Parenchyma because it is but only a certain congealing or concretion of blood brought together thither or in that place From the gibbous part thereof springeth the greater part or trunk of the hollow vein called commonly vena cava which doth disperse his small branches which are like unto hairs into all the substance thereof and then it is divided into two branches whereof the one groweth upwards the other downwards unto all the particular parts of the body In the mean season the arteries of the navel suck spirituous blood out of the eminences or Cotyledons of the mothers arteries whereof that is to say of the more fervent and spirituous blood the heart is formed in the second bladder or bubble being endued with a more fleshie sound and thick substance as it behooveth that vessel to be which is the fountain from whence the heat floweth and hath a continual motion In this the virtue formative hath made two hollow places one on the right side another on the left In the right the root of the hollow vein is infixed or ingraffed carrying thither necessary nutriment for the heart in the left is formed the stamp or root of an artery which presently doth divide it self into two branches the greater whereof goeth upwards to the upper parts and the wider unto the lower parts carrying unto all the parts of the body life and vital heat CHAP. X. Of the third Bubble or Bladder wherein the head and the brain is formed THe far greater portion of the seed goeth into this third bubble that is to say Why the greater portion of seed goeth into generation of the head and brain yeelding matter for the conformation of the brain and all the head For a greater quantity of seed ought to go unto the conformation of the head and brain because these parts are not sanguine or bloody as the heart and liver but in a manner without blood bony marrow cartilaginous nervous and membranous whose parts as the veins arteries nerves ligaments panicles and skin are called spermatick parts because they obtain their first conformation almost of seed only although that afterwards they are nourished with blood as the other fleshie and musculous parts are But yet the blood when it come unto those parts degenerateth and turneth into a thing somewhat spermatick by virtue of the assimulative faculty of those parts All the other parts of the head form and fashion themselves unto the form of the brain when it is formed and those parts which are situated and placed about it for defence especially are hardened into bones Why the head is placed on the top of the body The head as the seat of the senses and mansion of the minde and reason is situated in the highest place that from thence as it were from a lofty tower or turret it might rule and govern all the other members and their functions and actions that are under it for there the soul or life which is the rectress or governess is situated and from thence it floweth and is dispersed into all the whole body Nature hath framed these three principal entrals as props and sustentations for the weight of all the rest of the body for which matter also she hath framed the bones The first bones that appear to be formed or are supposed to be conformed are the bones called ossa Ilium conneâ—ed or united by spondyls that are between them then all the other members are framed and proportioned by their concavites and hollownesses which generally are seven that is to say two of the ears two of the nose one of the mouth and in the parts beneath the
womb There are women that bear the childe in their womb ten or eleven whole moneths and such children have their conformation of much quantity of seed wherefore they will be more big great and strong and therefore they require more time to come to their perfection and maturity for those fruits that are great will not be so soon ripe as those that are small But children that are small and little of body do often come to their perfection and maturity in seven or nine moneths if all other things are correspondent in greatness and bigness of body it happeneth for the most part that the woman with childe is not delivered before the ninth moneth be done A male will be born soonner then a female or at the leastwise in the same moneth But a male childe will be commonly born at the beginnâ—ng or a little before the begining of the same moneth by reason of his engrafted heat which causeth maturity and ripeness Furthermore the infant is sooner come to maturity and perfection in a hot woman then in a cold for it is the property of heat to ripen CHAP. XXXI How to preserve the infant in the womb when the mother is dead IF all the signes of death appear in the woman that lieth in travel and cannot be delivered there must then be a Surgeon ready and at hand which may open her body so soon as she is dead whereby the infant may be preserved in safety neither can it be supposed sufficient if the mothers mouth and privie parts be held open for the infant being inclosed in his mothers womb Why it is not sufficient to preserve life in the childe to hold open the mouth and privie parts of the mother so soon as she is dead and the childe alive in her body and compassed with the membranes cannot take his breath but by contractions and dilatations of the artery of the navel But when the mother is dead the lungs do not execute their office function therefore they cannot gather in the air that compasseth the body by the mouth or aspera arteria into their own substance or into the arteries that are dispersed throughout the body thereof by reason whereof it cannot send it unto the heart by the veiny artery which is called arteria venalis for if the heart want air there cannot be any in the great artery which is called arteria aorta whose function it is to draw it from the heart as also by reason thereof it is wanting in the arteries of the womb which are as it were the little conduits of the great artery whereinto the air that is brought from the heart is derived and floweth in unto these little ones of all the body and likewise of the womb Wherefore it must of necessity follow that the air is wanting to the cotyledons of the secundines to the artery of the infants navel the iliack arteries also and therefore unto his heart and so unto his body for the air being drawn by the mothers lungs is accustomed to come to the infant by this continuation of passages How the bellie of the woman that dieth in travel must be cut open to save the childe Therefore because death maketh all the motions of the mothers body to cease it is far better to open her body so soon as she is dead beginning the incision at the cartilage Xiphoides or blade and making it in a form semicircular cutting the skin muscles and peritonaeum not touching the guts then the womb being lifted up must first be cut lest that otherwise he infant might perchance be touched or hurt with the knife You shall oftentimes finde the childe unmoveable as though he were dead but not because he is dead indeed but by reason that he being destitute of the accesse of the spirits by the death of the mother hath contracted a great weakness yet you may know whether he be dead indeed or not by handling the artery of the navel for it will beat and pant if he be alive otherwise not but if there be any life yet remaining in him How it may be known whether the infant be aâ—ive or not shortly after he hath taken in the air and is recreated with the access thereof he will move all his members and also all his whole body In so great a weakness or debility of the strength of the childe by cutting the navel string it must rather be laid close to the region of the belly thereof that thereby the heat if there be any jot remaining may be stirred up again But I cannot sufficiently marvel at the insolency of those that affirm that they have seen women whose bellies and womb have been more then once cut and the infant taken out when it could no otherwise be gotten forth and yet notwithstanding alive which thing there is no man can perswade me can be done without the death of the mother by reason of the necessary greatness of the wound that must be made in the muscles of the belly and substance of the womb for the womb of a woman that is great with childe by reason that it swelleth and is distended with much blood must needs yield a gread flux of blood which of necessity must be mortal And to conclude when that the wound or incision of the womb is cicatrized it will not peâ—mit or suffer the womb to be dilated or extended to receive or bear a new birth For these and such like other causes this kinde of cure as desperate and dangerous is not in mine opinion to be used CHAP. XXXII Of superfetation SUperfetation is when a woman doth bear two or more children at one time in her womb What superfetation is and they be enclosed each in his several secundine but those that are included in the same secundine are supposed to be conceived at one and the same time of copulation by reason of the great and copious abundance of seed and these have no number of daies between their conception and birth but all at once For as presently after meat the stomach which is naturally of a good temper is contracted or drawn together about the meat to comprehend it on every side though small in quantity as it were by both hands so that it cannot rowl neither unto this or that side so the womb is drawn together into the conception about the seeds assoon as they are brought into the capacity thereof and is so drawn in unto it on every side that it may come together into one body not permitting any portion thereof to go into any other region or side so that by one time of copulation the seed that is mixed together cannot engender more children then one which are divided by their secundines A womans womb is not distinguished into diverse cells And moreover because there are no such cells in the wombs of women as are supposed or rather known to be in the wombs of beasts which therefore bâ—ing forth many
should live in the water above its force and natural efficacy and that the water should forget the extinguishing faculty Verily Philosophers truly affirm that the elements which are understood to be contrary and to fight in variety among themselves are mutually joyned and tied together by a marvellous confederacy The end of the Twenty fifth Book THE SIX and TWENTIETH BOOK Of the Faculties of Simple MEDICINES As also of their Composition and Use THE PREFACE AMongst the causes which we term healthful and other remedies which pertain to the health of man The excellency of medicines and the expelling of Diseases Medicines easily challenge the prime place which as it is delivered by Solomon God hath produced out of the earth and they are not to be abhorred by a wise man for there is nothing in the world which sooner and as by a miracle asswageth the horrid torments of diseases Therefore Herophilus called them fittingly administred The hands of the Gods And hence it was that such Physicians as excelled in the knowledg of Medicines have amongst the Antients acquired an opinion of Divinity It cannot by words he expressed what power they have in healing Wherefore the knowledg of them is very necessary not only for the prevention but also for the driving away of Diseases CHAP. I. What a medicine is and how it differeth from nourishment WEe define a medicine ro be That which hath power to change the body according to one or more qualities and that such as cannot be changed into our nature contrary whereto we term that nourishment which may be converted into the substance of our bodies But we define them by the word power because they have not an absolute nature but as by relation and depending upon the condition of the bodies by whom they are taken For that which is medicine to one is meat to another and that which is meat to this is medicine to that Thus for example Hellebore is nourishment to the Quail but a medicine to man Hemlock is nourishment to a Sterling but poyson to a Goose the Ferula is food to an Ass but poyson to other cattel Now this diversity is to be attributed to the different natures of creatures It is recorded in history that the same by long use may happen in men They report that a maid was presented to Alexander the Great who nourished with Napellus and other poysons had by long use made them familiar to her so that the very breath she breathed was deadly to the by-standers Therefore it ought to seem no marvel if at any time it happen that medicines turn into the nature and nourishment of our bodies for we commonly may see birds and swine feed upon serpents and toads without any harm and lastly Serpente Cinonia pullos Nutrit inducit per devia rura lacerta Illi eadem sumptis quaerunt animalia pennis The Stork with Serpents and with Lizards caught In wayless places nourisheth her brood And they the same pursue when as they 're taught To use their wing to get their wishd-for food CHAP. II. The difference of