Uteri yet it is very true to say that the structure and use of the Tuba in Women and the Cornua in Brutes have nothing essentially different seeing that as there are some Examples of the Conception made in the Tuba we have some Observations which do manifest to us that this Tuba has sometimes also an evident Cavity We have here put the Figure of the Uterus of a Woman in which we found two apparent Cavities which made some windings eight Lines long and near two broad at their beginning which from the Fundus Uteri did Penetrate into the Tuba At the end of each of the Cornua a little below the Testicle there was a long Body of a Nervous Substance which was taken for the Ligamenta Teretia For it descended into the Groyne and was there dilated like a Goose's Foot as in Women It s original was only different in this that in Women these Ligaments proceeded from the very Body of the Uterus at the place where the Tuba began a good distance from the Testicle Soranus Writes that he had seen in a Woman this round Ligament which he calls the Cremaster of the Testicle of Women which was fastened near the Testicle even as we have Observed in our Lyonness The Mediastine was not pierced like a Net as in the first Lyon but its Membrane was thick and continued The Lungs had seven Lobes three of each side and one in the middle Those of the right side were larger than those of the left The whole Parenchyma of the Lungs was scirrhous The Vena Coronaria was very large but the Heart was much less than in the two Lyons which have been dissected The inside of the left Ventricle was scirrhous towards the mouth of the Artery of the Lungs and it seemed that the Lungs had communicated this Distemper to the Heart There were two Polypus's one in each Ventricle of the Heart All the Basis of the Heart on the out side was sirrounded with a flimy Substance which formed several unequal Protuberancies instead of the Fat which is commonly found in this place The Tongue was armed as in the Lyons with great points like Claws they were lesser softer and blunter The Ventricles of the Brain were very large and the Cavity where the Falx enters and which divides the Cereâ—…rum in two was likewise very deep containing ten Lines The Glandula Pinealis was exceeding small not exceeding a Line The Christalline Humour like as in Lyons was more convex before than behind which was not found in the other Lyonness where it was flat and more convex behind The Membrane which is put into the bottom of the Eye and laid on the Choroides which we call the Tapetum was of an Isabella Colour intermixt with a brisk Greenish Blew It was easily separable from the Choroides which remained intire with its ordinary thickness after that we had taken away the Membrane which forms this Tapetum The Optick Nerve was near the Axis of the Eye In it 's middle there was seen to appear a Foramen which disappear'd when the whole Retina was layd on one side and that it was not equally extended about the Optick Nerve on the Concavitie of the Choroides The Explication of the Figure of the CAMELION IT is represented alive perched on a Tree somewhat crooked towards the side which it ascends to discover as much as is possible the top of the Head and bottom of the Belly In The Parts which the Dissection discovers A. The Gall-Bladder B. The left Lo e of the Liver C C. The right D. The Oesophagus E. The Ventricle F. The Pylorus G. The Ductus Cholidocus h. The Vena Porta I. The Vena Cava K K K. The Intestins L M. A Membrane which held all these Parts linkt together and suspended N. The first Bone of the Sternum O. The left Lobe of the Liver P. The upper part of the Lungs blown up and speckled with red Spots Q Q Q. The rest of the Lungs blown up R. The Aspera Arteria tyed to keep the Lungs blown up S S. The Os Hyoides T. The Cartalaginous Style to which the Trunk which sustains the Tongue is fastened X X. The Tongue Y. The Trunck drawn up Z Z. The Kidneys Γ Γ. The Cornua Uteri Δ. The Neck of the Uterus K K. The Intestines Θ Θ. The Eyes λ λ. The Optick Nerves Î . The Brain We did not think that the Skeleton needed any Explication by reason of the Neatness of the Figure and the exactness wherewith it is described in the Discourse THE ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION OF A CAMELION THere is scarce any Animal more Famous than the Camelion its admirable Properties have ever been the Subject as well of Natural as Moral Philosophy The changing of its Colour and the particular manner of feeding which is attributed to it have in all Ages given great Admiration and Exercise to those that do apply themselves to the Knowledg of Nature And those Wonders which Naturalists have related of this inconsiderable Animal have made it to be the most Famous Symbole used in Rhetorick and Ethicks to represent the base compliance of Courtiers and Flatterers and the Vanity wherewith simple and light Minds do feed themselves It s very name in Tertullian is the Subject of a Serious Meditation upon False-glory and he proposes it as the Example of the Impudence of Cheats and Boasters It is not known truly why the Greeks have bestowed so fine a Name upon so vile and ugly a Beast by calling it the Little-Lyon or Dwarf-Lyon according to Isidâ—…re's Etymology Gesner says that it somewhat resembles the Lyon without mentioning wherein Panarolus would have it the Tail which is crooked at the end as he says like the Lyons But the Truth is that neither the Camelion nor the Lyon have a crooked Tail. It would be more probable to place the Resemblance on the Crest which they both have on the Top of the Head which makes a kind of Casque But it appears on the Lyons Head only when the Fleâ—…h of the Musculi Crotophitae is cutt off Licetus thinks that this Name was given it because as the Lyon Hunts and Devours other Animals so the Camelion catches Flies by the same reason that a little Worm which Hunts and takes Ants as Albertus hath described is called Formicaleon and that a little Lobster as Pliny and Athenaus report is named Lyon because it is of the same Colour The Camelion is of the kinde of four-footed Beasts which do lay Eggs as the Crocodile and Lizard which it sufficiently resembles save that its Head and Back is not flat like the Lizards who has likewise much shorter leggs with which it crâ—…wls very fast along the ground whereas the Camelion has longer leggs and goes easily only upon Trees where it delights it self much more than on the ground because that as it is sayd it fears the Serpents from which it cannot secure it selfe by flight and that from thence it spies
Man explains himself by a Figure which leaves those who would be deceived in their Error without scandalizing them and which makes others to understand his meaning For the Proverb being that the Eye must be rubbed only with the Elbow when it is sore to signifie that it must not be touched at all he has intimated that there is no Claw of the Elk which infallibly cures the Epilepsie by saying that there is none but that on the outside of the Foot which the Elk can put into its Ear that can do it for he adds this impossible qualification to a great many others which Authors do mention and which are very difficult but absolutely necessary as it is said to make this Remedy Operate as to have been cut off with one blow of an Hatchet the Animal being alive on St. Giles's day from a Male which is at Rut and has not yet engendred to manifest that the Impostors which would sell Elks Claws have added all these difficult qualifications to the end that those who have experienced the Claw of the Elk which they made use of to signifie nothing may think that it is the want of some one of those Qualifications which is certainly in that which the Merchant presents them Having made these Reflections on the firmness of the Ligaments of the Joynts of the Elk we observed the Figure of the Eye the great Canthus or Corner of which was slit downwards a great deal more then it is in Stags Fallow-Deer and wild Goats but after a fashion very extraordinary which is that this slit was not according to the length of the Eye but made an Angle with the line which goes from one of the corners of the Eye to the other The Dissection discovered to us that this slit was proportioned to the Glandulâ—… Lachrymalis which was found to contain an inch and a half in length and seven lines in breadth The internal parts had something resembling those of an Ox especially in that which concerns the four Ventricles and Intestines Nevertheless these Parts had this particular that the first and greatest Ventricle was partly inclosed by a Membrane like a Sack which having abundance of Vessels might pass for the Epiploon and that instead of the Glands and Fat which is usually in this part there was only towards the top some Bladders full of wind about the bigness of a Chesnut The Intestines which were forty eight foot long had a Caecum without an Appendix which was thirteen inches long and five broad It nearly resembled the Figure of a Man's The Liver was small not exceeding one foot in length and seven inches in breadth It was whole without Lobes and even without any appearance of the cleft which is over the Cartilago Xiphoides It was so joyned to the Diaphragme that it was impossible to separate it from its convex part without cutting it It had no Gall-Bladder and it was all over and even to the bottom of its Parenchyma of a gray and livid Colour The Spleen was likewise very small being no more than eight inches long and six broad The Substance of these two Viscera seemed very smooth and Homogeneous but the Kidneys were in their external Substance spotted with two different Colours which made it to appear rough like Chagrin tho to the touch nothing felt rugged They were not adherent to the Loyns by the Duplicature of the Peritoneum but fastned only by their Vessels The Lungs were divided into seven Lobes of which there was three on each side and one at the middle in the Cavity of the Mediastinum The inferiour Lobes were each as big again as the superiour The Heart was seven inches long and five broad It s Figure was pointed and from the basis to the point there was an Eminence obliquely turned like a Screw which Eminence answered to the Separation of the two Ventricles so that it seemed to be a fold of the external part of the right Ventricle upon the left This Eminence which is scarcely visible in the Heart of other Animals was extraordinarily apparent in this The Septum and rest of the Parenchyma of the Heart which environed the left Ventricle had the thickness of an inch The Rings of the Aspera Artâ—…ria were imperfect The Brain comprehending the Cerebellâ—…m was but four inches in length and two and a half in breadth The smallness of this part compared with the greatness of the Glandula Lacrymalis which as has been said was an inch long seemed to us as an Argument capable of confirming the Opinion of those who believe that the greatest part of the Glands which are about the Brain do not receive from it the Humidities wherewith they usually are imbued but that they are brought to them by the Arteries or by the Nerves from which they do receive the Matter whereof they do make the Lympha The Curiosity which we had of exactly seeking out the Ductus's designed to receive and convey these Humours which must be very visible in a part so extraordinary large could not be satisfied by reason of the corruption of our Subject which had been kept so long that all the Parts began to dissolve with Putrifaction The Substance of the Brain differed not from that of the Cerebellum both being very white and firm enough notwithstanding the Corruption to make it appear very sound in an Animal so subject to some Distempers whose seat is placed in the Brain which according to Cardan is colder moister and more Phlegmatick in this Animal than in any other The Glandula Pinealis was of an extraordinary size exceeding three lines in length like that which we found in the Dromedary but its Figure was Conical as usually whereas the Glandula of the Dromedary had the form of a Trefoile This greatness which to us seemed very considerable in regard of the smalness of the rest of the Brain made us to think that those who following Erasistratus do attribute to the different Formation of the Organs of the Brain the divers Operations of the interiour Senses might fortifie themselves in their Opinion by some such like Observations considering that Lions Bears and other fierce and cruel Beasts have this part so little that it is almost imperceptible and that it is very great in those which are timerous like the Elk which is held to be so fearful that it dies with fear when it has received the least wound and it is observable that he never recovers when he sees the smallest drop of his own Blood. In the Brain we likewise found another part whose bigness had relation to the smelling which is more exquisite in the Elk than in any other Animal according to the Testimony of Pausanias as has been already declared For the Processus Mammillares which are thought to be the Organs of that Sense were without comparison greater than in any Animal that we have Dissected being above four lines in Diameter The Explication of the Figure of the Coati Mondi THe lower
Bone of a Pullets Thigh Along the Penis there were two Veins very large and full of Blood which went to the Balanus The Testicles were like to those of Dogs The Epiploon was very small It had little Fat and was a complication of Fibres and Fillets rather than a Membrane It was not laid upon the Intestines but tucked upon the Ventricle The Spleen was two inches and a half long It was of a Dark-red at the side of the Stomach in its hollow part and Blackish at the extremity in its gibbous part There was not observed any Vessels in the external Membrane of the Ventricle except the Coronaria Stomachica which appeared towards the upper Orifice and soon disappeared shooting forth a few Branches The Liver was somewhat blackish and of a Substance very Homogeneous without any appearance of Glands It had seven Lobes two great ones on the left side and five other small ones on the right side The Bladder was between the two upper Lobes The Pancreas which was fastned along the Duodenum inclining more towards the right Kidney than towards the Spleen was very small The Mesentery was all filled with a very hard Fat which inclosed and almost concealed all its Vessels The Intestines contained in all seven foot in length They were all of one thickness and had nothing which might distinguish them from each other there was no Caecum The right Kidney was a great deal higher than the left so that two Lobes of the Liver covered it The Lungs had five Lobes two on the right side and two on the left which were somewhat smaller and a fifth in the Mediastinum The Heart which resembled that of a Dog had the right Auricle extremely great In the right Ventricle and in the right Auricle there was found a great deal of slimie matter hardened The Musculus Crotophites passing under the Zygoma was fastned there It was extraordinary fleshie even to its insertion which is made by a very large tendon which was inclosed between two pieces of Flesh much thicker than those which are generally found in this place and which are thought to be there put to defend and strengthen the tendon of the Muscle of the Temples The Orbita was not Bony throughout but it was supplied in the upper part by a Crrtilaginous Ligament which joyned the Apophysis of the Os Frontis to that of the first Bone in the upper Jaw The Bone which separates the Cerebrum from the Cerebellum was as in Dogs The Dura Mater was very adherent to the Cranium The Sinus's of the Os Frontis were full of a matter like a fryable Fat. The Mamillares Processus were very large The Globe of the Eye exceeded not four lines and a half in Diameter The Aperture of the Eye-lids was larger and the Pupilla it self was not lesser than the whole Globe of the Eye The Crystalline contained three lines in breadth and two and a half in thickness and was more convex inwards than outwards This thickness of the Crystalline made the two other Humours to be less in quantity The Choroides was all over of the same colour viz. of a very brown-red without any Tapetum which is hardly ever wanting in the Eyes of other Animals The Explication of the Figure of the SEA-CALF THE lower Figure shews the difference that there is between the Fore-feet which are locked up under the skin except the Paws and hind feet which are joyned together having the form of a Fishes Tail. It may be likewise observed that the Ears do seem to have been cut off having no external Ears In the Upper Figure A. The Trunck of the Vena Cava B. The Trunck of the Aorta CC. The Venae and Arteriae Adiposae D. Ren Succenturiatus E. The right Kidney strip'd of the Membrana Adiposa and divided by the Gibbous part ffff Four small particular Pelves F. The Emulgent Vessels of the right Kidney GG The Emulgent Vessels of the left Kidney H. The left Kidney covered with its Membrana Adiposa GI The left Spermatick Vein which generally enters into the Emulgent but which has three other Branches which do fasten it to the Membrana Adiposa KL The Ventricle half of which is taken away to represent the Structure of the Internal Membrane whose wrinckles are undulated and waved in the upper part and strait in the Lower MMM The Liver N. The Gall-Bladder OO The Heart P. The Vena Cava which runs along by the Basis of the Heart QQ The Auricles of the Heart R. The Aorta making the Cross. S. The right Arteria Axillaris T. The left Axillaris Δ. The Artery of the Lungs VV. The Carotides XX. The Nervi Recurrentes YZ The Vena Cava opened at the place where it is fastned to the Heart Y. The hole which penetrates into the right Ventricle Z. The Oval hole which penetrates into the Vein of the Lungs a. An edge made by the Interiour Membrane of the Vena Cava bc One of the Hairs of the Beard represented twice as big as the Life d. Part of the Sclerotica which with the Cornea not represented makes the half of the Eye cut in two e. The Crystalline gg The Vitreous Humour hiii The other half of the Eye h. The Extremity of the Optick Nerve which enters directly at the Axis of the Eye iii. Three Branches of Blood-Vessels which do enter into the Eye with the Optick Nerve and which are ramified in the Retina Ω. The Tongue THE ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION OF A SEA-CALF RONDELETIVS has observ'd that the Sea-Calfe is of two Species one of which is found in the Mediterranean and the other in the Ocean But he makes no other difference between each of these two Species than the habit of the Body which he reports to be fuller in the Sea-Calfe of the Ocean than in that of the Mediterranean which is not so thick and short as the other The Sea-Calfe whose description we make had more resemblance with this second Species than with the first It had a long Neck and the Head farther distant from the Shoulders than it is in the Calfe of the Ocean so as it is represented in the figures we have of it and the rest of the Body was likewise straiter The Breast was broad by reason of the situation of the Omoplata which were forwarder than they are in other Animals which have the Breast Pointed and narrow when the Omoplata are backwarder The whole Animal was twenty eight Inches in length from the Nose to the end of the hind-Feet which according to the disposition that they Naturally have in this Animal were extended and joyned one to the other having in this only the forme of a Fish's Tail according to the Description of Aristotle which is contrary to that of Rondeletius who represents the Sea-Calf as well that of the Ocean as of the Mediterrrnean without hind-feet and who reprehends Aristotle for reporting that this Animal has Toes on the hind-feet like to those of the
hardly credible of the Calves of the Stature of ours and can agree only with those which are taken near England which according to Gesner are as great as the Bears or rather with those whereof Gomara Oviedo Pedro Ciesa and the last relations of the Ant-Isles do speak which are of a size so Prodigious that there are found some twenty foot long and seven thick But Names are most frequently given to Fish by reason of some resemblances that they have as it is pretended to certain things whether that Similitude be taken from their shape or dispositions Thus the Sea-Sheep has this Appellation because it is white and has crooked Horns like that of the Land and the Sea-Calf is by some called a Wolf by reason that it lives on Rapine Nevertheless by this reason it should be called a Sheep if compared to the Sea-Sheep and the Sea-Sheep ought on the contrary to be called a Wolf because that according to Aelian the Sea-Sheep hunts the Sea-Calves and devours them The Tongue was very like to that of a Calf being large flat and smooth It was forked and cut in two at the end as Aristotle has remarqued but not double round and small as in Serpents and Lizards as Pliny describes it The Larynx had a particular formation the Epiglottis being proportionably larger than in other Animals it went half an inch in length beyond the Glottis to cover it It is probable that this is done more exactly to close the entrance of the Aspera Arteria when this Animal eats his Prey at the bottom of the Sea and to hinder the water from running into its Lungs The Ventricle was in form of an Intestine which was contracted towards its two Orifices Severinus describes it round like an Ostrich's Egg. The interiour Membrane was folded and made several wrinckles Severinus describes it without wrinckles These wrinckles from the Superiour Orifice to the middle of the Ventricle were waved and from thence unto the Pylorus they were strait This seems to have some resemblance with the Ventricles of Animals which chew the Cud in which the wrinckles of the lower Ventricle are strait and according to the length of the Ventricle whereas in the upper they are transversal and oblique In the inside of the Ventricle there was found a round bottom of the Sea-herb called by the Sea-men Wreck which is a kind of Fucus This clue or bottom was of the bigness and shape of a Nut. It closed the upper Orifice of the Ventricle insomuch that it seemed that this round lump had been push'd into this Orifice by the effort of an extraordinary compression and by the contraction of the Ventricle The Liver had six Lobes two great ones underneath and behind and four small ones at the top and before The Gall-bladder was between the great right Lobe behind and the first of the small ones which are before of the same side Belonius reports according to Aristotle that the Sea-Calf has no Gall. Pliny would have it in the Breast which agrees not with what he relates that this Animal vomits up its Gall when pursued by the Fisher-men by reason of the knowledge he has that he is taken only for his Gall which is profitable for the Cure of several Diseases for it would be impossible for him to vomit up this Gall which is in his Breast it being incredible that he can understand the intentions of the Fishermen unless that this Sagacity be peculiar to it and other Amphibia such as are the Castor Serpents and Frogs which this same Author reports to take care to get rid of the things for which they are sought after so that the Castor tears off the Pouches wherein is contained the Medicinal Liquor of the Castoreum the Serpents do swallow the precious Skin which they do cast at the Spring the Frogs do daily vomit up certain Salutiferous Liquors which are ingendred in their Bodies for fear of being killed for this Liquor The Kidneys resembled not those of the Otter as Rondeletius says because the Kidneys of the Otter are composed of several small separate ones which have each their Emulgent Vessels and particular Ureters as is represented in the Figure of the Kidneys of the Bear. The Kidneys of our Subject were more like to the Kidneys of the Land-Calf being cleft at top only in their Surface by chops which did not sink very deep but these chops were much more numerous than in the Land-Calf and they made this Kidney to seem composed of several Glands joyned together These Kidneys did likewise differ from those of the Land-Calf in that besides the great Pelvis which is in the gibbous part of that Kidney there were several other small ones scattered in several places in the Substance of the Kidney insomuch that it seemed that every of these small Pelves appertained to each of the little particular Kidneys of which the great one was composed and that the Parenchyma of every of these particular Kidneys made but one single Mass. The Membrana Adiposa of the Kidney was all interspersed with very visible Vessels which made Rondeletius to say that the Emulgents enter not into the Cavity of the Kidney in the Sea-Calf as in other Animals but that they are distributed over the whole Body of the Kidney The greatest part of these Vessels in the left Kidney were the Branches or rather the Roots of the Spermatick Vein which by reuniting did form three great Branches which the Trunck of the Spermatick Vein that proceeds from the Emulgent did by the way receive This left Kidney was accompanied with a Succenturiatus which was about the bigness of a Filbert and immediately adhering to the Trunck of the Vena Cava The Lungs had but one Lobe on each side which was only a little transversly cut through the middle The Heart was round and flat It s Ventricles appeared very large and its Auricles very small The Trunck of the Aorta proceeded from the Heart two inches in length before it returned downwards Underneath the great Aperture through which the Trunck of the Vena Cava conveyed the blood into the right Ventricle of the Heart there was another which penetrated into the Arteria Venosa and from thence into the left Ventricle and afterwards into the Aorta This hole which is called the Foramen Ovale in the Foetus makes the Anastomosis by the means of which the blood goes from the Cava into the Aorta without passing through the Lungs and it is apparently for the same use that this passage is found in the Sea-Calf and Foetus by reason of the necessity which each have of living without respiration viz. the Foetus whilst in the Womb of its Mother and the Sea-Calf whilst under water Which demonstrates that Respiration is necessary for the Circulation and that the Blood which the Lungs have received from one of the Ventricles of the Heart by being dilated is afterwards thrust into the other Ventricle by the compression of
without a Cartilage at the place towards the Back-bone and which touches the Oesophagus These Rings were of such a Figure and so disposed that their extremities flatned and inlarged did each form as it were two Wings or Auricles which were laid one upon the other so that for instance the lower Wings or Auricles of the first Cartilage were covered with the upper Wings of the second which with its lower wings did likewise cover the upper wings of the third which did cover its lower wings with the upper ones of the fourth This continued after the same manner in all the Cartilages of the Aspera Arteria as is represented in the Figure which alone can sufficiently demonstrate this extraordinary Structure The residue of every Ring which was the hardest part was hollow in its middle and left two eminencies at its sides This conformation did in this place make the Aspera Arteria more rough than it generally is because that the inequality of the two different Substances which compose it namely the Membrane and Cartilage which is found in all forts of Asperae Arteriae this had over and above the inequality which the Cavities or Indentings that were in each Ring did make The Cornea in the Eye was of an oval Figure as it usually is in other Cows The Iris was Yellow a little inclining to Red. The Crystallinus was more convexbehind than before The Explication of the Figure of the CORMORANT IN the Lower Figure is observable the length of the Head the smalness of the Eye and its oblique Situation the crooked Figure of the Bill and the extraordinary Structure of the Feet which have the great Toe outwards and the others inwards being all four webb'd together by Membranes In the Upper Figure A B. Represents the Oesophagus blown up and tied at the top B C. The Ventricle blown up B. The place where the Oesophagus is straitned to make the upper Orifice of the Ventricle D E. The Aspera Arteria E. A knot made of a Bony Ring at the bottom of the Aspera Arteria F F. Two Musculous Ligaments which do fasten the Aspera Arteria with the Bladders of the Lungs G. The Heart H. The right Lobe of the Liver I. The left Lobe K. The third Lobe which is under the two others L. The Gall-Bladder M. The Pylorus N. A part of the Oesophagus the inside of which is represented O. The Superiour Orifice of the Ventricle P. A part of the Ventricle which is seen on the inside q q. The Membranes of the Ventricle cut asunder the interiour of which is composed of an infinite number of longish Glands conglomerated and whose points do make the internal Superficies of the Ventricle rough like Chagrin Q. The Larynx R. The Tongue S T. The right Foot. T. The Serrate or toothed Claw which is on the second Toe THE ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION OF A CORMORANT THis Bird is called a Cormorant that is to say Crow-Marine because that it is generally all black and is an Aquatick Animal Gesner says that it is for this reason that it is by Albertus Magnus called Carbo aquaticus Gaza is of Opinion that the Corax of Aristotle is this very Bird not only by reason of the Greek Name which signifies Crow but likewise of the other marks by which this Philosopher designs it which do perfectly agree with the Cormorant that we describe It was twenty seven inches from the end of the Bill to the extremity of the Tail and three foot and a half from one end of the Wings expanded to the other There are seen a great many larger on the Sea-Shore It s whole Plumage was Black or a very dark gray somewhat greenish on the wings except the Belly and under the Neck which were covered with white Feathers the end of which was blackish which made these white parts to seem spotted with brown Gesner reports that in Switzerland these Cormorants which are there called Scharbi that is to say Coals have some of them white Bellies Under the great plumes which cover the Body there was a gray down extremely fine and thick as in Swans Aldrovandus reports that the Skins of Cormorants are prepared like those of Vultures and used to cover and warm the Stomach The Feathers which did garnish and adorn the Neck were very short and those which did cover the Head much shorter but they were very thick and small like Fringe This demonstrates the Cormorant not to be the Phalocrocorax which is so called because it has no Feathers on the Head and that Pliny is deceived when he says that the aquatick Crow which is the Cormorant is naturally bald and that this particularity has given it the name which it has amongst the Greeks Belâ—…nius held the same Opinion These Plumes upon the Head were four lines in length strait and staring This made the Head to appear less flat than indeed it is although it very much appeared so with these Feathers Towards the root as well of the upper as lower Beak there was a Skin without Feathers it was likewise extended round the Eye This Skin was Red. Aldrovandus reports that it is generally white and Gesner makes it of a Saffron-Colour This same Skin was extended under the Beak upon the Cavity which is generally there In this place it was of a Pale-yellow The Bill at the sides was Gray mix'd with Red and Black at the top It was three inches in length from the opening to its extremity It was crooked and very pointed at the end This Beak served him to catch Fish but because that he could only swallow them backwards or sidewise and could not conveniently swallow the Tail first by reason of the Fins Crests and Scales which hindred them from entring into his Throat he used to cast them in the Air to receive them with the Head first which he does with so much dexterity that he never misses This Bird is made use of for Fishing by putting an Iron Ring at the bottom of its Neck to the end that the Fish being received into the Oesophagus which is very large making a kind of Craw might not enter into the Ventricle and they might easily be made to cast them up In the Beak there was not any hole for the Nostrils although in the Palate there was one large enough to permit the Vapours to rise up to the Organs of the Smelling The Eyes were small and situated very near the Bill Being shut the line which the Eye-lids made was somewhat more oblique than it generally is in Birds The Feet were short not exceeding four inches from the Belly to the Ground and there were seven to the end of the greatest Toe These Feet were very black and shining covered with long and strait Scales in the inside of the Foot and on the middle of the Toes These four Toes were webb'd together by some Membranes which we have already remark'd in a Scotch Goose. These Membranes were speckled like Chagrin These four Toes which
