complexi c. and this Apartiment is guarded before with the pectoral Muscles the Subclavii Triangulares and on the sides with the intercostales externi interni This rare Story being beautified with excellent Housholdstuff is fortified before with the Bones of the Sternon as with a Breast-plate and encircled on each side with Twelve Ribs as so many bony Arches conjoyned behind to Twelve Vertebers of the Back making a fair Colume curiously wrought with fine carved work of acute transverse and oblique Processes as the various Centers of motion into which great variety of Muscles are implanted This noble Apartiment hath its inside adorned with the choice Hangings of the Pleura The parts of the middle Apartiment and Mediastine Contextures of numerous Fibrils running in various positions finely interwoven with each other making a soft Membrane to guard the tender Compages of the Lungs and Heart from grating against the more hard substance of the Ribs and Vertebers of the Back 'T is floored below with the arch of the Midriffe and Seeled above with the highest Ribs and the Clavicles and within the Cavity of this Apartiment is placed the noble Furniture of the Thoracick Ducts and Blood-vessels and of the Heart and Lungs as in a safe allodgment The Utensils of this Apartiment The Thoracick Duct or Chyliferous Duct are the Thoracick Ducts the Conduit-pipes of Chyle and the ascendent and descendent Trunks of the Aorta and Vena Cava the greater Channels of Blood and the Heart is an Engine of motion by which the vital Liquor is impelled up and down the Sanguiducts for its refinement and the Lungs Midriffe and intercostal Muscles are Organs of Respiration fanning the flame of Life and exalting the generous Liquor of Blood by the nitrous and elastick Particles of Air. The Thoracick Duct cometh from the upper region of the common receptacle as a round Tube The Thoracick Duct is covered with a thin Tunicle The progress of this Duct and is covered with a thin transparent Membrane and enclosed with the Pleura about the middle of the Spine upon which it resteth and afterward is reflected toward the right side of the Artery and then ascendeth farther under the great Artery and about the fifth and sixth Verteber of the Back doth bend toward the Left side and below the intercostal Arteries and Veins doth climb under the Pleura and Thymus to the Left subclavian Vein into which it dischargeth the Chyle The composition of the Heart which associates with the Blood and is carried by the Vena Cava into the Heart adorned with a pyramidal Figure and consisteth of various parts Auricles Valves Ventricles variety of Vessels Arteries Veins and Nerves tendinous and carnous Fibres embroidering the Ventricles within and the Coronary Arteries and Veins enamel the surface of the Heart The Auricles of which one is seated in the right side by the Cava and the other in the Left by the pulmonary Vein are furnished with numerous oblique Fibres which diversely contract the right and left Auricle thereby immediatly impelling the Blood into both Sinus whose Fibres being irritated by the quantity and heat of the vital Liquor do draw those of the Ventricles into consent The Valves called Tricuspides by the Antients are seated round the Orifice of the Vena Cava in the right Ventricle The Valvulae Tricuspidales and are not endued with a triangular or tricuspidal Form as it hath been formerly imagined they are thin Membranes interwoven above and below with many Ligaments which terminate into a few more large Cords inserted for the most part into the Septum adjoyning to the right Ventricle and very few of them are implanted into the inside of the Wall belonging to it these Valves check the motion of the Blood out-of the right Ventricle into the Vena Cava The Valves called Semilunares resembling great C C are seated near the Orifice of the pulmonary Artery The Valvulae Semilunares to intercept the current of Blood out of the Lungs into the right chamber of the Heart The fleshy Fibres are most large in their Origens The dimensions of the carnous Fibres of the Heart as in so many Trunks adjoyning to the Tendon of the Auricle near the Base of the Heart and grow less and less as they branch themselves in an oblique or spiral position toward the Cone The most inward ranks of Fibres besetting the inside of the right Chamber of the Heart are greatest and strongest and the second rank is more small and weak And after the same manner the most inward lair of carnous Fibres have greatest dimensions and the next ranks smaller and smaller as they approach the outside The Interstices or Areae of the fleshy Fibres being interwoven with each other in a kind of Network are some of a Rhomboidal and others of an oval Figure and others resemble Parallelograms The Valves called Mitrales The Valves called Mitrales placed in the Left Ventricle and are somewhat like those of the Right Chamber encompassing the Vena Cava only they are larger and thicker and have their Origen and upper part strengthened with a cartilaginous Expansion and have their Skirt membranous to which are affixed many Ligaments which end into greater Cords implanted into fleshy Columns of a kind of pyramidal Figure as they are greater in their beginning and smaller toward their termination which close in a kind of obtuse Cones near the Cone of the Heart There are also many Ligaments which arise out of the Tendon encircling some part of the Left Auricle near the Base of the Heart and pass down the Wall of the Left Chamber The Ligaments of the Heart and end in some few larger Ligaments which are fastned to the head of a strong pyramidal Columne The fleshy Fibres are much greater in this Ventricle then those of the other and are placed more close to each other and have their Areae or Interstices less and fewer The Heart being a curious contexture of divers parts The use of the Heart may be styled a rare Engine of Motion making good the current of the Blood by Arteries branched into all parts of the Body as so many Channels going from the Center toward the circumference The Arteries These Arteries are Tubes consisting of two Coats beset with many circular fleshy Fibres which narrowing the bore of the Arteries do press it forward toward the surface of the Body The Veins chiefly terminating into the right Ventricle of the Heart The Veins as into a large Trunk are so many Sanguiducts bringing the Blood back again from the circumference to the center from the more outward parts to the Heart these Vessels also as well as the Arteries as I humbly conceive are furnished with many annular carnous Fibres which by their frequent Contractions do assist the motion of the Blood from the ambient parts to the more inward recesses of the Body The composition of the Lungs The Lungs being Organs of Respiration are a fine contexture of many Tubes Arteries
