saws some single The utmost above stand more inward then the rest by much Under the skin are sinewy small veins stretched out answering all the ribs in number and order the ribs are fourteen No membrane fleshly The muscles of the paunch are between the two tunicles of the rim which makes it seeme thicker and grosser as the horny-film of an Ox-ey fleshy in length by that line that answers the navell but not abroad and onely below The kell fastened to the stomack entralls and milt the milt very small hanging on the left side of the stomack and a part of the kell fastened to it The stomack bigger then ordinary for such a small body consisting of a doubled coat the outmost whiter the inmost smoother both thin The guts fastened behind to the back-bone by a thin skin No blind gut all uniforme The bladder very long thin but inclining more to the stomack The liver of seven films the weakest three-parted like a chicken-foot the middle three-cornerd annexed to the hollow vein a litle way by a thin skin The right Rein is higher The left Emulgens longer then the right both sprouting from the great artery not from the hollow-vein Yet I doubt of it By the hollow-vain are here and there reddish and yellow kernells the uppermost on the right side joyns to the liver by small veins The hollow vein sends many sprigs through the loyn-space of muscles to the back bone and the great artery lies under the hollow The seed-vessels descend from the midst of the reins but are parted in two on either side below one branch joyned to the stone reaching without the paunch The yard arising from strings of os sacrum is griâ—tly and hard as a bone writhed at top like an wimble-skind close sharp as a needle The right uritory sit higher into the bladder then the left a fine sinew comes strait down tied to the right side sit into the beginning of the hollow vein Also a small sinew on the left-side descends to the stomacks-mouth The hollow-vein is set into the right ventricle of the heart neare the right lappet which is black and full of blood and greater then the left this is white and bloodles hollow spreading on the right side into the lungs The great artery is set into the hearts left ventricle bending downward The hollow vain on the right passing a little above the lungs-branches it self into six springs rising to the lower jaw On the right side the lungs consist of foure lesser veins on the left of two greater They are most in the North and in the German-Alps Southward and toward Italy They inhabite the roofs of greater houses and beech and firre-woods A Boor told Gesner that in a very high firre-tree he tooke a Mattern and foure welps France hath no such Out of Poland are some brought of a slight dusk-colour Beside other Weezels-food they are said to eat shrubs their dung smels like Musk they are easily tamed Gesner had one that loved his dog that went about with him let loose shee would come to the chaine again and play with him like a cat lying on the back But there is no trusting them therefore some advise to take out their dog-teeth The skin is of use that under the throat makes caps good and wholsome for the head In Canada the women shew their babes in them There are two kinds one tamer of a dark yellow except a white part of the throat which curriers and skinners call Faina Bodies like a cat a litle longer and shorter legged It rooms about the country kills Hens and sucks their egs The other is wilde of a brighter and softer hair and a clay-coloured throat Some inhabite Beech and Oake and Holm-woods some pitch and firre-woods About the Bregantine Lake they shine by night The Zibelline Weezel or Satherius or Sebalus or the Sarmatick and Scythian-Mouse is somewhat lesse then the Mattern of a dark yellow all over except the throat which is ash-coloured Found in the North in the utmost woods of Moscovia in Lithuania white-Russia and neare the Cronion-Sea and in Laucerusa a wood of Scandinavia The Tartars and Laplanders send the best skins The Guinee story tells of store in a Province of Congo they lurke in shady Forrests and catch birds They are very nimble and restles It is said that if you lay the skin under other cloathes in a chest-bottome in three dayes it shall be found uppermost Handle them yet they remain even The long-haired and inclining to black are the best skins You spoyl them if you lay them in the Sun To keep them from the moth shake them oft and lay them up wrapped in wormwood they are very costly Agricola saw fourty sold for a thousand crowns Ambrosine a halfe sleeve trim'd therewith worth foure hundred pound of Bonony-money They of Obdoria offer this Mus-cats-skins to their Idol called Zlata Baba The great Cham of Tartary his Tents are said to be lined with them CHAPTER XII Of the Genetta and the Zibethus or Civet-Cat SOme conceive that Genetta being a Spanish name borrows the name from some place there Others call it a Spanish or Genet-Cat Some a lesser Panther The Oppians suppose it to be a lesser Wolf The whole body is handsomely marked with black spots The whole skin is of a soft and thick hair and downy breathing forth a not unacceptable sent It is found in Spain in waterish places where it seeks the food A winter halfe-sleeve furred therewith is sold for 25 nay 30 pound Bononian mony The Zibet unknown perhaps to the ancients is by the Greeks called Zapetion by others a Zibet-Cat or a Civet-cat a kind of Panther which the ancients thought the only well-sented beast this is thought the same with the Hyena of old It is armed with sharp teeth and hair An arme long from head to dock the legs to the feet a third part of an armes length Hee is about the bignes of a fox coloured like a wolf but black-spotted Hee carries a bag about his privities wherein lies the Civet that is so fragrant Hee hath a wide mouth like the Badger the tongue not quite so rough as a cats They are found in Pegu Congo China Cambaja and in the Ethiopian woods Brought also out of Egypt where they breed plentifully and out of Spain into Italy Hee loves raw flesh and field-mice Cardinal Galeotto feeds them at Rome with chicken-flesh In China hee eats sweet-meats and rice and egs and the sweet wood called Camaron if that be the beast Pigafetta mentions in his journall Scaliger hath seen them so tame at Rome and Mantua that men carry them harmlesly on their shoulders A Florentine Consul at Alexandria had one so gentle that hee played with men taking them by the nose ear lips teeth and did them no harm Ever fed from the first it was with womans breast-milk The sweet excrement lurking as afore is