has as yet been seen only by Amatus Lusitanus who has observed some of this Nature at the beginning of the Azygos and which he thought to serve to hinder the Bloud of the Azygos from returning into the Trunck of the Cava but this Conformation is extraordinary whatever this Author sayes who averr's himself to have seen it a thousand times because that all Anatomists with an unanimous consent do testifie and avow to have seen the contrary and never to have found Valves in the Veins whose Situation favoured not the Motion of the Bloud towards the Heart The Carotides having been opened long-ways it was observed that they had several Rays like transverse Cutts which interrupted the continuitie of the Fibres which are according to the length of the internal Membrane of this Artery which appeared to be made to knitt together these Fibres and to fortifie them even as it is seen in the Fibres of the right Muscle of the Belly which are so interrupted by the transverse lines that they are called Enervations It was searcht whether the same thing could be found in the Crural Artery but it was smooth and even and had not these Cutts The Globe of the Eye was an inch and a half in Diameter The Crystalline was more convex behind than before The Explication of the Figure of the Pintado THe Pintado which is represented in the lower Figure has no Tuft at the root of the Beak like that whose Head is represented in the upper Figure As to other particulars the Ten which we describe had all that is remarkable in this viz. the Tail turned downwards as it is in Partridges the Neck and Leggs longer than Partridges are the Feet provided with Membranes after the manner of Water-Fowl the Head covered with a Casque the top of the Beak garnished with two Appendices and the whole Plumage black or dark-gray Spekled with white Spotts In the Upper Figure A B. One of the Feathers of the Wing A is the part of the Wing which is uncovered B is that which is covered by another Feather C D. One of the Feathers of the Belly C the part of the Feather which covers the Down marked D. E F G. The Head almost as big as the life E the Tuft which grows out at the root at the Beak F. the Casque or Bonnet G The fleshy Beards g. The hole of the Ear. H H. The small Muscles of the Aspera Arteria I I. The Artery of the Lungs divided into two Branches K K. The Carotides the left of which seems to proceed immediately from the Heart L. The Cross or bending of the Aorta on the right side M N. The Heart N. The Right Auricle O O. The Liver P. The Gall-Bladder Q. The Ductus which conveys the Choler into the Intestine R. The Intestine S. The Ventricle or Gizard T T. The Venae Iliacae V. A single Testicle fastened to the Bifurcation of the Iliack Veins X X. The Emulgent Veines Y. The continuation of the Trunck of the Aorta beyond the Venae Iliacae a a. The Iliack Arteries which do serve for Emulgents b b. The Kidneys c c. The Ureters THE ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION OF TEN PINTADO'S THe Birds which we describe are a kind of Hen called Pintado by reason of the exactness of the Figures which seem as if Painted on its Plumage these figures not being irregular and as it were accidentally made as in the generality of other Birds Upon this very reason some of the Ancients made Choice of the Names which they have given to these Fowl For by Varro and Pliny they are called Variae and by Martial Guttatae by reason of the white Spots wherewith their whole body is diversified and Speckled as it were with several drops Their Eggs are likewise Painted and Chequered with white and black thus this sort of diversitie is a thing Natural and perpetual to these Birds which this particularity distinguishes from common Hens which in the Genus of Birds are almost the sole ones which have not the Plumage alwayes with the same Colours in their Species Hens being indifferently white black gray yellow or mixt with all these colours Other Authors have given to the Pintado's Appellations taken from the Country where they do generally breed which is Africa by calling them Hens of Africa Barbary Numidia Guinea Mauritania Tunis Pharos that is to say Aegypt Margravius reports that in the Kingdome of Congo it is called Quesele Pliny relates that they are also called Meleagrides because that according to the report of his time they went annually from Africa into Baeotia and come to beat themselves near the Tombe of Meleager whose Story feigns that the Sisters were changed into these Birds There are some which do think that the Meleagris is the Cocq-d'Inde or Turky-Cock which shall be examined in the Sequel The ten Pintado's whereof we have made the Dissection were of the size and almost the shape of an ordinary Hen. Some are of Opinion that they do better resemble the Partridge But the length of their Neck and Leggs which did even surpass that of the Neck and Leggs of Hens have made us to disapprove this Similitude We only found that they had the Tail bent down-wards like the Partridg and not held up like the Hen. But they have no Characteristick more particular of the Hen than the fleshy Appendices which do hang down on both sides of their Jaws which are not mett-with in any other Bird and which even in the Pintado have something different from those which are in Hens as shall hereafter be explained Their whole Plumage was only of two colours viz. White and Black. The White was every where perfectly White the Black was also in some places perfectly Black but in the most it was faint and inclining to a dark-Gray The top of the Neck instead of Feathers was only garnisht with a black Down which did better resemble Hair than Feathers These Hairs being about two lines long were turned upwards contrary to the ordinary situation of Hair and Feathers In one of our Subjects towards the hinder part of the Head these Hairs were almost an inch long and made as it were a Tuft The under part of the Neck had little dark-gray Feathers markt with White These Feathers went insensibly three inches in length and one in Breadth The half of these Feathers towards the root on both sides of the Quill or Stem was garnished with Beards or branchings like grayish white Down above half an inch long on each side Each Down or Beard was dissheivelled and divided as it were into several fine Locks or threads towards its extremity Near the Quill or Stem the roots of each beard were joyned together by the Crochets or little Fibres wherewith the Beards or branchings of the feathers which do serve for flight use to be fastened and which are described in the Ostrich The other half of these Feathers was composed of these same sort of Beards or Branchings which
Feet in found only in Animals which do love and dilight-in Watry places where it is known that the Turky-Cock takes no pleasure In fine in the exact Description which the Ancients have made of the Meleagris it is impossible if it were the Turky-Cock that they should omitt the remarkable and particular things which appear in the Turky-Cock and which are not found in the Pintado such as are the way of displaying its Tail of dragging its Wings against the ground of extending and suffering the Combe on its head to hang of having the Neck rough and wholly void of feathers and of having a Lock of black Hair at the Breast As for what respects the Inward parts we found the Oesophagus as in most Birds ranged on the right side of the Aspera Arteria It was inlarged before its entrance into the Thorax and made a Craw of the bigness of a Tennis Ball when it was blown up afterwards it was contracted to pass thro the Thorax This contracted part measured two inches and a half in length This whole Oesophagus was spread over with a great quantity of Vessels which were not visible in the passage which from the dilatation that we have taken for a Craw passed to the Gizard this passage being of a Substance hardder whiter and more Nervous than the rest The Gizard was as in the Hen. It was found for the most part filled only with Gravel It s internal Membrane was very much plaited and easily separable from the fleshy part It s substance was like to white glue so that this Membrane being separated from the Gizard was easily dryed and waxed hard and brittle like Glass The Intestines were three foot long without reckoning the two Caecums which were each six Inches The Duodenum was much larger than the others being above eight Lines The Caecum's were not of a uniform breadth as in the generality of Birds but did go inlarging They were fastned by the Membranes of the Mesentery and received vessels therefrom like the other Intestines There was no Pancreas The Liver was divided into two Lobes which at the top had each a Cavitie to receive the point of the Heart The Cavity of the right Lobe was greater and deeper than that of the left because that the point of the Heart was turned towards the right side The lower extremitie of the Lobes was fastened to the Diaphragme which descends from the top downwards and to the Bladders which the Lungs form in the lower Belly of Birds In most of our Subjects the Liver was Scirrhous and filled with a great quantity of hard yellow Grains some as large as Pease and others less We found a Gall-bladder only in two of our Subjects In the one it was nine Lines in length and six in breadth It had a Ductus from its bottom which was inserted into the Intestine near the Pylorus In the other it was an Inch and half long and four Lines broad being fastened to the hollow part of the right Lobe and the Ductus was from its middle and not from its lower extremitie and inserted it self into the Intestine four Fingers beneath the Pylorus In the other Subjects which had no Gall-bladder the ramus Hepaticus was there found very large and visible It measured five Inches in length and was inserted into the Intestine six Inches beyond the Pylorus Towards the upper part of the Gizard there was a body of an oval Figure nine Lines long and of a dark red Colour and a firm Substance It had connexion with the Trunk of the Vena Porta with that of the Cava and Aorta and with the Intestines and Ventricle by some very visible branches Some Modern Authors have observed that Birds which have a fleshy Ventricle have no Spleen Yet we are of Opinion that this body could be no other thing than a Spleen as well by reason of these Connexions as of the Sympathie which it seem'd to have with the Liver because it was found that in all the Subjects where the Liver was Scirrhous this part was after the same manner altho' the hard and compact Substance of this body in the subjects where it was Scirrhous and its Figure so regularly oval might cause a belief that it was a Testicle but there were two other round bodies four Lines Diameter couched on the Loyns and fastened to the Trunks of the Vena Cava and Aorta which were the true Testicles In one of the Subjects these round bodies were single and fastened on the place of the division of the Iliacks The Air being blown into the Aspera Arteria it made all the Bladders to swell which received the Air after it had passed thro' the Lungs and of which there are some that do descend into the lower Belly of Birds it is observed that the Pericardium was likewise blown up This Remark may be of some Importance to discover the uses of Respiration and the Advantages which the Air being by this means introduced into the Thorax may bring to the Heart by the Compression it may there cause by the Impression of its Qualities by the reception of the Fumes which it incessantly exhales in the continual heat in which it is c. The Membrane of the Pericardium was not just fit and fastened to the Heart as is usual but was a great deal extended towards the Point making a sack or Appendix half an Inch long In one of the Subjects this Appendix was a great deal longer for descending between the two Lobes of the Liver it went to be fastened to the Gizzard The Aspera Arteria after having entered the Cavity of the Thorax had two small Muscles which were knitt to its Anteriour part and which turning on the one side and the other somewhat downwards were by several Fibres united to the Vessels of the Heart These Muscles were each almost an Inch long round like a Cord and about the thickness of two thirds of a Line We have found these same Muscles in a great many Birds in most they do fasten the Aspera Arteria to the Sternum The Lungs were of Spongious flesh perforated with several little holes as bigg as the head of a small Pin regularly placed as well full as empty and covered with a very fine Tunicle They were of a Pale-red inclining to Ash-colour being two Inches and a half long and nine Lines broad and five thick The Heart measured an Inch and half in length and an Inch in breadth towards its Basis it was very pointed The Aorta being come out of the left Ventricle was turned directly forward being still in the Heart and covered with the right Auricle so that it seem'd to proceed from the right Uentricle and crossed over in this place to descend to the right side For this same reason the left Carotide did likewise appear to come from the Heart altho' it proceeded from the Trunk The division of the Trunk of the Aorta which formes the Iliack Branches was an Inch and half
second Muscle its Action is by making its Tendon to approach towards its Origine to hinder the Cord of the first Muscle which it imbraces from hurting the Optick Nerve but its principal use is to assist the Action of the first Muscle And 't is herein that the Mechanisme is marvelous in this Structure which makes that these two Muscles joyned together do draw much farther than if it had but one For the inflexion of the Cord of the first Muscle which causes it to make an Angle on the Optick Nerve is made only for this end and a single Muscle with a strait Tendon had been sufficient if it had power to draw far enough But the Traction which must make the Eye-lid to extend over the whole Cornea being necessarily great it could not be done but by a very long Muscle and such a Muscle not being able to be lodged in the Eye all its length there was no better way than to supply the Action of a long Muscle by that of two indifferent ones and by bending one of them to give it the greater length in a little space The inspection of the Figure will serve greatly to the understanding of this Description which the novelty of the thing renders obscure in it self The use of this internal Eye-lid which till now has been described by no person is not determined Our Opinion is that it serves to clean the Cornea and to hinder that by drying it grow not less transparent Man and the Ape which are the sole Animals where we have not found this Eye-lid have not wanted this precaution for the cleansing their Eyes because that they have hands with which they may by rubbing their Eye-lids express the humidity which they contain and which they let out through the Ductus Lacrymalis which is known by experience when the sight is darkened or when the Eyes suffer any pain or itching For these Accidents do cease when the Eyes are rubbed But the Dissection has distinctly discovered to us the Organs which do particularly serve for this use and which are otherwise in Birds than in Man where the Ductus passes not beyond the Glandula Lacrymalis For in Birds it goes beyond and penetrating above half way on the internal Eye-lid it is opned underneath upon the Eye which is evidently done to spread a Liquor over the whole Cornea when this Eye-lid passes and repasses as we observed it to do every moment The Explication of the Figure of the TORTOISE THis Tortoise has several particularities which do render it different from those that we have in France It s shell is not flat but very convex It has but one Shell to cover its Back and Belly It s Tail is furnished with a Horn at the end Its Paws are not covered with Scales but with a Skin wrinkled like Spanish Leather Its Claws are not sharp but blunt and half worn away and its Jaws toothed like a Saw. In the Upper Figure A B C D. The right side of the Liver A. A little Lobe which covers the Bladder B. The Bladder C. The Trunk of the Vena Porta D. The right Ramus Hepaticus E F G. The left part of the Liver E. The left Ramus Hepaticus F. The Isthmus by which the left and right part of the Liver are joyned together G. The great Lobe of the left part of the Liver H H. The right Vena Cava I I. The left Vena Cava K. The Ductus Cysticus L. The Trunk of the Rami Hepatici M M. The Kidneys N N. The Venae Emulgentes to which are fastened two Glands O O. The Testicles P P. The Epididymides proceeding from the Kidney and fastened to the Testicles by little Ductus's Q Q. The Ureter's R R. The Bladder opned S. The Neck of the Bladder opned offering to the sight two Carunculae which are the extremities of the Ureter's and two others which are the extremities of the Deferentia T T. Two holes which are of the Origine at the Spongious Ligaments composing the body of the Penis V V. A large Muscle which includes the Rectum and Penis X X. Two other Muscles of the Penis which are interlaced with two others marked y y. Y. The extremity of the Glans Z. The great circular Appendix Δ. The little Appendix with its two Buttons Φ Φ. The extremity of the Rectum cut lengthwise to discover the body if the Penis Θ. An Aperture between the two Ligaments on which abutts the Neck of the Bladder φ. The Penis cut a cross to discover the Cavities of the two Ligaments marked ω ω and the Cavity which supplys the place of the Urethra marked Ï€. Ω Ω Ω Ω. The great Ductus's of the Lungs ξ ξ ξ. The Bladders opening into the Ductus's Λ Λ. The Auricles of the Heart seen on the side which touches the Back-bone 1. The Trunk of the left Vena Cava 2. The Trunk of the right Vena Cava 3. The Trunk of the Aorta at the going out of the Heart forming two Crosses 4. The left Aorta 5. The right Aorta 6. The conjunction of the two Aortas 7 7. The Carotides 8. The Artery of the Lungs 9 9. The Veins of the Lungs which are discharged into the Axillares 10. The Artery which goes to the Stomack 11. The Artery which goes to the Liver Pancreas Spleen c. 12. The Artery which goes to the Intestines 13. The Heart in its Natural Situation 14. The Anteriour Ventricle of the Heart 15. The Artery of the Lungs opened to shew its three Valvulae Sigmoides 16. 16. The Heart out of its Natural Situation being raised upwards and separated from its Auricles Λ Λ which are in their place 17. 18. The two Posteriour Ventricles of the Heart 19. The Aorta proceeding from the right Ventricle It is opened to represent its three Valvulae Sigmoides 20 20 20. The three Valvulae Sigmoides which are at the entrance of the Auricles of the Heart a b. Two holes which are the extremities of the Ductus by which the two Posteriour Ventricles do commnuicate c d. Two other holes which do make the Communication of the Posteriour left Ventricle with the Anteriour α α. The Cerebrum β. The Cerebellum γ γ. The Olfactory Nerves δ. The Medulla Spinalis ε ε. The Musculi Crotaphitae cut θ θ. The Os Occipitis χ. The Cartilaginous Plate oâ—… Film which stops the hole of the Ear. Ï„. A Ductus which descends into the Palate κ. The Plate or Film sustained by the â—…ony Stylus marked â—… THE ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION OF A GREAT INDIAN TORTOISE THis Tortoise was brought from the Indies it was taken on the Coast of Coromandel It was four Foot and a half long from the extremity of the Mouth to the end of the Tail and fourteen Inches thick The Shell contained three Foot in length and two in breadth How great soever this Tortoise was it came not near those of which Elian and Pliny do speak which were fifteen Cubits and every one of
of which formed by the sides of the Ligaments were Convex and the third formed by the Tunicle of the Intestine was strait Each of the two Ligaments was not only Spongious as it is ordinarily in other Animals but they were hollow with a long Cavity in form of a Pipe which went from the Os Pubis where was the Origine of the Ligaments as far as the Glans The Vessells which were sent into the body of the Penis had a particular distribution For whereas the Artery Vein and Nerve do usually all three run upon the Penis there were but two in our Subject And the Vein after having formed a Net work and several Circumvolutions towards the root of the Penis did penetrate into the Ligament and producing a Trunk which running along the Internal and Superiour part of the Cavity sent forth several Branches into all the rest of the internal Surface of this Cavity The Structure of the Glans was yet more Extraordinary than all the rest Above it terminated in a point and appeared to be the continuation of the Ligaments not differing therefrom neither in its Substance nor its Tunicle Underneath it had two flat and almost circular Append ces placed one upon the other The greatest which was fastned to the Glans underneath was an Inch and half in diameter The least which was fix'd to the middle of the greatest contained but half an Inch. It had moreover two little Appendices like two buds about the bigness of a Line All the Glans was of a Colour like to that of the Inferiour part of the Tunicle of the Rectum which serv'd as a Case to the Penis 't was of a very dark slate Colour There were two Muscles serving to draw the Glans inwards They took their Origine from the Vertetrae Lumbares and passing along the side of the Rectum inserted themselves at the upper part of the Penis near the Glans Towards the middle they were interlaced with two other Muscles appointed for the Motion of the Tail and which served them as a Pully The Heart was seated in the upper part of the Breast being closed in a very thick Pericardium and fastned by the lower part of the Membrane which covered the Liver It s Figure differed greatly from that which the Heart generally has For instead of being extended from its Basis to its point its greatest dimension was from one side to the other being three Inches this way and an Inch and a half only from the Basis to the point The two Auricles which proceeded from the Basis were very loose and as it were hanging down The right had two Inches and a half in length to an Inch and half over the left was lesser The Vena Cava which as has been said had two Trunks proceeding the one from the right part of the Liver and the other from the left convey'd the Blood thro' each of these Trunks into each of the Auricles These Auricles as usually opened each into a Ventricle and at each of the Apertures which gave passage to the Blood from the Auricle into the Ventricle there were three Valvulae Sigmoides which contrary to what is usuall in this kind of Valve hindred the Blood from going out of the Heart to return into the Auricles performing the Office of the Valvulae Tricuspides Besides these two Ventricles which were in the hinder part of the heart which faceth the Spine there was a third in the fore-part inclining a little towards the right side These three Ventricles were communicated by several Apertures their Substance not being solid and continued as in the Hearts of other Animals but Spongious and composed of Fibres and fleshy Columns contiguous only to each other and interwoven together Besides the strait Apertures which were between these Columns there were others more capacious by which the two Posteriour Ventricles had communication together and with the Anteriour Ventricle The two hinder Ventricles as has been sayd did recieve the Blood from the two Trunks of the Vena Cava with the Blood of the Pulmonique Veine which was double there being one on each side For these Veins emptying themselves into each Axillary did mix the Blood that they had received from the Lungs with that of the Vena Cava to carry it into the right Ventricle from which the Aorta did proceed The Anteriour Ventricle had no other Vessel than the Pulmonique Artery This Artery as well as the Aorta had three Valvulae Sigmoides the action of which was to hinder the Blood which is got out of the Heart from re-entring when the Ventricles have dilated themselves to receive the Blood of the Vena Cava and the Lungs This uncommon Structure of the Ventricles and Vessels of the Heart must have some particular uses on which we will not declare our Conjectures supported on different Experiments till after having shewn that the Structure of the Lungs is not less extraordinary For the one and the other Structure is thus extraordinary in these parts by reason of the particular Actions that they have in Amphibious Animals of which kind the Tortoise is The Aorta at the end of the right Ventricle was divided into two Branches which formed two Crosses These Crosses before they were quite turned downwards did produce the Axillares and Carotides Afterwards the left Cross descending along the Vertebrae did cast forth Branches The first was distributed to all parts of the Ventricle The second went to the Liver Pancreas Duodenum and Spleen The third furnished Branches to all the Intestines Afterwards it was united with the Branch of the right Cross which descended so far without casting forth any Branches and both formed but one Trunck which descending along the Body of the Vertebrae gave Branches to all the parts of the lower Belly The Larynx was composed as in Birds of an Arytenoides and Cricoides articulated together The two Bones which do each make one of the Horns of the Hyoides were not articulated the one to the other but each separately in different places of the Basis of the Hyoides The Cleft of the Glottis was strait and close apparently to keep the Air a long time enclosed in the Lungs for uses which shall be afterwards explained It may be also believed that this so exact inclosure is to prevent the Water from entring into the Aspera Arteria when the Tortoises are under Water And this particular Conformation of the Glottis may be the Cause of the Snoring of the Sea-Tortoises which as Pliny reports is heard a great way when they do float sleeping upon the Surface of the Water The Sea-Calves which are likewise remarkable for their Snoring have also their Glottis and Epiglottis extraordinary close as has been remarked in the Description of this Amphibious Animal The Aspera Arteria which had its Rings intire was separated at the entrance of the Breast into two long Branches of six Inches each From the entrance of the Lungs these Branches did loose their