mixtion being dissolved The Chyle is improved by new Ferments in the Guts a milky Liquor is extracted and conveyed to the Intestines where it meets with bilious and pancreatick Juyce rendring the Chyle more perfectly concocted appearing by its greater thinness and whiteness which is afterward transmitted by the peristaltick motion of the Guts The Chyle is farther matured in the Glands of the Mesentery and compression of them by the Midriffe when it is brought from an Arch to a Plane in Inspiration into the milky vessels of the Mesentery through which the Chyle passeth into its Glands where it receiveth a farther elaboration by a select Liquor distilling out of the terminations of the Nerves coming from the mesenterick Plexes and is afterward admitted into the extremities of the second kind of milky Vessels by which the Chyle is imparted to the common Receptacle where it incorporates with the Lympha which renders it more thin and capable of motion through the Thoracick Duct into the subclavian vessels The Chyle is mixed with the Blood in the Heart and the Blood is also refined in the Lungs wherein it confederates with the Blood and is afterward carried through the Vena Cava into the right Ventricle of the Heart where the Chyme espouseth a more intimate union with the Blood as being broken by the strong contractions of the Muscular Fibres into small Particles against the Walls of the Right chamber of the Heart where it is advanced by a Juyce dropping out of the Nerves and then it is impelled with the Blood through the pulmonary Artery into the substance of the Lungs where it is embodied with a Liquor coming out of the terminations of the pulmonary Nerves and with the nitrous and elastick particles of Air opening and refining the Compage of the Blood and clothing it with a florid Red and then it is transmitted by the pulmonary Vein into the Left Ventricle of the Heart The Chyme is mixed more perfectly with the Blood in the Left Ventricle The Blood is improved in the Glands of the Spleen and Liver where the Chyme is more perfectly united to the Blood as violently thrown against the inside of the said Ventricle in whose bosom the Blood is embodied with some drops of fine Liquor exuding the extremities of the Cardiack Nerves and then is impelled through the common and descendent Trunk of the Aorta down the Back into the Artery implanted into the Glands of the Spleen where it incorporates with a mild Juyce distilling out of the terminations of the Splenick Nerves and is afterward carried by the Vena Porta into the substance of the hepatick Glands where the Blood is farther advanced by a Ferment coming out of the extremities of the Hepatick Nerves disposing it for a secretion of the bilious and lymphatick Recrements from the more refined Particles of the Blood which are received into the Cava and transmitted to the Heart and the bilious Particles by proper vessels into the Ductus Cholidochus and Bladder of Gall and Lympha into the Lymphaeducts The Bood maketh its progress through the descendent Trunk of the great Artery a little below the Splenick The Blood is exalted in the Renal Glands into the emulgent Artery implanted into the body of the Renal Glands where it mixeth with some fine drops of Juyce spued out of the extremities of the Renal Nerves whereupon the Blood is exalted and disposed for a secretion of the serous and saline from its more select parts which are entertained into the Origens of the emulgent Veins and the watry Faeces into the urinary Ducts The vital Liquor being carried through the Trunk of the great Artery a little below the emulgent is received into the Spermatick Arteries implanted into the Glands of the Testicles where the albuminous part of the Blood being embodied with a Liquor exuding the terminations of the Testicular Nerves is entertained into the Extremities of the Seminal Vessels where it obtains the first Rudiment of Seed The production of Seminal Liquor and is then carried into the Seminal vessels of the Parastats wherein it acquires a farther elaboration and is afterward transmitted by the deferent Vessels into the seminal Vesicles and Prostats as so many Repositories of this generous Liquor The vital Juyce being defaecated from its bilious and lymphatick Humors in the hepatick Glands The Blood is severed from Bile in the hepatick Glands and from watry Faeces in the Renal. and from the pancreatick Recrements in the Glands of the Pancreas and from watry and saline Faeces in the Renal Glands and being enobled with the reliques of Seminal Matter in the testicular Glands and being also exalted in all the said Glands with a choice Liquor distilling out of the terminations of the Nerves is returned by various Branches of Veins taking their Originations in the several Colatories of the Blood terminating into the ascendent Trunk of the Cava and from thence through the right chamber of the pulmonary Arteries and Veins into the Left Ventricle of the Heart wherein as well as the Lungs the Blood having espoused a Liquor coming out of the extremities of the Nerves is impelled through the common and ascendent Trunk of the Aorta and carotide Arteries into the Glands of the Cortex where the albuminous part of the Blood being impregnated with volatil saline Particles The Animal Liquor is produced in the cortical Glands adhering the sides of the vessels of the Brain and the nitrous and elastick Atomes of Air is received into the Origens of the nervous Fibrils and by them transmitted through the Corpus callosum Fornix Corpora striata Medulla oblongata and Spinalis into the numerous Nerves as so many out-lets of the Brain leading into the three Apartiments giving to all parts of the Body Sense Motion Nourishment and Life as the Animal is a main Element constituting the vital Liquor Having given a short