not round like the Leopards the foot cloven like the oxes The upper-lip hangs far over the lower The tayl is thin and small hairy at top He hath a mane like a horse reaching from the back to the top of his head He seems to halt as he goes now on the right side anone on the left but on legs and sides wagling and when he would either eat or drink any thing from the ground hee straddles wide afore and bends his legs otherwise he cannot eat His tongue is two foot long of a darke violet-colour round as an eel wherewith he licks in boughs leaves grasse nimbly and even undiscernally Purchas out of Fernando the Jesuite writes that he is so vast and tall that a man on horseback can passe under his belly he is found in Africa among the Troglodites and in Ethiopia Caesar the Dictator made them first a part of his Shew at Rome After him Gordianus shewed 10. Aurelia also led some of them in Triumph The Ethiops presented one to Leo the Emperor A Sultan of Babilon another to Frederick and another Sultan another to Laurence de Medices His keeper can easily lead him with a head-stall as he list The Jews might not eat of them whence perhaps they come to abound so in Judaea CHAPTER IV. Of the foure-footed Beasts that chevv not the Cud. ARTICLE I. Of the Swine THe Latines give the Swine five names Sus Porcus Scropha Verres Majalis in English the Sow the Hog the Barrow-hog the Boar. Sus the Sow in Greeke Us common also to the Boar. Of old called Thysus from Thyein to sacrifice since a Swine in the rites of Ceres was offered and in entring covenant and in Hetruria at marriages by the new-wedded couple The like did the ancient Latines and Greeks in Italy for the women the nurses chiefly called the female nature Choiron which signifies a swine and one that deserves a good marriage Porcus a porke from Spurcus wallowing in the mire The Sabines Poridus the name they give brawn Scropha is a Sow that hath of◠had pigs Verres is the Boar or Boar-pig Majalis is as the gelding among horses or the capon among pullen Hybridae were of old swine half wild or ingendred tween a tame and a wild Wee shall in brief describe the Swine it being so well knowen in the Bones is not much marrow The hairs are stiff and bristly thicker then the Oxes and Elephants amongst us for the most part yellow In France and Italy black most are party-coloured if you observe them well The fat lies betweene the skinne and the muscles called Lard the grease is old or salted or simple The brain is fattish and decreases in the waining of the Moone more then any other beasts The eyes are hollow and sunk not to be taken out without hazard of life no not one onely The eye-brows move downwards toward the nose and are drawn backward toward the temples The tip of the nose is thick the forehead narrow the lips broad the mouth stretched out and broad to root withall called the snout The Sow hath fewer teeth and never sheds them the neck-skin is toughest The Sows hearts are inarticulate In the ears is a moysture like gall of the thicknesse of that of the spleen The stomack is large and winding In the liver are white stones The flesh below the navell is without bone The Sow hath many paps on a double row having many Pigs to suckle the best twelf the common ones two lesse Of their genitals see Aristotle Their tayl is crooked they have no ancle and are a middle-kinde between the whole and cloven-footed They have ten ribs The Sow hath circular gristles whereof read Severinus In the small guts of one he hath seen two wormes one a palme another a finger long both hollow and full of white juice as chile or first milk both shaped like an earth-worme Learn hence how worms breed in and cleave to our bowels The thin skin of the Sow is of the same colour with the hair He anatomized a Sowes belly and found in the utmost ends certain thin skins wherein it seems were preserved the superfluities of dregs and pisse The navel-vein is parted near the womb the navel-vessels first bend toward the left pinion then encompassing the neck croswise they lead back toward the right leg In the Birth almost all the bowels are conspicuous the Liver Stomack Bowels Milt Reins Mid-rif Heart Lungs The heart whitish the Lungs liver-coloured the Liver dark-red the Reins great according to the proportion of the vein appearing by the right forefeet but more by the hinderfeet the throat veins that ascend to the head are of the shape of a lambda λ In a perfect shaped pig the breast laid open by two crosse-sections you see two sinews that passing through the throat and cleaving to the heart-skin descend directly through the sides of the heart to the mid-rif by whose sinewy-ringlet they are fastned through two or three branches or sprigs whence passeth another to the upper-mouth of the stomack Here perceive you plainly the severing of the axillary vein and the thymiaean The lappets of the heart are hollow divided from the forepart of the heart conjoyned behind The passage of the urine from the bottom of the bladder after two fingers bredth is set into the arteries At the end of the yard is a round kernel and two in the neck of the bladder c. In the Stomack is a slimy juice like bird-lime or the white of an egg in the bowels another like thin hony A vain unparallel'd runs along the back-bone branching toward the severall ribs Swine are found every where among us In Strabo his time Gual was so full of them that they furnished Rome the best came pickled thither from Lions So good were at Syracuse that Sicilian-cheese and Syracusan-porke grew into a proverb Solinus saith there are none in Arabian Aelian that there are none in India and if brought thither they dy In the Southland there are none of the four-footed beasts that are in our world except Buffles Cows Goats and Hogs Swine eat all things plants fruits roots acorns chestnuts dates grane bran what not Beech-acorns make Sows lively and pork light of digestion the Holmed-acorns make them well trussed and weighty and plump the Oken ones well spread large and heavy Fast flesh but hard comes from Mast. Holmberries are best given a few at once Acorns from the Esculus the Oke the Cork make light spungy pork The Haliphlaei give them acorns only when they want other food Pliny among chestnuts commends those with a stony shell In Egypt Cyprus Syria and Seleucia in Assiria they are fatned with dates The Ash-fruit also fattens them Dry Cytisus is commended by Aristomachus the Athenian Scalions they eat in Bavaria Wild rape also have leaves like a violet sharp a white root not without milk Henbane makes
c. 1. testifies that they have bending joynts in the lower part of their hinde legs but as concerning the bending of their leggs some report otherwise as that they have no joynts but their legs is one entire bone which they cannot bend and that falling they cannot rise again But others as Pliny for one deliver that they have behind short joynts and within bending hams like a man and indeed experience hath taught us so much Their feet are round like a horsehoofe but broader the bottomes being some 18 inches round Vertoman likens them to a table-trencher form'd of an hard black wide skin Their toes are misshapen five in number but not parted and scarsely distinguisht the hoofs are not like claws They have two paps under their shoulders not on the breast but on the side it is hidden in the shoulder-pits Their Genital is like a horses but small no way answerable to their bulk Pliny saith that they gender averse the face turne from each other Their testicles are not seen outwardly but lurke within about the reins whence they engender the sooner Ctezias trifles in saying their seed is as dry and hard as amber Pliny saids they have foure bellies Aristotle that their gut is windding and turning that they seeme to have foure bellies and therein meat is found Galen makes it very wide and most like a horses their entralls resemble a swines Their liver is foure times as great as an oxes the rest of the inwards are answerable except the milt this is lesse then proportion would require Pliny makes their lungs foure times greater as an oxes Aristotle denies that he hath any gall in his liver