Cartilages and produced only Membranous Channels very large and unequal containing even an Inch and half in some places and half an Inch only in others The Membrane that formed these Channels was transparent and thinn but solid and fortified with Ligaments linck'd together after the manner of a Nett composed of several Mashes like to those that are seen in the second Ventricle of Animals that ruminate Each of these Mashes was the border and entrance of a little Pouch which opened into a second and that somtimes into a third The Branches of the Veins and Arteries of the Lungs did run along the Ligaments of which they did accompany all the Divisions equally distributing the Blood into the whole extent of the Lungs The Authors that have thought that the Tortoise has no Blood in the Lungs have grounded this opinion on the whiteness and transparency of the Membranes whereof they are composed which do make it to appear altogether Membranous when it is swelled whereas that of other Animals appears fleshy But the truth is that the only difference is that of more and less The Lungs of Man after the same manner as that of other Animals being composed of nothing else but small Vesicles heapt one against the other amongst which the Sanguinary Vessels are interlaced in so great a number that they do form an appearance of flesh like little Lobes fastned to the Channels of the Bronchi and 't is of these little Lobes that the great Lobes of the Lungs are composed Yet this difference of more and less fill'd with Blood has seemed to us to pass for essential and sufficient to establish a Species of Lungs which is one of three to which we reduce the Lungs of the Animals that we have dissected For we have found Lungs which did appear absolutly fleshy others absolutly Membranous and others partly fleshy and partly Membranous The Lungs of all four footed Terrestrial Animals which lay no Eggs and some of the Amphibious as the Sea-Calf are of the first Species And these Lungs do absolutely appear fleshy because that the Blood is equally dispersed thro' all their Substance into which it Circulates entirely making all the Blood to pass thro' the Lungs by its Vessels from one Ventricle of the Heart to the other The Lungs of Tortoises Serpents Frogs Salamanders Camelions c. are of the second Species And they appear absolutely membranous having but very little Blood dispersed into their Substance viz. only that which is necessary for their particular Nourishment So that there is no other Circulation made in its Vessels but of this Nourishment The Lungs of Birds are of the third Species and they do appear partly fleshy and partly Membranous by reason that the part which is fastned to the Ribbs is filled with a great quantity of Vessels by which the Circulation is entirely made as in Terrestrial Animals and the other part which is divided into eight and somtimes into ten great Bladders has no Vessels and the Circulation therein is only for its peculiar Nourishment These three Species of the Lungs may be reduced to two if their differences be taken from the use which the Lungs have in relation to the entire Circulation of the Blood And in this case the Lungs of Tortoises and other Amphibious Animals of that kind will make a particular Species their Lungs being useless for the entire Circulation And the Lungs of Birds and that of Terrestrial Animals will make another Species which will be common to those whose Lungs appear absolutely fleshy and those that appear only in one part For the establishing these two Species there may be likewise added another difference taken from the Motion of the Lungs which in Terrestrial Animals even as in Birds is continual regular and periodical And in the others as in the Tortoise Camelion c. it is interrupted and so seldom and unequal that the Camelion is somtimes half a day without ones being able to discern in him any Motion for the Respiration And somtimes it is perceived to swell on a sudden and to remain a quarter of an hour in this condition The Tortoise does probably use the same manner We have a long time observed several living and entire and we have taken notice that indeed they somtimes cast forth a cold Breath thro the Nostrils but it is by intervals and without order In those which were opened alive we saw that the Lungs remained continually swelled by the exact compression of the Glottis and that it shrunk entirely and suddenly when entrance was given to the Air by cutting the Aspera Arteria When the Breast of a living Dog is opened by taking away the Sternum with the Cartilaginous Appendices of the Ribbs the Lungs are observed suddenly to sink and afterwards the Circulation of the Blood and Motion of the Heart to cease in a little time after that the right Ventricle of the Heart and its Auricle with the Vena Cava are swelled as if they were ready to burst So that to prevent the Animals Death the end of a pair of Bellows is put into the Aspera Arteria and pushing in the Air to make the Lungs swell and afterwards withdrawing them to make them sink they are Artificially made to have the Motion that they Naturally use and it is observed that the Ventricle and right Auricle of the Heart with the Vena Cava do unswell and the Heart resumes its ordinary Motion again This hapnes not to the Tortoise in which one has laid open the Lungs for whether they continue swelled or whether they do shrink the Circulation and Motion of the Heart do continue so well in their Natural manner that it was experimented that a Tortoise has lived above four days in this Condition We have also made another Experiment to know more distinctly the Necessity of the Motion of the Lungs for the entire Circulation of the Blood in Animals whose Lungs are absolutely Fleshy and which are not Amphibious An Injection being made by the right Ventricle of the Heart into the Artery of the Lungs of a dead Dog it happens that if one continues to make the Lungs rise and sink by the means of Bellows put into the Aspera Arteria the Liquor which is pushed into the Lungs does easily pass and go thro' the Vein into the left Ventricle And that when one ceases to blow it passes not but with a great deal of difficulty After having veiwed the different Structure of the Ventricles and Vessels of the Heart of the Dog and Tortoise it is easy to give some probable Reasons of the Phaenomena of these Experiments for it may be said that the Lungs of the Dog being sunk after Expiration the Vessels are compressed after such a manner that the Blood cannot pass and that it is necessary that these Vessels are dilated by Inspiration for the receiving the Blood of the right Ventricle of the Heart and that they be afterwards compressed in the Expiration to press it out and make it pass into the left Ventricle It may be again Imagined that the Ventricles of the Heart of the Tortoise and other Animals whose Lungs are absolutely Membranous not having their walls solid like those of the Heart of the Dogg wherin the Blood has no freer passage from one Ventricle to
the other but cross the Lungs but that being Porous in all their Substance and also open one into the other by very large holes it must not be thought strange that altho the Lungs remain Immoveable whether blown up or sunk the Circulation is not hindred and that in these Animals it is always performed after the same manner as it is in the Foetus Because that in the Foetus as in these Animals the Lungs receive the Blood only for their Nourishment and not for the intire Circulation so that it sends to the Heart only the remainder of what it has not consumed And in fine as the intire Circulation is not performed but by the Anastomoses of the Heart in the Foetus it is done also in the other Animals which we treat of only by particular Apertures which the Ventricles of their Heart have one into the other But to be more assured that the Blood Circulates not intirely thro' the Lungs in the Tortoise the Trunck of the Artery of the Lungs was tyed up and it was observed that the Motion of the Heart was in no manner altered and that the Circulation was continued always after the same manner Now this is easier to be seen in this Animal than in others by reason that its Heart being whitish and the Walls of the Ventricles thin before the Blood was in some sort seen to enter in and go out of the right Ventricle from which the Aorta proceeds as has been declared and this was known by a redness which happens when the point of the Heart approaches its Basis and which disappears when it is remote from it For it is easy to judg that when the point approaches the Basis 't is then that the Heart utter'd the Blood from its Ventricles because that at this very instant their Walls presing inwards and compressing the Blood did cause a redness to appear in this place The Compression being capable of making the Bodys which their Spongious consistence has rendered Opake to become diaphanous by the diminution of the Intervals which make them Spongious In fine this Circulation thus apparent which has continued for four Dayes the Lungs being opned and cut in several places has seem'd to us very clearly to Demonstrate that in the Tortoise the Lungs serve not for the Circulation of the Blood as in the Animals which have fleshy Lungs The true use of the Lungs in the Tortoise and other Animals of its Genus is a thing which has seemed to us obscure enough to excite us to examine it carefully and to allow us the boldness of promoting thoughts somewhat extraordinary following the liberty that we thought we might take to our selves in these Memoires where we do not place things as being compleated but only as materials which may be employed or rejected according as they shall be found fitt or useless or defective when time by new Experiments or better Argumentations shall better make known their Worth. We do believe then that there is no appearance that the Lungs of the Tortoise serve for the intire Circulation of the Blood for the Reasons which have been alledged neither is it made for the Voice the Tortoise being absolutely Mute And it is not conducing to the refreshment of the Internal Parts nor for the Evacuation of their Vapours seeing that it wants the continual and regulated Motion which is observed in other Animals and which is necessary for these purposes So that there remains only the compression of the Internal Parts whose uses have been explained in the Descriptions that we have made of Birds and which are reduced to the preparation and distribution of the Nourishment But we do search after another use more Important and which being more particular to the Tortoise and the other Animals of its Species does better answer to the particular Conformation of their Lungs and we have found that to this part may be attributed the faculty that the Tortoise has of raising and holding it self above the Water and of sinking to the bottom when it pleases in so much that it supplys the place of the Air-Bladder which is found in most Fishes There are several conjectures on which we found the probability of this Opinion and which do make us to think that this Bladder of Fishes and the Lungs of the Tortoise being enlarged do render the Body of these Animals light enough to Swim upon the Water and that when these parts are contracted and the Air which is capable of compression taking up less room by reason it is straitned and so the whole Body being less extended it descends to the bottom after the same manner as the little hollow Figures of Enamel enclosed in a Pipe of Glass do sink to the bottom when by pressing on the surface of the Water the Air is compressed which is enclosed in the Cavity that makes them Swim We have frequently observed that as soon as a Tortoise is put into the Water it casts forth thro' the Mouth or Nostrils several bubbles which are in all likelyhood formed by the overmuch Air that it has in its Lungs for the keeping it self in a just Equilibrium which puts it in a condition of being heavy enough to sink to the bottom at the least compression which its Muscles do make upon its Lungs just as the little Figure of Enamel descends in the Water at the smallest effort that is made to compress the Air that it encloses and it is easy to comprehend that if the Tortoise being at the bottom of the Water relaxes the Muscles that did compress its Lungs the Air by the Virtue of its Spring returning into its first State can give again to its whole Body the extent which it had when it did Swim upon the Water The probability of this Arguing has been confirmed by Experience A living Tortoise was lockt up in a Vessel full of Water on which there was with Wax exactly fastned a cover from the top of which there went a Glass Pipe. The Vessel being full so as to make the Water appear at the bottom of the Glass pipe we observed the Water did somtimes ascend into the Pipe and that somtimes it descended Now this could be done only by the augmentation and dimunition of the Bulk of the Tortoise and it is probable that when the Tortoise endeavoured to sink to the bottom the Water fell in the Pipe because that the Animal lessened its Bulk by the contraction of its Muscles and that the Water rose by the slackning of the Muscles which ceasing to compress the Lungs did permit it to return to its first size and did render the whole Body of the Tortoise lighter
230 scarce to be found in the Demoiselle 207 In the Castor two Inches ½ long 89 In the Coati-mondi between the two upper lobes of the Liver 117 large in Eagles differently annected in the different Subjects 187 fastned to the left side in the Indian-Cock 192 Generative parts in the Civet-cat concealed 101 of Male Apes different from Men and Dogs 161 of Female Apes like Women in some particulars ib Gizzard wanting in the Cormorant 136 In the Indian-cock covered with a brittle Coat on the inside 193 In the Demoiselle like an Hens 208 wanting in the Cassowar tho' a graniverous Animal 244 possibly supplyed by the many Ventricles in the Cassowar 245 Glands in the Eagles Craw. 186 In the Indian-cock's Craw. 193 In the Bustard's Oesophagus 200 In the Demoiselles Craw. 208 discharging a Lympha into the mouth of the Demoiselle 211 In the Pancreas of the Ostrich quite separated and distinct 231 In the Craw of the Bustard most distinct of any 244 Glandula Lacrymalis in the Elke an Inch and halfe long 110 swelled by syringing into its Ductus in the Demoiselle 211 Glandula Pinealis in the Dromedary composed of three others 41 In the Chaâ—…pard no bigger than a Pin. 65 In the Lynx very small 79 In the Lyon diaphanous and small 6 In the Civet-cat no bigger than a Pins head 103 In the Elke very big 112 In the Sea-calfe large 125 In the Chamois a Line diameter 145 generally very small in Fierce and Cruel Creatures and very large in Fearful ones 112 Glottis in the Camelion transverse 26 In the Tortoise exactly closed 264 H Hair of the Beaver without cavitys 83 of two sorts in some Animals and why ib of the Civet-Cat darker on the Belly and Throat than else where contrary to other Animals 100 of the Elke spongy and porous like Rushes 109 of the Sea-Calve's Skin not altered by the weather 122 Head of the Ape has no Apophysis Mastoides 163 of all Birds proportionably small 222 of a Tortoise being cutt off stirred its Jaws for half an hour 254 Heart of the Lyon bigger than other Beasts 6 of a Dromedary large 40 of the Castor has the left Auricle bigger than the right and the Foramen Ovale not discernable 89 of the Elke seaven Inches long and five thick 111 of the Coati like a Dogs the right Ventricle being larger 117 of the Gazella 4½ and 2½ Inches 59 of the Sea-Fox without Pericardium but such a Membrane encompast the Aorta 72 of the Lynx like a Catts 79 of the Civet-Catt like a Dogs 103 of the Chamois has a Callous Apophysis 144 of the Stag and Hinde large 170. 171 of the Indian-Cock small 194 of the Tortoise has three Ventricles and is largest from side to side 259 Heart and Lungs how formed in Amphibious Animals ib Heart and Liver of the Ostrich included together in one Cavity 232 of the Pintado described 180 Heart's motion in the Tortoise 262 Heart of the Sea-Calfe described 124 differs much from the Castors 121 In Birds has no Valves in the Vena Cava 236 In Bruites more pointed than in Men. 162 Hedg-hog's Skins used Anciently for Brushes 153 Hens almost the only Birds that vary their Colours 175 Hepatici-ductus two as many Pancreatici and one Cysticus in the Indian-Cock 192. 193 Hole of the Ear wanting in the Camelion 21 uncovered in Pintados but small 178 Hornes of the Antilope and Sheep described 54 of the Canada-Stag described 167 of Bruites how nourisht 168 Horny Crest on the Cossowar's Head. 243 Hyaena of Aristotle our Civet-Cat 100. 104 Hypogastricks send Branches to the Scent-Bags in the Civet-Cat 101 I Iaws of the Tortoise strongest of all Animals 254 Iejunum and Ileum short in the Porcupine 150 Internal Eyelids their structure and use 248 In all Animals but Men and Apes 249 towards the lesser corner in the Chamois 142 Intestines of the Dromedary very long 40 In the Elke 48 foot long 111 In the Stag 96 foot long 169 In the Hinde 40 foot long 171 In the Coati-Mondi 7 foot long 117 In the Barbary-Cow 78 foot long 128 In the Chamois 40 foot long 144 In the Civet-Cat short 103 In the Cormorant 7 foot long all of a size 136 of the Indian-Cock 12 foot long 193 of the Bustard 4 foot long 201 In the Demoiselle 6 foot long 208 In the Ostriches of very different lengths 226 longest in Animals that feed on grass 169 In the Bear all of one sort 46 Intestine of a Sea-fox has a spiral membrane in its middle 71 Ivy apt to grow where Stags-Hornes have been buryed 169 K Kidneys of the Bear divided into several Glands 46 of Birds commonly large 187 In the Canada-Stag large without a Succenturiatus 170 In the Civet-Cat the right higher and fastned by a duplicature of the Peritonaeum as in Man. 103 right higher in the Coati-Mondi 117 In the Cormorant toothed like a Cocks-Comb 137 In the Gazella almost round 59 In the Indian-Cock of conglomerated Glands 194 In the Lynx of a longish figure 79 In the Ostrich not cut into three like other fowle 231 In the Otter separated like the Bears 95 Those of the Oviparous Animals described 137 In the Sea-Calfe like the Land-Calf 123 L Lachryma Cervi what 169 Lachrymalis ductus goes farther than the Glands in Birds not in Men. 249 Larynx of the Sea-Calfe contrived for eating under Water 123 Leggs of Eagles why feathered 184 of the Tortoise very short 254 Ligamentum Ciliare its use 49 Ligaments in the Elkes Legs very strong 109 Liver in the Ape consists of five Lobes like a Dog not as in Man. 159 and spotted with hexagonal spots as in Bruits 160 In the Barbarian-Cow without lobes 129 In the Bustard very large 199 In the Canada-Stag and Hinde without Lobes 170 In the Castor of five Lobes 89 In the Cat-a-mountain of glands and has 6 Lobes 63 In the Civet-Cat of 5 great and one small Lobe 103 In the Demoiselle very large 207 In the Gazella made up of small glands 56 In the Coati-mondi without any appearance of glands 117 In the Elke without Lobes and joyned to the Diaphragme 111 In the Lynx seven Lobes and like a Cats 78 In the Ostrich of two Lobes 230 In the Otter of 6 Lobes 95 In the Pintado of two Lobes 179 In the Porcupine and Hedg-Hog of seven Lobes 150. 15â—… In the Sea-Calfe of 6 Lobes 123 In the Sea-Fox of two Lobes 71 In the Tortoise double 255 Lungs reduced to three Species 260 And Heart how formed in Amphibious Animals 259 In the Ape of 7 Lobes Man but 4. 162 In the Barbary-Cow of 7 Lobes 129 Those of the Cassowar and so of Birds in general described 246 In the Chat-pard of 7 great and one small Lobe 67 In the Civet-Cat of 6 Lobes 103 In the Elke of 7 Lobes 111 In the Coati-mondi of 5 Lobes 117 In the Chamois of 8 Lobes 144 In the Gazella of 6 Lobes 59 In the Lynx
little one The Aqueous Humour which was in exceeding great abundance was not found congealed although the Vitreous and Crystalline were hard Frozen which demonstrates that this Humour is improperly called Aqueous and that its Substance is rather Spirituous and as it were Aetherial because that Congelation peculiarly belongs to Aqueous Liquors those which are Fat and Oleaginous being capable only of Coagulation even as those which are Spirituous and Aetherial do suffer neither Congelation nor Coagulation So that it is probable that this Substance which is lock'd up in the forepart of the Eye has nothing of Water but the Transparency and Fluidity because that it has need of an extraordinary thinness and Subtilty to serve for the Refraction which must be made in the Crystalline whose substance is thicker by establishing the diversity of the Medium which is necessary to this Operation The Choroides was brown and the Retina white The Tapetum was also of a blewish white In the place of the Optick Nerve there was observed a black point The Nerve entered into the Eye almost directly over the middle of the Tapetum The Crystalline contained five Lines Diameter and its Posteriour part was not so Convex as the Anteriour The Explication of the Figure of the Sea-Fox IN the lower Figure it is laid in such a manner that there may be seen the two Fins which it has on its Back Eye Nostril and the five Apertures of the Gills with the Teeth which are on the right side all of one single Bone making only one row and after another manner than on the left side where they are separated from each other and disposed in several rows as is seen in the upper Figure In the Upper Figure a. Is the Heart B c. The Right Lobe of the Liver c. The Gall-Bladder of which but a small part is seen it being inclosed in the Liver D D. The Left Lobe of the Liver e. The Spleen F g. The Ventricle g h. The Duodenum h I. The great Intestine j. The Auricle of the Heart K. The Aorta Ascendens L. The Cornea sunk and folding over the Crystalline M M. The Edge of the Sclerotica N. The Optick Nerve O P Q. The great Intestine part of whose coat is taken away to shew the Spiral Membrane that is within it O. The part next the Duodenum P. The beginning of the Rectum Q Q Q. The Srcew-like or Spiral Membrane THE ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION OF A SEA-FOX IN this Fish we found all the marks by which Authors describe that which they do call the Sea-Fox except some particularities which are pretended to have made it so named For they do say that it has a great deal of resemblance with the Land-Fox as well in its Tail as in its Subtilty Smell and Tast of its Flesh but none of the Company observed that it smell 't otherwise than the Generality of Sea-fish It s Flesh was found well tasted to make it to be taken as it has been by some Authors for the Accipenser or at least to make it unlike that of the Fox which is known to be very ill and it cannot be believed that this Animal can have a great deal of Subtilty if it be true that the Brain contributes to it for there was hardly any found in it As for the Tail it is indeed very strange but it nothing resembles that of a Fox The Sea-Fox is by Authors put in the unflat Cartilaginous Cetaceous Kind which are called Galeodi Their generical differences are to have two Livers five Bronchiae or Gills of each side and pendent points at the Finns which are under the Belly at the sides of the Navel in the Males These Fishes are of six Species called Canicula Acantias Mustelus Galexias Asterias and Alopecias which is our Sea-Fox whose Specifick difference as to the Figure is taken from its Tail which very perfectly represents a Sythe The length of this whole Fish was eight foot and a half and its greatest breadth directly over the Belly fourteen Inches It s Figure was such that from the end of the Nose to about the middle of its whole length it had the common form of a Fish for it grew larger toward the Belly and then it did contract to the place where the Tail of other Fishes end But there it is that his began which was almost as long as all the rest of the Body and made like a Sythe bent towards the belly At the place where this Sythe began there was a single Fin underneath which Salvian reports to be at the top where there was only an Eminence which was an Articulation that made the Spine to bend in this place higher and lower more easily than in all the rest of the Body where the Flexion was easie only to the right and left There were two Fins elevated on the Back a great one in the middle and another less towards the Tail altho Aristotle according to the report of Athenaeus says that it has not any Fin on the Back It had three Fins on each side The two next the Head were large and representing the wings of a Bird which is the reason perhaps that induced Aristotle to say that there is a Fox which like Batts hath leather wings These Fins were fifteen Inches long and five broad at their Basis. Those which were at the middle of the Belly were of a middle size They were at the side of the Navel and had each a pendent point which is proper to the Males in this sort of Fish as it has been said The last near the Tail were very small The Skin was sleek and without Scales the Crests and Fins were hard and composed of small Spines restrained by the Skin which covered them the Colour of which was all over alike of a very dark-gray blewish like Mud and not white at the Belly as in Salvian's Fox The Opening of the Mouth was five Inches and armed with two sorts of Teeth The right side of the upper Iaw to the place where are the Canini of other Animals had a row of sharp Teeth hard and firm being all of one single bone in the form of a Saw but this bone was much harder than the other bones which are fastened with a Cartilage in these sorts of Fishes The other Teeth which were on the side of this and all the lower Jaw made six rows throughout and were moveable and fastned by fleshy Membranes Their Figure was Triangular somewhat sharp and their Substance much softer than that of the others which are like a Saw especially in the inward rows where they were very brittle and softer than the Cartilage so that there were some which appeared only like an hardned Membrane The Tongue was all firmly fixed to the lower Jaw and composed of several Bones strongly articulated to each other by a fibrous Flesh. It was furnished with a hard Skin and covered with little shining points which made it very rough from the inside outwards and
great difficulty to seperate them with a Launcet Rondeletius runs into the same error altho he has examined à little better than other Authors the Pouches from which the Castoreum is taken but yet very negligently not to perceive that they are four in number for he reckons but two There are some more Modern Authors who have not gone much farther than the other contenting themselves with knowing that the Testicles are different from these Pouches and have so ill understood Dioscorides as to believe that when he says the Testicles of the Castor are hid in the Groins he took the Pouches for them But experience hath demonstrated to us that all these Authors are mistaken if all Castors are like to that which we Dissected for the Testicles were no more on the inside than the Pouches they were only a little higher at the external and lateral parts of the Os pubis in the place of the Groins where we found them wholly concealed so that they appeared not outwardly no more than the Penis before that the skin was taken off Their Figure and Shape was very like to the Stones of Dogs save that they were longer and lesser in proportion to their length They were little more than an inch long their breadth was half an inch and their thickness somewhat less As to the Epididymis and all the Vessels necessary to Generation they differed in nothing from those of Dogs The Penis appeared more singular to us In its extremity instead of the Balanus it had a Bone fourteen lines long and made like a Stylus which was two lines broad in its basis and suddainly straitning it self ended in a point There was this also remarkable that whereas the Penis of Dogs re-ascends from the Os pubis towards the Navel this descended downwards towards the passage of the Excrements where it ended It was as we have said concealed so that before the skin was taken off we perceived it not and we could not discern of what Sex this Animal was The better to examine these Parts we opened the lower venter and having traced the Spermatick Vessels to their Origine we found them like to those of Dogs and other Animals We observed likewise that the Penis was laid upon the Rectum and that it passed underneath the two first Pouches of the Castoreum to which it was closely joyned that moreover these Baggs received their Veins and Arteries from the Hypogastrick Veins and Arteries there being no appearance that there were other Vessels which could furnish the matter whereof the Castoreum is formed unless it be imagined that it is caused by the Uret which is improbable As to the other parts of the lower Venter the Muscles of the Abdomen Peritonaeum Stomach and Bladder had nothing remarkable and their Structure was altogether like that of Dogs The Intestines had little considerable except the Caecum which was two inches and a half in breadth and ten in length It was unusually ranged on the left side underneath the Spleen from whence it descended to the Cavity of the Ileum and terminated in a round point making an Appendix of an inch in length It was that which made us to distinguish this Intestine from the others It s Figure was not strait but a little crooked like the blade of a Scythe In the concave part of this bending there was a Ligament and in the convex another both like to those which are commonly found in the Colon of Men and these Ligaments were accompanied with Veins and Arteries which came from the Venae Mesentericae and spread from space to space their branches into the Body of this Intestine Two fingers underneath the great end of the Spleen there lay a little Spherical Body very extraordinary which appeared of the same Substance as the Spleen altho it was remote from it It was three lines Diameter The other Intestines were so little different from one another that we could never distinguish the Colon. They were near twenty eight foot long Having opened them we found in the inside eight Worms long and round like to Earth-worms three whereof were between seven and eight inches long and the rest about four The Spleen was laid along the left side of the Stomach to which it was fastened by eight Veins and as many Arteries which made so many Vas Breve's It s Colour was very Red Its length seven inches and its thickness almost equalled its breadth which was about ten lines We observed nothing particular in the Liver save that it was divided into five Lobes of the same Colour as the Lobes of a Dogs Liver The Gall-Bladder was hid under the hollow part of the Liver between two of its Lobes It was two inches and a half in length and near an inch in breadth All the lower Venter was overflowed with a diffused Choler which had perhaps occationed the death of this Animal The Pancreas was nothing different from that of Dogs It s length was ten inches but it exceeded not two in its greatest breadth Though this Castor was very Fat especially through the Belly and Tail yet there was found very little in the Tunica adiposa of the Kidneys and in the Epiploon Each Kidney was an inch in thickness near two in length and as much in breadth at the middle The Cartilago Xiphoides was round and fourteen lines broad but very thin and pliable Having afterwards opened the Thorax we observed little difference between all the parts which were there inclosed and those of Dogs The Lungs had six Lobes three on the right side two on the left and another little one which was in the Mediastinum near the Center of the Diaphragme That which was most remarkable in the Heart is that the left Auricle was larger than the right which is likewise seen in some other Animals but not in Man who on the contrary has the right Auricle of the Heart bigger than the left We the more carefully sought after the Foramen Ovale which several Modern Authors have averred to be found in all Amphibious Animals and even in Men who do often dive and swim a long time in the water But what exactness soever we used in the search we could not discover that hole in the Heart of our Castor It is true that as it had been several years penn'd up at Versailles without having the liberty of going into the Water it might be that this hole was closed up even as it happens to the Foetus after it is born and has breathed sometime Indeed it seemed that in this place there had formerly been a hole which was since grown up Under the Vena Coronaria we found the Valve called Noble which fills the whole Trunck of the Vena Cava and which was so disposed that the Blood might easily be carried from the Liver to the Heart by the Vena Cava but which is hindred from descending from the Heart towards the Liver through the same Vein The Heart was two inches and