and fine sight of the curious structure actions and uses of the parts of Man's Body I will give a farther account of them as they are the subject of our Faculty which consisteth in Praesenti sanitate tuenda amissa restituenda Life is founded in a union of two essential parts Life is constituted in the union of essential parts of Body and Soul and hath the enjoyment of Life which if taken in a strict Notion relateth to the Body as its most proper Subject but if considered in a more comprehensive conception is inclusive of the Soul too as it is the first principle of both Life and Health as the Soul imparteth the chief Essence to the Body Health consisteth in a due union of disagreeing Particles as its great perfection upon which dependeth the Emanation of its free and excellent Operations which speak Health to the Body whereupon it is defined a power of exerting its Functions according to Nature flowing from the good costitution of all its parts And so Galen stileth it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 And as Parts are similar wherein every Particle
wherein ariseth a Fermentation of the Blood as consisting of Heterogeneous Elements founded in different Liquors made up of Acids and Alkalies of several Salts and Sulphurs some Volatil and others more fixed which being of disagreeing dispositions make great contests to perfect each other according to the good contrivance of Nature wisely ordering that the gross parts should confine the more restless and active which else would breath themselves by the Pores of the Body into the Air as akin to them and the more Volatil Saline and Sulphureous do exalt the more gross and fixed in their converse with them Whereupon the different principles of the Blood like disagreeing Lovers The different Principles are the chief ground of Fermentation do tune each other by amicable Disputes ending in a happy Reconcilement whereby they espouse each others Interest and Perfection So that the Homogeneous parts of the Blood do by a near union Assimilate each other and the Heterogeneous Atomes that cannot be reconciled in Assimilation are turned out of Doors as unprofitable for Nutrition by the Excretory Vessels of the Liver Pancreas and Kidneys The Chyle being transmitted by the Thoracic Vessels into the Subclavian Veins associateth with the Blood and is conveyed with it by the descendent Trunk of the Vena Cava into the right Ventricle of the Heart wherein the Chyle is mixed with the Blood and broken into Minute Particles as dashed against the Walls of the right Chamber The Chyle is mixed with the Blood in the Heart caused by a brisk contraction of the Heart whereupon the Chyle being more embodied with the Purple Liquor in the Heart is conveyed from the right Ventricle by the Pulmonary Artery into the substance of the Lungs where it meeteth the inspired Air impraegnated with Elastick and Nitrous Particles The Blood is refined by Air in the Lungs which do much refine the Blood and render it fit for the entertainment of the Vital Flame the preservative of the noble operations of the Body by a due and kindly Fermentation wherein the Blood being exalted the Similar parts being of one nature do intimately associate to preserve themselves and being embodied with the Nervous Liquor distilling out of the Extreamities of the Nerves as a proper instrument of Fermentation to assist the assimilation of Chyle into Blood and a fit Nutriment for the more solid parts and to constitute due Ferments for the Viscera while the Recrements in being troublesome and disserviceable to the Body are secerned from the Blood in the Glandulous parts of the Viscera and Membranes and thrown out of the Body by various Excretory Ducts Thus having given an account how the Fermentation of the Blood is performed by various Liquors consisting of Heterogeneous Elements and by the Comminution of it into small Particles in the Chambers of the Heart and how it is refined as inspired with Air in the body of the Lungs and afterward defaecated in the Glands of the Viscera and Membranes whence it obtaineth a laudable disposition My aim at this time is to give my Sentiments how it degenerates many ways from its due Qualifications thereby producing Hydropick Diseases when any of the requisite conditions constituting a good Mass of Blood is deficient perverting the excellent aeconomy of Nature The first Cause producing an ill Mass of Blood A pituitous Matter is the first cause of an ill Mass of Blood as hindring its due Fermentation is a pituitous Matter which I apprehend is a crude Chyle conveyed to the Mass of Purple Liquor which being of a viscous nature acquired by the faint Heat and ill Ferment of the Stomach not duly opening the compage of the Meat and not Secerning and elaborating the Alimentary Liquor which being transmitted into the Mass of Blood doth vitiate and clog it in being unfit to repair its decays as thick and clammy so that it cannot be perfectly Assimilated Whereupon when the pituitous Humour is extravasated in great exuberance in the Spaces interceding the Vessels caused by a quantity or thickness of an unassimilated Liquor not received into the Extreamities of the Veins whereupon the Muscular parts are swelled called a Leucophlegmatia by reason the pituitous Recrements of the Blood insinuating themselves into the substance of the fleshy parts do sever the numerous Vessels from each other and lift up the Surface of the Body and extend its habit beyond its natural Shape and Size The second Cause of a depraved Mass of Blood The second cause of a vitiated Blood is fixed Salt and Sulphur producing an Anasarca may be taken from its Elements of fixed Salt and Sulphur not exalted by reason of a dispirited Mass of Blood overcharged with great store of Recrements watry mixed with earthy Particles whence the Vital and Animal Functions grow faint loosing the quickness and agility of their Operations because watry Humours mixed with fixed Saline and Sulphureous Atomes do depress the fine and volatil parts of the Blood keeping it low and unapt for a due Fermentation Serous Humours do vitiate the Mass of Blood so that the serous Humours depressing the Purple Juice with which they associate are impelled out of the Terminations of the Arteries into the Interstices seated between the fruitful Vessels wherein it being