Medicines in their matter and substance The earth the mother of riches and medicines EVen as the concealed glory of worldly riches lyeth hid in the bowels of the earth and depths of the Sea and waters as gold silver and all sorts of metals gemms and pretious stones furnished with admirable virtues so we may behold the superficies of this earth cloathed with almost an infinite variety of trees shrubs and herbs where we may contemplate and wonder at the innumerable diversities of roots leaves flowers fruits gums their smells pleasant tasts and colours but much more at their virtues This same mother-earth as with her breasts nourisheth marvellous distinct kindes of living creatures various in their springing encrease and strength wherein the immense goodness of God the great Architect and framer of all things doth most clearly appear towards man as who hath subjected to our government as a patrimony so ample and plentiful provision of nature for our delight in nourishment and necessity of healing Therefore the antient Physicians have rightly delivered that all sorts of medicines may be abundantly had from living creatures plants the earth water and air Medicines are taken from living creatures either whole and entire What medicines taken from living creatures or else the parts and excrements of them We ofttimes use in Physick whole creatures as foxes whelps hedg-hodgs frogs snails worms crabs and other living creatures We also make use of some parts of them as the livet of a Wolf or Goat the lungs of the fox the bone of the Stags heart Cranium humanum fat blood flesh marrow the cods of the Castor or Beaver which is therefore termed Castoreum and such other particles that are usefull in Physick We know that also there are some medicines taken from excrements as horns nails hairs feathers skin as also from urine dung spittle hony egs wax milk wool sweat and others of this kinde under which we may comprehend musk civet pearl oesipus and sundry others of this nature We take medicines from plants both whole and also from their parts whether trees shrubs What from plants or herbs For we oft-times use succory marsh-mallows mallows plantain and the like whole but otherwhiles only the roots of plants their pith wood bark shoots stalks leaves flowers seeds fruits juices gums rosins mosses and the like Things taken from the earth for the use and matter of medicine are either earths stones What from the earth or Minerals The sorts of earth are Bole-Armenick Terra sigillata fullers-earth chalk potters clay and such like Stones are the pumice Marchisite of gold silver brass marble the load-stone plaister chalk sulphur vivum lapis specularis and others Metals and Minerals are gold silver tin lead brass Iron steel antimony ceruse brimstone Cinnaber litharge of gold and silver tutty true Pompholix verdigreece alum Romane vitriol coprass white green salts of sundry kindes both of Arsenicks and such like The following medicines are from fresh water rain-water spring-water river-water What from the water and all things thence arising as water lentils common flags water-lillies water-mints and all the creatures that live therein From the salt-water are taken salt Alcyonium all sorts of coral shels of fish the herb Androsace which grows in plenty in the marshes at Fontignan and Cape de Sete Asphaltum which is found in the dead sea From the air proceeds Manna therefore called mel aërium i. e. hony of the air What from the air and also all other kindes of dew that are useful in Physick by reason of the virtues they receive from the sun which raiseth them up from the air whereas they make some stay as also from the plants whereupon they fall and reside CHAP. III. The differences of simples in their qualities and effects ALL the mentioned sorts of simples are endued with one or more of the four
Medicines THe third faculty of medicines depends for the most part upon the first and second faculties sometimes conjoyned otherwhiles separate Also sometimes it follows neither of these fatulties but a certain property and inexplicable quality which is only known by experience Now the operations of this third faculty are to agglutinate to fill with flesh to cicatrize to asswage pain to move or stay the urine milk seed the courses sweats vomits and performe such like operations in or about the body Thus the generation of flesh is produced by the concourse of two faculties that is of drying and cleansing But driness and astriction produce a glutinating and cicatrizing faculty A hot and attenuating faculty causeth sweats moves urine the courses and the like in the body but contrary faculties retard and stop the same To mitigate pain proceeds only from the faculty to wit from heat or a moderately heating faculty to procure rest from cold only or coldness joyned with some moysture But to procure vomit proceeds neither from the first nor second faculty but from a certain occult and essential property which is naturally implanted in Agarick and other nauseous and vomitory medicines CHAP. VI. Of the fourth faculty of Medicines THe fourth faculty of medicines is not of the same condition with those that are formerly mentioned for it depends not upon them or any other manifest or elementary quality The fourth faculty of medicines depends only upon an occult property but on an occult property of the whole substance by means whereof it works rather upon this then that part upon this rather then that humor Wherefore Physicians cannot by any reason finde out this faculty but only by experience as we have said a little before of medicines procuring vomit Hence it is that names are given to those medicines from those parts that they chiefly respect For they are termed Cephalicks which respect the head as Betony Marjarom Sage Rosemary Stachas Pneumonicks which respect the Lungs as Liquorice sweet Almonds Ortis Elecampane Cordials that strengthen the heart as Saffron Cinnamon Citrons but chiefly their rindes Bugloss Coral Ivory Stomachical which respect the stomach and the orifice thereof as Nutmegs Mint Anise Mastick Pepper Ginger Hepaticks which respect the Liver as Wormwood Agrimony Spicknard Succory Sanders Spleneticks which have relation to the spleen as as Time Epithymum broom flowers Cetrach Capers the bark of their roots the bark of Tamarisk Diureticks such as respect the kidnies and urinary passages as the roots of Smallage Asparagus Fennel Butchers broom the four greater cold seeds Turpentine Plantain Saxifrage Arthniticks or such as strengthen the joynts as Cowslips Chamaepytis Elecampane Calamint Hermodactils and the like To this rank may be referred purging medicines which furnished with a specifick property shew their efficacy on one humor more then another humor and that impact more in one part then in another For thus Agrick chiefly draws phlegm from the head and joynts Rubarb draws choler chiefly from the Liver and hurts the kidnies But let us here forbear the consideration of things as not appertaining to Surgery But some medicines of this kinde are furnished with one simple faculty othersome with more and those contrary whereof your taste may give you sufficient notice for Rubarb at the first touch of the tongue is found acrid and hot but when you come to chaw and throughly to taste it you shall finde it to partake of an earthly astriction Therefore because tasts give notice of the faculties of medicines therefore I have thought good to treat of them briefly CHAP. VII Of Tastes TAste as Galen delivers according to Aristotle and Theophrastus Lib 1. simpl is a certain concoction of moisture in driness caused by means of heat which we know or discern by the tongue well tempered and fittingly furnished with spittle and his nerves There are nine differences of tastes for there are three judged hot to wit the acrid bitter and salt three cold the acid austere and acerb three temperate the sweet the oyly or fat and the insipide Differences of tastes Now they are thought so many according to the different degrees of concoction for it appears greater in hot tastes and and as it were a certain assation but less in cold but indifferent and as it were an elixation in things temperate therefore Nature observes this order in the concoction of sapid bodies that are the first the aceâ—b taste should take place then the austere and lastly the acid from these as it were rudiments of concoction arises an insipid then an oylie then a sweet perfectly concocted and temperate This concoction exceeding the bounds of mediocrity there arises a salt taste then a bitter and then an acrid with the highest excess of almost a fiery heat Yet I would be thus understood that all things that are by nature sapid do not alwayes ascend to the height of sweetness by the degrees of acerbity austerity and acidity as though it were of absolute necessity that all things that are sweet should be acerb austere and acid For there are many things found especially in plants and their fruits which when they shall arrive to their perfection and maturity are acid bitter or salt but being yet unâ—ipe and not come to full perfection they have a certain sweetness which afterwards by a furthâ—r digestion or perfection and concoction acquire a bitter austere or acid taste For thus bitterness in Wormwood and Aloes acrimony in Pepper or Pellitory is a perfection of nature as full ripeness and perfect concoction and not an excess of heat in that Species Also acerbity and austerity is a perfection of nature and not a rudiment in Services and Cornelians acidity or tartness is also in verjuice But in very many things it so falls out that the sweet or fatty tastes become so and acquire their perfection by concoction as in Grapes Figs Pears Apples and almost all other such fruits as we usually feed upon Therefore I will now treat of each of them in order first beginning with cold tastes The acerb taste The acerb taste is cold and terrestrial and of a substance absolutely gross being less humid then the austere but much less then the acid It notably cools and dries it condensates binds repels especially from the superficies and it also exasperates this taste resides and may be found in Pomegranat pills Galls Sumach and Cypress nuts The austere The austere is nighest in temper and effects to the acerb but somewhat moister for the acerb absolutely consists in a terrestrial and cold substance Wherefore this increased by a degree of concoction acquires more store either of heat alone or else of moisture alone or else of both together moisture I say and that is either aiery or else watry Therefore if these fruits which before their maturity are acerb have an accession of heat then do they become sweet as you perceive by Chesnuts but if there be an accession of
What an Embrocation iâ— when as from an high we as it were showâ— down some moisture upon any part This kinde of remedy is chiefly used in the parts of the head and it is used to the coronal future for that the skul is more thin in that part so that by the spiracula or breathing places of this future more open then chose of the other futures the force of the medicine may more easily penetrate unto the Meninges or membranes of the brain The matter of Embrocations is roots leaves flowers seeds fruits and other things according to the intention and will of the Physician They are boiled in water and wine to the half or third part Embrocations may also be made of Lye or Bâ—ine against the cold and humid affects of the brain Sometimes of oyl and vineger otherwhiles of oyl only â„ž fol. plantag solan an m. i. sem portul cucurb an Ê’ ii myrtil Ê’ i. flor nymph ros an p. ss fiat decoct ad lb i. cum aceti â„¥ ii si alte subeundem sit ex qua irrigetur pars inflammata In affects of the brain when we would repercuss we often and with good success use oyl of Roses with a fourth part of vineger We use Embrocations Their use that together with the air drawn into the body by the Diastole of the arteries the subtler part of the humor may penetrate and so cool the inflamed part for the chief use of Embrocations is in hot affects Also we use Embrocations when as for fear of an haemorrhagy or the slying asunder of a broken or dislocated member we dare not loose the bondages wherein the member is bound For then we drop down some decoction or oyl from high upon the bondages that by these the force of the medicine may enter into the affected member CHAP. XXXI Of Epithemes EPithema or an Epitheme is a composition used in the diseases of the parts of the lower middle belly like to a fomentation not much unlike an embrocation What an Epitheme is They are made of waters juices and powders by means whereof they are used to the heart chest liver and other parts Wine is added to them for the more or less penetration as the condition of the hot or cold affect shall seem to require for if you desire to heat more wine must be added as in swooning by the clotting of blood by the corruption of the