yet if you cut that part where it uses to bide some gally moysture more or lesse will spurt out Galen also avers that there is choller in his bladder The same tooke a bone out of the heart of one that he cut up and he observes that it hath two ventricles in it and not three as Aristotle saith Whereof Aelian thus The Elephant is said to have a double heart and sense that by the one he is anger'd by the other appeased as the Moors report See the description of a couple in Aldrovandus They are found in Africk Asia and the neighbouring Islands And in Africk in a Forrest behind the Syrtes or quicksands in the deserts-bordering on Sala a Town of Mauritania in Lybia Getulia and the Forrests near mount Atlas c. The Symbari between the Arabian Mountains and the Nile live on the hunting of them There were huntings of them appointed by Ptolomaeus Philadelphus King of Aegypt in the Aethiopia of the Ophiophagi or Serpent-eaters As for Asia King of Parthia kept D. C C. King of Audata a 1000. The King of the Palibroti 9000. The King of Chrysaeum Parasanga Asanga had 300 armed In Taprobana are vaster and more warlike accounted then in India as Onesicritus a Governour under Alexander the Great relates In Zeilan are at this day very great ones and very ingenious The Siamensian King is said to keep 12000 whereof 4000 stand ever armed against any sudden surprizes and chances Under the great Mogul his command are 50000. In Mosambique Isle and in Benomotapa are found whole herds of them To the Isle Zanzibar also resort many Merchants to buy Yvory They delight much in moyst and marishy places they love rivers especially in hote countries for they can endure no cold As concerning their foed they feed on fennygraffe on leaves of trees on stumps the fruits of the mose-tree and on the roots of the Indian fig-tree They devour sometimes earth and stones But eating it brings them diseases unlesse they first chew it The tame ones are fed with barley and they will sometimes devour nine Macedonian bushels thereof at once There was one shewed at Antwerp that gobbled up foure bushels of apples on one day They write that they are much taken with musckmelons Water but muddy and troubled is their drink Wine also made of rice and other grain and so among us That at Antwerp souped up at once more then 16. pound and did that so often that it seems to come near the proportion whereof Aristotle writes Yet they can well bear thirst and can goe without drinking eight dayes together About their coupling the time and manners writers report diversly Pliny out of Aristotle saith the male begins at five years old the female at ten Aristotle assignes to both the 20 years and anotherwhile the twelfth to the female when soonest and the fifteenth when latest you shall find in Solinus that they couple averse from each other Horace of Canida agrees with him that the female sits then the male covers her See Albertus the Great and Aristotle about the circumstances the desire to couple in the water especially c. They never couple but in secret The male three years after seeks out the same female and never more after In two years they couple five dayes and no more saith Solinus out of Pliny nor returne they to their herd till they have wash'd themselves in fountain-water In coupling-time they rage most and â—â—row down the Indians stables It is also doubted how long the shee carries her burden Some say a year and six moneths some say three years some say ten Arist. H. A. l. 6. c. 27. writes two years Strabo 16 months at least at longest 18. Diod. Sic. and Aelian say the same Some say resolutely eight years They bring forth sitting on their hind legs with pain The Birth comes into the light with the head formost saith Aelian They bring but one at once as we read in Arist. and Diod. Sic. Every foure years one birth say Cadamustus and Scaliger The birth is as great as a grown hog or a calfe of three months As soon as it is brought forth it can see and goe and sucks with the mouth and not with the trunk They suck till they be eight years old They hold enmity with the Rhinoceros the Lyon Tiger Ram Hog Serpent Dragon they hate some colours and fire Of the Rhinoceros thus Pliny In Pompey his sports was a Rhinoceros seen A born enemy to the Elephant he whets his horn on the stones and prepares for fight wherein he aimes most at the belly which he knowes to be softest They are of equal height only the legs are somewhat shorter of one then the other Among the westerly Ethiopians the Lyons will fasten on the young Elephants and wound them but if the dame come they fly The Tiger flies at the Elephants head and with ease chokes him If he be in a raging fit the very sight of a Ram makes him gentle The grunting of a Swine terrifies him Of their combating with Dragons and their perpetual discord Pliny writes that the Dragon clings about him as on a knot he finding himself overmastered with
horns very stubborn and not easily broken The tongue when pluckt out will pant a whole day The skins that hang down the throat are called palezar the dew-lap See the Greek names in Varrinus The teeth are continued and twice changed Those of two years old change teeth saith Pliny They want the upper-row they chew therefore with the four fore-teeth as hath been said Their peezel is very stiffe They have two udders between their legges Pliny saith four calling it seems the teats which are four udders Their arse gapes saith Horace Their taile is long the hair short The flesh dry and duskish The sinews hard and stubborn though not so long as the Bulls The blood full of strings therefore hastily congeals and hardens The ham-joynt not so fast as that of other beasts therefore he drags his feet more especially when he is lean and old It is said they have a stone in the head which they spit out when they look to be slaughtered Austin reports they have one also in the liver and reins Pliny saith there is a bone in his heart The milt is very long and blacker then the Swines especially when he grows old The reins resemble mans each as it were made up of many The ancles greater then the Camels In the Heifers second ventricle is found a rough sand-stone round as a ball very light Aldrovand had two of them in his study one reddish the other black for that was taken out of a red this out of a black Ox since it is sprung from haires that they lick in in chewing the cud as it sometimes happens they with licking themselves swallow something that gathers into an ovall chapt being mixt with flegme wee need not discourse much of the place where they are found For their meat they devour all that the earth yeelds especially grasse çitisus pease knot-grasse sedge willow oke-leaves olive-bows reed black-elder vines barly hirse wheat acornes date-kernels wild olive missle-toe these the most delight in All know grasse to be their feed in Summer and hay in Winter In the province of Narbon in Fount-Orges grows an herb so gratefull to Oxen that they will plunge themselves over head and eares to seek it They will do the like in the River Loïr about Veluin and in the Sebusian Fish-ponds And in the ditches pools and black waters thereabout grows a grasse with long reddish leaves flooting on the water after which they are so greedy that they will wade belly-deep and duck in the whole head to feed thereon which fattens them strangely and the Cows