despoiled of its Motion doth settle in the body of the Muscles because the unprofitable Recrements do abound as extravasated in the empty Spaces by reason the small Orifices of the Veins cannot give them a due reception and make good the Circulation of Liquors in the Muscular parts The third Cause of the ill disposition of the Blood Gross Air depresseth the Vital Liquor proceedeth from the depression of the Vital Flame derived from the thick and gross Air and moist Vapours exhaled by the heat of the Sun out of the Marshes or Fenny Grounds much depressing the Nitrous and Elastick parts of Air the vital heat and spirit grow languid and serous Recrements superabound which are transmitted into the substance of Muscular parts growing soft and tumid as overmuch extended by watry Humours which are so excessive in quantity that they cannot be admitted into the Veins whence ariseth a Leucophlegmatia a swelled habit of Body A fourth Cause is derived from the abscesses of the Viscera Purulent matter flowing out of the abscesses of the Viscera do spoil the Blood vitiating the Mass of Blood which happen sometime in the Heart labouring with a purulent Matter impelled out of the left Chamber into the common Trunk and thence into the descendent Trunk of the Aorta and thenby smaller and smaller Branches into the habit of Body which groweth Tumified as depraved with corrupt Matter producing a Leucophlegmatia primarily flowing from an abscess of the Heart An instance may be given of a Woman long troubled with an Anasarca who being opened after Death many Abscesses were found in the Heart and a purulent matter in the great Artery derived from thence and by the assistance of many great
Balneo Mariae enclosed in its anterior Region with the Liver and its bottom is seated in a cavity of the Spleen both which Viscera are enobled with a soft Heat flowing into them with the Blood by reason a vital influence doth arise from a dispensation of the Blood into all parts of the Body Whereupon the Stomach entertaining Blood primarily impraegnated with Life doth grow warm and vigorous giving a due tone and Tenseness to the various Fibres of the Stomach by which the ventricle applieth it self close to the Aliment and by warming it doth reduce its less powerful qualities into Act and exalteth the various dispositions of the Ferments Various Animals have different degrees of Heat in their Stomachs Moreover it may be worth our notice that divers Animals according to the several constitutions of their Stomach do claim various degrees of Heat as Dogs Wolves Hawkes and Birds of prey have intense and Fish more remiss and truly a moderate Heat being not culinary but vital is most agreeable to the Ventricles of Animals as giving them strength and vigor and thereupon is more conducive to the production of Chyle by reason immoderate Heat rather torrefieth and forceth out the Earthy and Excrementitious parts whereupon the colliquation and extraction of the Alimentary Liquor is best managed by a soft Heat upon which account we may well resemble the preparation of Aliment to the stewing of Meat in some liquid Substance by a slow Fire and so we Cook Gruels made with Oatmeal or Barley as also Jelly which do somewhat aemulate the coction of Chyle and by virtue of agentle Heat we extract divers kinds of Tinctures and the concoction of Meat is likewise performed by the assistance of a kindly Heat resident in the Stomach intenerating colliquating and dissolving solid substances in liquid Bodies as it happens in the concoction of Alimentary Liquor in the Ventricle So that the Still of the Stomach is well seated by Nature The Alimentary Liquor is extracted in the Stomach by Colliquation in a most advantageous place every way surrounded with warm parts above with the vital flame of the Heart on the Right side with the Liver on the Left with the Spleen and on the hinder Region with the great Vessels of the Aorta and Vena cava in its Anterior part with the Caul Whereupon all these parts being Systems of numerous Vessels filled with warm Vital Liquor do advance the cold membranous constitution of the Stomach with their ambient heat thereby exalting the Ferments ordained to Concoct the Aliment enclosed within the fine Walls of the Stomach And seeing the warmth of the Ventricle is derivative from the heat and motion of the Blood it may seem pertinent briefly to discourse the Vital Liquor constituted of Principles affected with Saline and Sulphureous Particles which are active Elements imparting Intestine Motion to the Blood very much hightned by Local Motion in its Flux and Reflux to and from the Heart the most noble Muscle and hath for its Antagonists all the Muscles of the Body the original of the Motion and chief heat of the Blood impelled into the substance of the Stomach by the Caeliack Arterie The Blood being received into the right Ventricle of the Heart The Blood consisteth of saline and sulphureous Particles the Elements of Intestine Motion and is impraegnated in the Lungs with Air inspired with Nitrosulphureous Atomes and is also exalted with volatil and saline parts of Liquor dropping out of the extreamities of the Neâ—ves into the Chambers of the Heart is impelled by its strong Contraction into the Pulmonary Artery and substance of the Lungs where it meeteth Air impelled by the numerous Branches of the Bronchia and embodieth with its Nitrosulphureous Particles as some Principles producing the Intestine Motion of the Blood which is received into the Pulmonary Veins and thence into the left Chamber of the Heart wherein it being briskly dashed against its Walls the Intestine Motion and heat of the Vital Liquor is much intended and farther exalted by a Liquor impraegnated with Volatil Saline Particles dropping out of the Extreamities of the Nerves inserted into both Ventricles of the Heart into and out of which the Blood is every moment Imported and Exported by Venous and Arterial Tubes as the proper Channels of Vital Liquor whose Intestine Motion and heat is much improved by its impulse from and retrograde Local Motion to the Heart wherein it is Expanded and Rarefied and being thence moved in greater and less Cylinders it acquireth a new Fermentation when its fixed parts are rendred more and more Volatized and exalted to a due Maturity wherein the Compage is opened and the