seed by drinking some cold poison the contrary is to be done in a fainting by dissipation of the spirits by feverish heats also vineger may be added The matter of the medicines proper to the entrails is formerly described yet we commonly use the species of electuaries as the species elect triasantali the liver being affected In the sixth Chapter and Diamargariton in affects of the heart The proportion of the juices or liquors to the powders uses to be this to every pinte of them â„¥ i. or â„¥ iss of these of wine or else of vineger â„¥ i. You may gather this by the following example A cordial Epitheme â„ž aqu ros bugl borag an â„¥ iii. succi scabios â„¥ ii pul elect diamarg. frigid Ê’ii cort citri sicciÊ’i coral ros ebor an Ê’ ss sem citri card ben an Ê’ii ss croci moschi an gra 5. addendo vini albi â„¥ ii fiat Epithema pro corde Their use Epithemes are profitably applied in hectick and burning fevers to the liver heart and chest if so be that they be rather applied to the region of the lungs then of the heart for the heat of the lungs being by this means tempered the drawn in air becomes less hot in the pestilent and drying fevers They are prepared of humecting refrigerating and cordial things so to temper the heat and recreate the vital faculty Sometimes also we use Epithemes to strengthen the heart and drive there-hence venenate exhalations lifted or raised up from any part which is gangrenate or sphacelate Some cotton or the like steeped or moistened with such liquors and powders warmed is now and then to be applied to the affected entrail this kinde or remedy as also all other topick particular medicines ought not to be used unless you have first premised general things CHAP. XXXII Of Potential Cauteries The use of potential cauteries THat kinde of Pyrotick which is termed a Potential Cautery burns and causeth an eschar The use of these kindes of cauteries is to make evacuation derivation revulsion or attraction of the humors by those parts whereto they are applied Wherefore they are often and with good success used in the punctures and bites of venemous beasts in a venemous as also in a pestilent Bubo and Carbuncle unless the inflammation be gâ—eat for the fire doth not only open the part but also retunds the force of the poison calls forth and plentifully evacuates the conjunct matter Also they are good in phlegmatick and contumacions tumors for by their heat they take away the force and endeavours of our weak heat Also they are profitably applied to stanch bleeding or eat or waste the superfluous flesh of ulcers and wens to bring down the callous lips of ulcers and other things too long here to insist upon The ma ter of them The materials of these Cauteries are Oke-ashes Pot-ashes the ashes of Tartar of Tithymals or spurges the Fig-tree the stalks of Coleworts and beans cuttings of Vines as also sal ammoniacum alkali axungia vitri sal nitrum Roman Vitrol and the like for of these things there is made a salt which by its heat is caustick and escharotiâ—â— like to an hot iron and burning coal Therefore it violently looses the continuity by eating into the skin together with the flesh there-under I have thought good here to give you divers forms of them The forms of them Take of unquenâ—ht Lime extinguished in a bowl of Barbers Lye three pounds When the Lye is settled let it be strained and into the straining put of Axungia vitri or Sandiver calcined Argol of each two pounds of Sal nitrum ammoniacum of each four ounces these things must be beaten into a gross powder then must they be boiled over the fire and after the boiling let them remain in the Lye for four and twenty hours space being often stirred about and then strained through a thick and double linnen-cloth lest any of the earthly dross get thorow together with the liquor This strained liquor which is as clear as water they call Capiteum and they put it in a brasen Basin such as barbers use and so set it upon the fire and assoon as it boils they keep it with continual stirring lest the salt should adhere to the basin the Capitellum being half boiled away they put in two ounces of powdred vitriol so to hasten the falling of the eschar and so they keep the basin over the fire until all the liquor be almost wasted away Then they cut
with vaporous spirits wherewith as long as the humor distills it is replenished and looks white A Fornace or Reverberation furnished with his Retort and Receiver A. Shews the Fornace B. The Retort C. The Receiver D. The vessel filled with cold water Now for the Receiver there are two things to be observed The first is that it be great and very capacious that it may not be distended and broken by the abundant flowing of vaporous spirits as it doth oft-times happen another thing is that you set it in a vessel filled with cold water lest it should be broken by being over hot you may easily perceive all this by the ensuing figure CHAP. XVII A Table or Catalogue of Medicines and Instruments serving for the cure of Diseases MEdicines and Medicinal meats fit for the cure of Diseases are taken from living Creatures Plants and Minerals From living creatures are taken Horns Heoves Hairs Feathers Sheâ—s Sculls Scales Sweats Skins Fat 's Flesh Blood Entraile Vrine Bones Extreme parts Hearts Liver Lungs Brain Womb Secundine Testic es Pizzle Bleader Sperm Tail Ceats of the Ventricle Exspirations Bristles Silk Webs Tears Spittle Heny Wax Egge Milk Butter Cheese Marrow Rennet Sâ—nells whether they be stinking oâ— sweet as also Poysons whole creatures themselves as Foxes Whelps Heagâ—hâ—gs Frogs Worms Crabs Cray fishes Scorpions Hoâ—sleeches Swallows Dungs From. Pâ—nts that is Trees Shrubs and Herbs are taken Roots Moss Pith Siens Buds Stalks Leaves Flowers Cups Fibers or hairy threads Ears Seeds Bark Wood Meal fuyces Tears Orts Gâ—ws R sins R tterness Mass oâ— spissament Mâ—nna which falling amâ— like dew upon plants presently concretes Wh l. plants as Mallows Omâ—â—ns c. Metals o Minerals are taken either from the Water oâ— Earth and are either kindes of Earth Stones o Metals c. The kinâ—es oâ— Earth are Bole-Armenick Terâ—a sigillata Fullere-earth Chalk Okar Plaster Lime Now the kindes of Stones are Flints Lapis Jâ—daicus Lapis Lynâ— is The Pumice Lâ—p Haematites Amiantus Galactites Spunge stones Diamonds Saphire Chryâ—â—lite Tâ—pace Lâ—ad-stone The Pytites or fire-stone Alablaster Marble Chrystaâ— and many â—ther precious stâ—nâ—s The kinâ—es of Salts as well Natural as Artificial are Common Salt Salt nitrum Sal Aâ—kali Sal Ammomacum Salt of Vrine Salt of tartar and generally all salts that may be made of any kinde of Plants Those that are commonly called Minerals are Marchasite Antimony Muscevy Glâ—ss Tutty Arsnick Orpiment Lazure or blue Rose agar Brimstone Quick-silver White-Coperas Chalâ—itis â—â—ry Roman Vitrâ—l Colcother vitrio or Green-coperas Alumen sciffile Common Alum Alumen rotinâ—um R und Alum Alumen liquidem Alumen â—tmosum Borax er Burrace Bitumen Naptha Cinnabâ— is er Vermillion Lytharge of Gela. Lytharge of Silver Chrysocolla Scandaracha Red-lead White-lead and divers other Now the Metals themselves are Gold Silver Iron Lead Tin Brass Copper Steel Lattin and such as arise from these as the scales verdigrease rust c. Now from the Waters as the Sea Rivers Lakes und Fountains and the mud of these waters are taken divers medicines as white and red Corral Pearls and infinite other things which Nature the hand-maid of the great Architect of this world hath produced for the cure of Diseases so that into what part soever you turn your eyes whether to the surface of the earth or the bowels thereof a great multitude of Remedies present themselves to your view The choyce of all which is taken from their substance or quantity quality action place season smell taste sight figure and weight other circumstances as Siltyus hath abundantly shewed in his Book written upon t his Subject Of these Simples are made divers Compositions as Collyriâ— Caputpurgia Eclegmate Dentifrices Dentiscalpia Apophlegmatismi Gargarisms Pilis Boles Petions Emplasters Vnguents Cerats Liniments Embrecations Fomentations Epithemes Attractives Reâ—overs Suppuratives Emollients Mundificatives Incarnatives Cicatrizers Putrifâ—rs Corrosives Aglutinatives Anâ—dynes Apozemes Julips Syrups Powders Tablets Opiats Conserves Preserves Consect â—ns R wls Vâ—nits Sternutatories Suderyficks Glysters Pessaries S â— ppâ—â—tories Fumigations Tr câ—iks F nerals Caâ—s Stomachers Bags Baths Half baths Virgins-mâ—k Feâ—i Picatiâ—ns Depilatâ—ries Viâ—â—catâ— ies Pâ—â—ential cauteries Nâ—se-gayâ—s â—ans Campies or extenaed clâ—aths to make winde Artifiâ—al â—â—uâ—tains tâ—â—alâ—â— or ar p dâ—wâ— liquorâ— Now these tâ—aâ—â—â—e â—â—ought to be noâ—rishing medicines are Restarratives Cullises Exor ssi ns Gellies Pâ—i ans Barâ—y creams Panad'es Almâ—nd milks Marck-pains Wafers Hâ—â— of â—cher H d â—â—el and such other drink Muâ—cilages Oxymeâ— Oxye are R â—-Vineger Hyd aelium Mâ—thâ—glâ—n Câ—der Drink of Servisses Alt. Beer Vinegar Verjuyce Oil. Steâ—led water Water brewed with cread-crums Hippocratâ— Perry and such like Waters and distilled oyls and divers other Chymical extractions As the waters and oyls of hot dry and aromatick things dâ—wn in a copper-Alembick with a cooler with ten times as much water in weight as of herbs now the herbs must be cry that the cistillation may the better succeed Waters are extracted out of flowers put into a Retort by the heat of the Sun or of Dung or of an heap of p esled our Grapes or by Balneo if there be Receiver put and closely â—luted thereto All kindes oâ— salt of things calcined dissolved in water and twice or thrice filtred that so they may become more pure and fit to yield oyl Other distillâ—tions are made either in Cellars by the coldness or moist are of the place the things being laid either upâ—n a marble or else hanged up in a bag and thus is made oyl oâ—â—â—rtar and of S lts and other things of an Aluminous nature Bones must be distilled by descent or by the joyning together of vessels All woods roots-barks shells of fishes and seed or grains as of corn broom beans and other things whose juice cannot be got out by expression must be distilled by descent or by the joyning together of vessels in a Reverberatory Fornace Metals calcined and having acquired the nature of salt ought to be dissolved and filtred and then evaporated till they be drie then let them be dissolved in distilled vinegar and then evaporated and dryed again for so they will easily distill in a Cellar upon a Marble or in a bag Or else by putting them into a glassy Retort and setting it in sand and so giving fire thereto by degrees until all the watery humidity be distilled then change the receiver and lute another close to the Retort then increase the fire above and below and thus there will flow forth an oil very red colored Thus are all metalline things distilled as Alums salts c. Gums axungiae and generally all rosins are distilled by Retort set in an earthen vessel filled with Ashes upon a Fornace now the fire must be encreased by little and little according to the different condition of the distilled matters The Vessels and Instruments serving for Distillations are commonly these Bottoms of Alembicks The heads of them from whence the liquors drop Refrigeratories Vessels tor subblimation For Reverberation For distilling by