that fed there yeeld much more milk then neerhand Citisus breeds much and sweet milk but while it flourishes it is not so good but dries up milk Pease are commended but not sowed in March because it makes them wild-headed Pliny says that not onely that that is sowen in March is hurtfull to oxen but also that that is sowen in May is hurtfull to Oxen but also that that is sowen in Autumne makes them sleepy steep it and it is corrected Therefore Democritus prescribes such to be given them monthly in their drinke to strengthen them five bushells serves a yoak of oxen Clave grasse or three leaved fattens a carrion lean ox and cures a sick one Therefore wild Trifoly is diligently sowen in many parts of Spain especially in Valentia Yet it must be given sparingly else it dries milke and turns all the meat into blood fat and flesh Lotus gives best nourishment and sweetest and being sowen once in fallow ground flourishes many yeares after Elm-leaves especially those of Attinia the Romans held much of If you give it them dayly and then another sort of leaves they will be weary of them Virgil mentions willows nor hath Lucretius forgot them Fig-leaves if they may be had are very good for them yet oke-leaves and wild olive that is not thorny are thought better Black elder leaves bring a flush of milk Barly chaffe and that of other grain Hirse is sowen in Italy for them saith Porta fitches are given them in stead of pease ground in a hand-mill and weakned a little in water in Spaine Baetica A bushell of pulse serves to put an Ox into good case weakned three dayes in river or sea-water it grows sweet and then dried again is laid up for this use Acornes are advised to be gathered after seed time and cast into water and a half bushell to be given in spring to each Ox It is meet about the fall of the leafe to give each yoke of oxen 24 bushells The greater make them unhealthfull and when ever you give it if they have it not 30 dayes together they get the spring scab The Babylonians give their Oxen datekernels soakt in water and to their sheep They are fattened by misletoe They feed also on fish among the Paeonae who dwell by the Prashian marishes Neither do they abstain from Hemlock whether green or dry Nor doth eating of frogs do them any harme Briefly they delight to drinke clear water nor doth muddy hurt them About their manner of feeding see Aldrovand and writers of husbandry For their age the Cow lives 15 years at most the male 20 they are at their best at five Their age is knowen by changing their teeth the foreteeth they cast within a year and eight or ten months then after six months by degrees they loose the next till within three yeare they have changed them all when they are best disposed and so hold out to fifthteen At best their teeth stand fair long and even but growing old they diminish wax black and rot The Helvetians judge of their Cows age by certain circles almost at top of their horns they are three at five years old after more Some thinke they get a circle with every calving About their gendring lust coupling and calving I meet with these observations The Bull feeds with the Cow only in engendring time they couple with the elder twice a day with the yonger oftner and that with one and the same and quietly A geld one hath egendred saith Aristotle One Bull may serve 15 Cows Varro allows many more Hee abstaines from the cows that are with calf at first and as it were voluntarily divorces himself as it is to be seen in Epire especially where for most part hee is not to be seen for three months but feeds by himself The Cows salacity is famous See Aristotle about the excesse and signes of their lust as also Aelian H. A. l. 10. c. 27. About what heats then see Columella R. R. l. 6. thither I refer the reader for I list not to translate such stuffe The Cows are knowen to be with calf when their termes cease within 2 3 4 half a months space They goe 10 months and in the tenth they calve they bring forth nothing alive sooner saith Pliny Some say they calve when the tenth
woollen cloath and so three dayes renewed and the third day an ox-gall is to be shaven and the shavings mixt with oyl and put in a linnen cloath and three dayes together layd on and then she shall conceive Finally it is strange that is written that some Egyptian women to become fat take in a bath 9 dayes a chirat of Cows-gall dissolved in Cow-pisse About the calves-gall understand that with vineger warmed it takes away Nits it lesses the chops of the eyes bruized with hony and especially Mirrhe and Safran and is very good to put into the eare with a Snakes-slough sprinkled with lees mixt with oyl it drives away gnats The stone in an Ox-gall the Philosophers call it Alcheron it is like a ring bruised to pouder and snuffed up helps the sight and prevents eye-rheums and is good for the falling-sicknesse if you take thereof the quantity of a pea with the juyce of into the nostrills The hide and glue also hath it's use in Phisick Burnt it heals kibes especially out of an old shoe with hony it eats off cankers in sores the ashes of an old soal burnt helps against a bruise from a pinching shoe Glew sod out of Ox-hides especially Bulls and that out of their ears and pizles of very soverain nor is any thing better against burnings But it is often counterfaited nothing more taken out of other leather to cozen you That of Rhodes is truest and therefore used by Painters and Phisitians The best at this day called German is of a light-red-colour very hard britled as glasse and blackish and twice as deere as the other It is called Xylocolla or wood-glue because it is used in gluing wood together others call it Taurocolla or Bulls-glue we owe the invention of it to Daedalus it joyns things firmer then any other thing can Melted in vineger it heals the scab adding lime-wit if it be not gone too far weakened in vineger and with brimstone boild on a soft fire to the thicknesse of hony and stird boyling with a fig-tree sprig applied twice a day it cures itch melted and dissolved the third day it heals and closest wounds made by iron Mixt with vineger and hony it removes Nits It helps teeth boyld in water and rubed on and presently taken of again and then the teeth washt with wine wherein hath been sod sweet Pomegranet-roots drunk with three cups with hot water it helps spitting of blood as also the hot collique and belly-ake if layd on The horne the top of it burnt two spoonfulls weight with hony swallowed in pills helps the Ptisick or short-breath or wheezing as much burnt to pouder with three cups of hot water and a litle vineger helps the Spleen taken three dayes in if fasting The hoof is also medicineable boyled and eaten with mustard it resists poyson burnt and drunk in pottage wine or other liquour it restores milk to womens dried breasts the smoke thereof kills or chases away Mice The Ancledust drunk with hony brings away worms with mulled vineger it lessens the Spleen with wine it fastens the teeth It is frivolous but not to be left out saith Pliny if it be but to please women that the ankle of a white heifer sod 40 dayes and nights till dissolved rub'd on with a linnen cloath makes a clear smooth skin The Hips burnt and drunk stopt fluxes of blood The thin skin moyst from the calving heals a sore face The Stone found in the head drunk out of the same water that the ox drinks