Spirituous and Sulphureous parts are so far set at liberty as to communicate a soft heat to the Stomach in order to the Concoction of Aliment And furthermore the Blood consisting of divers Heterogeneous principles of Spirit The Blood acteth as made of Heterogeneous principles Salt and Sulphur diluted with Watry and Earthy Particles as it is also associated with Chyme a different Liquor the Materia Substrata of Vital Liquor whereupon the Blood gaineth an Effervescence derived from the different actions of these contrary Agents which enter into the List one with another and have various Conflicts caused by Acids and Alkalys composed of different Salts and Sulphurs which after divers contrary Operations receive such due allays as are agreeable to the nature of Blood by which it acquireth a due temper of heat and Fermentation which being dispensed to the Stomach are great Instruments of Chylification produced by the regular Intestine Motion of Meat and Drink the great supports of our Nature CHAP. XXVII The Pathologie of the Heat relating to the Stomach HAving Discoursed the heat of the Ventricle The heat of the Stomach is rendred faint by too great a quantity of watry and ill Diet. as it dependeth upon the natural temper of the Blood I will now Treat somewhat of the heat of the Stomach derived from its unkindly Ebullition which sometime runneth too low proceeding from ill Diet and watry Aliment assumed in too great a quantity producing an undue Concoction of it in the Stomach whence the Blood is endued with a cold and watry Indisposition whence floweth a low Fermentation and heat in the Chambers of the Heart and the various Vessels carrying Rivulets of Blood to and from the Heart in which the faint Intestine Motion proceeding from an undue preparation of the Alimentary Liquor in the Stomach produceth a cold temper in the whole Body a troublesome Breathing in the Lungs and a languid Pulsation of the Heart and Arteries as in ill habits of the Body in Chronick Diseases and in Dying Persons But on the contrary the Blood is overacted with too high an Ebullition The heat of the Stomach is rendred too high from hoe Liquors inflaming the Blood proceeding from the overmuch Indulgence of our selves in high Meats and hot Liquors vitiating the
wherein may be extracted by Chymistry great quantities of volatil Salt wherein may be easily proved both by the Alimentary Liquor as having received Saline Particles from the Serous Liquor and from which the Serous Juice it self being lately a part of the Blood secerned in the Glands of the Stomach which doth retaine the Elements of the Blood and participates of its plentiful Saline Particles which being transmitted with their vehicle the Serous Juyce through the Terminations of the Caeliack Arteries do penetrate the Body of Aliment reposed in the Bosom of the Stomach and by loosening its Compage do assist the Concoction of the Ventricle CHAP. XXXI Of the Matter of Chylification HAving given you an account of the several Ferments disposing the Aliment to Concoction I will now take the boldness to Treat you in some sort with the Matter out of which the Alimentary Liquor of the Stomach is Extracted And to give you in some manner a Bill of Fare of the Meats and Drinks which entertain the Stomach in order to the refection of the Body as divers sorts of Fish and Fowl and more gross Flesh of other Animals and the more simple and wholesome Diet cooked of several kinds of Corn and the Ventricle is not only treated with variety of solid Meats but with abundance of different Drinks in which we more peculiarly indulge our Appetites even sometimes to Excess and Debaucherie of Beer Ale Sider Perry and many other Vegetable Juices and above all with an exuberant variety of small and generous Wines in which we speak a high Pleasure and Delight to our selves and caress our Friends with free Cups as so many expresses of our great Civility and endearing Kindness And the free Hand of our most liberal Maker in His generous Treats of us his Creatures with different kinds of Meat and Drink doth require several Ferments of Salival Nervous and Serous Liquors inspired with Spirituous and expansive particles of Air which all concenter in the Subject Matter contained in the bosome of the Stomach to raise a Fermentation in every different sort of Meat and Drink The various Ferments of the Stomach embody with the Homogeneous parts of Aliment and precipitate the Heterogeneous which are acted with many several Ferments endued with contrary Principles and Dispositions which enter into contests with the various Contents of the Stomach and embody with the Homogeneous and Alimentary Particles and precipitate the Heterogeneous as unprofitable for Nutrition and by degrees expel them as noysome and troublesome from one part to the other till at last they have ejected them the utmost confines of the Body Now it may be worth our enquiry to discover the several Changes or alterations of the various kinds of Aliment made step by step before they arrive a perfect Concoction in the Stomach and because the different sorts of Aliment are comprehended under general ranks of Meat and Drink it may be worth our time to make some Remarks upon them And concerning the fruitful springs of Potulent Matter Potulent matter requireth less concoction then Esculents destilling into the Cystem of the Stomach it requireth less boiling then Esculents do by reason it is not so much an Aliment as a Vehicle of it with and to which the grosser parts of Aliment are diluted and espoused till by several Mutations the Alimentary Liquor is extracted and made master of a just Consistence Moreover The Drink is more Operative and Penetrating Drink being made of subtle saline parts having little Aliment sooner passeth through the Stomach and Intestines into the Lacteal Vessels as it consisteth of subtle saline Particles and divers kinds of Purging Diuretick and Mineral Waters which having little or no nourishment soon pass through the Ventricle and Intestines into the Mesenterick and Thoracick Lacteal Vessels and from thence through the Subclavian and hollow Vein into the right Ventricle and from thence are transmitted through the Lungs into the left Cistern of the Heart and afterward through the descendent Trunk of the Aorta and Emulgent Arteries into the Glands of