concavity of the body Signs that a wound hath pierced in the concavity of the chest if the air come forth at the wound making a certain whizzing noise if the patient breathe with great difficulty if he feel a great heaviness or weight on or about the midriff whereby it may be gathered that a great quantity of blood lieth upon the place or midriff and so causeth him to feel a weight or heaviness which by little and little will be cast up by vomiting But a little after a fever commeth and the breath is unsavory and stinking by reason that the putrifying blood is turned into sanies the patient cannot lye but on his back and he hath an often desire to vomit but if he escape death his wound will degenerate into a Fistula and at length will consume him by little and little We may know that the lungs are wounded by the foaming and spumous blood comming out both at the wound and cast up by vomiting Signs that the Lungs are wounded That the Heart is wounded he is vexed with a grievous shortness of breath and with pain in his sides We may perceive the heart to be wounded by the abundance of blood that commeth out at the wound by the trembling of all the whole body by the faint and small pulse paleness of the face cold sweat with often swooning coldness of the extreme parts and sudden death When the midriff which the Latins call Diaphragma is wounded The Midriff the patient feeleth a great weight in that place he raveth and talketh idlely he is troubled with shortness of winde a cough and fit of grievous pain and drawing of the intrals upwards Wherefore when all these accidents appear we may certainly pronounce that death is at hand Death appeareth suddenly by a wound of the hollow Vein or the great Artery The Vena Cava and great Artery by reason of the great and violent evacuation of blood and spirits whereby the functions of the Heart and Lungs are stopped and hindered The marrow of the back bone being pierced The spinal marrow the patient is assaulted with a palsie or convulsion very suddenly and sence and motion faileth in the parts beneath it the excrements of the bladder are either evacuated against the patients will or else are altogether stopped When the Liver is wounded much blood cometh out at the wound The Liver and pricking-pain disperseth it self even unto the sword-like gristle which hath its situation at the lower end of the breast-bone called Sternon the blood that followeth from thence down into the intestines doth oft-times infer most malign accidents yea and sometimes death When the stomach is wounded the meat and drink come out at the wound The Stomach there followeth a vomiting of pure choler then commeth swearing and coldness of the extreme parts and therefore we ought to prognosticate death to follow such a wound When the Milt or Splene is wounded black and gross blood cometh out at the wound The spleen the patient will be very thirsty with pain on the left side and the blood breaks forth into the belly and there purrifying causeth most malign and grievous accidents and often-times death to follow When the guts are wounded the whole body is griped and pained The Guts the excrements come out at the wound whereat also oft-times the guts break forth with great violence When the reins of Kidnies are wounded the patient will have great pain in making his urine The Kidnies and the blood commeth out together therewith the pain commeth down even unto the groin and yard and testicles When the Bladder and Ureters are wounded the pain goeth even unto the entrails The Bladder the parts all about and belonging to the groin are d stended the urine is bloody that is made and the same also commeth oftentimes out of the wound When the womb is wounded the blood commeth out at the privities The womb and all other accidents appear like as when the bladder is wounded The nerves When the sinews are pricked or cut half asunder there is great pain in the affected place and there followeth a sudden inflammation flux abscess fever convulsion and oftentimes a gangrene or mortification of the part whereof commeth death unless it be speedily prevented Having declared the signs and tokens of wounded parts it now remaineth that we set down other signs of certain kindes of death that are not common or natural whereabout when there is great strife and contention made it oftentimes is determined and ended by the judgment of the descreet Physician or Surgeon Signs that an infant is smothered or over-laid Therefore if it chance that a nurse either through drunkenness or negligence lies upon the infant lying in bed with her and so stifles or smothers it to death If your judgment be required whether the infant died through the default or negligence of the nurse or through some violent or sudden disease that lay hidden and lurking in the body thereof you shall finde out the truth of the matter by these signs following For if the infant were in good health before if he were not froward or crying if his mouth and nostrils now being dead be moistened or bedewed with a certain foam if his face be not pale but of a Violet or Purple colour if when the body is opened the Lungs be found swoln and puffed up as it were with a certain vaporous foam and all other intrails sound it is a token that the infant was stifled smothered or strangled by some outward violence If the body or dead corps of a man be found lying in a field or house alone and you be called by a Magistrate to deliver your opinion whether the man were slain by lightning or some other violent death you may by the following signs finde out the certainty hereof Signs of such as are slain by lightning For every body that is blasted or stricken with lightning doth cast forth or breathe out an unwholsome stinking or sulphureous smell so that the birds and sowls of the air or dogs will not once touch it much less prey or feed upon it the part that was stricken oftentimes sound and without a wound but if you search it well you shall finde the bones under the skin to be bruised broken or shivered in pieces Lib. 2. cap. 54. But if the lightning hath pierced into the body with making a wound therein according to the judgment of Pliny the wounded part is far colder then all the rest of the body For lightning driveth the most thin and fiery air before it and striketh it into the body with great violence by the force whereof the heat that was in the part is soon dispersed wasted and consumed Lightning doth alwaies leave some impression or sign of some fire either by ustion or blackness for no Lightning is without fire Moreover whereas all other living creatures when they are
violently on the last spondil of the back and first of the loyns both with the hand and knee for unto this place the orifice of the stomach is turned that by the power of the vomitory medicine and concussion of the stomach they might be constrained to vomit Neither did our purpose fail us for presently they voided clammy yellow and spumous phlegm and blood But we not being contented with all this blowed up into their nostrils out of a Goose-quil the powder of Euphorbium that the expulsive faculty of the brain might be stirred up to the expulsion of that which oppressed it therefore presently the brain being shaken or moved with sneesing and instimulated thereunto by rubbing the chymical oyl of Mints on the palate and on the cheeks they expelled much viscous and clammy matter at their nostrils Then we used frictions to their arms legs and back-bones and ministred sharp glysters by whose efficacy the belly being abundantly loosened they began presently to speak and to take things that were ministred unto them of their own accord and so came to themselves again In the do ng of all these things James Guillemeau Surgeon unto the King of Paris and John of Saint Germanes the Apothecary did much help and further us In the afternoon that the matter being well begun might have good success John Hauty and Lâ—â—is Thibaut both most learned Physicians were sent for unto us with whom we might consâ—lt on other things that were to be done They highly commended all things that we had done already thought it very convenient that cordials should be ministred unto them which by ingendring of laudable humors might not only generate new spirits but also attenuate and putrifie those that were cloudy in their bodies The rest of our consultation was spent in the inquity of the cause of so diâ—e a mischance For they said it was no new or strange thing that men may be smothered with the fume and cloudy vapor of burning coals For we read in the works of Fulgosius Volaterenus and Egnatius Lib. 9. cap. 12. lib. 23. An history that as the Emperor Jovinian travelled in winter-time towards Rome he being weary in his journey rested at a village called Didastances which divideth bithynia from Galatia where he lay in a chamber that was newly made and plaisted with lime wherein they burnd many coals for to dry the work or plaistering that was but as yet green on the walls or roofs of the chamber Now he dyed the very same night being smothered or strangled with the deadly and poysonous vapor of the burned charcoal in the midst of the night this happened to him in the eighth moneth of his reign the thirtieth year of his age and on the twentieth day of August But what need we to amplifie this matter by the antient histories seeing that not many years since three servants died in the house of John Bigine goldsmith who dwelt at the turning of the bridge of the Change by reason of a fire made with coals in a close chamber without any chimney where they lay And as concerning the causes these were alledged Many were of opinion that it happened by the default of the vapor proceeding from the burned coals which being in a place void of all air or winde infers such like accidents as the the vapor or must of new wine doth that is to say pain and giddiness of the head For both these kindes of vapor besides that they are crude like unto those things whereof they come can also very suddenly obstruct the original of the Nerves and so cause a convulsion by reason of the grossness of their substance Sect. 5. Aph. 5. For so Hippocrates writing of those accidents that happen by the vapor of new wine speaketh If any man being drunken do suddenly become speechless and hath a convulsion he dieth unless he have a fever therewithall or if he recover not speech again when his drunkenness is over Even on the same manner the vapor of the coals assaulting the brain caused them to be speechless unmoveable and void of all sense and had died shortly unless by ministring and applying warm medicines into the mouth and to the nostrils the grossness of the vapor had been attenuated and the expulsive facultie moved or provoked to expel all those things that were noisome and also although at the first sight the Lungs appeared to be greived more then all the other parts by reason that they drew the malign vapor into the body yet when you consider them well it will manifestly appear that they are not grieved unless it be by the sympathy or affinity that they have with the brain when it is very grievously afflicted The proof hereof is because presently after there followeth an interception or defect of the voice sense and motion which accidents could not be unless the beginning or original of the nerves were intercepted or letted from performing its function being burthened by some matter contrary to nature The occasion of the death of such as have the apoplexy And even as those that have an apoplexy do not dye but for want of respiration yet without any offence of the Lungs even so these two young mens deaths were at hand by reason that their respiration or breathing was in a manner altogether intercepted not through any default of the Lungs but of the brain and nerves distributing sense and motion to the whole body and especially to the instruments of respiration Others contrariwise contended and said that there was no default in the brain but conjectured the interception of the vital spirits letted or hindred from going up into the brain from the heart by reason that the passages of the Lungs were stopped to be the occasion that sufficient matter could not be afforded for to preserve and feed the animal spirit Which was the cause that those young men were in danger of death for want of respiration without which there can be no life For the heart being in such a case cannot deliver it self from the fuliginous vapors that encompass it by reason that the Lungs are obstructed by the grossness of the vapor of the coals whereby inspiration cannot well be made for it is made by the compassing air drawn into our bodies but the air that compasseth us doth that which nature endeavoureth to do by inspiration for it moderateth the heat of the heart and therefore it ought to be endued with four qualities The first is that the quantity that is drawn into the body be sufficient The second is that it be cold or temperate in quality The third is that it be of a thin and mean consistence The fourth is that it be of a gentle benign substance But these four conditions were wanting in the air which those two young men drew into their bodies being in a close chamber Conditions of the air good to breath in For first it was little in quantity by reason that small quantity that