helps effectually the head-ake The milke being thick and fat passes not so easily through us yet Pliny saith it loosens the belly and is drunk in the spring to purge because it comes from many herbs whereon the Cows feed hartily It works out poyson especially that that corrodes and inflames particularly it helps against Doryenium Colchicum Hemlock and the sea-hare Warmed and gargled it soon allayes the pain and swelling of the almonds under the eares Taken warme from the Cow it helps an exulcerated stomack A cupfull with so much deer-sewet tried and moyst pitch and Scythian red-oker helps strangely a consumption A black Cows milk with pouder of Sesamum is good to drink for a women that after child-birth vomits blood after fourty dayes The same boyled mitigates and removes fluxus and desire to stool if newly milk and two parts boyled away for the strangury a little hony must be added and if the pain be great lay on the navell dust of Harts-horn or Ox gall mixt with cummin-seed with flesh up-goared Nor are these the prescriptions only of Aëtius Galen and Pliny but our late Physitians prescribe the like and therein they quench a gad of steel nine times and apply it hot to the patient or glister wise Hippocrates prescribed it of old and others mixt with liquour For he when the guts were wounded and the breath came forth beneath apparently by the wound and the breasts emptied advised it to be given with a like quantity of milke wine and water And Gesner also testifies that some cried it up if the liquour mixt with wine and milke were drunk certain dayes in Maries-bath Butter although Pliny say it was a food prized only by Barbarians and poor common people yet Galen and Diosco and others proclaim great vertue to be in it Vitalis de Furno Cardinal and a famous Physitian saith that butter is naturally warm and moyst heat is predominant in it it is viscous and oylie Oft eaten it moystens the stomack and make loos-bodied softens the breast cures ulcers in breast and bowells especially when fresh and new agreeing to mans complexion helps apostumate breasts and lungs it being the proper quality to ripen disperse and cleanse all superfluous humours especially if eaten with hony and sugar Butter resists poyson supples the members softens and helps smeared on eye-smart disperses and ripens impostumes eases sore breasts and lungs and gripings of the bowels supples and loosens shriveled up sinews It is a speciall remedy against inward poyson if hartily drunk melted in hot milk after you have drunk venome for by its fatnesse it stops the passages that the venome reach not suddenly the heart But new butter is thus praise-worthy not so the old c. Thus far the Cardinall Cheese is good against flaxes strangury and colique Hippocrates uses the same against his third sort of consumption Donatus writes that he gave a pellet of Sicilian cheese dipt in hony to a boy troubled with wormes Of the whey hote or cold we shall elsewhere discusse certain it is that it thins and cleanse away the thick humours and brings down the belly to this last purpose the ancients have used it often especially in those which they would purge gently as the melancholy and those that had the falling sicknesse the leprous the scald and those that brake out with blisters over the whole body above all it is good for shortwinded
name Talpa the Latines have put on it either from Thaptoo to digge or Tophlos blind or Thalpae nourishing it self under ground or from the Chaldee Talaf to cleave the earth The Greeks call it Spalax from Span scraping Some Siphncus from hollowing the earth and Blacta It is not unlike a Mouse the body broad and flat feet like a Bears short-thighed toad-headed having on the forefeet five toes on the hinder foure the fifth crooks so inward it is hardly seene The palme of the forefeet is flat like a hand the neck very short or almost none hair short and thick and glistring black the teeth as the Dogges and Wesels are all on the sides none afore and sticking up the lungs tied with many severall strings to the heart the fore-thighs consist of two bones set into the shoulder-bone whence he is stronger to digge his hinder-thighs have a bone that a litle below the knee-parts in two All the bowells are as in other beasts Onely 1. they have no colon no blind-gut 2. The stones hid on the bladder-side and black 3. The reins joyned to the next hollow vein 4. The gall great for such a body with faire Cholidochs 5. The porter of the stomack is as tied by a thwart line 6. The water-conveying-vessells propt with uriteres 7. The Larinx as in a Land tortoyse for it is a mute beast 8. The hammer and anvill within the inner-eare are strangely small the bone in the midst like a pumice-stone full of pores 9. Three passages are in the nether jaw 10. The eyes stand in the right place all black covered with a skin small as a fleawort-seed I could perceive no optick sinews nor know I whether they can see or no not onely because their eyes have a film over them but they want many things conducing to sight They seeme rather natures sportive essays to shew what shee can doe then eyes In a Mole found 1617 were observed a fleshy filme strangely set into the skinne the brain great distinct and faire the ears lying inward hide the bones extreame small the bowels small as strings In Thessaly they with heaving have overturned a whole Town In Lebaica are none if you bring any thither they heave not perhaps because it is a hard soile They feed most on worms and therefore haunt dunghills and worms failing they eat earth They have been seen also to make at roots of hearbs and fruits and toads They are commonly bred in ground rotted by rain long lying Albert saith they cannot live an houre above ground but he is mistaken They have but dim sight but are very quick of hearing They are of use in Phisick a Tooth pluckt out of a live one is thought to ease the tooth-ach Pills of them with hony wear away swellings The head cut and stamped with earth of his heaving made up into balls and kept in a tinne box is given against all neck-griefs the blood brings hair and helps felons the fat keeps hair from growing as also batfat The ashes cures fistulaes Some lay a Moles-heart and Saladine under a sick mans pillow to know if hee shall dy or no conceiving that he shall recover if he sing or cry out if he weep he shall not last long The water wherein a Mole hath been and left hair restores hair Of the skins are caps made CHAPTER XIX Of the Land-Hedg-hog or Vrchin CAlled Echinus because we cannot hold him for his prickles In Greek Akanthochoiros a prickled-hog Lycophron calls him Naplium from his surpassing cunning Some Herinaceus and not improperly from his roughnesse or cleaving It is as big as a rabbit full of prickles except the mouth and feet below where grows a thin down It is observed in him that the muscles are knit together over all his body The bowells all of a thicknesse and very long like the Mouses The dung and testicles all of a bignesse the rise of the yard long the seed like yellow snivell the liver sevenpointed In the yard are whitish bits of flesh craggy like a rock and resembling somewhat the lungstrings The testicles ly hid and are fastned to the loyns The bones are some round some flat some sharp some blunt They are found everywhere except in Candy Aristotle writes that they can last a year