the Kidneys and from thence conveyed through the Pelvis and Ureters The quick passage of the Mineral Waters proceedeth from their thin substance and pungent qualities into the common receptacle of Urine As to the reason of the quick Motion of the Mineral Waters through the Stomach and other parts of the Body it proceedeth from their thin substance and pungent Particles with which they are impraegnated giving a trouble to the Fibres of the Ventricle and Intestines causing them to Contract themselves for a speedy Expulsion with the aid of the Diaphragme into the Lacteal Mesenterick and Thoracick Vessels and from thence being transmitted through the Veins into the right Ventricle of the Heart where the Blood is put into a Fermentation by the active saline Particles of the Mineral Waters doth quicken the Carnous Fibres of the Heart to Contract themselves vigorously and thereby briskly to impel the Blood embodied with these sharp Mineral Particles into the Kidney Glands where the Blood is percolated from the pungent Potulent Matter into the Pelvis and Ureters Wines also as well as Mineral Waters are of a thin Consistence Wine doth contribute to the concoction of Aliment and differ in their pleasant temper much more acceptable to the Stomach and by reason of their more aggreeable disposition do make a longer stay in it and thereby assist its Concoction of Aliment which may be backed by the experience of Persons freely gratifying their Palates in eating of various Dishes of choice Fish and Flesh which else would highly discompose their Stomachs were they not strengthened with the warm subtle and Spirituous Particles of Wine which associating with the other Ferments do insinuate themselves into the penetrals of the Aliment and dissolve its frame and draw out its purer Liquor Whereupon a Question may be started Wine turneth acid in the Stomach when is faline parts acquire a Fluor How Wine consisting of sweet and Oily Particles when it is received into the Stomach should be in a short time bereaved of its grateful sweetness and turn acid in the Ventricle Which may be as I conceive attributed to the saline parts of the Wine brought to a Fluor by Fermentation which rendreth Wine acid and so all Vegetable Juices being fermented in the Stomach do by degrees acquire an acidity by reason the more sweet parts are severed in order to associate with the Alimentary Liquor and thereupon leave the other acid as recrements of Concoction But if Wines be conserved in Casks Wine is kept sweet when the saline and sulphureous parts are united as so many safe Repositories the sweet Sulphureous parts do hold such an intimate union with the Saline that they do not suffer the Generous Liquor to degenerate into an acid Juice which is a step to Vinegar Liquid kinds of Aliment commonly called Suppings as Broth Liquid Aliment having enlarged Pores is more
deflowred by rendring it gross and viscide vulgarly called Phlegme and is truly undigested Chyle which being accompanied with these fixed saline and acide Ferments doth make if less abundant a Bradupepsy or Dyspeysy if very exuberant an Apepsy the Dog-like Appetite Pica Malacia and severe Vomitings caused by the tender Fibres of the Stomach irritated by the acrimony of these sharp and acide Ferments rendring the nourishing Liquor crude This indigested Juyce is transmitted through the Intestines and the mesentrick and thoracick Milky Vessels the subclavian Veins and Cava into the right Chamber of the Heart wherein the Chyme being gross cannot be well assimilated and thereby giveth a thickness and a disposition of stagnancy to the Blood Difficulty of Breathing proceedeth from an ill Chyme stagnated in the substance of the Lungs lodged in the Viscera and afterward the crude Chyme being impelled with the vital Liquor out of the right Ventricle of the Heart by the pulmonary Artery into the substance of the Lungs produceth a difficulty of Breathing and being long extravasated in the spaces between the Vessels causeth a Peripneumonia an inflammation of the Lungs and this indigested Phlegme the product of an ill Concoction accompanying the Blood being also transmitted by the ascendent Trunk of the Aorta and afterwards by the internal Carotides The crude Chyme dispersed into Cortexe processes of the Brain is productive of Soporiferous Diseases into the Membranes of the Brain creates sometimes a Phrenitis and great pains of the Head and if the crude Chyme be dispersed into the Cortex and Medullary Processes of the Brain it is productive of Soporiferous Diseases as Lethargick Comatose Carous and Apoplectick Distempers But if crude Chyme A Leucoph'egmatia may proceed from a crude Chyme lodged in the Muscular parts Crude Chyme transmitted with the Blood into the Membranes and into the Interstices of the Nervous Filaments doth generate a Rheumatisme associated with Blood be impelled out of the Left Ventricle of the Heart into the descendent Trunk of the Aorta and Intercostal Arteries into the Pleura it produceth a Pleurifie And if the ill-Concocted alimentary Liquor incrassating the Blood be carried by the greater Trunks into the smaller Branches and Capillary Arteries into the Interstices of the Vessels seated in the Muscular parts it generates a Disease called Leucophlegmatia Other times these Saline and Acide Particles of the Ferments make the same impression in the Chyle which being transmitted with the Blood into Membranes covering the Muscles and the Interstices of the Nerves seated in the Carnous parts do produce high afflictive Pains called by the Modern Physicians a Rheumatisme These sharp Particles discomposing the Ferments of the Stomach The Concoction is vitiated by an ill salival Liquor flowing out of the Oral Glands produce an ill qualified alimentary Liquor which being embodied with the Blood is carried by the external Carotides into the Maxillary and Oral Glands where it is secerned from the Blood and discharged with the Salival Liquor by excretory Ducts into the Cavity of the Mouth wherein the Aliment being prepared by Mastication is infected and afterwards vitiated by a new Afflux of saline and acide Particles ejected the extremities of Arteries and Nerves inserted into the Oral Glands and from thence transmitted by excretory Vessels into the Mouth An Instance of this Distemper may be given in a