of these ends was as it were cut and this cut had a slight Cavity through the middle This Ball was of a dark Olive-Colour Velschius in his Treatise of the Balls which are found in the Ventricle of the Chamois calls them German Bezoar Cardan stiles them Cows-Eggs by reason perhaps that these Balls are sometimes found in the Ventricles of young Cows which has been observed by Pliny Barth linus says that they are frequently found in Denmark in the Bellys of Horses and Sheep He thinks that these Balls are made either of the Hair which the Cows do swallow in licking themselves or from the Wooll which the Sheep do eat from each other when they do pass away the Winter in Snowie Mountains where they can find no Grass The Ball which we found seemed not to be composed of Hairs but of lignous Fibres which was discovered by the inequality of these Fibres which were not of the same size nor of an uniform Figure like as are Hairs It must be likewise considered that these Balls are found in the Bellies of Horses which are not Animals that do lick themselves and in which they must be made of something else than Hair. Thus the generality of Authors and amongst others Camerarius and Gesner do think that these Balls are composed of the residue of the Plants which the Animals have eaten the hardest Fibres of which are undigested and they do say that these Fibres are of the Plant Doronicum which some do judge to be a kind of Aconite for tho' the leaves of the Doronicum be tender and soft they have some nervous Fibres almost like Plantain Pliny seems to confirm this Opinion when he averrs that the Chamois do's live on Poison as well as Quails for tho Botannists are not agreed upon the poyson of the Doronicum and some do question whether it is poison to Men yet they do concurr that it is poison to most Beasts It is thought that the Chamois does eat the Doronicum to secure it self from the Vertigo to which they might be subject when they do run upon the points of the high Rocks Velschius asserts that these Balls are found only in the first or second Ventricle that which we found was in the third Camerarius remarks that it is toward the Month of November that they grow there our Dissection was made in December All the Intestines together without comprehending the Caecum were forty foot long The Caecum was eight inches The Colon exceeded not a foot The Spleen was round and flat like a Cake it was eight lines thick in that half which adhered to the great Ventricle the other half which was not adherent went lessening its thickness to the end which was very thin The Liver had three Lobes two great ones and a little one The Gall-Bladder was in the middle of the right Lobe Amongst the Animals that have no Gall Pliny ranks the Goat of which the Chamois is a Species That which Bartholine Dissected had none The Kidneys were two inches long The Membrana Adiposa was not joyned and fastned as usually upon the body of the Kidney but it left a vacant space between both The same thing has been observed by Barth line in his Chamois The top of the Memorana Adiposa of the right Kidney was fastned to the little Lobe of the Liver The Cornua Uteri were extraordinary long and bent with several Folds and Circumvolutions The Testicles were joyned to the extremity of the Cornua which are properly the Uterus of Brutes The Vasa praeparantia did cast forth some Branches not only into the Testicle and Matrix but likewise into the Bladder The round Ligaments took their Origine at the sides of the Matrix or Ductus and did descend as is usual into the Groin where they were dilated to make that which is called the Goose's foot The Lungs had eight Lobes four on the right side three on the left and the eighth on the inside of the duplicature of the Mediastinum The Heart was long and pointed Towards the point there was a callous white hard and round Apophysis it proceeded out of the heart about the bigness of ones little fingers end The Brain was large in proportion to the Body containing two inches in breadth and three in length comprehending the Cerebellum The Anfractuosities were more and more diversified than they commonly are in Brutes Although the Cerebrum was divided into the right and left by a long cavity as is usual yet there was no production of the dura Mater to make that which is called the Falx there was only a line very little elevated which answered to the cavity of the Brain The Choroides was very much dilated by the affluence of the Blood which had been retained in the Vessels whereof it is composed The Glandula Pinealis was large containing a line in Diameter It s Figure was rounder than ordinary The Optick Nerve did enter into the Globe of the Eye out of the Axis a great deal more towards the Brow than towards the Jaw On the inside of the Globe of the Eye it entred through the extremity of the Tapetum which was brown of Colour The Crystallinus was more convex on the outside than on the inside It was naturally divided in three on the Superficies of its interiour part The Membrana Arachnoides was very thick and hard so that it was easily separated from the Crystallinus The Explanation of the Figure of the Porcupine and Hedgehog THE lower Figure represents the difference of these two Species of Amals which are unlike not only in their size but also in their prickles which are all of one sort in the Hedge-hog and much shorter in proportion to the Body than in the Porcupine which has great and hard prickles on the Back and Flancks and which on its Neck Head and sides of its Jaws has only long small and flexible Bristle In the Upper Figure A. The Ventricle of the Porcupine B. The Duodenum which may pass for a fourth Ventricle C. The great Spleen D. The little Spleen which is fastned on the Ventricle by its middle and joyned by its lower end to the Ilium towards E. E F G. The Ilium H. The Caecum I I. The Colon. K. The external Ear like to that of a Man's L. One of the Porcupines great Teeth as big as the Life M M. The Parastatae N N. The Testicles of the Male Porcupine O O. The Prostatae P. The Bladder q q. The Ligaments which do fasten Testicles and pass into the Thighs r. The Epididymis naturally separated from the Testicle Q Q. A piece of the Skin which seemed as it were Printed on the inside by reason that it is wrinckled in small Cavities Lozenge-wise There is likewise one of the Porcupine's prickles which was left fastned to this piece of Skin to shew how little adherent it is because of the smallness of its root which penetrates not far into the Skin R. One of the Quills which
Brushes to clean their Cloaths The Liver had seven Lobes one of which was divided in two The Gall-Bladder was in the middle of the two upper Lobes which were the greatest It s Forme was Ovale It was eight Lines long very full and Blewish The Venae Lacteae were White and very apparent in the Mesentery and the Receptacle of the Chyle was great ample and full The Spleen was layd on the Ventricle to which it was fastned by twelve branches from the Vas Breve It was long and cut like a Cock's Comb. The Pancreas to which it was fastned had the same Forme It differed therfrom only in Colour the Pancreas being Whitish and the Spleen of a Blackish Red. The Intestines were all alike in Substance and thickness There was no Caecum They contained all together four Feet in length The Kidneys were an inch long and eight Lines broad They were of an Olive Colour the right being situated higher that the left The Bladder was an inch and a half long and an inch broad In the Male the Testicles were in the Belly which according to Aristotle is peculiar to the Hedg-Hog which amongst all Quadrupeds that do ingender a perfect and living Animal is the only one whose Testicles are inclosed in it as in Birds These Testicles had a very larg Epididymis which received the Vasa Spermatica Praeparantia divided into four Branches and which were separately inserted into them from the basis to the greater half of their length This Epididymis was not separate from the Testicle as in the Porcupine but was therto fastned all its length The Vasa Spermatica Deferentia proceeded from the top of the Epididymis The Testicle and its Vessels were tyed and suspended by a Ligament which might passe for a Cremaster because that it was a Membrane which appeared somewhat Fleshy near the Testicle The rest of this Membrane was extended and inlarged after the manner of the broad Ligaments of the Uterus It had a great many Vessels of which two of the cheif did make a very considerable Anastomosis by crossing one another in the middle They proceeded from the Vasa Spermatica Praeparantia as from their Trunck and were distributed through this whole Membrane extended like the Wings of a Batt as in the Uterus so that considering the greatness and Number of these Vessels which were not proportionate to the quantitie of the Nourishment which the Membrane might require it might be probably thought that the use of this Structure was that the Arteria Spermatica might send to this Membrane a part of the bloud which it carryes to the Testicle to be prepared in this great Number of branches in which the remainder that cannot be imployed to the Nourishment of the Membrane seemed to be sometime retained and perfected by this long retention to be inabled afterwards to reflow into the Trunck of the Spermatick Artery and to mingle with the bloud which go's into the Testicle there being nothing to oppose this reflux of which it is necessary to suppose the liberty into all the Arteries which upon this account are destitute of the Valves which are found in the Veins and the compression that the motion of Respiration causes to all the Viscera bâ—…ing a sufficient impulsive cause for this reflux On both sides of the Neck of the Bladder there were Pouches of a Substance partly Glandulous partly Membranous They were very Yellow T was apparently the Parastatae The Prostatae were a little underneath of an extraordinary size even as the Parastatae In the Female the Uterus was composed of a Neck and two Hornes The Neck was composed of two Membranes the external was thick and Fleshy the internal was thinne Membranous and Nervous The Hornes were unequal the left being lesser than the right in which there was a Foetus The Lungs had five Lobes viz. three of a middle size at the right side and two on the left one of which was greater and the other lesser than all the rest This little one which the Cavitie of the Mediastine inclosed was forked at the end The Heart was almost round The right Auricle was of a Red almost Black. The left was whitish The Globe of the Eye exceeded not two lines in diameter it had an internal Eyelidd Of the three Humours of the Eye there appeared only the Crystalline which filled up the whole Globe without any appearance of the Aqâ—…e us or Vitreous Humour The Retina did immediately touch the Crystalline and as it were â—…tick to it on that side towards the bottom of the Eye as the Cornea did cover and touch it before The Uvea was all over black without the Tapetum it did not likewise make any fold on the fore-part to forme the Iris so that the Eye when the lidds were open did appear all Black. The Explication of the Figure of two Sapajous and two other Monkeys THe lower Figure showes how the Hands and Feet of the Ape do differ from the Hands and Feet of Man the thumb of the Hand being small and the great Toe of the Foot very large and the other Toes extraordinary long Here is not described the Figure of the fourth Ape which is the second Sapajou because that it was wholy like to that which is here represented except the Nose which was longer In the Upper Figure A. The Umbilical Veine B B. The two right Lobes of the Liver C C. The two left Lobes of the Liver D. The fifth Cleft and making as it were two Leaves E. The Gall-Bladder F. The Ductus Cysticus G G G. The three Ductus Hepatici 4. 5. 6. Three Branches that come out of the first H. The common Ductus I. The Ventricle K. The Spleen L. The Pancreas M. The Caecum N. The end of the Ileum O. The beginning of the Colon. P. A Gland fastned to the lower part of the Trunk of the Cava Q Q. Two other Glands fastned to the two Iliack Veines R R. The Testicles S S. The Glandulous Prostates Θ. The Bladder so turned upside down as to hide the Penis T T. The Brain t t. The back part of the Brain without Anfractuositys V. The Bladder in the Natural situation and opned to shew the Caruncle Y and the thickness of the Prostates 3. 3. X X. The Parastatae Cyrsoides Y. The Caruncle at the beginning of the Urethra 3 3. The Glandulous Prostates which look but like the thickning of the Neck of the Bladder THE ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION OF TWO SAPAJOUS AND TWO OTHER MONKEYS THe Species of Apes are very numerous Pliny reduces them under two Genus's viz. those which have Tails and those which have none The Tail-less Ape is by the Latines simply called Simiâ—… Those which have a Tail are of two Species The Latines have borrowed of the Greeks the names which they do give them for some are called Cercopitheci from the name of the Genus that is to say Tailed Apes others Cynocephali that is to say which have a head
like an Epiploon The upper part which covered the Ventricles was thin and transparent without Fat Glands or apparent Vessels the part which descended to inclose the Intestines had some Vessels and Fat but in a very little quantity The Spleen was round thin and wholly adherent to the great Ventricle It was six inches Diameter The Vessels which do make the Vas Breve were utterly imperceptible The Gibbous and upper part was fastned to the Diaphragme by three strong Ligaments The Liver had but one Lobe and was only Cleft before and quite whole within The right side was somewhat more extended that the left and made a point towards the Kidney There was no Gall-Bladder The Kidney was very large being five inches long and three broad There was no Ren Succenturiatus The Penis had no bone The proper Membrane of the Testicle was immediately fastened to the Glandulous Substance so that it was absolutely inseparable therefrom and more than usual in other Animals Over this Membrane were an infinite number of Blood-Vessels some whereof were strait and as big as a Bodkin others were undulated and as it were frizled very small about the bigness of a Pin. The Glandulous Substance of the body of the Testicle was Yellow that of the Epididymis of a pale livid Red. The Uniting of the Vasa Praeparantia was wreathed and confounded and made a Tube about the bigness of ones Finger which produced the Epididymis which covered and imbraced the top of the body of the Testicle even as the Cup of an Acorne This part resembling an Acorne did produce a body about the thickness of ones Finger which descended along the body of the Testicle being there fastened and made towards the bottom a kind of a Teat from whence it returned along the side opposite to that by which it descended and formed the Vas Deferens which was about the thickness of a Swans quill The Lungs had seven Lobes four on the right side and three on the left The Heart was very large almost round and soft because that the Ventricles were very large There was a Bone as usually in Staggs TO the Description of the Stag we do joyn that of the Hinde to discover wherein these two Animals did agree and in what they were unlike besides the difference of the Sex. The highth of this Hinde was two foot eight inches from the back to the Ground The Neck was a foot long The hind-legg from the Knee to the end of the foot was two foot and to the Heel one foot The Hair was of four Colours viz. Fallow White Black and Gray There was some white under the Belly and on the inside of the Thighs and Leggs On the Back it was of a dark fallow On the Flancks of an Isabella-fallow Both the one and the other on the Trunck of the Body was marked with White Spots of different figures along the Back there were two rows in a direct Line the rest was confusedly Speckled Along the Flanks there was on each side a White line The Neck and Head were Gray The Tail all White underneath and Black at Top the Hair being six inches long The Epiploon was fastened to the Peritonaeum directly over the Navel and inveloped the Intestines underneath It was composed of very thin Membranes and small Vessels without Fat It was double The Liver was small and like to that of the Stagg in that it was not separated into several Lobes having only the fissure which is generally at top towards the middle and an other underneath inclining to the right side There was not also any Gall-Bladder The four Ventricles were better distinguished and separated each from other than they were in the Stagg where there was distinctly seen but two The first and greatest Ventricle had on the inside a Membrane easily separable from that of the outside as in the Gazella This internal Membrane was rough by an infinite number of Asperites or Teats as is generally seen in Animals which chew the Cud. All this great Ventricle was contracted in several places and separated in different Pouches as in the Stagg it was filled with Grass amongst which there was found several pieces of Skin of shoe-Soles about the bigness of a Crown-piece some pieces of Lead about the bigness of ones Nail which seemed worn and fretted and some Fragments of slate This may make one to think that these sorts of Animals do hastily gather their Food in the Fields and that they do wait to cull it leisurely when they Chew it The second third and fourth Ventricle were not different from those of Sheep The Intestines were very long as in the Stagg but less in proportion They measured in all forty foot There were two sorts the first which made about a quarter were Grayish and plaited in Folds six inches long the others were of a dark Red and folded very small in Cells The Mesentery was composed of very fine Membranes The Spleen was covered with a hard thick and whiteish Membrane Its figure was round it was like that of the Stagg strongly knitt to the Ventricle and Diaphragme The Cornua Uteri were long and bent into several Anfractuosities Their extremity was applyed to the Testicle which was small on the inside of each of these Horns there were two folds of the internal Membrane which did forme some leaves ranged according to the length of the Hornes almost after the same manner as is seen in the third and fourth Ventricle of Animals which chew the Cudd. The Heart was extraordinary large and soft It s Ventricles were extended by a quantity of coagulated bloud which filled them The Lungs had seven Lobes The Truncks of the two Iugulars as well the internal as external had each sixteen Valves disposed in six rows about two inches distant from each other The four upper rows consisted each of three Valves the two lower ones had only two but they were larger than those of the upper rows The disposition of these Valves was such that the aperture of the Sacks which they did form was toward the Head to stop as it is probable the too great impetuositie of the Bloud which falls in its returne from the Brain into the Axillary Branches Those of the Moderns who are ignorant what is the Motion of the bloud in the Veines have attributed this use to all the Valves of these Vesseles the situation of which is found to be contrary to the Motion and course of the Bloud after the Manner as they understand it and favourable to the course which it efectively has for the Circulation that is to say for its return towards the Heart Bartholinus has remarkt two Valves in one of the Iugulars Riolanus who first found out these two Valves affirms that they are never found but in the internal Iugular although we have alwayes found them in the external as well as Internal But this situation of the Valves contrary to the Motion of the Bloud towards the Heart
so plainly and distinctly as in the Bustard Arantius who has made the Dissection of a Bustard calls these Glands of the Oesophagus Carunculae and say's that they are round but it is probable that he saw those Glands only through the Internal Membrane which offers to view only the great end of each Gland which is round the rest which is extended and makes a point being hid under the other Glands The Gizard was four Inches long and three broad Before its opning it appeared very like to the Gizard of Hens by reason of its hardness which in Hens proceeds from the thickness of the fleshey part but in all our Bustards this fleshy part was very thin not exceeding a Line in thickness and the whole hardness which was observed in this Gizard before it was opned proceeded solely from the Internal Membrane which was not only thick and hard but which had Folds and Ruffs in several manners each Ruff being frizled and refolded which took up a great deal of roome This folded and ruffled Membrane on the inside of the Gizard was of a gold Colour and had no continuity with the Membrane extended over the Glands of the Craw which was white but it was separated from it like the Seams of a Lining of a Garment sowed together It was likewise easily separable from the fleshy part of the Gizard This Gizard was filled with Stones and Doubles There were some Stones about the bigness of a Nut. In one of the Subjects there was found ninety Doubles worne and polish'd by their mutual rubbing and by that of the Stones which were mix'd therewith without any appearance of Corrosion which it was easie to judge for that they were worn only in their Gibbous and Eminent parts the hollow parts remaining intire and without Polishing because that they could not be touched and rubbed like the others There was not likewise seen any mark or sign of Corrosion in these parts being neither rusty rough nor uneven In one of the Subjects the Ventricle was found filled with a great quantity of Hay Athenaeus say's that Bustards do chew the Cud. In a Parrot which is a Bird that is observed to Chew over again what it has already swallowed we have remarked two Ventricles separated one from the other by a long Ductus or Passage which seems to be made for the use of Rumination But we have found no such thing in the Bustard The Intestines measured four Foot in length without reckoning the two Caecums of which the right was a Foot and the left eleaven Inches which is no great length for an Animal that eats Hay The two Caecums proceeded as usually from the place where the Colon is joyned to the Ilium seaven Inches distant from the Anus They tended not from the top downwards as 〈◊〉 reports he observed it but from the bottom upwards as it is found in other Birds The internal Tunicle of the Ilium was folded lengthwise after the manner of the last Ventricle of Animals which chew the Cud towards the extremity of this Intestine it had some cross wrinkles which supply'd the place of the Valve of the Colon. About an Inch distant from the Anus the Intestine was contracted and afterwards dilated making a Pouch capable of containing an Egg. The two Ureters were inserted into this Pouch Towards its middle there was discovered a little hole which led into a Sack which was as it were a third Caecum which is vulgarly called the Purse of Fabritius from the name of him who first described it This Purse or Sack was two Inches long and three Lines broad at its beginning where it was a little straiter than towards its extremitie Over the hole which from the middle of the Pouch penetrated into the third Caecum there was a fold of the internal Membrane of the Pouch which served apparently for a Valve capable of hindering the reflux towards the top of the Rectum and of favouring the entrance into the third Caecum This observation of a third Caecum is contrary to what Aristotle has remark'd in the Intestines of the Bustard which he reports to have less Appendices at their lower extremity than other Birds use to have The Kidneys were three Inches long They were very deeply cut in three Lobes after the manner of Birds Their Vessels were likewise disposed as in other Fowl except the two Crural Arteries which are generally double and which commonly pass underneath the Kidneys For in our Subjects there was one which passed over and another which passed under to go into the Thigh Each Testicle was six Lines long and two broad being of the shape of a small Almond of a Substance very firm and white The Epididymis which was perfectly black and of the same Figure of the Testicle contained four Lines in length and two in breadth Besides the two Testicles in one of our Subjects there was found a Glandulous Body which seem'd to be a third It was nine Inches long and six broad of an Olive Colour The Ductus Deferens which proceeded from the extremity of the Epididymis of each of the true Testicles past over the Vena Emulgens to which it was fastened and descended upon the Kidney along the Ureter At the upper lip of the Anus there was a little Appendix which supplyed the place of the Penis Amongst so many Subjects of this kind which we have dissected there was never a Female The Tongue was not Bony as Aristotle describes it in Athenaeus It was Fleshy on the outside having on the inside a Cartilage fastened to the Basis of the Os Hyoides as in the generallity of Birds Its sides were rough with some prickly parts of a Substance between a Membrane and a Cartilage The Rings of the Aspera Arteria were entire In some of the Subjects there was on each side a Caruncle or red Gland immediately fastened to the Aspera Arteria and to the Carotides by the means of a branch about the bigness of a great Pin which is very common in Birds The Heart was two Inches and a half bigg The Sack which formes the fleshy Valve which is commonly found in the right Ventricle of the Heart of Birds at the entrance of the Vena Cava was four Lines deep The flesh of the left Ventricle was four Lines thick towards its Basis and one towards its Point In the Eye the Sclerotica had a Cartilaginous edge before about a Line broad which made as it were a Circle about the Cornea The Uvea was reddish and overspread with a great number of Arterys Veins and Nerves The Iris was of an Isabella Colour The Crystalline was three Lines Diameter the whole Globe of the Eye nine The Optick Nerve having penetrated into the inside of the Eye was flatned and formed a white edge of an oval long and strait Figure from whence proceeded the black Membrane in form of a Purse which fastened it self to the side towards the edge of the Crystalline This Membrane is
of the Aâ—…rta and Cava being seated towards the upper part of the Kidneys They had an Epididymis loose from the Testicle which hung by one end It was five lines long of a green colour the Testicle being of a whitish-yellow The Ductus Deferens proceeded not from the Epididymis but from the lower part of the Testicle from whence descending along the Vena Emulgens it was fastned to the Ureter so that the Ureter and Deferens made but one Ductus The Females had Testicles like those of the Males except the Epididymis which was wanting Immediately underneath the Testicles the Ovarrum was placed 'T was a heap of a great number of little Eggs different in size some being as big as little Pease others as small as Rape-seed The passage called Oviductus that seems to have relation to the Part called Tuba in the Matrix of Terrestrial Animals was enlarged at the top like a Funnel which embraced part of the Eggs. This Funnel which represents the Fringe of the Tuba of Terrestrial Animals was made of a very fine Membrane the rest of the Passage whose Membrane was a little thicker descended along the left Kidney to which it was fastned by the means of a Membranous Ligament an inch broad in form of a Mesentery which grew along the Vena Emulgens from which it received several branches which connected with the branches of the Emulgent Arteries were dispersed in the Membranes whereof this Ligament was composed and did likewise pass into the Tunicles of the Passage called Oviductus This Passage which was very streight in its upper part was greatly enlarged towards the bottom where it opened into the extremity of the Rectum with a very streight Mouth The Kidneys were three inches long and seven or eight Lines broad being indented in several places after the usual manner of Birds The Vasa Emulgentia viz. the Vein and Artery were of a Structure very different The trunck of the Aorta descending directly without dividing into two other truncks did plainly shoot forth on the right and left some branches of a mean size The first third and fourth which were the least did enter into the Kidney and made the Emulgents The second and fifth which were bigger were the Crural Arteries The sixth and seventh were lost in the lower part of the Belly The trunck of the Vena Cava having passed a little underneath the beginning of the Kidneys was divided into two great Branches each of which was again subdivided into two others the one of these branches run along the Kidney and was there fastened by several very short branches which were the Emulgents The other Branch was likewise divided into two others one of which did also make the Vena Cruralis the other passing underneath the Kidney joyned itself to the opposite branch and both made but one branch laid upon the Artery which was divided like the Vein and was distributed as the other into the lower parts of the Belly The Ureter proceeding from the upper part of the Kidney went under the branch of the Vena Cava and running along the Kidney joyned it self with the Deferens to make together but one single Vessel as has been declared The Larynx was composed of a Cricoides and Arytaenoides as in the Goose. The Rings of the Aspera Arteria were intire of a very hard substance near that of a Bone. Their Figure was particular each being notched and indented in two places and joyned together by this Notch viz. at the places which did answer to the two sides of the Neck the rest which was not notched being foreward and backward so that the notches of one Ring entring into the notches of the other it happened that the rest of the Rings which were not notched did on the fore-part cover the halves of two Rings and was covered behind with those very Rings which it covers in the forepart This Structure made these Rings to enter into each other which they could not do very far being hindred by these Notches which made one Ring to ride over the other and made the Artery that it could not bend so easily towards the sides as forwards and backwards where there was nothing that might hinder the Rings from entring into each other The Figure of the whole Artery was not less strange than its Composition for after having descended along the Neck in a strait line about the length of a foot it turned outwards and instead of entring into the Thorax it did enter into a hollow Cavity in the Bone of the Sternum where being descended about three inches it was re-bent towards the place through which it had entred and from thence descended into the Thorax where it was divided into its two Branches The Rings in this whole Circumvolution were so strongly fastened to each other that they were not capable of any Motion neither have they any need thereof being thus inclosed within the Sternum The Rings of the part which was in the Neck were looser to yield to the motion of the Neck At the bottom of the Aspera Arteria there was a bony knot having the form of a Larynx which on the inside was divided in two by a small Tongue as in the Goose and several other Birds The Branches which went to the Lungs were likewise according to the usual manner composed of Cartilaginous Demi-Circles at the top being garnished underneath only with a very thin Membrane The round and long Muscles which in several Birds do fasten the Aspera Arteria with the Sternum did take their Rise from that part of the Sternum which is Articulated with the Clavicula or forked bone and were inserted into the sides of the Aspera Arteria a great deal higher than the place of their Origine so that their Action was to draw the Aspera Arteria downwards They were a line and a half in Diameter and near two Inches in length When the Aspera Arteria was blown into the Bladders of the Lungs which descended to the bottom of the Belly did swell and raised up the Liver At the same time that the Bladders were swelled the Oesophagus and Craw were likewise observed to swell as in Pigeons and when the Oesophagus was breathed into the Bladders did also rise but the Air did more easily pass from the Aspera Arteria into the Oesophagus than from the Oesophagus into the Aspera Arteria The use of this Communication and the ways by which it is performed are not as yet well known we refer the speaking thereof to the Description of the Pigeon The Heart was two inches long and an inch broad at its basis it weighed half an ounce The Pericardium was fastened to the Heart by several small Fibres The right Ventricle was as usually larger than it is long It s Interiour was extraordinary Smooth The fleshy Valve which Birds have at the mouth of the Vena Cava was five lines long and half a line thick The Arteries of the Heart had their