memory I may work more certainly and surely when as I have any more curious operation to be performed the left side remain whole and the Lungs Heart Diaphragma stomach splene kidnies beard hairs yea and the nails which being pated I have often observed to grow again to their form and bigness And let this be the bound of this our immense labor and by Gods favor our rest to whom Almighty all-powerful immortal and invisible be ascribed all honor and glory for ever and ever Amen Labor improbus omnia vincit The end of the Treatise of reports and embalming the dead The NINE and TWENTIETH BOOK The Apology and Treatise containing the voyages made into divers places By Ambrose Pare of Laval in Maine Counsellor and chief Chirurgion to the King Of what the Adversary accuseth the Author TRuly I had not put my hand to the pen to write on such a thing were it not that some have impudently injured taxed and more through particular hatred disgraced me then for zeal or love they bear to the publick good which was concerning my manner of tying the Veins and Arteries writing thus as followeth The words of the Adversary Male igitur nimium arroganter inconsultus temerarius quidam vasorum ustionem post emortui membri rejectionem à veteribus omnibus plurimum commendatam semper probatam damnare ausus est novum quendam deligandi vasa modum contra veteres omnes medicos sine ratione experientà judicio docere cupiens nec animadverit majora multo pericula ex ipsa vasorum deligatione quam acu partem sanam profunde transfigendo adminâ—strari vult imminere quam ex ipsa ustione Nam fi acu nervosam aliquam partem vel nervum ipsum pupugerit dum it à novo inusitato modo venam absurde conatur constringere nova inflammatio necessario consequetur à qua Convulsio a convulsione cita mors Querum symptomatum metu Galenus non ante transversa vulnera suere audebat quod tamen minus erat periculosum quam musculorum aponeuroses denudasset Adde quod forcipes quibus post sectionem iterum carnem dilacerat cum retracta versus originem vasa se posse extrahere somniat non minorem adferant dolorem quam ignita ferramenta admota Quod si quis laniatum expertus incolumis evaserit is Deo optimo maximo cujus Beneficentia crudelitate ista carnificina liberatus est maximas gratias habere semperagere debet which is thus Ill then and too arrogantly a certain indiscreet and rash person would blame and condemn the cauterizing of vessels after the amputation of a rotten and corrupted member much praised and commended and alwayes approved by the Antienâ—s desiring to shew and teach us without reason judgment and experience a new way to tie the vessels against the opinion of the Antient Physicians taking no heed nor being well advised that there happens far greater perils and accidents through this new way of tying the vessels which he will have to be made with a needle piercing deeply the sound part then by the burning and ustion of the said vessels for if the needle shall prick any nervous part yea the nerve it self when he shall by this new and unaccustomed way absurdly constrain the vein by binding it there must necessarily follow a new inflammation from the inflammation a convulsion from a convulsion death for fear of which accidents Galen never durst stitch transversal wounds which notwithstanding were less dangerous before he had discovered the Aponeuroses of the muscles Moreover the pincers with which after the section the flesh is again dilacerated while he thinks to draw the vessels out which are drawn in toward their original bring no less pain then the cautering irons do And if any one having experimented this new manner of cruelty have escaped danger he ought to render thanks to Almighty God for ever through whose goodness he hath been freed from such tyranny feeling rathet his executioner then his methodical Chirurgion The Authors answer O what sweet words are here for one who is said to be a wise and learned Doctor he remembers not that his white beard admonisheth him not to speak any thing unworthy of his age and that he ought to put off and drive out of him all envy and rancor conceived against his neighbor So now I will prove by authority reason and experience that the said Veins and Arteries ought to be tyed Authorityes AS for Authorityes I will come to that of that worthy man Hippocrates who wils and commands the cure of Fistulaâ— in the fundament by ligature as well to consume the callosity as to avoid hemoâ—â—hagy In the book of Fistulas of the fundament chap. 3. book 5 leaâ— 4. Galen Treâ—ise 2 chap. 17. in his method speaking of a flux of blood made by an outward cause of whom see here the words It is saith he most sure to tye the root of the vessel which I understand to be that which is most near to the Liver or the heart Avicen Treatise 3. Doct. 1. chap. 3. commands to tye the vein and the Artery after it is discovered towards his original Guido of Canliac speaking of the wounds of the Veins and Arteries injoyneth the Chirurgion to make the ligature in the vessel Master Hollier in the 3. book chap. 4. of the matter of Chirutgery speaking of a flux of blood commands expresly to tye the vessels Calmethâ—us in 12. chap. of the wounds in the Veins and Arteries tels a most sure way to stay a flux of blood by ligature of the vessel Celsus chap. 26. book 5. from whom the said Physiâ—ian hath snatched the most part of his book chargeth expresly to tye the vessels in a flux of blood happening to wounds as a remedy most easie and most sure Vesalius in his Chirurgery chap. 4. book 3. willeth that the vessel be tied in a flux of blood John de Vigo book 1. treatise 1. treating of hemoâ—â—hagy in bleedâ—ng wounds commands to tye the Vein and the Artery Tegaultius chap 12. book 2. treating of the means to stay the flux of blood commands to pinch the Vein or Artery with a Crow or Parrats-bill â—â—en to â—yâ— it with a very strong thred Peter of Argillata of Bullonge tâ—eatise 4. chap. 11 book 1. discoursing of a flux of blood and the means to stop it giveth a fourth way expresly which is made by ligature of the vessels John Andreas a Cruce â— Venetian book 1. sect 3. chap. 16. page 5 upon the 8â— chap of the book of Paul makes mention of a method to stay a flux of blood by the ligature of the vessels D. Alechamp commands to tye the Veinâ— and Arteries See then my little good man the â—â—thorities which command you to tye the vessels As for the â—eaâ—ons I will debate of them The hemoâ—hagy say you iâ— not so much to be feared in the section of the Call as that of
Savoy with six other Surgeons following the Army to see the hurt of the said Lord of Martigues and to know of me how I had dressed him and with what medicines The Emperors Physician bid me declare the essence of the wound and how I had drest it Now all the assistants had a very attentive ear to know if the wound were mortal or not I began to make a discourse that Monsieur de Martigues looking over the wall to perceive them that did undermine it received a shot from an Arquebus quite through the body presently I was called to dress him I saw he cast out blood out of his mouth and his wounds Moreover he had a great difficulty of breathing and cast out winde by the said wounds with a whistling in so much that it would blow out a candle and he said he had a most sharp pricking pain at the entrance of the bullet I do beleive and think it might be some little pieces of bones which prickt the Lungs When they made their Systole and Diastole I put my finger into him where I found the entrance of the bullet to have broken the fourth Rib in the middle and scales of bones which the said bullet had thrust in and the out-going of it had likewise broken the fifth Rib with pieces of bones which had been driven from within outward I drew out some but not all because they were very deep and adherent I put in each wound a Tent having the head very large tied with a thred lest by the inspiration it might be drawn into the capacity of the Thorax which hath been known by experience to the detriment of the poor wounded for being faln in it cannot be taken out which is the cause that engenders putrefaction a thing contrary to nature The said Tents were annointed with a medicine composed of yelks of eggs Venice-turpentine with a little oyl of Roses My intention for putting the Tents was to stay the flux of blood and to hinder that the outward air did not enter into the brest which might have cooled the Lungs and by consequent the heart The said Tents were also put to the end that issue might be given for the blood that was spilt within the Thorax I put upon the wound great Emplasters of Di acolcitheos in which I had relented oyl of Roses and Vineger to the avoiding of the inflammation then I put great stupes of Oxycrate and bound him up but not too hard to the end he might have easie respiration that done I drew from him five porrengers of blood from the Basilisk vein of the right arm to the end to make revulsion of the blood which runs from the wounds into the Thorax having first taken indication from the wounded part and chiefly his forces considering his youth and sanguine temper He presently after went to stool and by his urine and sieg cast great quantity of blood And as for the pâ—â—n which he said he felt at the entrance of the bullet which was as if he had been pricked with a bodkinâ— that was because the Lungs by their motion beat against the splinters of the Broken Rib. Now the Lungs are covered with a coat comming from the membrane called Pleura interweâ—ved with nerves of the sixt Conjugation from the brain which was cause of the extreme pain â—e self likewise he had great difficulty of breathing which proceededd from the blood which was spilt in the capacity of the Thorax and upon the Diaphragm the principal instrument of respiration and from the dilaceration of the muscles which are between each Rib which help also to make the expiration and the inspiration and likewise because the Lungs were torn and wounded by the bâ—llet which hath caused him ever since to spit black and putrid blood in coughing The fever seised him soon after he was hurt with faintings and swoonings It seemed to me that the said fever proceeded from the putredinous vapors arising from the blood which is out of his proper vessels which hath falln down and will yet flow down The wound of the Lungs is grown great and will grow more great because it is in perpetual motion both sleeping and waking and is dilated and comprest to let the air to the heart and cast fuliginous vapors out by the unnatural heat is made inflammation then the expulsive vertue is constrained to cast out by cough whatsoever is obnoxious unto it for the Lungs cannot be purged but by coughing and by coughing the wound is dilated and grows greater from whence the blood issues out with great abundance which blood is drawn from the heart by the vein arterial to give them nourishment and to the heart by the vena cava his meat was barly broath stued prunes somtimes Panado his drink was Ptisan He could not lye but upon his baâ—k which shewed he had a great quantity of blood spilt within the capacity of the Thorax and being spread or spilled along the spondyls doth not so much press the Lungs as it doth being lain on the sides or â—itting What shall I say more but that the said Lord Martigues since the time he was hurt hath not reposed one hour only and hath alwaies cast out bloody urines and stools These things then Messieres considered one can make no other prognostick but that he will dye in a few dayes which is to my great grief Having ended my discourse I â—rest him as I was wont having discovered his wounds the Physicians and other assistants presently knew the truth of what I had said The said Physiciâ—ns having felt his pulse and known his forces to be almost spent and abolished they concluded with me that in a few dayes he would dye and at the same instant went all toward the Lord of Savoy where they all said that the said Lord Martigues would dye in a short time he answered it were possible if he were well drest he might escape Then they all with with one voice said he had been very well drest and sollicited with all things necessary for the curing of his wounds and could not be better and that it was impossible to cure him and that his wound was mortal of necessity The Monsieur de Savoy shewed himself to be very much discontented and wept and asked them again if for certain they all held him deplored and remediless they answered yes Then a certain Spanish impostor offered himself who promised on his life that he would cure him and if he failed to cure him they should cut him in an hundred pieces but he would not have any Physicians Surgeons or Apoâ—hecaries with him And at the same instant the said Lord of Savoy told the Physicians and Surgeons they should not in any wise go any more to see the said Lord of Martigues And he sent a Genâ—leman to me to forbiâ— me upon pain of life not to touch any more the said Lord of Martigues which I promised not to do wherefore I was very glad seeing he