worthy Member of the Colledge of Physicians who was long perplexed with universal pains raging in all parts of his Body proceeding from Serous and Nervous Liquor debased with saline and acide Particles which Nature discharged frequently out of the Oral Glands in great quantity into the Mouth wherein the salival Liquor being vitiated tainted the masticated Aliment and indisposed it for Concoction Whereupon these Serous and Saline Recrements Nature often attempteth to evacuate by the Nerves as well as Arteries The Saline Recrements are evacuated as well by the Nerves as Arteries into the Salival Glands Apepsia when little or no Mutation is made in the Meat An imperfect Conconction is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which is very slow in operation into the minute Conglomerated Glands besetting the Palate and Tongue to free her self from these ill Companions which conversing with Salival Juyce disturb the first rudiment of Digestion above in the Mouth and the greater elaboration of it in the Ventricle below That the disaffections of the Stomach in reference to Concoction may be more clearly stated I will make bold to propound the various kinds of ill Digestion the First is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 where little or no alteration is made in the Aliment out of which very little or no Alimentary Liquor is extracted The second kind of ill Concoction is made when the Aliment hath a longer stay in the Stomach then is fit or when all the Meat and Drink do not admit a laudable Concoction which is stiled 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a slow or imperfect Concoction wherein the alimentary Juyce is very gross and crude The third sort of ill Concoction is made when the Aliment degenerates into a putrid or faetide Chyle which is the worst of kinds called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the depraved action of the Ventricle where the alimentary Extract is despoiled of its amicable Disposition acquiring a corrupt Nature destructive of the Blood 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is a total disappointment of Nature in point of Concoction A pepsy is made aut à Vitiata Conformatione aut mala temperie aut Fermentis male dispositis wherein the Stomach is rendred destitute of its more noble Operation and End the extraction of Chyle as being able to make little or no impression upon Meat and Drink which remain unaltered in the Stomach proceeding from an ill temper or a vitiated Conformation a violated union of parts and sometimes for want of laudable Ferments or from an External Cause too great a quantity or from the ill quality of Meat and Drink An Apepsy is contracted also when the Tone of the Stomach is lost An Apepsymay proceed from the lost Tone of the Stomach caused when the current of animal Liquor and Spirits is intercepted in the Origen of the nervous Fibrils produced sometime by the compression of them caused by the tumor of the adjacent parts in the inflammation of the Dura and Pia Mater compressing the extreamities of the Nervous Fibres Seated in the Ambient parts of the Brain whereupon the Fibres of the Stomach derived from the Par vagum being destitute of their Liquor and Spirit do lose their Vigor and Tenseness Or Secondly when the beginning of the minute Nervous Fibres is obstructed by the grossness of the animal Liquor so that its course is totally suppressed as in an Apoplexy or its due motion slackened in more gentle soporiferous Diseases of a Coma Carus Lethargie and the like so that the animal Liquor is not propagated through the Fibres of the Cortex and other parts
Pancreatick Liquor Stomacick pains proceeding from a four Pancreatick Liquor transmitted into the Stomach whence also is derived a Dog-like Appetite being forced into the Stomach by the inverted Peristaltick Motion of the Guts may produce great Stomacick commonly and improperly called Colick Pains which often proceed from the four Liquor perverting the Concoction of the Stomach by a great Effervescence of the Aliment producing Flatulent Matter puffing up the Coats of the Ventricle making great Tensive pains by overstretching its Carnous and Nervous Fibres This Acid and Pancreatick Humour being injected into the Stomack by the unkindly motion of the Intestines maketh a depraved Dog-like Appetite caused by an unnatural Ferment making disorderly Vellications of the Fibres The four Liquor of the Pancreas carried out of the Guts through the â—actâ—ae with the Chyle and afterward with the Blood through the Subclavian Veins and Cava into the right Ventricle of the Heart causeth Palpitations Lypothymies and Syncopies and this soure Liquor carried by the Pulmonary Artery into the Lungs maketh a difficulty of Breathing and being impelled through the ascendâ—nt Trunk of the Aorta and Carotice Arteries vitiates the concoction of the Nervous Liquor in the Brain and being transmitted into thenerves of Muscular parts preduceth Convulvulsive Motions whence ariseth a perpetual desire of Meat to gratifie the troublesome Sollicitations seated in the Fibrous parts of the Stomach This acid Ferment making an unkindly Ebullition of the Chyle in the Intestines is productive of Vapours and Windy Matter which being Transmitted with the Chyle through the Lacteae and Thoracick Ducts into the Subclavian Veins and from thence through the Vena Cava into the right Chamber of the Heart in which it being mixed with the Blood doth produce a great Effervescence giving sometimes Palpitations which are over-frequent Pulsations proceeding from this acid Pancreatick Liquor afflicting the Carnous and Nervous Fibres of the Heart which being over-acted in often repeated and violent Trembling Motions do cause Lypothymies and Syncopies And this four Liquor of the Pancreas being confederated with the Blood is carried out of the right Ventricle of the Heart through the Pulmonary Artery into the Parenchyma of the Lungs where it is hardly admitted into the small Extreamities of the Pulmonary Veins whence ariseth a great difficulty of Breathing making frequent inspiration of Air which enoble the ill qualified Blood with Spirituous and Elastick Particles to make good the Circulation into the left Ventricle of the Heart out of which the Blood being also associated with this sour Pancreatick Ferment is impelled