the Temples which do cover the Two sides of the Crown of the Head and in the middle of the fore-head do leave that Cavitie which Aristotle in his Physiognomy adjudgeth to be peculiar to Lions Every of these Muscles was five inches in length four and a half in breadth two in thickness and Twenty Ounces in Weight This Head thus Garnished with Flesh and Composed of Bones so firm in their structure and Substance made us to think that if the Bear according to Pliny has a Head so tender and weak that it may be Slain with a slight Blow it is probable that it would be very difficult to stun a Lion and that this was well known to Theocritus who tells Hercules that all that he could do to the Nemaean Lion with his Club was to stun him and that he could not kill him but by Strangleing him with his Hands The Bone which is found in Brutes between the Cerebrum and Cerebellum over the Satura Lambdoides was an Inch and a half long Ten lines broad and Two thick of a squarer Figure than that which is in the Scull of Cats Doggs c The Glandula Pinealis was diaphanous and so small that it exceeded not a line in length and two Thirds of a line in breadth at its Basis. The Optick Nerves appeared much thicker after their Conjunction than before Which proceeded hence that the Foramina thro' which they do enter into the Orbita are not round but like a slitt which makes them broader by flattening them Being past thro' the Foramen of the Orbita they were extended to the Globe of the Eye two Inches and a half in length It was observed that the Cavity of this Orbita was not wholly fenced with a Bone on the inside but that there was a hole towards the Temples between the Apophysis of the Os Frontis and that of the first bone of the Jaw which were not joyned more than in Cats Doggs c. The Globe of the Eye was sixteen lines Diameter The Cornea was about the third part of a line in thickness at the middle and grew thicker towards its Circumference till it came to half a line after the manner of the glasses in Spectacles The Iris was of that pale colour which is called Isabella The Tunica Choroides appeared of a Gold-colour and which had nothing of that Verdure which most Authors do give to the Eyes of the Lion. The Reverse of the Anterior Vuea in the Place it lyes upon the Crystallinus was all Black. The Crystallinus was found very flat and its greatest Convexity contrary to what is in other Animals was in its anteriour part which is also observed in the Eyes of Catts The Figurs of the Crystallinus was such that it seemed shrunk up having a Dent in the side which made the Crystallinus of the left Eye where this dent was the greatest like the Forme of an Heart But one of these Crystallinus's which began to be spoilt by a Glaucoma made us to suspect that this was Praet ernatural and particular to our Subject The Aqucous Humour was found very abundant so that it almost equal'd the sixth part of the Vitreous Humour This abundance was Judged to be the cause of the clearness which remained in the Eyes after Death which are obscured when the Cornea is dryed and contracted for want of this Humour which keep 's it extended The last Observation was that considering the Season which was hot and moist when this Dissection was made and the disposition to Putrifaction which must needs be in the body of an Animal Dead of a Disease and which all Authors report to have a breath so stinking that it Infects whatever it approaches to such a degree that other Animals do not touch the remainder of the Flesh whereof he has eaten yet there appear'd nothing to us which denoted any extraordinary Corruption its smell being less offensive than that of a Deer which must be embowelled soon after it is killed And altho' there were found some Wormes in its Flesh the fourth day it was judged that they were ingender'd of Flyes because that a piece of the Tongue wrapt up in Paper was dryed in the space of one night and was grown very hard without any smell Which made us conclude that if the Lion is subject to a Feaver it is not caused by the Corruption of Humours and is only an Ephemera altho' it is said that he has it all his life This may cause a Belief that Choller is a Balsome in the body of Animals which resists Corruption and which has this effect that Lyons in whom it is praedominant do live a long time There was likewise made another reflection upon the smalness of the Brain of this Animal of which Natural Historians do relate so many marks of Judgement and Reason and by comparing it with the abundance of that of a Calfe it was judged that the littleness of Brain is rather the sign and cause of a savage and cruel Disposition than a want of Judgment This conjecture was fortified by an other Observation which was made four dayes before upon a Sea-fox where was found hardly any Brain altho' it was thought that the Sagacitie and Subtiltie which it hath has given it this Name amongst Fishes all the Kinds of which are generally ill provided of Brain so that they have little disposition to the Society and Discipline which Terrestrial Animals are capable of THE ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION OF ANOTHER LYON THis Lyon was extraordinary large though very young It was seven Foot and a half long from the end of the Nose to the beginning of the Tail and four Foot and a half high from the top of the Back to the ground Our Observations were almost the same with those which we have already made on the first Lyon but amongst other things the straitness and narrowness of the Thorax which we have already remarkt seem'd to us very considerable in this Subject For in the inside from the one side to the other in the largest place it exceeded not seven Inches of which the Heart took up four so that there remained but three for the Lungs Pericardium Mediastinum and Vessels of the Heart The Pericardium was likewise without Water and the Intestines short in Proportion to the Body containing but Twenty five Foot in length which was just three times the length of the Body The Crystallinus was more convex on the outside than the inside What we found different is that the Liver which was of so dark a Red in the first Lyon that it appeared Black was so pale in this that it had a Feville-morte Colour That the Annular Cartilages of the Larynx which were intire in the first Lyon which nevertheless was not Old were found imperfect in this which was Younger And we were not able to resolve whether we ought to atribute to the difference of Age that which we observed in the Paws because that in those of the Young Lyon we
appeared very curious but they were strengthened by Fibres inter-woven like Nets When we ceased to blow all these Membranes falling down and lying upon one another caused all these Bladders to disappear which indeed are nothing else but the Processus of the Lungs Gesner saith that of the Intrails of a Camelion the Lungs only are visible But Aristotle has more truly observed that Quadrupeds which lay Eggs have Lungs almost invisible if they are not blown into to swell them Indeed whatever appeared in the place where the Lungs ought to be was before it was extended by blowing but like two little pieces of Rose-coloured Flesh about the bigness of a Bean situated on each side the Heart which made Panarolus to say that the Camelion has little Lungs But these little pieces of Flesh were not all the Lungs they could be taken only for the Membranes of the upper part of the Lungs plaited and heaped together which in this place were interspersed with small Red Eminences which when the Wind dilated these Membranes appeared all over the extent of their Superfices and when the Membranes subsided these little Red Eeminences approaching one another caused again this appearance of Flesh which was no spongious Substance as Panarolus would have it but only a heap of contiguous Membranes The Aspera Arteria was very short composed as is usually of Annulary Cartilages It had a Larynx at its beginning made up as it were of two Epiglottides which shut the opening or Chink making a kind of Glottis which was a transverse slit and not upright as it is in Animals that have some kind of Voice of which our Camelion was wholly destitute The Heart was very little not exceeding three Lines in length It s Point appeared as if it were cut off The Auricles of the Heart were very large especially the left and somewhat Redder than the Heart which was very pale The Vessels about the Heart were very full of Blood. The Brain was found so little that it was hardly above a Line Diameter and was not twice as large as the Spinal Marrow which was very White the Brain being of a Reddish-Gray The Optick Nerves were not so short that the Brain should be continued and fastened to the Eyes as Aristotle describes them They were not likewise as Panarolus represents them who sayth that they do proceed separately from the Brain but do not joyn again for there were two Eminences in the Brain which were the Origine and first part of the Optick Nerves and these Eminencies after joyning separated into two Strings eight Lines long a piece and inserted into the Ball of the Eye out of its Axis as is usual This Globe was covered with a Tuniâ—…a Conjunctiva underneath which was the Insertion of the Muscles of the Eye which were not fibrous as Panarolus saith nor of little pullies as Johnson would have it but a true Musculous Flesh. Over the whole Tunica Conjunctiva was an Orbicular Muscle which fastened the Lidd to the Eye to which it was so adherent that it served to give the same Motion to the Lidd as to the Eye It s particular Action was to close the little round hole of the Lidd this Muscle being raised the Iris was seen intire which Iohnston saith the Camelion wants It was of an Isabella Colour incompassed at its interior Edge with a little golden Circle which has already been mentioned The Cornea was very small the fore-part of the Sclerotica very thick and hard and the hinder part very thin The Choroides Black under the Iris and Blewish in the bottom the Retina very thick and somewhat Reddish the Humours all Aqueous so that it was impossible to didistinguish them the Crystallinus it self seem'd to be confounded with the other Humours Near the place through which the Optick Nerves do enter into the Orbitae or Eye-holes several very fine fibres of Nerves did likewise enter and passing into the Vacuity which is in the middle of the Orbitae did penitrate into a great Sinus which was in the upper Iax-Bone where are the holes of the Nostrils This Sinus was full of hard fibrous and very Red Flesh through which the passages of the Nostrils did go these passages being made thro' a very hard Yellow Membrane they were oblique ascending all the way from the hole of the Nostril into the Sinus and afterwards they descended into the Palate which by a very hard membranous production covered the Extremity of each passage in which we found nothing that could carry the Air towards any Organ for the Sense of Hearing Aristotle has observed that the generality of Fish do hear though they have no conveyance for the hearing but we have found neither any passages for sound nor any Sign in the carriage of our Camelion which could make us to think that it had the Sense of Hearing So that it is a true Saying that it is an Animal that neither receives nor makes any Noise The Nerves which proceed from the Spinal Marrow were easily seen when the Intrails were taken away They proceeded after the usual manner from the Vertebrae and some of those which were dâ—…stributed into the fore-leggs came out from the superiour Vertebrae of the Thorax because that the Vertebrae of the Neck which is very short could not sufficiently afford them They entered into the Capacity of the Thorax three on each side which first united and being afterwards divided returned towards the Omâ—…platae Those designed for the moving of the hind-legs did after the same manner enter in at the sides of the Os sacrum were united and afterwards divided to distribute themselves into the Leggs Between every Rib there was one which proceeding from the lower part of these Verteâ—…rae at the top whereof the Rib is articulated went cross-wise obliquely ascending towards the Ribs and accompanyed them to the end Aristotle says that the Camelion hath no Flesh but on the Jaws and at the beginning of the Tail Ours had all over the Body except underneath the Thorax and Belly where instead of the Musculi intercostales and those of the Abdomen there was only transparent Membranes but double and fibrous which were thought capable of assisting the Motion which the Ribs ought to have for the Respiration of the Camelion which is very slow the principal Organ of this Motion of the Ribs being a fleshy part which descended on both sides of the Back-bone near their Articulation which might be the Musculus Sacrolumbus All the Back-bone Tail upper part of the Thorax the fore and hind-legs were furnished with Musculous Red fibrous Flesh whose White and Silver-colour'd Tendons were so visible that it would have been very easy to have made a Muscular Dissection thereof all these Muscles being without Fatt of which we found no appearance in all the Animal unless one might take for Fatt four or five little Grains like to Millet which were fastened to the Membranes and filled the Intervals of the Ribs But the
very sleek and smooth from the outside inwards These points viewed with a Microscope were transparent as Crystal and appeared to have three Lines in length and one and a half at their Basis. The Throat was very large and the Oesophagus was not lesser than the Stomach in which Authors do say that this Fish conceals its young when they are afraid by swallowing them down to vomit them up again and this is the reason which made Aelian and Plutarch to say that the Subtilty which this Fish has to quit it self of the Hook which it has swallowed is to spew it up with its Stomach which as Aelian reports it can turn the wrong side outward which is much more probable than what others do say viz. that it proceeds to swallow the Line untill it has found a place weak enough to cut it with its Teeth because it has no Incisores This Stomach was about fifteen Inches long and five broad terminating at the bottom in a very strait Pylorus which was like a choaking making the passage of the Stomach to the Intestine This Ductus or passage which exceeded not three Lines in length and one and a half in Diameter was very smooth and slippery even as the Oesophagus but the inside of the Stomach was rugged and like to that of Animals which chew the Cud which is called Reticulum In the Stomach there was found a branch of the Sea-plant called in French Varec about five inches long and a Fish of the same length without a Head Scales Skin and Entrails being all digested except the Musculous Flesh which was left entire After the Pylorus the Intestine was a little enlarged even to contain four Lines Diameter for the length of five Inches which may be taken for the Duodenum which was afterwards dilated for the forming a great Intestine which was about eighteen inches long and three broad It s inferiour part which was smooth and seven inches long was the Rectum The Superiour which contained about thirteen Inches had a very particular structure for instead of the ordinary Circumvolutions of the Intestines the Cavity of this was transversly interrupted with several separations composed of the Membranes of the Intestine folded inwards These separations were near half an Inch distant from each other and turned round like the shell of a Snail or of a Stair-case with an open Newel which is the reason as it is easie to conjecture why the nourishment stays and is a great while in passing altho the way be very short The Liver took up the whole length of the right side of the Belly It was divided into two Lobes which has made Authors to say that this Fish hath two Livers The longest of these Lobes was twenty Inches the other eighteen each containing only five in breadth its colour was reddish and was streaked all along and across by obscure Lines The Gall was inclosed at the top of the great Lobe in the substance of the Parenchyma and was not gathered into a Vesicle but its colour only seemed to appear green through the Tunicle of the Liver The two Lobes weighed five pounds and a half The Vesicle had in the inside as it were leaves composed of its Tunicle The Gall which it contained was found to have more of Acidity than Bitterness The Spleen was fastened to the bottom of the Stomach It was double like the Liver and terminating in two unequal points the longest of which was five inches It s Colour resembled that of the Liver being only somewhat less dark and less brown Near the Spleen there was observed a part fastened to the Intestine which might be said to be the Pancreas because that it was as it were Glandulous but blacker then the Spleen Towards the Navel there was found a part shut up in the inside about two inches long and pointed at the end which was judged to be the part which made the Sex which was already discovered by the two points already mentioned and which Authors report to be found only in the Males The Bronchiae or Gills which are five of each side had this common amongst them that their Aperture which is about two inches and a half was inlarged almost as much again in the inside to lap over a hole like to their Aperture That wherein they differed is that the three middle holes were greater and provided on the inside with Bronchiae The two last which are somewhat lesser especially that which is most distant from the Head had this particular that they were smooth and without those Foliages whereof the Bronchiae or Gills are composed The Heart had no Pericardium but there was a Membrane like to that of the Pericardium which reinvested and inveloped the Aorta The bigness of the Heart and its Figure resembled a Pullets Egg. Its Ventricle which was single as in most Animals which do not breath had five valves three Sigmoides at the mouth of the Aorta and two Tricuspides at that of the Vena Cavâ—… The Heart had likewise one single Auricle very large and the beginning of the Aorta was girt with a fleshy ring of ten Lines The Aorta Ascendens having cast forth some branches for the Brain was consumed and near all lost under the Tongue The Head was a meer lump of Flesh being covered with the Muscles of the Temples which contained four Inches in thickness The Cranium was not bigger than ones fist it was near two fingers thick at top This thickness was excavated by cavernous and unequal Sinus's They were almost all empty containing only a little mucous matter mixt with Blood. The Brain which was very small and had but little Anfractuosity was so soft and flabby that no Observation could be made on its Structure The Spinalis Medulla which shot out all along through the Foramina or holes which are between the Vertebrae Filaments of Nerves about the bigness of a pin produced at the beginning of its Exit out of the Cranium three Pair which were about a line and a half in bigness two whereof divided themselves at the Temporal Muscles and at those which do move the great fore-Fins the third Pair run all along the Back-bone always keeping the same bigness although it continually cast into the Flesh little branches like those which proceed from the Medulla Spinalis The Eyes which were larger than those of an Ox were only demi-spherical being flat before and the Sclerotica making as it were a Cup. This Membrane was very thin but so hard that it might rather pass for a Bone than a Membrane On the contrary the Cornea was so tender that it was folded and sunk on the Crystallinus which was perfectly Spherical as it is generally found in Fishes yet in one of the Eyes it was somewhat flatned The Anteriour Uvea was not black nor very obscure in the inside but only greyish as it is on the outside where it makes the Iris. The Choroides was of the same colour and its ground had that
Inches and a half from the external Orifice to the Bifurcation of the two Hornes or Ductus's which from the Bifurcation to their Extremitie where the Testicles were contained each four Inches and a half in length The Testicles were six lines long and four broad They were composed of several Glands The Lungs had seven Lobes like the Liver They were almost all dryed up and friable through the extraordinary heat of the Blood which was Blackt by adustion This Blackness of the Blood had made the Heart livid and tinged the Water of the Pericardium so that it was Bloodie The Heart was two Inches and a half long and two Inches broad The Auricles Vessels and Valves were as in a Catt The Muscles of the Temples were large and strong being eight Lines in thickness and two Inches in breadth This bigness seemed to us very considerable to make dubious the beliefe which we had that the Lupus Cervarius is the Lynx of the Antients because that when Galen speaks of the different size of the Muscles of the Temples in various Animals he gives only three examples of those which have them extraordinary small and feeble which are Man the Ape and Lynx But it is probable that Galen means the little Lynx of Oppian which only hunts Hares and not that which devours Staggs which is the Lupus Cervarius The Sinus's of the Skull were very ample and open The Bone which sepertes the Brain from the Cerebellum was like to that which we have found in a Tiger Fox Dog Cat and a great many other Animals At the opening of the Skull the Anfractuosities of the Brain appeared thro' the Dura Mater which was transparent The external part and Substance of the Brain which is called the Cortex was very white and solid The Glandula Pinealis was very small The Ball of the Eye was an Inch Diameter It was almost Sphâ—…rical except the Cornea which was raised somewhat more pointing The thickness of the Cornea which was half a Line was every where alike It was joyned as usually with the Sclerotica by the mutual Attenuation of the extremitie of the two Membranes which being each in this place made like the Diamond-cut of a Glass do so joyn themselves that both together are not thicker than each apart because that the thinnest place of the one which is its extremitie lyes upon the thickest place of the other These Sloapeings were each two thirds of a Line broad The Sclerotica which was outwardly White and inwardly somewhat Blackish by the touching of the Uvea was very thin at the bottom not being thicker than strong Paper It was twice as thick at its extremitie towards the Cornea At the side of the Cornea there was a Membrane as in the Lyon which serves for an internal Eye-lid which easily covered all the Pupilla when it was thrust over it It was of a triangular Form. The two lesser sides were fastened to the Conjunctiva The third which was the largest could slip and advance over the Eye to cover it The fore-part of the Iris was of a Yellow-colour mixt with a great many little red Lines which were broken and of an unequal size It was Black at the hinder part which lay upon the Crystalline The Aqueous Humour was very abundant but somewhat muddie being sullied by the dissolution of some part of the Black Substance which is fastened to the Uvea The Crystaline was seven Lines diameter and five thick three of which made the Anteriour Convexitie and two the Posteriour The Vitreous Humour was very Clear and Transparent The Tapetum of the Uvea which was of a Blewish White was pierced by the Optick Nerve not at its extremitie as it is seen in most Animals but almost in its Center The Optick Nerve had in its middle a Red point inclineing to Black. The Explication of the Figure of the Castor or Beaver IT is represented below with half of the Body that is the fore part on the Land and hind part in the Water because that it was observed dureing the time that it was kept that it loved frequently to plung its hind-Paws and Tail into the Water In the Upper Figure A A. The Os Pubis B. The bottom of the Bladder C C. The two first Pouches which are the largest of those wherein the Castoreum is prepared and contained D D. The two second which are less E E. The other Pouches of a third sort inclosed in the second D E. Several little globular Body 's seen upon the second and third sort of Pouches F. The Common Hole to the Intestine and Penis G. The begining of the Penis H H. The Epididymides I. The Testicles K K. The Vasa Spermatica Praeparantia L L. The Deferentia M M. The Cremaster's N. One of the fore-Paws O O. The Colon. P. The Caecum Q. A Ligament fasten'd to the Caecum along which are spread several Vessels which loose themselves in the Coat of this Intestine R R. The Brain S. The Sinus of the Dura Mater T T T T. Four other Sinus's proceeding from the other which divide the Cerebellum in three V V V. The Cerebellum X. The bone of the Penis THE ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION OF A CASTOR OR BEAVER IT was so much the more necessary to observe nicely all the Parts of the Castor because there has not hitherto been made an exact Description thereof the Ancients having been almost wholly silent concerning this Animal and the Moderns applying themselves more to speak of its Nature than to examine the Structure of its Body That which was dissected at the King's Library was taken in Canada about the River of St. Lawrence It resembled an Otter but was larger and bigger and weighed above Thirty Pounds It s length was about three Foot and a half from the end of the Nose to the tip of the Tail and its greatest breadth was near twelve Inches The Hair which covered its whole Body except the Tail was not every where alike but there were two sorts which were mingled together and which differed in length as well as Colour The bigger was about an Inch and half long and as thick as the Hair of ones Head. Its Colour was Brown somewhat inclining to a Minime or Soot-colour but very bright and its substance was firm and so solid that having cut it cross-wise there could not any Cavity be seen even with the Microscope The lesser was about an Inch in length there was some much shorter than others it seemed likewise more slender and was so soft that the finest down is not softer The mixture of these two sorts of Hair so different is found in many Animals but it is most remarkable in the Castor Otter and Wild-boar and it seems that it is likewise more necessary for them For these Animals being subject to wallow in the Mire besides the short Hair which Nature has given them to defend them from the Cold they had need of another longer Hair to receive the Mudd and keep it