if the humor go back to the Breast or Lungs it breaks through or eats out their vessels and hence follows a spitting first of blood then of corrupt matter and from thence at last a Consumption as Hippocrates teaches in his Aphorism But in this place it is first of all to be observed that there are two sorts of propagations of veins which make the Emroids for there are some propagations of the Gate-vein of which we have already treated but there are others of the Hollow-vein which arise from the Iliacal branches of which we are to speak hereafter Now if the forementioned humors whether melancholick or cholerick or phlegmatick and salt flow through the propagations of the Gate-vein the internal Emroids are caused which being cured the matters flow back into the branches of the Gate-vein that are scattered through the lower Belly into which the veins being loaden with these humors unburden themselves make a species of the Dropsie called Ascites But if they flow through the branches of the Hollow-vein they cause the external Emroids and these being cured against the Precept of Hippocrates there is danger of a Consumption to ensue because from hence there is an easie passage of the peccant matter through the Hollow-vein to the Lungs nigh to the Heart And this is that which we have of a good while observed that many who have been long troubled with Fistula's of the Fundament and afterwards cured through the ignorance of Physitians have faln into a spitting of blood and then into a Consumption Nay we remember that a Maid was once cured by us in Germany which had a Fistula in the middle of her Hip and for three years had sought help from many in vain but being cured she fell at length after three or four month into a spitting of much blood Although she was scarce ten years old I let her blood presently in the foot of that side on which she had been troubled with the Fistula and purging her body and laying on a cautery near the place in which the Fistula had been I easily freed her in this manner from imminent danger of a Consumption This spitting of blood happened from no other cause but that sharp and cholerick matter which when it could no longer finde a way out by the Fistula got up afterwards to the Lungs through the branches of the Hollow-vein But Hippocrates sayes expresly that there is danger of a Dropsie or Consumption to follow because it sometimes falls out that neither of these happen but rather some other disease insues as it happened to Alcippus who fell in to a madness and from that into an acute Feaver sometimes also the bloody flux follows and other mischiefs Sometimes also it happens that they who are so cured are preserved still in health by abundance of urine sweatings remedies and a good rule of diet CHAP. II. Treats of the superior or ascendent Trunk of the Vena Cava or Hollow-vein and the branches which it scatters through the Head WEE are now to consider the other vein which as we told you is called Cava the Hollow one a which spreads it self much wider then the Gate-vein The use of the Hollow-vein as being distributed throughout the whole body For its office is to nourish all those pars of our body which conduce not to the concoction of the food those parts being spread far and wide it is necessary that the Hollow-vein also be very large and extended to a great length and because they ought to be nourisht with a thinner and more elaborate blood and not so thick and faeculent as that wherewith the Stomach Spleen and Gall are nourisht therefore the blood which the Hollow-vein makes and carries is also more pure thin and sincere In delivering the History of this vein although we are not of their opinion The method to be observed in the History of this Vein who derive its beginning either from the liver or heart yet because we must begin our Treatise of it somewhere we thought fit to follow the received custome of Anatomists and so for perspicuities sake we shall alwayes speak of it as if it took its birth from the Liver It may be added that it spreads certain roots as it were in the Liver just like the Gate-vein in the History of which when for that reason we took our rise from those roots we may not without cause begin thence also with the Hollow one But this vein although it run directly through the whole Trunk of the body and make one very notable stock D that is drawn out through the middle and lowest belly like one straight line continued or rather in manner of a channel or conduit pipe is notwithstanding wont to be divided into two by reason of the Liver and so one to be called the Ascendent Trunk the other the Descendent For indeed that is not true to which many perswade themselves that the Hollow-vein in its going forth from the Liver like the great Artery when it comes out of the heart is cleft into two trunks but if hereafter they be called Trunks by me you must beleive that I do it only for orders sake in teaching The Ascendent thetefore of upper Trunk A.D. is that which stands about the Liver and is terminated about the Jugulum or Hollow of the Neck but that is called the Descendent one T.V. which is beneath the Liver and reaches down as far as the Legs For both of them are afterwards divided into two branches of which they of the Ascendent m and q â—re carried upwards to the head as the Jugular or Neck-branches or to the Arms as the Brachiales G and I or Arm-veins these of the Descendent Trunk to the Legs and are called the Crural b anches T We will speak therefore of all these in order so that we first deliver the History of the Ascendent Trunk then of its branches that grows up partly to the Head partly to the Arms after that we will come to the Descendent Trunk and its branches that are digested into the Legs The Ascendent Trunk As therefore we have said that many little Veins like roots grow out of the Hollow side of the Liver which alwayes by degrees inserted into the greater veins and all of them at length meeting together about the middle of it did make a Trunk so in the same manner out of the circuit of the Convex side of the Liver a numerous propagation of veins issues forth which afterwards meet together in one Trunk This Trunk makes its way through the nervous part of the midriff on its right side and passing through it goes undivided to the Jugulum or Hollow of the Neck and because it climbs upwards it is commonly called the Ascendent Trunk by them who conceive that the Hollow-vein rises out of the Liver It is much lesser then the Descendent because the upper parts are nourished by it alone but almost all the inferior parts that are contained
midriff the Coeliacal one then the upper Mesenterick the two emulgents as many spermatical ones at last the lower Mesenterick and the Lumbares or arteries of the loins Of these the Intercostals are scattered whilst the trunk is yet in the chest the rest whilst it passes on through the lowest belly But some of them accompany the branches of the gate-vein as the Coelicacal and both the Mesenterical arteries others those of the hollow vein as the rest Now we will treat of these in order beginning from the Intercostals or arteries between the ribs which are placed uppermost Presently therefore after the Descendent trunk Q is issued forth from its back-side it sends over little branches on both sides to the distances of the eight lower ribs which they call Intercostales inferiores Intercostales inferiores the arteries between the lower ribs the lower arteries between the ribs uuu in respect of the upper Intercostal of which we have spoken above These associating themselves with the veins and nerves of the same name go straight on by the lower side of the ribs where peculiar sinus or channels are cut out for them But as the Intercostal veins reach in the true ribs only to the gristles but in the bastard ones somewhat farther to wit to the sides of the abdomen so also the arteries end in them together with the bony parts of the ribs but in these run out a little farther And these arteries send over some propagations through the holes of the nerves to the spinal marrow and to the muscles that lye upon the rack-bones of the back just as we have said the Intercostal veins were propagated Their use But the use of them is to diffuse the vital spirit and the blood to the muscles betwixt the ribs besides which they have also another notable office to wit of carrying down the water and purulent matter that is gathered together in the chest into the great artery and from thence by the Emulgent branches to the bladder Although I am not ignorant that the most learned Fallopius and others who have read before me in this most famous University of Padua have shewn another way to their Auditors by which either purulent matter or water might be conveyed forth by help of the kidneys to wit the vein sine pari or without a companion a little branch whereof in the left side goes into the Emulgent of the left kidney But this way which we shew through the Intercostal arteries is by much the shorter that I pass by this that any matter heaped together may be more easily dispatcht away through the arteries then the veins Nor needs any one here to be afraid lest the vital spirits should be infected from these excrementitious and ill humurs whereby the heart may incurre fearful symptoms when we willingly grant which experience also hath often taught us that whilst the corrupt matter is emptied out by the urine the sick parties have often faln into fits of swounding and other diseases sometimes also have died suddenly when the peccant humor has been of too great a quantity or too bad a quality and has offered so much violence to nature that the heat and spirits have been over come therewith The explanation of a place in Hippocrates But here a certain place in Hippocrates calls upon me to explain it which has long and often troubled my minde The place is in Coacis praenotionibus where he says They who together with the heart have their whole lungs inflamed so that it falls to the side are deprived of motion all over and the parties so diseased lye cold senseless and dye the second or third day But if this happen to the lungs without the heart they live not so long Yet some also are preserved I have often thought with my self what should be that sympathy of the heart lungs with the brain and nerves that from the inflammation of those parts the patient should be so deprived of sense and motion all over when the same Hippocrates teacheth in the same place that the diseased suffer such deprivation in that part livid spots appear on the outside about the rib where-about the Aortae so he seems to call the lobes or division of the lungs being inflamed fall to the sides But if they be not much inflamed so that they fall not down to the side he sayes that there is a pain indeed all over but no deprivation of sense or motion nor any spots appear Having deliberated often with my self at length I came to be of this opinion that there was no other cause but the sympathy betwixt these Intercostal arteries and the marrow in the back-bone This sympathy arises from those propagations which we told you past through the holes of the rack-bones of the chest into the back-bone Wherefore if the lungs and heart be so mightily inflamed that great plenty of blood rush into the great artery whereupon it swels as also these vessels betwixt the ribs and consequently those surcles which go to the marrow of the back-bone truly it cannot be but that both the marrow and the nerves which issue out of it be comprest from whence what else can follow but the resolution of those parts into which those nerves are implanted to which they impart the faculty of motion This opinion seems to me to be wonderfully confirmed by a certain pretty observation which the learned Cornelius Gemma has in his book de hemititraeo pestilenti A certain studious young man sayes he through the whole course of his disease had his left eye less then the other He was paind in the left side especially all the time the fit raged but about the crisis or judication thereof the artery of his left leg being swoln up was moved according to its length that being to be seen by us it seemed to be turned upward and downward like a rope pull'd back Who will not here willingly confess that this matter was in the arteries when the crisis was made by them But from this that hath been said a reason may be also given of another observation of Galen which is l. 4 de locis affect c. 4. where he sayes thus In a certain man who was troubled with a vehement inflammation of the lungs as wel the outer as the inner parts of his arm from the cubit to the very ends of his fingers labour'd with difficulty of sense and their motion also was somewhat empair'd In the same man also the nerves which are in the first and second distances betwixt the ribs sustained harm And a little after This man was quickly restored to his health to wit a medicine being applyed to the place from whence the nerves issue forth near to the first and second spaces betwixt the ribs By reason of the same branches betwixt the ribs John Valeriola the son of that Physitian whose observations we have being yet a boy suffered Convulsion-fits in a grievous Pleurisie The arteries