without food They live most on apples and grapes which they shake off and stick on their prickles and carry to their hole They have been also observed to drinke milke and wine in houses they hold enmity with the Beare Wolfe Fox the viper and the herb water-grasse When he hears the barking of dogs or smells the approach of wild beasts or hunters he forthwith rouls himself up like a ball and lies as if he were starke dead He shifts his layer as the North and South wind change and from wall to wall if you keep him in house accordingly as the wind sits When you take him he pisses and that wet slackens and opens his prickles They meet and ingender as mankind doth Some eat them but they breed the strangury unlesse they be carefully dressed that is killed at one blow as some are of opinion and washed in whole vessells of urine In August they are fattest when they get plenty of food Some spice and bake them in crust Gesner warmed them in vineger and wine and larded them and stuck them with cloves and rosted them They are very usefull in Phisick the liver helps the reins the gall dries up warts the spleen rosted and pulverized is good for the spleen the flesh prevents miscarrying and if killed at a blow the strangullion if you hang it about you conveniently dried it helps rumples in the skin The Polonians use the fat to that end it is also good for the stone the blood is not unusefull for the stone the reins and the scorching of the urine the ashes with Bears-grease sleeks the hair many use the same with oyly fat to prevent miscarrying it is used also in the pain of the reins and against the water between the skin the dung newly voided with the herb Sandarucha vineger and tarre hinders shedding of hair with the hide and prickles men used of old to fetch spots out of cloaths They are distinguished into the swine and the dog urchine from their shape A vile stinke vapours from them In Brasil is such a beast resembling the hedge-hog with very long bristles pale haired black at the tops and very sharp and prickly Nature hath layed up a wonder in them one prickle pluckt from them alive but layed on anything especially flesh pearcheth it and in one night it hath been known to pearce through a very thick hide as if hands hath pricked it in CHAPTER XX. Of the Porcupine SOme reckon this among the Hedge-hogs as Pliny c. The Greeks call it Ystrix from Ys
purse or bag The bladder fastened above to the Peritonaeum and below to the streight gut The stones are covered with foure skins the outmost called scrotum the next dartos the third erythroides or the red the fourth is the inmost There is somewhat also considerable in the vessells preparing and conveying the seed c. Wee saw the uriteres descending from flat or hollow of the reins to the bladder-neck also the milk-veins tending toward the bunchy-part of the reins both sprouting from the body of the hollow-gut but the left is higher then the right and all most twice as long The straight-gut is tied to the beginning of the tayl by a middle-string it hath veines and sharp kernels Wee saw the mid-rif and meseraicks and sweet-breads being a kernelly substance Wee saw the blind-gut a thumb-breeth long the other guts are uniform but winding and brittle The reins large bigger then a great nut wherein are a few creeks through which the pisse is strained We saw the vein porta with it's meseraick and Spleen-branch hereout sprouts the coeliacus a branch compassing the stomack and conveys the melancholy humour thither to provoke appetite We saw the vein ascendent pearcing the mid-rif and reaching the heart and set into the right side thereof Wee saw the peerles vein-branched from the hollow vein by the heart and turning backagain and descending by the backbone on the right side which sends forth sprigs to the ribs to nourish them The liver is distinguished by six strings out of the midst of two of them on the right side goes the gall forth the bottome shews like a bolt-eye The gall-bag hath two branches the one passes from the liver to the duodenum carrying the dregs away The other running back to the bladder to be kept there In the duodenum foure fingers below the pores called cholidochi is found a worme little but of the bignes of the ureteries from the sides of the ascendent hollow veine descends a sinnew to the fleshy ringlet of the diaphragm and another on the left side proped with the thin skins of the sharp artery conveying feeling to the diaphragm We saw the turnagainsi news which propagated from the sixth conjugation of sinews are set in at the head of the sharp artery the one on the left turning upward about the great artery the other about the branches of the arterie tending toward the throte the heart with a double lappet on the right and left side the right is greatest and blackish the left of the colour of the heart The heart hath a right venticle to beget vitall spirits and a left one whether the vein-blood is conveyed and it hath foure large vessells the first is the hollow ascending vein which is set into the left eare the third the arteriall vein containing blood having a double coat whence it hath the name this is set into the lungs to nourish them The fourth is a vein-artery set into the left ventricle of the heart to convey to the brain blood prepared there to beget animal spirits In the right venticle are lappets or partitions which keep in the blood and so in the left The lungs have six fins Wee saw the inner-muscles about the larynx or the head of the sharp artery which being inflamed breed a squincy There are kernells in the yard like a Cats-tongue Wee marked the passage leading to the bladder The Cats brain-pan hath red streaks like veins the inner-eare is rarely fashioned whereof they have such use to listen and looked and prey by night Herein we marked the communion between the great artery and the great vein where the first parting is into the bowels I beleeve it is common to all living creatures what I observe in the tame Cats-back bone for with the own membranes it being covered at the end that which answer the hard menynx the inner sends forth nerves from it self but since there are companies of them like strings we note that they having passed a little way meet as in one knot as we in top of grain And since those severall strings are covered with the same skins if you strain one you spoyl the other till they come to the knot In one rib of the house cat was noted a round knob like a tree-knot the midst whereof being broken asunder was porose and full of pits with drops of blood My fellow dissecters doubted whether it was the breach of a bone in anatomizing or some error in the first shaping and superfluous stuffe In a man on the flat part of the forehead bone that lies between the two eybrows ly equally on the right root of the nose Bruize but that bone or peirce it you find two long pits passing sidelings above under the skull and below blind ones with partitions These are doubtlesse the chambers of smelling where the breath is as also in the ear which is but of late discovered That which strengthens my opinion is that in a hound these cells are broader and more conspicuous then in man dogs excelling in sent This is not found in a Monky perhaps because he needs not excell in that sense THE NATURALL HISTORY OF THE FOURFOOTED BEASTS THE FOVRTH BOOKE Of the Fourfooted Creatures