Toes being equal having each their three Phalanges and the Pollex not being more separate from the other Toes than the rest are from each other The Nose Eyes and shape of the whole Head did hardly render it different from the Castor The Teeth only were unlike not being sharp nor so strong as those of the Castor which made us to think that Aristotle has mistaken the Otter for the Castor when he exaggerates after the manner already shewn the strange force of its Biting for our Otter had not those four great and long Incisores which are particular to the Castor and some other Animals as the Hare Squirel and Rat all the Teeth being made like those of the Dog or Wolf and the Canini being as is usual longer than the incisores So that these Teeth made all the resemblance that we found the Otter to have with the Dog altho Bellonius reports that it has its Head and Aelian calls it the River-Dog The Ears which were little as in the Castor were lower than the Eyes and situated near the lower Jaw The Hair was not half so long as that of the Castor containing in that place of the Body where it was longest but eight lines whereas that of the Castor was eighteen It s Colour was in some measure different from that of the Castor but not after the manner as Authors do express it for they do report that the Hair of the Castor inclines more to Grey and we have found the contrary our Otter having the Hair underneath its Throat Stomach and Belly much Greyer than it was in our Castor The Hair of the Tail was shorter than upon the Body but a great deal longer than on the Feet The rest of the Hair viz. on the Head and Back was of a Colour resembling that of the Castor being of a dark Chesnut and of two sorts the one longer Browner Straiter and thicker the other shorter grayer more frizled and softer To finish the Description of the outside it remains to speak of a Particular very remarkeable and which greatly distinguishes the Otter not only from the Castor but even from other Brutes which is the extraordinary Formation of the exteriour Orifice of the Matrix where we found the Nymphae and a Clitoris as in Women The Clitoris which was situated at the superiour part of the Nymphae and beyond their junction was three lines in length It was composed of Membranes and Ligaments which inclosed a Bone two lines long The generality of the Parts which were seen by the Dissection were yet more different from those of the Castor than the exteriour are The Liver which contained but five Lobes in the Castor had six in our Otter The Spleen which was Cylindrical in the Castor and very small not exceeding ten lines Diameter and seven inches in length was flat in the Otter being an inch and half in breadth and four and a half in length But its Connexion was so particular that it was not only different from that of the Castor but from almost all other Animals in which the Spleen is generally fastened to the Stomach whereas in our Otter it was at the Epiploon The Kidneys were three inches long and two broad In the Castor they were not two in length but the principal difference was in the Conformation which was so extraordinary that it resembled that of the Kidneys of a Bear those of the Otter differing only in the number of little Kidneys whereof the one and the other are composed for instead of fifty two little Kidneys which we found in the Bear there were only ten in the Otter which were seperated one from the other each having their Parenchyma Vena and Arteria Emulgens apart with a third Vessel which was a branch of the Pelvis which the dilatation of the Ureter produced and ten branches of which went to each little Kidney one These little Kidneys besides a common Membrane that enveloped them had store of Fibres which tied and collected them into a heap which had a Figure somewhat longer than the Kidneys usually have and there was one of these small Kidneys which was a little more separated from the rest and which extended this Figure towards the top so that this little Kidney might be taken for the Capsula Atrabilaria The Pancreas was composed of conglomerated Glands like that of the Castor and generality of other Animals but they appeared more distinct and separate one from the other than usual The Lungs as in the Castor was composed of seven Lobes six of which was equal in size and the seventh very small which seemed only an Appendix of the sixth We carefully sought in the Vessels of the Heart that Foramen Ovale which is thought to be in Animals whilest they do remain without breathing in the Belly of their Damme for supplying the use which is attributed to Respiration which is to assist the Circulation of the Blood which is made through the Lungs by means of the dilatation and compression of this part We had formerly made this search in the Castor because that some have thought that that Animal had need of this conformation of the Vessels of the Heart to make it able to indure the cessation of Respiration which it undergoes when it plunges and dives a long time under Water but we found not this Foramen open nor that there were other Conveyances which might grant passage to the Circulation of the Blood than those which are in the Lungs Yet the Truth is that we observed some vestigia of this Aperture which seemed to demonstrate that it had not been long closed which appeared to us the more probable for that we were assured that the Castor had been a long time shut up in his Hutt without having liberty to plunge into the Water and that it might happen that this Foramen was stopped as it usually is in all Animals a little after their Birth when the faculty which they have of breathing renders this Foramen useless But in our Otter we found not any appearance that there ever had been a Foramen which might grant passage to the Blood from the Vena Cava into the Arteria Venosa and this sufficiently agrees with the Remarques which all Authors have made that the Otter is ever and anon forced to raise it self above the water to Breath which the Castor does not having a much greater facility of wanting Respiration for a considerable time The other Parts which have been carefully Dissected have furnished us with nothing considerable and which deserves to be remark'd The Explication of the Figure of the Civet-Cat IT is disposed in such a manner that one may see the Situation of the Pouches in which are the Receptacles of the Odoriferous Liquor and the three Apertures which are peculiar to this Animal and which are more distinctly represented in the upper Figure In the Upper Figure A A. Is the End of the Penis forceably drawn outwards B B. The Anus of the
the contrary the Spleen was extraordinary long containing above six inches in length and two in breadth and a quarter of an inch in thickness The Colour thereof was livid inclining to a Black. The Pancreas was fastened to the Duodenum and extended towards the Spleen It was an inch in breadth and four in length The Liver had five great Lobes and a sixth lesser than the rest situated in the middle of the lower part Bartholinus reckons seven The Liver of the Female was much paler than that of the Male and it was marked with a great many spots of a darker Red. The Situation of the Kidneys was such that the right was higher than the left They were both fastned to the Loins by a Membrane which we took for the Duplicature of the Paeritoneum which held them together as they are in Men and in some other Animals Bartholinus thinks that this Membrane is that which is particular to them and which immediately invelopes their Parenchyma but he confesses that it was more easily separated than the proper Membrane used to be The Penis was situated between the two Pouches in a Ductus as has been already declared At its extremity it had a bone six lines long one and a half broad at the narrowest place and above two towards its extremity where it was larger and divided so that it had as it were two heads between which there was a void space like a Gutter to give passage to the Urethra The Matrix was separated into two long Cornua at the end of which were the Testicles whose bigness scarce exceeded that of a great Pea whose Figure they imitated being almost round These Cornua produced likewise beyond the Testicles some Appendices of a fat and Membranous Substance of an irregular Figure which might be taken for the Fringes of the Tuba of the Matrix The Lungs had seven Lobes three on one side and three on the other and and a lesser than the rest in the middle in the cavity of the Mediastinum near the Diaphragme The Lungs of the Female was corrupted and filled with Stones The Heart was as in Dogs The mouth of the Aorta was hardened and as it were Cartilaginous and there was a Fat which accompanied the Vasa Coronaria even into the substance of the Heart The Muscles of the Temples were very thick and did cover as in the Lion the two upper sides of the Head. In the Os Frontis there were six Cavities or Sinus's separated from each other by Spongious and very thin Bones The Cerebrum was divided from the Cerebellum by a transverse Bone as in the generality of Brutes Bartholinus has observed in a Civet-Cat a Bone which parted the Cerebrum in two very different from this and all those which are commonly found in Brutes in the inside of the Cranium for it lay long-ways according to the Sutura Sagittalis The Glandula Pinealis was very small and about the bigness of a little pins head The Aqueous humour of the Eye was muddied which hapned as we thought by the dissolution of the Black wherewith the reverse of the Iris is besmeared The Tapetum strongly inclined to White Naturalists do say that the Eyes of this Animal do shine in the night like those of Cats The Crystalline was more convex inward than outward but that which it had most remarkable was an extraordinary hardness which put us in mind of what Pliny says of the Eyes of the Hyaena viz. that there are thence taken some Precious Stones called Hyaeniae This Particularity joyned to a great many others which are found common to the Hyaena of the Ancients and to our Civet-Cat made us rather to incline to the Opinion of Belonius who thought that these are not different Animals than to that of Scaliger Ruellius Alexander Benedictus Matthiolus Leo Africanus Busbequius Aldrovandus and almost all the Modern Authors who would have the Civet-Cat to be unknown to the Ancients and that it was a Species of Cat for according to our Remarks the length of the Head and Eyes of the Civet-Cat the smalness of the Teeth and Feet the harshness of its Hair the softness of its Tongue the blackness and rectitude of its Nails and the hoarsness which all Authors have observed in its Voice which renders it more like to that of Dogs than Cats are Characters wholly different from those which are seen in all the Species of Cats But on the contrary all that the Ancients have related of their Hyaena is found in the Civet-Cat some Incredible and Ridiculous things only excepted as to make Dogs silent by its Shadow as Aristotle and Aelian report to know how to imitate the Voice of Men whom it calls by their Name to intice them from their Habitations and devour them as Pliny relates and to have also Humane Feet and no Vertebrae in the Neck like the Animal which Busbequius takes for the Hyaena of the Ancients which are Particularities which Leo Africanus has not observed in the Animal which he proposes for the Hyaena For the Description of the Ancients as to what concerns the exteriour Form consists in three things which are to resemble the Wolf by the Head to have long staring Hair on the Back and a particular Aperture under the Tail besides the two which are commonly there in the Females of other Animals The two first marks which we very distinctly discovered in our Civet-Cat although common to other Animals have seemed to us very convincing being joyned to the third which is so particular that it may be said that there is not known any Animal wherein is found the like For the Aperture which Hares Gazella's and several other Animals have in this place has nothing that resembles the extraordinary Figure of this which is in the Civet-Cat and which Aristotle has very distinctly observed in the Hyaena which he describes by saying that this Foramen is like to the exteriour Orifice of the Matrix of a Woman The sole difficulty which occurs is that the Ancients have not spoken of the Scent of the Civet-Cat which has made Gillius to think that it was the Panther of the Ancients and Castellus that it was an Hyaena of a particular Species But it must be considered that most Natural Historians have composed their Works upon the Report of others and that there is reason to doubt whether the Hunters who informed them of the Particularities of Animals were not too gross and rude as are the greatest part of the Savages which are addicted to this Exercise to be capable of knowing the goodness of the Scent of the Civet-Cat and in this resemble Beasts that distinguish not the differences of Odours but as they do relate to eating and drinking seeing that we do know that the smell of Civet is very disagreeable and offensive to several when it is new and not mix'd with other Perfumes but especially Country persons do not think that sweet Odours are pleasant
fore-feet so that it seems that Rondeletius has confounded the true Sea-Calfe or Phoca of the Ancients with the Sea-Ox of the West-Indies which has no hind-feet but only a mishapen Fish-Tail which it makes use of for Swiming which it performes with a very great Swiftness according to Clusius who says that he saw one which the Hollanders had brought from the Indies The Sea-Calfe which we describe had not only two hind-feet but besides that a Tail of an Inch and a half long which Aristotle justly compares to the Tail of a Stagg T is true that the Toes of these feet were not so shaped nor so distinct as in the fore-feet and that these two feet thus extended as they were and joyned one against the other had rather the Forme of a Fishe's Tail than that of the feet of Animals which have any and which they commonly bend under the Belly These feet were like to those of a Ducker which cannot walk like other Birds by holding their Body parallel to the ground but which are forc't to go upright like man. Aristotle says that the feet of the Sea-Calfe resemble Hands his meaning is that the fore-feet of this Animal in stead of the three parts which do compose the Arme of a Man viz. the Arme Cubitus and Hand have only the last correspondent to the hand of Man so that this Part proceeds immediately from the Breast The Sea Ox of the Western Islands which is a kind of Sea-Calf of a prodigious bigness is there called Manaty because that according to Oviedo's remarks it has only the fore-feet which by the Spaniards are in all Animals commonly called Hands In our Subject the Brachium and Cubitus were inclosed and lockt up under the Skin which covered the Breast and there was only the Paws which came outwards These Paws thus closed and contracted did not seem to us sufficient to serve the Female to imbrace her Young as Oppian reports that she do's when she carry's them to Sea They did likewise appear even as the hind-feet fitter for swiming than walking altho' in truth neither the one nor the other of these feet could well serve to walk conveniently Aelian has observed that the Females have a great care of carrying and frequently recarrying their Young Ones sometimes into the Sea and sometimes on Land it is probable that this is to teach them to Swim and walk by a long Exercise which produces a habit capable of supplying the conveniences which Nature has denyed them 'T is likely that Homer calls the Sea-Calves Nepodes by reason it may be said that they do Swim with Feet and walk with Fins and not because they have no Feet as Eustathius explains it These Feet had Claws which were not so necessary for swiming as they are for walking So that it seems that Nature who has made the Sea-Calf to live like the Castor on Land and in the Water has given Organs to each of these Animals to go with more or less ease according as it has designed them to be more generally in the one or other of these Elements for the Sea-Calf which is oftner in the Sea than on Land walks not with so much ease and facility as the Castor and the Castor Swims not so easily as the Sea-Calf because it goes into the Water only to catch Fish and makes not its common residence there For these very Reasons the Heart and Lungs of the Sea-Calf have a particular conformation to inable this Animal to continue a long time under Water without breathing as shall hereafter be explained but the Castor which stays not long in the Water has not this particular formation of the Heart at least we have not found it in the two Castors which we dissected the one whereof was of Canada the other of France The Head was not short and round as Rondeletius describes it and its Nose was long enough to make it resemble the Head of a Calf But the Eyes were not like those of a Calf which has them full and as it were standing out of the Head for those of our Subject were hid and as it were sunk into their Orbites whose upper Edge was not raised as it is in the Calf Nevertheless thesâ—… Eyes were large containing fifteen Lines Diameter There was an internal Eye-lidd to cover the Eye it was drawn up and hid in the great Canthus Over the Eyes there wanted those long Hairs which Rondeletius and Severinus do there place and it only had some at the sides of the Nose which were of a very peculiar Figure being square and flatted with knots from space to space and very close to one another as it is represented in the Figure Beyond the Eyes there were holes for the internal Ears as in Birds and there were no external ones Aristotle has observed that this is peculiar to the Sea-Calf which among all viviparous Animals is the sole one that has internal and no external Ears The whole skin was covered with a short Hair very like to that of the Land Calf Silvaticus dos â—…ill compare it to that of the Goat which is very long It s Colour was between a Gray and Yellow somewhat fainter towards the Belly than towards the Back which was chequered with Spots about the bigness of ones Nail of a dark-red Pliny reports that this Hair a long time after that the Skin has been flead retains such a simpathy with the Sea that it follows its motions and that sometimes it stares sometimes is smooth as the Sea swells or is abated by its flux and reflux Severinus declares that he had seen this Miracle but he expresses it with such excess that it is the less credible He says that when the North-wind blows the Hairs which were raised by the South-wind are not only laid but do wholly disappear Cardan affirms that this Property which had passed for Fabulous was found true in the Indies Experience has demonstrated to us that this Miracle is never seen at Paris For having kept and observed this Skin for several Months we found that the Hair was in all weathers of the same highth and situation The Skin was hard and thick Pliny says that it is impossible to kill the Sea-Calf but by breaking its Head. The Historians of the West-Indies do report that the Skin of the Manati being Tanned is above an inch thick and that thereof is made the Soles of Shooes The Teeth which were long and sharp in both the Jaws were very unlike to those of the Calf and do better resemble the Teeth of a Wolf. So that the Spaniards and Germans have reason to call this Animal the Sea Wolf. Besides the mild and heavie disposition of the Land-Calf has very little resemblance with that of the Sea-Calf which Naturalists report to be Crafty Bold and Couragious living on Rapine having the Industry of Assembling with its Kind to attack the greatest Fishes and strength enough to defend it self on Land against the Bear which is
the Heart And it is probable that the facility which the Sea-Calf has of Diving a long time under water must rather be attributed to this particular formation of the Vessels of the Heart and Lungs than to the smallness of the Lungs which is the reason that Pliny alledges Between these two holes which were in the Trunck of the Vena Cava there was a Membranous separation made by a fold of the interiour Coat of the Vein In the Ventricles of the Heart and in the Lungs there was found great store of Blood. Pliny reports that these parts in the Sea-Calf do contain less blood than in other Animals This blood being kept congealed very firmly Aristotle and Pliny do affirm that the Bones of the Sea-Calf are Cartilaginous we found that they were real Bones very hard especially those of the Cranium The Dura Mater was fastned to the Skull and redoubled to make the Falx There was a bone between the Cerebrum and Cerebellum like as in Dogs and other Animals which do live by Rapine and which do eat Flesh and not Grass like the Calf This Bone was flat and pointed and not round and massie so as that which is found in the Head of the Lamantin which is a kind of Sea-Calf of the West-Indies and which is held to be a Bone which has a peculiar Vertue for dissolving the Stone of the Kidneys and Bladder The Sinuosities and Cavities of the Brain were as in the Calf but there was more of the Cerebellum proportionably than there is in the head of a Calf which is unusual in Fishes which have very little Cerebellum The Glandula Pinealis was two lines in length and little less in breadth Natural-lists have observed that this Animal participates nothing of the Stupidity of Fishes but that it equalls the most subtill Sagacity of Terrestrial Animals Pliny testifies that there were shewn some at Rome which answered when they were called and which with voice and gesture saluted the People in the Theatres Gomara makes mention of a Manati or Sea-Calf of the Indies of a prodigious size which being tamed did come when it was called by its name and carried ten men upon its Back in a Lake where an Indian Prince kept it Aldrovandus reports that he saw one which did Sing for the Christian Princes and not for the Turks The Crystalline was almost Sphaerical after the usual manner of Fishes and the more convex part was before contrary to what is usual The whole Choroides was besmeared with a white and very opake substance In the Retina there were three branches of blood-vessels which did enter into the Eye with the Optick Nerve and were spread over the whole Membrane This Optick Nerve did enter into the middle of the Eye and its entrance was directly opposite to the Crystalline These two Remarks are favourable to the Opinion of those which do hold that the reception of the visual Species is made on the surface of the Retina and not the Choroides because that the Vessels which being spread into the Retina are laid upon the Choroides must by reason of their Opacity oppose the passage of the visual Species and hinder them from going to the Choroides which these Vessels do not in regard of the Retina because that it covers them with its surface which terminates and locks up the Vitreous Humour The Situation of the Optick Nerve which was found in the Axis of the Eye and which by consequence did directly receive the visual Species seems to demonstrate that it is not the Choroides which receives the Species seeing that there is no Choroides at the principal place where the Species do fall but that it is the Retina which is extended over the Optick Nerve as well as on all the other places on which the Species may fall The left Eye was contracted and a great deal less than the right and was found to have been hurt the Humours being half suppurated In the Eyes of this Subject there was not found the thousand Colours which Natualists report to be there observable The Explication of the Figure of the Barbary Cow. THE lower Figure is to discover the extraordinary length of the Head the situation of the Eyes which are very high the winding of the Horns the length of the Neck the Bunch which the Shoulders do form on the Back that which is at the Sternum as in the Camel the smallness of the Tail and other particularities which do render the Figure of the Animal different from the ordinary Cow. In the Upper Figure A Is the great Ventricle B B B. The three other Ventricles C C. The Origine of the Epiploon D D. The Pancreas E. A part of the Aspera Arteria in its natural bigness â—… â—…â—… The Membranous part of the Aspera Arteria on which the Oesophagus lies and which is towards the Vertebrae of the Neck e e e e. The Extremities of the half Rings of the Aspera Arteria flatted and inlarged making as it were the Wings which do cover the Extremitys of the other half Rings which are underneath and are represented by f f f. g g. The hollow and Chanellated part of the half Rings F F. The Liver G. The Gall-Bladder Γ. The Trunck of the Vena Porta fastned to the Liver H. Half of the Trunck of the Vena Porta loosed from the Liver to discover its interiour surface I I. The holes of the branches of the Vena Porta which do enter into the Substance of the Liver with the Valves which do half shut them K. The Head seen in another Aspect than that of the lower Figure to represent the particular winding of the Horns L L L L L. The five small Lobes of the Lungs M M. The two great Lobes n. The Ligament which fastens the two great Lobes to one another THE ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION OF A BARBARY COW THis Animal was about the size of a Cow. Its Hair was of a Fox-red paler towards the point than the root It was a little shorter than it commonly is in Cows and almost of the same bigness towards the point as the root which is contrary to the Hair of Animals which is most frequently bigger towards the root than towards the other end Yet we have before remarqued an irregularity opposite to this in the Hair of an Elk which was a great deal smaller towards the root than towards the middle The disposition of the Body Legs and Neck made it better to resemble a Stag than a Cow of which it had only the Hornes which were in a great many things different from those of Cows They were each of them a foot long and took their rise very near one another by reason the Head was in this part exceeding narrow They were very thick bent backward black wreathed like a Screw and worn before and at top so that the raised parts which formed the Screw were there wholly effaced The Tail was larger at its beginning than towards its end
little Teats are separated from each other being only fastned to the internal Membrane of the great Ventricle by their roots In some Ostriches we have found the internal Membrane of the Gizzard of a Structure wholly like to this In the Superiour part of the Ventricle towards the Orifice there were several Worms eight or ten lines long and about the thickness of a midling pin They were white and transparent and in the middle of their body there was seen as it were a blackish Vein going from the Head to the Tail which was more pointed than the Head which was smaller than the middle of the Body At the bottom of the Ventricle there was a matter like to black blood half curdled And it is probable that it was in effect from the blood which was fallen into this place by reason of a blow which the Bird had received upon the head The Intestines were seven foot long They had not those two Appendices which do form as it were two Coecums which Belonius reports to be in all Birds We found that these sorts of Intestines were likewise wanting in an Eagle called Haliaetos and some other Birds All the Intestines of our Cormorant were of the same bigness containing two lines diameter They were inclosed with the Ventricle in an Epiploon which Pliny averrs not to be in these Birds This Epiploon had a great deal of Fat hard like Tallow On the Ventricle and Gall-Bladler there was some of this Fat fastened and separated from the Epiploon which is a thing very particular The Kidneys were lock'd up and separated from the other parts of the lower Belly by the means of a Membrane which did cover them They had an extraordinary Figure not being divided into three Lobes as they generally are in Birds but toothed like a Cock's Comb in their gibbous part Aristotle says that Oviparous Animals like Birds and Fish have neither Kidneys nor Bladder except the Sea Tortois We have not yet found any Bird that wanted Kidneys or Ureters As for the Bladder the truth is they have no other Receptacles for their Urine but the extremity of the Rectum which is commonly more dilated in Birds than in terrestrial Animals and having sometimes a roundness like to a Bladder as is seen in the Ostrich The Camelion which is no Bird but yet oviparous has likewise Kidneys and Ureters which do convey its Urine into the Pouch of the Rectum as in Birds The Liver which was of a red as clear as Flesh-Colour was small It had three Lobes two before as is generally seen in other Birds but the left was not half so large as the right the third was under the left almost of its form and size The whole Liver was seated on the right side The Ventricle took up the left The Gall-Bladder was separated from the Liver being fastened there only by its Neck as we have found it in Eagles this is likewise observed in some other Birds The bottom of this Bladder touched the Ventricle It was an inch in length and three lines lines in breadth The Spleen was an inch long a line and a half thick of a somewhat darker Colour than the Liver It s Figure was Semicircular It touched the left part of the Ventricle but was not fastened by any apparent Vessels It was very adherent to the Pancreas which reached very far after the usual manner of Birds into the Sinuosity which forms the first fold of the Intestines It was of a whitish Flesh-Colour several Vessels did fasten it to the hollow part of the Liver near the Origine of the Gall-Bladder It s insertion into the Intestine was near that of the Bladder The Aspera Arteria had its Rings intire At the place where it was divided in the Thorax there was a great Bony and very hard Ring There were two Muscles or Fleshie Ligaments which did tie the Aspera Arteria towards tâ—…e place where it enters into the Thorax These Muscles which in the generality of Birds do knit the Aspera Arteria to the Sternum did in this joyn it to the Bladders of the Lungs when being divided into several tendons these tendons became Membranous and made as it were a Gooses Foot. The Heart was shut up in a Pericardium where there was a clear and lymphid water It was almost round its point being very blunt It s Auricles were very little especially the left It descended not between the two Lobes of the Liver as in most Birds the Liver being quite underneath its point The Tongue was very small not exceeding three lines in length It was double having two points one whereof which was round and fleshie did bend outwards the other which was Membranous and Cartilaginous did tend toward the Larynx which was hard and bony The Eye was but half an inch Diameter The Cornea was of a transparent and very brisk red like to that curious Enamel which the French do call Rouge-clair It is probable that this red proceeded from the extravasated blood between the two Tunicles whereof the Cornea was composed for these Tunicles were easily separable and this Bird had been hit several blows upon the Head. The Crystalline was small being scarcely a line in Diameter It s Figure was Sphaerical as it ordinarily is in Fish perhaps by reason that this Animal ought to see clear in the water where it goes to catch its Prey It was a little depressed before This Bird was killed at Sceaux when being brought into the Kitchin of an Inne he there flew at the Cook whom he bit One of his Wings was broken and his Skull bent in when brought to us The Explication of the Figure of the CHAMOIS or GEMP. THe lower Figure represents the different Colours of the Hair the greatness of the Eyes the turning of the Hornes backward and after what manner the upper Lip is cleft In the Upper Figure A A. The right Lobe of the Liuer B. The left Lobe C. The little Lobe D D. The great Ventricle E F D. The Epiploon which covers the first and third Ventricle to which it is fastened E. Is a part of the Epiploon which is raised to discover the great Ventricle E F. The third Ventricle covered with the Epiploon G. The second Ventricle H. The Ball which was found in the third Ventricle I I. The Vasa Spermatica Praeparantia K K. The Branches of the Praeparantia which go to the Bladder L I. The Branches which go to the Neck of the Uterus M M. The Branches which go to the Testicles N N. The Branches which do go to the Cornua Uteri O O. The Testicles P P. The Cornua Uteri Q. The Bladder R. A Callous Apophysis at the Point of the Heart S. The Crystalline Cleft in three T T. The Oesophagus V. The Pylorus THE ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION OF A CHAMOIS OR GEMP. THe Chamois or Gemp which we describe was somewhat bigger than a Goat It had longer leggs the Hair in recompence was shorter The longest