intermitting cholerick feavers a solution whereof follows by a loosness Phlegm is so expell'd as often as bloody fluxes happen to such as have the gout in the feet which ease them of their pain if the intent of nature be advanced by the help of a wise Physitian Lastly melancholy is conveyed out by both the Mesentericks but especially by the Haemorrhoidal branch whence Hippocrates sayes 6. Epidem He which has the Emroids naturally shall neither be troubled with the pain of the side or inflammation of the lungs nor with felons or black pustles called Terminthi nor with the Leprosie canker or other diseases For there is a very great sympathy betwixt the brest and the haemorrhoidal artery because the trunk out of which it arises An observation descending from the heart presently after it first issues from thence propagates the intercostal branches Moreover all black cholerick humors are purg'd by this means out of the whole body that cankers and leprosie cannot be caused by them From these voluntary purgings which nature it self has found out we may now judg of such as are caused by the help of a Physitian and may be termed artificial For an opinion of some men hath prevailed much in our age that the body cannot be purged by clyster but only by those medicines which are taken at the mouth But I will not only believe but also being taught it by experience can witness that if the clysters contain in them purging medicines the whole body is very commodiously cleansed For the whole colick gut receiving the matter of the clyster the vertue it self of the medicine draws down the noisome humors by the arteries out of the Aorta or great artery Which being granted we may give a reason what we have seen very often why Suppositories made of white helebore produce the same symptoms as are wont to be caused in them who have taken in white hellebore at the mouth Why anointing of the navel with such things as purge loosens the belly How the colick is changed into the gout on the contrary In like manner from hence we may fetch the reason why the belly is strongly purged the region about the navel being anointed with purging medicines For the vertue of the medicine is attracted by the arteries and by them afterward it purges These arteries are they by which the disease of the colick is changed into the gout and on the contrary the gout into the colick as we have it in Hippocrates 6. Epidem Sect. 4. where he sayes One that was vexed with the pain of the colick on the right side had some ease whilest the Gout held him but this disease being cured he was pained more The reason whereof was this because that humor which caused the gout was carried out of the joints to the colick gut whereby the colick disease was increased Laurentius inquiring into the cause of this refers us to hidden and unknown passages to which it seems to me that we need not fly if we say that the humors are brought out of the crural arteries into the trunk and out of this into the Mesenterick branches and lastly out of these into the guts for this is the shortest and most convenient way Nor is there any reason that we should be afraid of that pollution of the vital spirits which they will object to us if the excremenitious humors pass through the arteries for this betrayes their great ignorance as well in Anatomy as in solid Physick and it would be very easie if I would digress to prove in this place that a great part of the humors in our body flow down through the arteries For in them the strength of nature exceeds and is more vigorous that whensoever it is provoked it is most apt to expel and the blood being stirred by their continual beating as also by its own nature makes all that is therein more fit to flow And who will not beleive that excrements are carried through the arteries who considers the flowings down from the spleen in which there being five times more arteries then there are veins truly it is necessary that that ballast of the spleen be carried out through the Arteries Lumbares The four Lumbares or loin-arteries γ γ γ arise out of the backside of the trunk of the great artery all along as it passes through the region of the loins They run through the common holes in the rack-bones of the loins and to their marrow and also into the neighbouring muscles And at the side of the marrow after they have entred the rackbones they climb upon both sides to the brain together with the veins of the loins But they are all equally big if you excep those two which issue out near to the Os sacrum or holy-bone which are not only derived into the rackbones to the marrow and to the muscles thereabout but are also sent overthwart through the Peritoneum and muscle of the Abdomen The two last are by some called Musculae superiores the upper muscle-arteries and are distinguisht from the Lumbares And these are the arteries which if we observe we shall easily give the reasons of many things of which Physitians do still dispute very hotly but especially of that most difficult question which is controverted among Physitians by what wayes and in what manner the colick ends in a palsie or in the falling sickness How the colick disease ends in a palsie or Epilepsie For we have the observation in Paulus Aegineta lib. 3. c. 43. where he sayes the colick as it were by a certain pestilent contagion ended with many in the falling sickness with others in a resolution of the joints or palsie their sence remaining and they who fell into the falling sickness for the most part dyed but they who fel into the palsie were most of them preserved the cause of the disease being carried to another place in the solution For the humor that caused the disease came back out of the colick gut through the mesenterical arteries from whence being afterward transported into the trunk of the great Artery it came also to the lumbares or arteries of the loins which swelling with blood prest together the neighbouring nerves from which came the palsie in the feet And this we have often observed as well in our selves as in others especially in former years when these diseases at Padua were Epidemical Yet the Palsie is not alwayes a perfect one but often as I am wont to call it imperfect because the power to walk is not wholly taken away but the diseased stand upon their feet with a great deal of difficulty Many at that time being deceived in the knowledg of the disease mistaking this for a great weakness of body contracted by their sickness endeavoured to take it away by eating and drinking largely but in vain This also is the cause why the Falling-sickness and Lethargies too as we have oft-times seen follow after the Colick because the matter
others to the pericardium or puâ—se of the heart and to the heart it self it descends farther within the duplication of the mediastinum and near to the rack-bones is divided into two branches which make the right nerve of the left orifice of the stomach are carried obliquely and theâ— piercing through the midriff together with the gullet to which for all that they afford â—â—ver a branch are consumed upon the leâ—t orifice of the stomach with many branche◠〈◊〉 a little net and so encompass it together with the left nerve Whence the sympathy is betwixt the stomach heâ— t. Propagations of the inner branch that it seems wholly to 〈◊〉 of nerves Hence there is so great a sympathy of the stomach not only with the bâ—a◠〈◊〉 with the heart also that such diseases as pain the upper orifice seem to be of the â—t and indeed so they are the same heart suffering pain because of this nerve being â—â—ined And this is the true cause to wit the communion of this nerve not the ne◠〈◊〉 of both the entrails as others say The inner branch goes to the inner side of the â—oâ—â— of the first â—ib of the chest and cleaving to the rack-bones under the Pleura runs down through the roots of the rest of the ribs taking to it a little branch from every one of the Intercostal nerves that issue out of the back-bone then passing through the midriff with the Descendent trunk of the great artery it is carried as far as to the Os sacrum or great bone at the region whereof it issues out three propagations which are distributed into the natural inner parts The first goes to the lower membrane of the Kall and descending through it is parted into three little branches of which one is distributed to the right side of the same membrane and to that part of the Colique Gut that is joyned into it another the least of them and a very small one to the guts duodenum and the Jejunum about its beginning the third to the bottom of the stomach on the right side and to the upper membrane of the Kall which is something the larger That which remains of this propagation is spent upon the hollow part of the Liver and the bladder of Gall. The second goes into the right kidney and the membrane thereof The third which is greater then either of the former descending to the first rack-bone of the loins reaches into the right side of the mesentery and into the Guts that are tyed thereto entring the center of the mesentery in company of an artery and a vein The remainder goes into the bladder and in women into the right side of the bottom of the womb But the outer branch of the left nerve The outer branch of the left nerve saving that in its descent it has offered sprigs both to the Pleura or membrane investing the rib and to the coat of the lungs and that outwardly as also to the purse of the heart and heart it self inwardly at that part of the Descendent Trunk of the great artery where it first issues out of the heart and is bowed to the back-bone it sends forth three surcles which returning to the said artery close together into one nerve Its propagations The left recurrent nerve which is called sinister recurrens nervus the left returning nerve and in like manner as the right one takes its progress upward and is propagated into the muscles of the Larinx or throttle After this it issues out a small sprig which is distributed through the basis of the heart and coat of it in manner of hairs Afterward the remainder descends inclining it self obliquely to the right and goes to the upper orifice of the Stomach in the right side whereof it is diffused as the right branch was before into the left side being divided into many little branches in manner of a net From this a surclo is carried down along the upper part of the stomach to the pylorus or lower orifice which when hath as it were interwoven with some sprigs it goes into the hollow of the Liver Propagations of the inner branch of the left nerve The inner branch first of all takes to it propagations from the intercostal nerves and then passing through the midriff is divided into three The first of them goes overthwart to the spleen and in the way shoots out two sprigs one which is likewise sent into the lower membrane of the Kall and part of the colick-gut which is tyed thereto another into the left side of the bottom of the stomach and into the upper membrane of the Kall The second propagation goes into the left side of the Mesentery and the guts of that place sometimes also it issues sprigs which run out with the seminary vessels through the processes of the Peritoneum or rim of the belly to the testicles The third goes to the left Kidney and the fat membrane thereof The remainder of the branch passes to the left side of the bladder and of the bottom of the Womb. The use of this pair is manifest enough Use as being very notorious when the outer branch bestows little boughs upon the middle bowels but the inner upon all those of the lowest belly and the right branch upon those of the right side the left on those of the left Besides this use it conduces by the returning branches also to the framing of the voice by imparting the faculty of motion to the muscles of the throttle The seventh pair arises in the utmost part of the nowl bone The seventh pair It s original where the marrow of the brain is ready to go out of the skull and so is counted the hardest of all the nerves that have their original within the skull But it arises in some roots separated from each other which joyning together on both sides into one it goes out of the skull through the fourth and fifth holes of the nowl-bone which are planted betwixt that greatest one which opens a way for the descent of the spinal-marrow and that at which the sixth pair goes out and presently after its egress is involved in one common membrane with the sixth pair whence some not so diligently observing it have believed that they were mixt one with another and thus they descend together When it comes to the root of the tongue it distributes surcles into all the muscles thereof sending over some also to certain muscles of the bone hyoides and of the throttle as also to those which take their beginning from the appendix called styloides It s use The use of this conjugation is to carry down the faculty of sense and motion from the brain to the muscles of the tongue To these seven pairs which are commonly so numbred The eighth pair we add an Eighth which makes the nerves of smelling by which a faculty is derived from the brain of apprehending the odors of things without These are commonly