that have toes and spring of an Egge THE FIRST TITLE Of the skined ones CHAPTER I. Of the Frog ARTICLE I. Of the VVater-Frogs THus far of the Fourfooted beasts that bring forth living broods those that lay egges follow These are either skined or shelled Those that are covered with skin are the Frog Lizard Salmander Chamaeleon Crocodile c. The Frog is either the water or Land-frog Called Rana either from the summer-croaking ra ra or the Hebrew 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is to cry out In Greek Batrachos from his shrill voyce and Boox c. By the Cypriots Brouchetos the Ionians Bathrakos the Phocians Brianchone by those of Pontus Babakos by the late Greeks Bordakos and Gurinos and Brinoi and Parphusides from their puffed-cheeks with croaking It is an Amphilium living both in water and on land afore not fleshy but behind the hinder-legs nature hath made thick and longer the fore-legs They have five toes long skined between to help their swimming The Shee is biggest they have no neck the belly white the tong as infants tied afore but loose by the throat the milt small the liver imparted into three laps whereunder on each side part of the lungs is seen frothy not very bloudy the guts knotly the testicles and other parts like those of other beasts In England are no green ones but they abound in Germany Italy especially in Bononia They swarm so in the waterish places of Egypt that they would destroy all if the storks did not devour them They are said to be dumb in the Island Seriphus and Cyrene perhaps because the water is cold They are in streams but delight in puddles where bulrushes reeds and sea-gras grows They are ever found
them and spiders with their webs intangle young Lizards in holes and crevises of walls and strike them dead also toads Scorpions and Serpents with which they fight whence called Ophiomechi They love flesh of shellfish and dittany which is their refuge after combating with Serpents and man they lvoe and protect him from serpents They will lick the spittle out of your mouth greedily In time they loose their fight and recover it againe either by course of nature or by the sun in whose beams they ly lurking till they be recovered They lurk the six winter-months under ground and there lay up store The female is greatest They go in couples and defend each other and are mad at any that take their fellow They forget the eggs they lay cut an egge in two it is not lost by reason of the glewy humour they naturally cleave again as may be seen by the scarre Their tayle are said to grow again though oft cut off It is not true that a dried one turns Viper At Paris have been seen some as big as a great fish Some have three tayls and some two heads Torn in twain it cures a Scorpions bite and eaten it is good against the Salamanders poyson The oyl of them drowned and boyled in oyl with Sheep-dung is a good anointment for swellings of the neck and face morfew and pimples The powder with crematartar and candy-oyl helps dim sight the green are best The brain helps Syffusions The head bruised to a poultise and laid on alone or with long aristolochia root of reed bulb of Narcissus draws out arrows and thorns stick they never so fast The heart burnt and mixt with dreges of wine benums that you shall not feel the chirurgions probe The blood keeps rickets from growing if you annoint infants-thighs carefully therewith and is good if they be bursten the dung is put into the medicine for horses strangury Kill one in a mans-pisse it abates your lust ARTICLE II. Of the green and the Brazen-coloured Lizard THe green Lizard or Chloorosaura is called also the Greater and the Serpent-fighter they worstling serpents They haunt hote places as Italy where coming of many abroad at once presages a sickly time In summer they bide in trees and croak like frogs and have two tails The figure below shall save a labour to describe them It is usefull in Phisick ty it on thirty dayes for neck-swellings and then change it Childrens burstings are cured by a bite then shoot him through with an arrow and bloat him Boyled alive with wine and given fasting it helps wheesings and sod with oyl face pimples With tarre and an old sows grease it takes away tendernesse of Horse-hoofs It makes the hair black And it renews hair See in Ambrosine the ointment for the falling sicknesse The ashes help exulcerated neck-swellings The bones help them in a swound after you powder him alive in a stone pot and the flesh fall off There is a Lizard with brasse-coloured streaks down the back called Ziglis Samiamithon and Seps a serpent because the flesh it bites rots and Tarantula but amisse It resembles the small Lizard and is coloured like the serpent Caecilia It is bred and lives among the stones in Syria Lybia and Cyprus It beares young as the viper doth but carry egs in the belly as other animals that lay egges Fabius Columna killed one in a French camp and cutting it up found fifteen young within her some hath a thin transparent skin some none cut it in two it cures a bite Galen praescribes it among pickled meats ARTICLE III. Of Indian Lizards POINT I. Of the Senembi or Igvana THere are many kinds of Indian Lizards the most famous are the Senembi or Igvana the Portugees miscall it Cameliaon and the Dutch worse Legvan long from the mouth to the tail end three foot eight fingers compasse ten fingers The whole skin of a delicate green with black and white spots chequered like chamelet it is scaly the greatest scales are on the back thighs and tail and here all equall From the neck to the tail end a new of plain ones like saw-teeth and green the head about two fingers long and scaly the scales greater then elsewhere the neck a finger and half long five thick their eyes large clear and blackish nostrills wide the teeth many small black short tongue thick the head on each side black spotted a gullet hanging as fish gills or a crop down to the breast most part blackish that he can gather up and let hang out when vexed or frighted From the mouth to the crop it hath bristles and on the back it hath four thighs and four feet on each five toes all scaly the fore-thighs are shortest and slenderest four fingers long and the middle toes shorter then those on the hinder-feet the nayls black and crooked like bird-claws c. The hinder-thighs like a mans calf the foremost not the dock five fingers thick and so the tail thinner and thinner and ending like an aul One being kill and flead yet waged after and the heart taken out leaped it had in either side above ten egs some as big as a cherry some lesse the fat plainly seen as a Hens in the stomack was much fruit especially sweet Limons which was the usuall food They eat also meal and Mandioca-water They can fast two or three months together The flesh is well tasted boyled and long fried with butter it tasts as well as chicken or cony It hath heart lungs liver gall-bladder reins bladder genitals as other beasts a large liver a double stomack one afore receiving the food whence a gut as big as the little finger and about ten fingers long whereto is knit the other ventricle that disgests food hence passe the other to the strait gut In the fore-stomack of one was found great store of Mandoa meal and Angolas milt raw the hindermost the greater was stufâ—d with half disguested meat whereto cleaved many mites as in cheese the last gut held the dung Being flead and the taile cut off it stird yet five or six strokes on the head could not kill it till a cut was given in the neck the tayl-flesh is stringy and sinewy Anno 1641. was a stone taken out of a Senembies stomack as big as a reasonable hen-egge and so shaped but not so round but squatter without smooth bright within made up of coasts like an onjon to be pilled off within it was bright gray hard as a Bezoar-stone they fit in trees and are taken in lines that the Brasilians know how to fit a club which the beast spying wonders at but stirres not suffring it self to be ensnared and taken else he is very swift the younger are all over green the elder party-coloured or ash-hewd In their heads are sometimes found small stones that lessen and void the stones in the reins forthwith either by the juice drawn out of a dram