the Kidneys which seemed drawn downwards The Bladder was very large and thick being composed of two Coats which included between them a substance spongious and somewhat fleshie In one of the Subjects as it has been already declared all the back part of it adhered to the inferiour part of the Epiploon on which it was laid The forepart which touched the Peritonaeum was less fleshie It was loose in this place without being joyned to the Peritonaeum The Testicles of the Males were long and narrow containing only four lines in breadth and an inch and half in length The Vasa Praeparantia were fastned to the inferiour part of the Testicle and did form an Epididymis separated from the Testicle This Epididymis was fastned to a Ligament which passing into the Thighs did seem to be made to strengthen the Testicle and perform the Office attributed to the round Ligament of the Uterus The Parastatae were extraordinary great they were two inches and a half long and separated into three branches and in some of our Subjects into five like branches of Coral At the end of the Penis there was a bone of an inch long In the Females the broad Ligament of the Matrix was strongly fastened to the Kidneys at the bastard-Ribs The Testicles were of a Glandulous Substance without any appearance of Bladders or Eggs. The Nervous Center of the Diaphragme was so thin and transparent that the Lungs were seen through There were five principal Lobes which were each divided into two The Rings of the Aspera Arteria were not intire The Trunck of the Arteria Venosa and its chief branches were of an extraordinary length Having tied the Azygos in one of our Subjects and put a small pipe underneath the Ligature when it was blown the Vena Cava swelled beginning to swell through the Iliaca by reason of the Communication of one branch of the Azygos which passing beyond the Diaphragme went to make an Anastomosis with one of the the branches of the Iliack The Heart was two inches in length from the Basis to the point and fourteen lines in breadth through its middle between the point and the Basis being somewhat larger in this place than at the Basis it was blunt at the end and the flesh of the left Ventricle was firm and hard It had an Eminence which made it to appear winding like a Screw The right Auricle seemed to be only a dilatation of the Cava In one of the Subjects the two Auricles of the Heart were filled with a slimy white and very solid Substance and the Ventricles with a black and congealed blood The Brain was almost like that of the Hog There was no bone between the Cerebrum and Cerebellum The Globe of the Eye exceeded not four inches Diameter it was almost Sphaerical The Cornea was elevated like a demi-globe on another Globe formed by the Sclerotica The Crystalline was likewise almost spherical in one of the Subjects being more convex before than behind In this same Subject the Crystalline had as it were a Kernel its internal part being hard after the manner of a Cartilage and not less transparent than the rest This Part thus hardened had not the Figure spherical like the whole Crystalline but it was flat and lenticular The optick Nerve entered at the middle of the Globe of the Eye The Uvea was of a dark red the Membrane which is applyed to the bottom of the Eye and which we do call the Tapetum was whitish and disseminated with several little red Spots This whitish Colour of the Tapetum made the hole of the Uvea to appear less brown than the Iris. The two Hedg-hoggs which we dissected were Male and Female they contained eight Inches from the Snowt to the end of the hind-feet extended which were not above two Inches The Nose in both was short and round better resembling the Nose of a Dog than the Snowt of a Swine so that they were of that Species of Hedg-hog called by Mathiolus Canina who makes two viz. one which partakes of the Dog and the other of the Hog and this kind seems to be more common than the other because that in English the Herisson is absolutely called Hedg-hog and in Dutch Een ysere Verken that is to say a Hog covered and armed with Prickles They both had the Head Back and Flancks covered with Prikles The Nose Throat Belly and Feet were only interspersed with a very small and very white Hair. Hermolaus says that the Hedg-hog has Prickles all over the Body except on the Nose and Paws but we found this false in one of our Subjects which had no prickls on the belly but those on the Back and sides when it was heaped round the Breech and Snowt approaching each other did intirely cover the Belly The whole Animal was of one Colour the Skin Hair and Prickcles being of a dark yellowish Gray The Prickles were an Inch and a half long and very different from those of the Porcupine for they were somewhat flattish and very like to the Prickles of the outward Shells of ChesNuts The Paws were composed of five Toes of which there were three great ones in the middle and two little ones one on each side They had long pointed and hollow Claws making the Figure of a Pen. The Teeth were disposed in such a manner that below there was only the Molares and Incisores These last were but two which were somewhat longer than the Molares At the top there were no Incisores but only two Canini which left a vacancy in which the Incisores of the lower Jaw were lodged The Canini which were longer than the Incisores had each also a place to lye in in the lower Jaw between the Canini and Incisores with an Interval for that purpose The Female had eight Teats four on each side disposed in two ranges along the Belly and Breast the two highest being seated on the Pectoral Muscle Having taken off the Skin there appeared a Musculus Carnosus which as in the Porcupine was extended from the Ossa Innominata to the Ear and Nose running along the Back-bone without being fastned thereunto which shews that this Muscle serves not the Hedg-hog for the shaking his Skin like the Porcupine which darts his Prickles by this Action but to bring its Head to its Breech and to gather up the whole Body like a Ball which the Hedge-Hog uses to do when it cannot save it self by flight for being in this posture it is all over covered with its Prickles and the Dogs know not how to take him without being Pricked Pliny reports that if notwithstanding this Praecaution he perceives himself in danger he let 's fly his Urine which he knows to have the quality of vitiating his Skin and making all his Prickles to fall off as it were to deprive the Hunters of the Principal Fruit of their Labour which is this Skin which the Ancients had in great esteem by reason that it served them for
its hole otherwise than in Woman being very far in the Neck of the Matrix viz. towards the middle at the place where its roughness began which were seen only towards the extremitie of the Ductus near the Internal Oriface The Truncks of the Matrix were also different from those of Women and resembling those of Brutes in that they were proportionably longer and more redoubled by various turnings The Clitoris had somthing more conformable to that which is seen in other Brutes that have it than in that of Women being proportionably greater and more visible than it is in Women It was composed of two Nervous and Spongious Ligaments which proceeding from the lower part of the Os Pubis and obliquely advanceing to the sides of these Bones did unite to forme a third Body which was ten lines in length It was formed by uniting of the two first which a very strong Membrane joyned together going from one of the Ligaments to the other besides a hard and Nervous Membrane which inveloped them They terminated at a Gland like to that of the Penis of the Male. The little Muscles which were fastned to these Ligaments proceeded as usual from the tuberosities of the Ischium These Ligaments were of Substance so thin and Spongious that the wind penitrated and made them easily to swell when blown into the Net-work of the Veins and Arteries which is in this place This Network was visible in this Subject being composed of larger Vessells than they proportionably are in Women It was situated as usually under the second pair of Muscles of the Clitoris It s Figure was Pyramidal ending from a very large Basis in a point which run along the third Ligament to its extremity towards the Gland The rest of the Parts of Generation were like to those of Women The Neck of the Bladder had its Muscles as in Women For there were a great Number of fleshy Fibres which proceeding from the Sphincter of the Anus were fastned to the sides of the Neck of the Uterus and other such like Fibres which did come from the Sphincter of the Bladder to insert themseves at the same place The body of the Uterus its Membranes internal Orifice its Ligaments as well the Round as Broad and all its Vessells had a conformation intirely like to that which these same parts have in Women The Testicles which were ten lines long and two broad were as in Women composed of a great Number of small Bladders and fastned near the Membranes which are at the extremity of the Tubae and which is called their Fringe The Duggs resembled those of Women as well in what respects their situation which was on the Musculi Pectorales as in what appartains to their composition which consisted of a Glandulous Body and a Teat At the place where the Vena Cava is divided to produce th two Iliacks there was a Gland of the Figure and bigness of a middling Olive containing five lines in length and three in breadth Black on the outside and much more on the inside It was moistned with a Lymphatick Humour wherewith its Spongious Substance was filled In this â—…ame Subject which was one of the two first Monkeys there were two other such like Glands but smaller towards the Origine of the Crurals one on each side At the opening of the Breast there was found a great abundance of Water dispersed over its whole capacity The Thymus was very large The Lungs had seven Lobes three on the right side and as many on the left the seventh was in the Cavitie of the Mediastine as in the generality of Brutes This again makes a Notable difference between the internal parts of the Ape and those of Man whose Lungs have generally at the most but five Lobes oftener but four and sometimes but two Vesalius affirmes that he never saw in Man this fifth Lobe which he reports to be in Apes supposing that they have but five This great Number of Lobes of the Lungs clearly evinceth that Anatomists haue no reason to say that Brutes have the Lungs divided into more Lobes than Man by reason that they have the Face and Breast turned towards the Earth seeing that the Ape has generally the Face and Breast like a Mans. The Heart was a great deal more Pointed than it usually is in Man which is likewise a Character of Brutes Yet in the interiour Superficies of its Ventricles it had that great Number of Fibres and fleshy Columns which are seen in Man. The Uvula which is in no other Brutes was found in our Apes wholly resembling that of Man. The Cranium had a Figure very conformable to a Mans being round and somewhat flat at the sides and wanting that Triangular Bone which separates the Cerebrum from the Cerebellum in most Brutes The Brain was large in proportion to the Body It weighed two ounces and a half The Dura Mater entred very far to Form the Falx The Anfractuosities of the external part of the Brain were very like those of Man in the Anteriour part but in the hinder part towards the Cerebellum there was hardly any They in requital were much deeper in proportion The Apophyses which are called Mamillares which are great Nerves that do serve to the Smelling were not soft as in Man but hard and Membranous The Optick Nerves were also of a Substance harder and firmer than ordinary The Glandula Pinealis was of a Conical figure and its point was turned towards the hinder part of the Head. There was no Rete mirabile for the Carotides being entred into the Brain went by one single Trunck on each side of the edg of the seat of the Sphenoides to pierce the Dura mater and to be distributed as usually into the Basis of the Brain To finish the Description as well of the external as internal parts of the Apes which we dissected by comparing them with those of Man we have made an accurate search after all the Muscles of these Animals which we found for the most part agreable to those of Man So that we do here relate only those things which we found particular in our Subjects The Muscles of the Face in that which participated of the Cynocephalus had a great deal of similitude with those of Doggs and in the Apes which had the Face flat like Man it had nevertheless some Muscles like to those of Brutes as amongst others the Masseter's and Crotophitae which were a great-deal larger in proportion than in Man The Muscles of the Os Hyoides Tongue Larynx and Pharynx which do most serve to articulate a word were wholly like to those of Man and a great deal more than those of the Hand which nevertheless the Ape which speaks not uses almost with as much perfection as Man which Demonstrates that speech is an Action more peculiar to Man and which more distinguishes him from the Brutes than the Hand which Anaxagoras Aristotle and Galen have thought to be the Organ which
Ualvalae Sigmoides as usually The Fleshy Ligament which fastned one of the Partitions of the right Ventricle to the other was longer and thinner than generally it is The Aorta coming out of the Heart was divided into three Truncks The least was the Aorta descendens which made the Crosse by turning towards the right side as in the Generality of Birds The two other greater Truncks were the Axillares which hauing cast forth two small Branches which were the Carotides were divided into several other great Branches which were almost all employed and distributed into the Muscles of the Wings The Carotides a little above their Origine had each a Gland which was fastned to them These Glands were two lines long and a line thick In the lower Beak on both sides of the Tongue under the inward Tunicle of the Mouth there was found two Glandulous Bodies from whence proceeded several Lympheducts which opened into the Mouth and there discharged being squeezed a white and Viscous humour There were two of them towards the upper part a great deal bigger than the others The Tongue was fleshie at top and Cartilaginous underneath as in Hens The Tunicle of the Palate was rough with a great number of little Nipples and of hard and Membranous points It likewise included a glandulous Body which shot forth two great Ductus's opening into the Mouth There was discovered a great quantity of other little glands at the sides of the Larynx which had also some Lympheducts The Cranium or Skull was above half a Line thick The Brain was divided in two as generally in Birds Each part was eleven lines long and seven broad The Cerebellum was eight lines every way Both together weighed but a Drachme and a half The internal Eye-lid was large and was easily extended over the whole Globe of the Eye The Punctum Lachrymale was double round and very large It opened as is usual into the cleft of the hinder part of the Palate The lower Glandula Lachrymalis was coucht under the Globe of the Eye in the great Canthus It was ten lines long and two broad It s Ductus was great and opened between the Eye and internal Eye-Lid Having Syringed into this Ductus the Gland swelled very much The upper Glandula Lachrymalis was very small not exceeding three Lines in length and two in breadth The Sclerotica was Cartilaginous before having as it were a harder Ring than the rest three lines broad The Cornea had a border or yellow Circle quite round joyning the Conjunctiva The Iris was of a dark red the Tapetum of the same colour the rest of the Choroides was extraordinary black We found not that other black Membrane like a Sack which proceeds from the Optick Nerve and which we have always found in the Birds that we have dissected without being able to conjecture what its use may be All that we could surmise is that this part has an Office like to that of the Choroides in that the one and the other do amongst other things serve to prepare the Nourishment of the Humours of the Eye which by reason of the transparent purity that is requisite for them must have an Aliment very pure and wholly exempt from the gross and Earthy parts by which Bodies are rendred Opake for these parts which may be called the Lees of the Blood are separated therefrom and retained in the Choroides and Purse of the Optick Nerve which are sullied and blackned therewith this being done almost after the same manner as the Choroides Placenta and Membrane of the Uterus are sullied if I may so say from the grossest and most impure portion of the Blood which they retain to the end that the part designed for the Formation and Nourishment of the Foetus may be finer and purer This Conjecture which for these reasons may have some probability has been likewise confirmed by the particularity that we have remarked in our Subject where this black Purse not appearing we found the Choroides a great deal thicker than ordinary as if the whole dregs of the blood which in the Eyes of other Birds should be retained in the Choroides and black Purse had here been collected into the Choroides alone The Explication of the Figure of the OSTRICH IN the lower Figure it may be seen that the Feathers of the Wings and Tail could not be proper for Flying the parts which do compose these Feathers not being hook'd together as they are in other Birds that the Eye which is not obliquely Scituated after the usual manner has great Eye-lids The opening of which is long-wise as in Man that the Neck Head and Thighs are destitute and unprovided of Feathers and that each Foot has but two Toes In the Upper Figure A A. Represents the Cavity of the middle of the Thorax B B D D. The Cavity of the lower Belly These two Cavities are formed by two great Diaphragms and separated one from the other by the transverse Diaphragme which is between A and B and which is garnished with Fat underneath E E E E. The four Bladders of the right side of the Stomach C C C C. The four Bladders of the left side These four Bladders are inclosed on each side between the great Diaphragme and Muscle of the Lungs G G. The Lungs each of which is shut up between the Muscle of the Lungs and the Ribbs H. A part of the Cartilago Cricoides II. The Cartilago Tyroides K. The Tongue L L L. The hinder part of the Sclerotica which makes half the Globe of the Eye the fore-part being taken away M. The Membrane folded like a Purse which proceeds from the Infundibulum or Funnel N formed by the extremity of the Optick Nerve and uniting near the Ligamentum Ciliare O. The Optick Nerve P. The Crystallinus with the Ligamentum Ciliare Q Q. The Cerebrum uncovered R R. The Dura mater raised up and thrown backward upon the Cerebellum S. The Glandula Pinealis in its place T T. The upper part of the Cerebellum V V. The Sinus Longitudinalis X X. Two Tuberosities or Swellings making the lateral and inferiour parts of the Cerebellum Y Y. Two Cavities or Ventricles which are in the Swellings of the Cerebellum α. The Cavity which is at the rise of the Medulla Spinalis made like a Pen. β. The Vermiforme Apophysis of the Cerebellum γ. The Cerebellum raised and turned backwards δ δ The Brain divided in two after having cut the small Fibres which joyn the two parts ε ζ. The upper Ventricles in which is seen the Lacis Choroides marked ζ. ι. The Glandula Pinealis bent a little backward out of its place λ λ. Two Swellings Scituated under the Brain They are the same which are marked X X. μ. The Cerebellum ν. The fourth Sinus Δ. A piece of the Stem of a Feather viewed with the Microscope 11. 22. Two of the Filaments whereof the less Beard of the Feather was composed Here is represented only the beginning the rest
regularly ranged and framed like the ends of small Pipes being round and pierced through the middle at the part towards the inside of the Craw and unequal on the other side being composed of several Graines after the manner of conglomerated Glands And in this they differed from the Glands which are found in the Craws of the Demoiselles of Numidia Geese Ducks and several other Fowl where these Glands are seen pierced only as in the Ostrich but they are single and of the kind of those called Conglobated The Membrane that coated the inside of the Gizzard and which was easily separable therefrom was a line and half in thickness in some of our Subjects It was composed of two parts viz. of a Tunicle which was immediately fastened to the Flesh of the Gizzard and of a heap of little Glandulons Bodies which made a kind of Velvet These small Bodies in most of the Subjects were so minute that they appeared to be rather Fibres than Glands in some they were about the bigness of a great Pin and above the length of a Line They were joyned and glued to each other as the Fibres are in Wood. There was a great many places where these small Bodies were separated and made several clefts or chincks The Ventricle of the Cormorant was almost of this Structure These Ventricles were always found full of Hay Grass Barley Beans Bones and Stones of which there were some as big as a Pullets Egg. There were likewise some Doubles in one we counted seventy of them They were most of them worn and consumed about three quarters being scratch'd by their mutual rubbing and by that of the Stones and not by Corrosion caused by any humour or acide Spirit as we found because that some of these Doubles which were hollow on one side and bossed on the other were so worn and bright on one side of the Boss that there remained nothing of the Figure of Money whereas the side which was hollow was not at all damaged its cavity having defended it from the rubbing of the other Doubles All the rest which was contained in the Uentricle with these Doubles as well Stones and Bones as Pulse and Hay was green Wee found the same thing in the Uentricle of a Bustard where there were Ninety Doubles worn by this rubbing they had likewise given a green Colour to a great deal of Hay which was there This made us to think that in Birds and generally in all Animals the dissolution of the Nourishment is not performed only by subtile and penetrating Spirits but also by the Organical and Mechanical Action of the Ventricle which compresses and incessantly beats the things which it contains so that in the generality of Animals which do swallow a hard Nourishment without chewing it as Birds which live on Grain Nature has made their Ventricle Musculous and has given them the instinct of swallowing Stones by the means of which they may break in their Ventricle what others do bruise with their Teeth In fine this Affectation which the generallity of Birds have of swallowing Stones has a more manifest use than that which Eagles and Cranes have of putting Stones into their Nests Cardan and the generallity of other Naturalists are of Opinion that the Ventricle of Birds and especially of the Ostrich is fleshy to afford it more Heat but it is known that the Musculous and Fibrous flesh acts more by its Motion than by its Temper and that one of the principal and most important Actions of the Heart is that of Contraction and Dilatation which serves not less to the Concoction and alteration of the Blood than to its distribution It is probable that those who have thought that the Stones and Iron which Ostriches do devour are dissolved in their Ventricle by a particular virtue that Nature has given to the Ventricles of different Animals by which some do digest Poysons others Bones and raw Flesh and that the Ostrich was furnished with that of digesting Metals and Stones reflected not on that attrition of the Peices of Copper which we have observed and much less on the verdure with which all that was contain'd in the Ventricle was tinged For if the Ventricle of the Ostrich had a faculty peculiar for digesting of Metals it would digest them after the same manner as other things are digested which is to be melted and dissolved without suffering other change in their Colour than to become white which proceeds from the almost infinite little bubbles which the boyling of the Fermentation there produceth For this Ebullition gives a white Colour to whatever it Agitates as is seen in the Froth of Inck which is white It is likewise known by Experience that the things which are dissolved in the Ventricle do receive an alteration in their Substance without changing Colour as it is remark'd in Craw-Fish which are found half digested in the Ventricles of Fishes with their Natural blackness and not having that redness which they do acquire when the Heat of the Fire Boyls and alters them after a manner which is very different from the heat of Animals So that the greeness which happens to Copper in the Ventricle of the Ostrich cannot proceed from a Dissolvent that it has to Digest Metals but there is a probability that the Dissolution is there made after the same manner as if it should have been done out of this Ventricle if the Copper had been champed with Herbes or some acid or saline Liquor of what Nature soever it were and which should be very different from this acid or salt or else from that general Dissolvent whatever it be of all that is capable of affording Nourishment So that it is credible that the Ostrich being a Voracious Animal which has need of Swallowing some hard thing that is requisite as has been said to break its Nourishment it misuses the instinct which Nature has given it for that end when it Swallows Iron and especially Copper which is turned into Poison in its Stomach instead of turning into Nourishment And indeed we were informed by those who look after these Animals in the Aviary of Versalles that the Ostriches ' which do Swallow much Iron or Copper do all Dye presently after The Intestines in our Subjects were different in length altho' the Animals were almost of the same size In one they were fifty Foot in another fourty two in a third thirty three in a fourth twenty nine The three smaller Intestines had scarce more length than the Colon and Rectum together The Caecum was doubled as in most other Birds each comprehending two Foot in length more or less in proportion to the length of the other Intestines The External Surface of the Colon and Caecum were uneven with some very regular Bosses but different in each of these Intestines These Bosses were formed by some leaf-like Ligaments which were on the inside almost the same as they are seen in the third and fourth Ventricle of Animals which chew