Frictions their kindes and use 25 Fuci how made 721 Fumigations their differences matter and form 717 Fundament the falling down thereof 223. The causes and cures 640 Fungus an excrescence sometimes happening in Fractures of the scull 263 G GAlens Effigies and praise 740 Gall and the bladder thereof c. 76 Ganglion what 317. properly so called ibid. Gangrene what 317. The general and particular causes 318. That which is occasioned by cold upon what part it seizes ibid. Signs 319. Prognosticks ibid. The generall cure 320. The particular cure ibid. Gargareon 336 Gargarisms their matter and form 716. repelling ripening and detergent ones 211 Garlick good against the Plague 530 Gastrica vena 61 Gastropiplois vena ibid. Major ibid. Geese their wâ—rriness in flying over mount Taurus 45 Gemelli musculi 168 Gemini musculi 163 Generation what it is 15. What necessary thereto 592 Generation of the Navil 594 Giddiness see Vertigo Ginglymos what 173 Giraffa astrange beast 681 Glandula what sort of tumor 293 Glandula lacrymalis 127 Glandules in general 75. At the root of the tongue 135. Their inflammation and cure 208 Glans penâ—s 87. Not rightly perforated how to be helped 419 Glysters their differences materials c. 702. Several descriptions of them 703. They may nourish ibid. Goats dung is good to discuss schirrous tumors 195 Golden ligatures how made 219 Gomplosis what 173 Gonorrhea how different from a virulent strangury 472. the cure 473 Gout the names and kindes thereof 444. the occult causes thereof ibid. the manifest causes thereof 446. out of what parts it may flow 447. signs that it flows from the Brain or Liver ibid. How to know this or that humor acconpanying the Gouty malignity ibid. Prognosticks 448 The general method to prevent and cure it 449. Vomiting sometimes good 450. Other general remedies ibid. Diet convenient 451. What wine not good 452. How to strengthen the joints ibid. The palliative cure thereof ibid. Local medicines in a cold Gout 453. In a hot or sanguine Gout 455. In a Cholerick Gout 456. What is to be done after the fit is over 458. Tophi or knots how caused ibid. The hip-gout or sciatica 459. The cure thereof 460 Gristles what 95. of the nose 130. of the Larinx 136 Groins their wounds 282. Their tumo s see Bubos Guajacum the choise faculties and parts 465. The preparation of the decoction thereof ibid. The use 466 Gullet and the history thereof 110. The wounds thereof 273 Gums overgrown with flesh how to be helped 207 Guns who their inventor 286. Their force 287. the cause of their reports 293 Gun-powder not poisonous 289 290. How made ibid. Gutta rosacea what 723. The cure ibid. Guts their substance figure and number 72. Their site and connexion 73. Action ibid. How to be taken forth 80. Signs that they are wounded 280. Their cure 281. Their Ulcers 337 H HAemorroids what then differences and cure 342. In the neck of the womb 638 Haemorrhoidalis interna 62. Externa 81 Haemorrhoidalis arteria sive mesenterica inferior 79 Haemorrhous a Serpent his bite the signs and cure 508 Haiit a strange beast 684 Hair what the original and use 111. How to make it black 724. How to take it off ibid. Hairy scalp the connexion and use 111. The wounds thereof not to be neglected 112. The cure thereof being contused 256 Hand taken generally what 147. The fracture thereof with the care 358. How to supply the defects thereof 584 Hares how they provide for their young 40 Hare-lips what 171. Their cure ibid. Harmonia what 173. Hawks 47 Head the general description thereof 111 The conteining and conteined parts thereof ibid. The musculous skin thereof ibid. Why affected when any membranous part is hurt 112. The watry humor thereof 205. The wounds thereof 238 c. The falling away of the hair and other affects thereof 399. The dislocation thereof 376 Hearing the organ object c. thereof 16 Heart and the history thereof 100. The ventricles thereof 111 Signs of the wounds thereof 274 Heat one and the same efficient cause of all humors at the same time 7. three causes thereof 178 Hectick fever with the differences causes signs and cure 277 278 Hedg hogs how they provide for their young 40 Heel and the parts thereof 167. Why a fracture thereof so dangerous ibid. The dislocation thereof 396. Symptoms following upon the contusion thereof ibid. Why subject to inflammation 397 Hemicrania see Megrim Hemlock the poysonous quality thereof and rhe cure 519 Henbane the poysonous quality and the cure 518 Hermophrodites 18 and 649 Hern his sight and the Falcon 47 Hernie and the kindes thereof 216 Humoralis 222 Herpes and the kindes thereof 188 The cu e. ibid. Hip-gout see sciatica Hip the dislocation thereof 389. Prognosticks 370. Signs that it is dislocated outwardly or inwardly 390. Dislocated forwards 391. backwards ibid. how to restore the inward dislocation 392. the forward dislocation 394. the backward dislocation ibid. Hippocrates his Effigies 738 Hoga a Monsterous fish 674 Holes of the inner basis of the scull 122. of the external basis thereof ibid. small ones sometimes remain after the cure of great wounds 171 Holy-bone its number of Vertebrae and their use 138. the fracture thereof 357 Hordiolum an affect of the eye-lids 403 Horns used in stead of Ventoses 443 Horse-leeches their application and use 444. their virulency and the cure ibid. Hot-houses how made 721 Hulpales a Monstrous beast 680 Humeraria arteria 108. Vena 148 Humors their temperaments 7. the knowledg of them necessary ibid. their definition and division ibid. serous and secundary as Ros Cambium Gluten 10. an argument of their great putrefaction 293 Humors of the eye 127 Aquens 129 Crystallinus ibid. Vitreus 130 Hydatis 403 Hydrargyrum the choise preparation and use thereof in the Lues Venerea 467 Hudrocephalia whether uncurable 505. What cure must used therein 506 Hydrocephalos what 205. The causes differences signs c. ibid. the cure 206 Hydrocele 216 221 Hymen 626 Whether any or no. ibid. A history thereof 627 Huoides os the reason of the name composure site c. thereof 134 Hupocondria their site 57 Hupochuma 408 Hupogastricae venae 81 Hypopyon 408 Hypothenar 158 J JAundise a medicine therefore 215 Jaw the bones thereof and their productions 124 125 The fracture of the lower jaw 352 How to help it 353 The dislocation thereof 373 The cure 374 Ibis a bird the inventer of glysters 36 Ichneumon how he arms himself to assail the Crocodile 42 Idleness the discommodites thereof 23 Jejunum intestinum 73 Ileon ibid. Iliaca arteria 80 Vena ibid. Ilium os 161 Ill conformation 28 Imagination and the force thereof 598 Impostors their impudence and câ—â—â—t 34 264 Impostume what their causes and differences 177 Signs of them in general 178 Prognosticks 179 What considerable in opening of them 184 Inanition see Emptiness Incus 113 133 Indication whence to be drawn 2. of feeding 22. what 28. the kindes
through the hole of the temple-bone that is bored in the stony process thereof being a large one and winding The harder After this that harder part goes forthwith to the foreside being carried through a peculiar channel and returns backward again obliquely through the same bone and departs into the first cavity of the inner ear From thence being more reflected it sends forth two propagations one higher the other lower but both pass through their peculiar holes The upper is carried through the transverse hole of the same bone through which also a little vein passes into the organ of hearing and a little after it is come forth of it is joined with that branch of the fourth pair as we have delivered but as others commonly count the pairs of the third which we told you was writhed about like the tendrell of a Vine The lower goes out through the third hole of the same bone which is very narrow and winding and being carried overthwart above the muscle of the lower jaw that moves it sidewards descends into the chops having disseminated a pretty many propagations into the nostrils But forthwith it is joyned with the propagation of the fourth pair that resembles the tendrell of a Vein or that sprig which goes to the tongue from which it passes to the roots of the teeth and muscles of the cheeks as also to the skin that goes about the root of the outer or little ear Anatamists do beleive that by means of the branch it comes to pass that they who are born deaf are for the most part dumb also The soft part But that softer part of this pair is carried together with the hard part and when it is come to that first cavity of the inner ear it is spread throughout it in manner of a membrane and so it deserves to be called the Auditory nerve as ministring all the spirits that serve for hearing It s use The sixth pair arises somewhat more toward the lower and hinder part then the fifth The sixâ—h piar Its original and not with one but with many little nerves severed from each other which for all that are presently joyned together although they do not close so as to make one only but two distinct ones alwaies yet are they contained in one membrane arising from the Durae meninx of the brain which hath deceived many so that they have accounted them for one Being thus joyned they descend both together out of the skull through the second and third hole of the nowl bone through which same the lesser branch of the sleepy Artery and the greater of the Jugular vein enter into the skull There being then two nerves The lesser nerve the one in its egress inclines more to the forepart of the said hole and is the lesser of the two the other to the hinder part and is the greater That presently after its going forth of the skull tends straight downward to the muscles or the tongue and chops and to the parts placed in the mouth upon which it is wholly consumed The greater nerve and its propagations This on the contrary sends its first propagation to the muscles seated on the backside of the neck especially to the first muscle of the shoulder-blade called Cucullaris or the cowl-muscle and then adhering to the seventh pair and the aforesaid Artery and vein by the benefit of certain membranes it runs down to the side of the throttle to whose muscles especially those seated in the inner cavity it distributes surcles overthwart Here many propagations of nerves meeting together and parting asunder again a certain texture is made wherein knots are found not unlike to the glandules that are tyed to the divarications of the vessels which was first observed by the most learned Anatomist Fallopius who would have it resemble the body of one alive But the greater nerve it self going into the middle betwixt those same vessels which I spake of is carried leisurly from the throttle to the rough artery and running down at the side thereof tends to the chest The branches of the greater nerve But before it enters thereinto it is divided over the hollow of the neck into two branches of which one is the outer and less the other the inner and greater We shall now speak briefly of the distribution and propagations of them but so that being the right trunk is disseminated into another manner then the left we set down the history of each by it self and first of the right then of the left The propagations of the outer branch of the right nerve The outer branch then of the right nerve sends out propagations presently after the division to the muscle that bends the head called Mastoideus as also to that of the bone hyoides called sternohyoides and that of the Larinx or throttle called sternothyroides after this it enters the cavity of the chest and when it comes to the axillary Artery issues forth from its inside sometimes three sometimes two surcles one under another which are turned about the said axillary Artery as it were an axel-tree or to say truly a kind of pulley and closing together make one nerve which being fastned to the right side of the rough Artery by the benefit of a membrane runs back from the lower part thereof to the highest and hasts to the right side of the throttle leaning upon a glandule which is placed at the root of the right side Having past this it is forthwith divided into many surcles which are spent upon the muscles of their own side which are placed in the throttle and hâ—ve their heads downward giving motion to them The right recurrent nerve And this nerve is called Recurrens the â—eturning one from its progress and is very famous among all being so made by â—kiâ—â—ful nature with great wisdom that it might be inserted into the muscles of the â—â—ottle whose heads look downward when all the nerves that give motion ought to be inseâ—ted into the heads and to look towards the end not on the contrary And becâ—â—se the throttle is an organ of the voice but the voice cannot be uttered without motion of the muscles that either open the cartilages of the throttle or shut them therefore these nerves which impart to the muscles the power of moving and contracting themselves being either bound hard or cut off it happens for that cause that the voice is taken away This may be very handsomely shewn in dogs or in a hog because one continually makes a noise with barking the other with grunting For one of these nerves being cut off half the voice is taken away but both being cut it is wholly lost The recurrent propagation being thus constituted the outer branch running down obliquely under the hollow of the neck after that by the way it hath distributed surcles of an indifferent bigness into the Pleura or membrane of the ribs and into the coat of the lungs and given