serpents spiders toads the blood wrought with meal into pilles and take in wine the gall with Athenian hony is good for the yellow in the eyes and the stroak of a scorpion the ashes of the shell kneaded with wine and oyl closes chaps and ulcers The scales shaven off at top in drinke allay as the the powder of the shell inflames lust The urine I thinke is not seen but in dissection but is thought good against aspick-bites better if mixt with hog-lice the egges hardened make an ointment for swellings and ulcers comming from cold or burnes Some swallow them in stomack-aches Among the Bononians there is syroop of Tortoyses for short-breath and consumptions Some also made a decoction for rheums and cough described by Amatus the Portugees Wecker compounds an electuary against sharp uds of seed Galen stampt the liver to drink for the suffocations of the mother In India are great ones They pluck off their shells with spades they have fat and sweet flesh In Brasil is one called Jubeti by the Portugees Cagado de terra it hath a black shell with many six cornered marks thereon snowted as others The head and legs dusk but shadowed and spotted The liver hath a more savoury tast thenof any other beast ARTICLE II. Of the VVater-Tortoyse POINT I. Of the fresh-water and Pond-Tortoyse PLiny calls it water-mouse and Emyda The clay-coloured is called Myda In Greek Potamia Cheloonia or river-Tortoyses They live in fresh water in lakes and rivers as near Adelfing in a small lake in the Tigurine territory And near Constance in a hote that runs long and wide among the rocks there are plenty of them the women of that city call them divells and ascribe all their sicknesses to them They wander also in Ganges and Nile they breath In breeding time they dig a hole on dry land where they lay and hide their egges and after thirty dayes they uncover them and bring their brood presently to the water Of the fat bruized with Aizoon or the everliving herb and Lily-seed some annoint those that have quartans all over but the head afore the fit then they wrap them warme and give them hote water to drinke They catch it on the fifteenth day of the moon when it is fattest and annoint the patient the day after The blood droped in eases head-akes and swellings Some behead them lying on their backs with a brazen knife receiving the blood in a new earthen pot annointing with the blood cure all kinds of S. Anthonies fires and running sore heads and warts The dung is said to disperse waxen kernels some beleeve that ships sayl slower if a Tortoyses right foot be aboard The Indian river-Tortoyse is just as big as a Boat and holds sixty bushells of pulse The clay or Pond-Tortoyse Pelamida and Amida is alike broad on back and breast the shell makes a handsome cup. It abides in muddy places but at spring seekes running-water They want bladder and reines They are seene about Ferraria and in France Poland Hungary Some think to drive over a shoar of hayl by laying one with the right hand about their garden or field on the back so that it may see the cloud big with hayl Some lay three on a fire of chips and take the bodies from the shells and parboyl them in a gallon of water and a litle salt to a third part and make a drink for palsy and gout for those that have feeling The gall is good for flegm and corrupt blood Drunk in cold water it stays a loosnes POINT II. Of the Sea-Tortoyse PLiny calls it the Sea-mouse the Greek Cheludros the German and Flemish Fishers the Souldier because it beares a shield and helmet and Barchora and of old Zytyron that or such another with rugged hard armed-head and a buckler hanging at the neck It resembles the Land-Tortoyse if you except the feet and bignes In stead of teeth it hath a bone so hard it breaks asunder the thickest staffe with one stroke The snout brims seeme like teeth The eyes sparkle from farre the balls being exceeding bright and glittering The feet like wings wherewith they swim as with oars turn him on his back and cut him up crosse taking away the shell you see a peritonaean membrane covering all the fore-parts from the throat to the secrets tied to the shell by fleshy strings especially by the breast Kall it hath none nor blind gut but slender bowells from above downwards contrary to other fourfooted beasts Nay from the gullet top which is two thumbs thick it reaches to the beginning of the straight gut and lessens all along it hath also double tunicles the outer sinewy the inner fleshy and this is hairy and limber and moyst like a fat Cows right gut In the beginning of the Oesophagus are many thwart prickles bigger then in an Ox-tongue which is strange they serve happily to chew the grosse food they use to gobble in The neck of the bladder answers the straight gut within and have both but one out-let the milt round as an egge tied to the upper-gut Reins plain and long as if made up of many small ones heart moyst full of intricate vessels in the entrance the lappes large blackish dangling by a thin skin lungs large comming down much lower then the heart the neck bent with many muscles and two very long plucking the head in to the shell They live in salt water and about Moluris and live on small fish shell-fish and being brought a land they eat grasse They at breeding-time lay about an hundred egs on land and hide them in a pit and by night sit on them with their foot make a mark on the covered-place to find it again They plain the earth with their breast In fourty dayes they are hatched In America are hide oft above three hundred egges in one hole and are hatched by the Sun with the dams sitting so that an army seemes to be poured out at once They sleep sometimes on land but cannot live long there like Sea-calves they come by night on land and feed greedily and being full and weary they float on the water on their backs sleeping and snorting If they ly long dried by the Sun-beams and cannot get into the sleep they dy They thrust forth their heads to take ayr like Sea-calves and are so bold they dare set on three men at once Cut off their heads they dy not presently but shall bite if you put your hand to them The Armenians by the Patriark of Alexandria are forbidden to eat them on pain of excommunication Between Spring and fall they are good meat Some make pies of them In Brasile they catch some that may suffice 80 men They lard and roast them they tast like veal Their flesh and Frogs-flesh help against Salamanders the blood against shedding of hair itch and foreheads but dried and washt