communicate themselves along the Testicle to which they inserted some Branches at equal Spaces In this place they were exceedingly invelop'd with Membranes and Fat But notwithstanding these Impediments their Structure and Communications were distinctly seen because that having boiled one Testicle and all the Fat being melted the Vessels evidently appeared and shewed that after being united they were separated to rejoyn again The Deferens descending along the Spine to the second Bladder was there fastened after being dilated and changed into a Membrane This Ductus as usually was solid and without Cavity at its beginning and at the end it was enlarged and became Membranous The Liver was red of a Substance hard and firm By its Figure it resembled that of a Man being divided into two great Lobes The left was parted into two other small ones There was also another little one in the middle and at the bottom of the two great ones which was found but in one of the Subjects There was no Gall-Bladder but only a Ductus Hepaticus which proceeded from the middle of the hollow part of the Liver and inserted it selfe at the Pylorus The Ductus was formed by the uniting of three great branches which were distributed into the whole Substance of the Liver At the extremity of one of these Branches very near its Insertion into the Ductus there was a Dilatation about the bigness of a great Filbeard which did not appear because it was again covered over by the Parenthyma of the Liver The Vena Porta was double having two separate Truncks and each their particular roots The first which was the bigger was fastened to the right Lobe at the place where the Gall-Bladder commonly is in Birds The second the lesser came out from the bottom of the left Lobe The Vena Cava was joyned along the great Diaphragme right by the side of the Aorta The Pancreas was ten inches long and an inch broad It was placed between the first fold which the Intestines do make in forme of a long Sinuosity as in most other Birds It was of a true flesh-Colour The Glands whereof it was composed were wholly separated from each other and joyned only by Membranes The Ductus Pancreaticus was knitt to the upper part of the Iejunum It proceeded from the middle of the Pancreas where the two branches joyned which it shot forth into each half of the Pancreas one towards the top and the other towards the bottom It is remarkable that in the Generalitie of Birds the Ductus Pancreatici are inserted near the Cholidochi but in our Ostriches the insertion of the Pancreaticus was above three foot distant from that of the Hepaticus The Spleen was fastned to the Ventricle by a strong Membrane which conducted and held the Splenatick Vessels It was Cylindrical being two inches and a half long and Eight Lines Diameter yet it was a little smaller at the bottom than at the top It s Parenchyma was Solid and like to that of the Kidneys of Quadrupedes The Kidneys comprehended eight inches in length and two in breadth In most of our Subjects they were different from the Kidneys of other Birds not being cut into several Lobes but having a continuity very equal Their whole Substance which was quaggy appear'd moreover very unequal as being composed of a great quantity of Glands They had a very fine Membrane that immediatly covered them which was again covered over with another stronger and thicker supplying the use of the Membrana Adiposa The colour of these Glands was of a very brisk dark Red. In some of our Subjects we found the Kidneys were cut in three as usually the upper and lower part being larger than that of the middle The Ureter was not as in other Birds lay'd upon the Kidneys from top to bottom but it was included in their Substance where it was a little larger than outwardly as it were to form a Pelvis which was about the length of the Kidney In this Pelvis there was seen several holes which were the Mouths of the Branches or Channels which the Pelvis sends into the whole Substance of the Kidney There was not any appearance of Papillae The Rings which composed the Aspera Arteria were intire but a little compressed which gave them an Oval Figure The Larynx consisted of one Cricoides and one Arytaenoides The Cricoides resembled that of a Man and the Arytaenoides was made of two flat and large Cartilages articulated with the Cricoides by the means of their Muscles Between them they left an Aperture of six Lines which made the Glottis These two Cartilages were covered over with one Muscle which plainly serv'd to close the Mouth of the Glottis by drawing them together The Diaphragme was not single as in terrestrial Animals where there is but one Partition which separates the Parts contained in the Thorax from those of the lower Venter But there were several Diaphragmes which made a great many separations by dividing the Cavity of all this part of the Body which is called the Trunck into six other Cavities by the means of five Partitions which may be taken for as many Diaphragmes There were four of these Diaphragmes or Partitions whose Situation was direct from top to bottom and a fifth seated a Cross. Of the four strait ones two were little and two great the little ones covered the Lungs which were fastened to the sides and separated them from the four upper Bladders of the Lungs The great Diaphragmes which covered these Bladders as the little Ones covered the Lungs left a great space in the middle where the Heart and Liver were included together The fifth Diaphragme which was seated cross-wise going from the middle of one of the great Diaphragmes to the middle of the other separated the Heart and Liver from the Gizzard the Intestines and other parts of the lower Belly in which the two inferiour Bladders of the Lungs were likewise held So that the six Cavivities were a great one of the lower Venter another great one of the middle of the Thorax seated over the first two middling ones at the side of the second which contained the four upper Bladders and two little ones at the side of these middling ones where the right and left Lungs were inclosed Each of the little Diaphragmes which we call the Muscle of the Lungs because that it was fleshy and covered the Lungs had its Origine very fleshy which was divided into six heads fastened towards the extremity of the great Ribbs near the Angle which they do make with other little Ribbs that fasten them to the Sternum instead of the Cartilages which knitt them in Terrestrial Animals These six Heads did altogether produce a large Tendon or Aponeurosis which being couch'd on the Lungs went to joyn it self with the Aponeurosis of the other opposite Muscle on the Vertebrae of the Back to which it was also strongly connected The direction of the Fibres of this Muscle was Oblique inclining a little
towards the bottom so that its Action is to contract the Thorax by closing the Ribbs and drawing them downwards Each of the great Diaphragmes which was only a Membrane without Musculous flesh and consequently without Action and serving only for a partition has seemed to us to meritt rather the name of Diaphragme than the two little ones that were Musculous and also than the Diaphragme of Terrestrial Animals which serves for other purposes than to separate the upper Belly from the lower being principally imployed by its Motion in the Respiration which is called free as are the Muscles of the Thorax for the Respiration which is called Violent and forced the which is performed by the Dilatation and Constriction of the Thorax Each of these Diaphragmes was joyned at the top and at the fore-side along each Ribb of the Strnum which was very broad in our Ostriches as it commonly is in Birds At its back-part it joyned to the Aponeurosis of the Muscle of the Lungs and by the means of this Aponeurosis to the Vertibrae of the Back At the bottom it was fastened to the transverse Muscle of the lower Venter The Transverse Diaphragme was seated a little lower than the bottom of the Sternum It proceeded from the middle of one of the great Diaphragmes and cle a ving on the forepart to the Transverse Muscles of the lower Belly and on the hind-part to the Aponeuroses of the Muscles of the Lungs it went to fasten it self to the other great Diaphragme Underneath it was garnished with Fat about the thickness of ones Finger The Lungs being included between the Ribbs and little Diaphragmes called by us the Muscles of the Lungs were composed of two Red and Spongious fleshy parts as in other Birds They were each ten inches long and three and a half broad being an inch and a half thick Each of the two Branches of the Aspera Arteria entring into the Lungs was divided into several branches which were distributed into its whole Parenchyma as in Terrestrial Animals except that all these Branches were simply Membranous without any Cartilages The Air passing into these branches went to the external surface of the Parenchyma which was pierced with an infinite number of little holes which were seen through a very thin Coat wherewith the whole Lungs were covered to inclose the Air and let it out only thro five holes each about five lines Diameter and ranked according to the length of the Lungs some towards the Back-bone others towards the Sternum Those holes which were towards the Sternum piercing the fleshy part of the Muscle of the Lungs to penetrate into the Bladders were oblique and it seem'd to be thus formed that the Air might be voluntarily retained in these Bladders by the Action of the Muscle which by contracting it selfe might lessen this hole for some uses which may be conjectured as it shall be explained in the sequel The four Bladders which were on each side at the top of the Thorax were included as has been said between the Diaphragme and the Muscle of the Lungs where with they were covered over The Coat of each Bladder was fastened by the sides of the Diaphragme and Muscle of the Lungs At the top and bottom it was joyned to the Coats of the Neighbouring Bladders between which it was The fifth Bladder which was a great deal larger than the rest was not included between the Diaphragme and the Muscle of the Lungs but between the two Diaphragmes with the Intestines and other parts of the lower Belly and that they toucht the Muscle of the Lungs only at the place where it was Pierced to give passage to the Air that it received from the Lungs In Eagles and some other Birds we found these Bladders fastned by the bottom to a Membrane exceedingly loaded with Fat which inclosed as in a Sack the Ventricle and Intestines and which we have taken for an Epiploon The parts of this Structure could not be so well observed in other Birds by reason of the tenderness of the Coats whereof these Bladders are composed which in the Ostrich are about the thickness of a Hog's Bladder and we found those of the lower Belly in one of our Subjects four times thicker being Scirrhous But in most other Birds it is almost impossible not to cut them in making the Dissection and they can be well viewed only by keeping them extended by blowing into the Aspera Arteria This knowledg of this Structure gave the Society an occasion of making several Reflections on the manner of Respiration in general and on that particular to Birds to indeavour to arrive at the knowledg of the uses which these Organs must have which are so different in the one and the other of these Animals It was considered that Respiration serves not only to the refreshment of the Heart and to the Voice but that it is also useful for the Concoction and Distribution of the Nourishment by the continual agitation and constriction of the Thorax which pressing the Lungs fill'd with Air and by this Means rendered like soft Pillows makes that they gently squeeze out not only the Blood contained in their Vessels and push it into the Heart but do also compress the other Vessels shut up in the Thorax to favour the distribution of the blood as it appears in violent Actions where the retention of Respiration is necessary for it is observed that it makes the blood to rise up into the Face But the manner whereby Respiration is accomplisht by Inspiration and Expiration does evidently demonstrate the verity of this use in terrestrial Animals for Inspiration is performed when the Thorax is inlarged by the changing of the situation of the Ribs and Sternum which renders its capacity more ample and by the relaxation of the Diaphragme which likewise diminishes the Capacity because that it makes it to mount on high and take up a part of the Thorax Now this Relaxation which is a thing passive is not sufficient for the powerful effort that Expiration requires because that the Air inclosed and compressed by the Action which the Pectoral Muscles do cause in Respiration would be capable of forcing the Diaphragme downwards if not thrust upwards by some power which acts strongly in Expiration This Power is double one is that of the Mediastinum which after having been drawn and extended in the inspiration when the center of the Diaphragme descends downwards do's afterwards draw the same Center upwards as do's Spring which after having been forc'd returns to its first State by an Action which Galen calls Natural and which is not volentary like that of the Muscles so that he attributes to it the involuntary retraction which happen's to the parts by Muscles whose Antagonists have been cut The other power which makes the Diaphragme to ascend is that of the muscles of the lower Belly which may pass for the Antagonists of the Diaphragme when they do compress whatever is contained under the Diaphragme For
Region is destitute For if there are a great many Birds which do never rise very high into the Air whose Lungs have notwithstanding these Bladders in which the Air is retained there are also a great many that have Wings which they use not for flying And it may be observed that there are found some parts in Animals which have not any use in certain Species and which are given to the whole Genus by reason that they have an important use in some of the Species 'T is thus that in several kinds of Animals the Males have Teats like the Females that Moles have Eyes Ostriches and Cassowars Wings and that Land-Tortoises have a particular Formation of the Vessels of the Heart which agrees only with Water-Tortoises as it is explained in the Description of the Tortoise However it be the structure of the Muscles of the Lungs of Birds gives occasion to believe that they do serve to this Retention because it is seen that the holes which they have to give entrance into the Pouches are most in the fleshy part of the Muscles which is capable of a voluntary Constriction and Relaxation And moreover this Retention of the Air is manifest in the Camelion which hath Lungs of a Structure like that of Birds For we have remark'd that the Camelion is somtimes swelled as it was ready to burst and continues a long time in this posture altho' the Reciprocation of the Respiration ceases not from going its usual pace as if by the means of these Muscles of the Lungs this Animal did retain the Air in some of the Bladders viz. in those whose Apertures are in the fleshy part of the Muscle and that in the others it leaves a free Egress and Entrance to the Air for Respiration In the middle of the two great Diaphragmes there was a Membrane which like a Mediastinum descended from top to bottom and which served for a Ligament to suspend the Heart Liver Ventricle and the rest of the parts of the lower Venter The Bladders of the Lungs were separable from the Diaphragmes and Muscles of the Lungs each having their particular Tunicle These Tunicles were joyned together making double and not single partitions The second Bladder had two holes The fourth descended not so low as in other Birds by reason that the Sternum being very small and consequently the Muscles of the lower Venter greater than ordinary this Bladder was not so necessary as in Birds which have the Sternum bigger which confirmes the opinion that we have of the use which we attribute to this fourth Bladder and which is explained in the Description of the Ostrich Now the Sternum was proportionably lesser than in the Ostrich because that the Muscles designed for the Motion of the Wings to which it gives rise were very small and proportioned to the Wings The Heart was an Inch and half long and an Inch broad towards its Basis. It s fleshy valve made a Sack that was but one Line deep The Tongue measured an Inch in length and eight Lines in breadth It was indented all round like a Cocks Combe Aldrovandus has said that the Cassowar has neither Wings nor Tongue instead of saying that these parts are of a structure altogether extraordinary in this Bird. The Globe of the Eye was very bigg in proportion to the Cornea being an Inch and half Diameter and the Cornea but three Lines The Crystalline was four The black Purse which proceeds from the Optick Nerve was as usually in other Birds In this Subject we applyed our selves exactly to remark what belongs to the internal Eye-lid which we have found in the Eyes of all Birds and in those of the generality of Terrestrial Animals The particularities of the admirable structure of this Eye-lid are such things as do distinctly discover the wisdom of Nature amongst a thousand others of which we perceive not the contrivance because we understand them only by the Effects of which we know not the Causes But we here treat of a Machine all the parts whereof are visible and which need only to be lookt upon to discover the Reasons of its Motion and Action This internal Eye-lid in Birds is a Membranous part which is extended over the Cornea when it is drawn upon it like a Curtain by a little Cord or Tendon and which is drawn back again into the great Corner of the Eye to uncover the Cornea by the means of the very strong Ligaments that it has and which in drawing it back towards their Origine do fold it up It made a Triangle when extended and it had the figure of a Crescent when folded up It s Basis which is its Origine was towards the great Corner of the Eye at the edg of the great Circle which the Sclerotica Forms when it is flatted before making an Angle with its Anteriour part which is flat and on which the Cornea is raised making a Convexitie This Basis which is the part immovable and fastned to the edg of the Sclerotica did take up more than a third of the Circumference of the great Circle of the Sclerotica The side of the Triangle which is towards the little corner of the Eye and which is moveable was reinforced with a border which supplys the place of the Tarsus and which is black in most Quadruped's This side of the Eye-lid is that which is drawn back into the Corner of the Eye by the Action of the Fibres of the whole Eye-lid which parting from its Origine proceed to joyn themselves to its Tarsus To extend this Eye-lid over the Cornea there were two Muscles that were seen when the six were taken away which served to the motion of the whole Eye We found that the greatest of these two Muscles has its Origine at the very edge of the great Circle of the Sclerotica towards the great corner from whence the Eye-lid takes its original It is very fleshy in its beginning which is a large Basis from whence coming insensibly to contract it self by passing under the Globe of the Eye like as the Eye-lid passes over it it approaches the Optick Nerve where it produces a Tendon round and slender so that it passes thro the Tendon of the other Muscle which serves for a Pully and which hinders it from pressing the Optick Nerve on which it is bent and makes an Angle to pass thro' the upper part of the Eye and coming out from underneath the Eye to insert it self at the corner of the Membrane which makes the internal Eye-lid This second Muscle has its Origine at the same circle of the Sclerotica but opposite to the first towards the little corner of the Eye and passing under the Eye like the other goes to meet it and imbrace its Tendon as it has been declared The Action of these two Muscles is in respect to the first to draw by means of its Cord or Tendon the corner of the internal Eye-lid and to extend it over the Cornea As to the
The exactness with which the Glottis is closed in this Animal seems greatly to assist the effect of this compression even as it is credible that it is for such an use that the Bladders of Fishes are so closed that what force soever be used for the Compressing them the Air cannot be got out otherwise than by bursting them For there is no likelyhood that these Bladders are in Fishes to remain always in one State They would hurt them as much in hindering them from descending in the Water as they would assist them by making them to rise towards its Surface and for this purpose it would have sufficed that their body was of a Substance thin enough to render their bulk proportioned to their weight such as is the Substance of Wood and other Spongious Bodys which do Swim upon the Water We have for a long time observed Tortoises floating upon the Water without stirring Fishes do likewise keep themselves a long while in one place under Water somtimes near the bottom of the Water somtimes near its Surface The little Figures of Enamel do thus stop themselves in different places according to the different Compressions that are made in the Air which they do contain Aristotle and Pliny have remarkt that when Tortoises have been a long time upon the Water during a Calm it happens that their shell being dryed in the Sun they are easily taken by the Fishermen by reason that they cannot plung into the Water nimbly enough being become too light This shews what equality there ought to be in their Equilibrium seeing that so little a change as this which may happen by the sole drying of the Shell is capable of making it useless For it is probable that the Tortoise which is always careful to keep it self in this Equilibrium so as other Animals are to keep themselves on their Leggs in this case by the same instinct dares not let the Air out of its Lungs to acquire a weight which might makeit speedily to sink because it fears that its Shell being wett it should become so heavy that it being sunk to the bottom of the Water it might never have power afterwards to re-ascend Now the Observation of the unmoveableness of the Lungs does very well agree with the want of the Organs which might serve for its Motion for the Tortoise has not only its Shell which supplys the place of the Sternum absolutely immoveable but in it we have found neither Diaphragme nor other parts which might supply this Motion The Bone of the Arm called Humerus which it has enclosed in the Breast has a very long Apophysis at the place of the Articulation of the Cubitus which is joyned with an other Bone articulated to the Cubitus So that these Bones do joyntly form two productions on each side which approaching forward are like Claviculae But these parts are immoveable and do evidently serve only for a Basis or Origine to the Muscles which do supply the place of Pectorals and which draw forward the moveable part of the Arm viz. the Cubitus Radius and Hand There were found Muscles enough that might serve for the Compression of the Lungs but Muscles alone are not proper to its dilatation there must be the Ribbs and a Sternum or somthing Analogus that may be moveable So that it is apparently necessary to suppose that the Inspiration is made by the Spring of the hard and firm Ligaments which compose the Mashes that have been described Insomuch that when the Muscles which may compress the Lungs begin to slacken these Ligaments are extended and enlarging the Apertures of all the Bladders do encrease the capacity of the whole Lungs Altho' our Tortoise was not of those that live in the Water it did not fail in regard to this particular formation of the Heart and Lungs to have it like that of the Animals of its Species as several Birds are observed to have Wings tho' they do not fly The Brain was very small For the size of the Head which in proportion to the rest of the Body is very small consisted principally in the Bones of the Cranium and in the Flesh of the Crotaphitae Muscles that covered it and which were thick as in the Lyon The Bone of the Crown of the Head having a crest after the manner of all Animals that have an extraordinary strength in the Jaws The Cerebrum with the Cerebellum were in all sixteen Lines long and nine Lines broad The Sea-Tortoises which are taken at the Ant-iles have it three times lesser in proportion For according to the Relations which we have of those Countries the Tortoises which have there a Head as bigg as that of a Calf have the Brain no bigger than a Bean. The Membranes of these two parts their Substance the Lacis Choroides the Glandula Pinealis the Pituitarius the Infundibulum and generality of the Nerves were after the same manner as they are seen in Birds The other parts had somthing particular The Olfactory Nerves were of an extraordinary grandure making near the fourth part of the whole Brain The Optick Nerves took their Origine from the Olfactory The two Tuberosities that the Cerebellum has in Birds instead of being fastned to the lateral parts of the Medulla Spinalis were in its upper part The Cerebellum was neither furrowed by parrallel Lines on the out side nor diversified on the inside by the different Colours of its Substance which represent the Branches of Trees and its Cavity was advanced very farr into the Medulla Spinalis going even to the first Vertebra of the Neck The Medulla Spinalis was covered with its vsual Membranes and moistned by several Vessels which did accompany it to its End It filled the whole Cavity of the Vertebrae and sent from one part and the other several pair of Nerves Those which were distributed to the Arms leggs Neck and Tail were very large and Numerous The Globe of the Eye was an Inch Diameter The Internal Eye-lidd which we have seen stirr in living Tortoises had the same Muscles which we have observed in Birds The Cornea was very thinn The Aqueous Humour had a Consistence so thick that it did hardly run The Iris was of a light-soot-Colour There were seen several Vessells interlaced In the little Tortoises that we have here which are all water Tortoises the Iris had four yellow rayes on a ground of light soot-Colour These rayes were disposed in Crosses round the hole of the Uvea The Chrystallinus contain'd but one line Diameter It was flat and lenticular The Membrane made like a black purse which is found in the Eyes of Birds was not met with in our Subject The Tongue whose Figure was Pyramidal had an Inch in length and four lines in Bredth It was thinn not exceeding a line the fleshy substance of which made but the half The Tunicle had over it a great number of little Teats The Tongue with the Os Hyoides had Ten Muscles five on
H. Hâ—…liaetos 184. Hedge-hog 147. 152. Herisson 152. Hen of Africa Barbary Numidia Guinea Mauritania Tunis and Pharos 175. Hinde of Sardinia 167. 170. Hyaena 101. Hystrix 147. K. Kemas 55. 142 L. Lamantin 125. Lion. 3. 9. Lionness 13. Lupus Cervarius 75. Lynx 77. M Manati 121. Meleagris 175. Mituporanga 191. Mondi 115. Monkey 157. O. Ostrich 217. Otis 198. Otter 93. Otus 206. P. Pintado 175. Phoca 120. Porcupine 147. Q. Quesele 175. R. Rupicapra 142. S. Sapajou 157. Scharbo 133. Scops 206. Stag of Canada 167. Strepsiceros 53. 142. T. Tortoise 252. W. Sea-Wolfe 122. Y. Y Sere Vercken 152. ERRATA P. 5. l. 48. r. measured p. 13. l. 12. r. splitt at the end l. 26. r. a Cartilage p. 20. l. 2. r. resembled p. 40. l. 28. r. Urethra l. 30. r. heart l. 37. dele usually p. 44. l. 4. r. for p. 47. l. 36. r. each of the Kidneys p. 48. l. ult r. visual p. 55. l. 41. r. dugs p. 57. l. 28. r. irregular l. 33. dele great p. 62. l. 11. r. in proportion to its p. 70. l. 23. r. left side p. 71. l. 26. add after Ventricle on the out side of the Liver p. 78. l. 33. dele as p. 8â—… l. 37. dele caused l. 38. r. Urethra p. 100. l. 1. for cut r. knawn l. 17. add than p. 101. l. 47. r. out of p. 110. l. 40. r. seller p. 11â—… l. 36. r. Inch and halfe p. 114. l. 14. r. left p. 116. l. 28. for Gula r. Mouth p. 164. l. 6. r. Ossa ilia in p. 176. l. 18. r. insensibly increasing till they became three c. l. 39. r. on p. 182. l. 7. r. Toe p. 186. l. 17. r. Craw. p. 192. l. 45. r. on p. 193. l. 32. r. happens to these Coates p. 217. l. 29. dele some p. 231. l. 8. for Diaphragme right r. right Diaphragme p. 244. l. 5. dele by running p. 264. l. 7. r. shutt AN INDEX OF MATTERS CHIEFLY ANATOMICAL A AE Gritudo fastigii a Disease peculiar to Lyons what it is according to Pliny 5 Air 's use in respiration 179 Air why retained in the Bladders of the Lungs in Birds 246 Alâ—…e of the Ancients our Elke 107 Amber yellow thought to be Pintado's tears 177 Antilope Strepsiceros and Dorcas the same Animals 34 Antilope and Hare have Bags filled with a Substance like Wax in the Groin 55 Anus of the Castor has no Sphincter 85 Aorta in Birds how divided at its comeing forth of the Heart 210 Aorta descends on the right side in Birds 236 Apes not so like Man inwardly as outwardly 159 Apes wherein different from Man. ib. Apes provided with all the Organs of Speech 163 Aqueous Humour of the Eye Freezes not 66 Aspera Arteria In the Lyon consists of intire Rings 6 In the Cametion of intire Rings 20 In the Bear of imperfect ones but larger than in the Lyon. 48 In the Elke of imperfect Rings 111 In the Cormorant of intire Rings 137 In the Porcupine of imperfect Rings 151 In the Bustard of intire ones 202 In the Demoiselle intire and Boney 209 In the Ostrich of intire Rings 231 Enters into the Sternum of the Indian-Cock 194 And of the Demoiselle 210 Is fastned by round Muscles to the Sternum in Birds generally 180 Being blown into the Bladders of the Lungs the Craw and Oesophagus are swelled up 210 Auricle left bigger than the right in the Castor 89 B Balls in the Ventricles of Animals how made 143 Barbary Cow has a small forehead 127 thought to be the Bubalus of the Ancients 128 Beard-Hairs common to all Carnivorous Animals 100 In the Sea-Calfe of a particular Figure 122 Beak of the Cassowar and Indian-Cock divided into three at the end 243 Bear most powerful of any Animal in the faculty of growing 49 She Bear after Cubbing eats nothing for 40 Days 49 Cubbs of the Bear smalest in comparison of all Creatures ib Bear very strong of digestion ib Beaver's inside very much like a Dogg 89 Bezoar's in the Maw of the Chamois 143 Bellows made use of to blow up the Lungs and keep the Animal alive 261 Birds have a Membrane like an Epiploon 185 have a fleshy Valve at the Mouth of the Vena Cava in the Heart 210 After what manner the Aorta is divided 236 How they trimm their feathers 219 Bird of Paradise falsly thought footless 221 Bladders in the lower belly of Birds blown up by the Lungs 179 How fill'd and emptied of wind 235 Bladder Urinary in the Porcupine has two Coats 151 In the Lyon very small 14 Filled with Urine in the Ostrich 227 In small Water-Tortoises near the Rectum 257 In the Tortoise fibrous like the inside of the Heart ib Bone between the Cerebrum and Cerebellum in Carnivorous Animals 125 Bone in the Staggs Heart 169 Bonnet on the Pintado's Head. 177 Brain in the Bear 4 times as bigg as the Lyons 46 In the Chatpard deeply cut in at the Falx 65 In the Dromedary six Inches and a half long 41 In the Gazella without Anfractuositieâ—… 59 Of the Lyon 2 inches large 7. 8 In the Camelion not near so bigg as the Globe of the Eye 26 In the Sea-Fox very little soft and flabby 72 Not easily distinguishable from the Cerebellum in the Castor 90 Large in the Chamois 144 In the Lynx the Cortical part white and solid 79 In the Porcupine like an Hoggs 151 In Apes like a Mans. 162 In the Ostrich small in proportion 236 Brain is usually smooth without Sinuosities in Birds 237 In Birds divided in two as is well known to Mountebanks 237 In Birds has the Cortical part ten times bigger in proportiont han in Men. ib Branches of the Emulgents terminate at the superficies of the Kidney 10 Bristles and Quills of the Porcupine described 147 C Caecum wanting in the Bear. 46. 49 In the Gazella 7 Inches long 59 In the Castor on the left side under the Spleen 88 Wanting in the Coati Mondi 117 Without an Appendix in the Linx 78 In the Elk 13 inches long 111 In the Barbary-Cow eighteen inches long 128 Wanting in the Cormorant and Haliaetos 136 In the Chamois 8 inches long 144 In the Porcupine very large 150 Wanting in the Hedg-hog 153 In the Monkey has no Appendix 160 In the Stag ten Foot long 169 Two in the Pintado 179 Wanting in the Male Eagle and two small ones in the Female 186 Double in the Bustard being a Foot long 201 In the Demoiselle 6 inches long 208 In the Ostrich like the Sea-Fox 226 Wanting in the Cassowar 245 Wanting in the Tortoise 255 A third Caecum in the Bustard at Fabricius's Purse 201 Callosity's on the Sternum and joynts of the Dromedary's Legs 38 Callosity's on the Sternum of the Ostrich and Cassowar 243 Camelion why so called 17 has a peculiar manner of breathing 18 Is exceeding lean 18. 23. 27 has a very short Neck 20 feeds on Flyes 28 has no Organs of Hearing