first through the common and then through the ascendent Trunk of the Aorta and Carotide Arteries into the Dura and Pia Mater and ambient parts of the Brain where it vitiates the Concoction of Animal Liquor and by afflicting the Fibrous contexture of the Coats and substance of the Brain produceth Convulsive Motions commonly called the Falling Sickness Farthermore The Animal Liquor infected with acid Pancreatick Juice is transmitted by the Fibres of the Brain into the Trunks of Nerves propagated into the Muscles whereupon their Nervous and Tendinous Fibres are highly irritated and drawn into Convulsive Motions This four Liquor of the Pancreas being transmitted by the Arteries with the Blood into the substance of the Muscles giveth a pain to the Nervous Fibres and produceth a Rheumatism and being carried by the Arteries into the substance of the Membranes encomâ—assing the Joynts maketh an Arthritis and being impelled with the Blood by the Emulgent Artery into the Kidney and from thence with the Urine through the serous Ducts Pelvis and Ureters into the Bladder maketh the Strangury The acid Pancreatick Liquor mixed with the Blood and carried by the Mesenterick Arteries into the Guts is productive of Diarrhaea's and Dysenteries to expel the acid offensive Particles of Pancreatick Juice confederated with the Nervous Liquor And if the unkindly four Liquor of the Pancreas be embodied with the Blood and carried by the Arteries into the substance of the Muscular parts it giveth great Pain by aggrieving the tender Coats of the Nervous Fibres producing a Rheumatism And if this Acid Juice of the Pancreas mixed with the Vital Liquor is impelled by the Arteries into the substance of the Membranes covering the Joynts and Bones of the Limbs it maketh a vexatious pain by highly afflicting this tender Membranous Contexture consisting of many Nervous Fibres curiously interwoven this painful Disease is called the Arthritis or Joynt-Gout And if this sour Liquor incorporated with the Blood is carried by the Emulgent Arteries into the Cortical Glands of the Kidney and there secerned from the Purple Juice and Transmitted with the Serous Liquor through the Urinary Ducts and the Papillary Caruncles into the Pelvis and from thence through the Ureters into the Cavity of the Bladder to whose tender Compage these acid Particles of the Pancreatick Liquor offer a great Violation as it is framed of Nervous and Carnous Fibres which frequently contract themselves with great pain to discharge the troublesome acid Particles of Urine This Disease hath the Appellative of the Strangury The Acid Liquor being blended with the Chyle in the Guts is carried with it through the Mesenterick and Thoracick Lacteal Ducts Subclavian Vessels and Vena Cava into the right Chamber of the Heart and from thence through the Pulmonary Arteries and Veins into the lest Ventricle and afterward this soure Pancreatick Juice associated with the Blood is impelled through the common and descendent Trunk of the Aorta into the Mesenterick Arteries belonging to the Intestines whose Terminations being opened the serous parts of it infected with the said acid Particles are severed from the Purple Liquor in the Glands of the Guts and discharged into their Cavity whereupon the Intestines having their Nervous and Carnous Fibres much irritated do briskly contract and expel the Contents of the Guts whence ensueth a Diarrhaea But if the said acid parts confaederated with the Blood and Transmitted by the Mesenterick Arteries into the Glands of the Guts be very fierce they are immediately thrown without any Secretion of the Serous parts from the red Crassament of the Blood into the Cavity of the Intestines whence ariseth an Ulcer of them proceeding from the soure parts of the Pancreatick Liquor disaffecting the Extravasated Blood and corroding the tender frame of the Guts which I conceive may be one cause of a Dysentery Last of all I apprehend this Acid Juice of the Pancreas The acid Liquor mixed with Bile in the Guts produceth Atrabilarian Humours the causes of Hypocondriacal and Melancholick Distempers to be a great agent in Hypochondriacal and Melancholick Distempers proceeding from Atribilarian Humours which may arise from the mixture of Bilious and Pancreatick Juice as Learned De Graaf hath well observed Tractatu de Succ. Pancreat Pag. 134. Cum itaque neque Hepar neque Pancreas neque etiam Ventriculus atram illam Bilem ad Intestinum hoc demandasset suspicari
small Nerves from the left recurrent Nerve and also Lymphaeducts as Learned Rudbeck will have it proceeding from the Trunk ending near the Heart The Figure of the Capsula holdeth great conformity with that of the Heart and is much more enlarged toward its Base The Figure of the Pericardium and groweth more narrow near its Cone So that the Pericardium is adorned with a kind of Pyramidal figure In this Capsula Serous Liquor is contained as in a Cystern The Liquor contained in the Pericardium which some account to be Alimentary and others Excrementitious as being a Watry humor proceeding from the steams of the Blood arising like Clouds and condensed against the inside of the Pericardium Learned Steno deriveth its Origen from the Lymphaeducts coming from the Conglomerated Glands in his Books de Musculis and Glandulis p. 41. Quocunque corporis Animalis loco aquosus quidam naturaliter reperitur humor ejus superficiem oblinens eandem superficiem Lymphaticorum pertusam ostiis a Conglomerata Glandula oriundorum unde colligere liceret eandem aquae Pericardii esse originem but with the leave of this great Author I humbly conceive that the Liquor lodged within the confines of the Pericardium doth not arise from the Lymphaeducts which is a thin watry Liquor but this of the Capsula Cordis is the Serous part of the Vital Juice The Origen of the Liquor contained in the Pericardium as I apprehend by reason it being exposed to the Fire will Coagulate like the white of an Egg which sheweth it to be the more soft and albuminous Particles of the Blood Renowned Dr. Lower doth fetch the Liquor contained in the Capsula Cordis from its Glands as he hath in the first Chap. de Cordis situ structura p 5 6. Quare ut aquae hujus fontem alibi quaeramus advertere oportet naturam in variis corporis partibus ubi operis aut functionum eadem aut par ratio est iisdem plerunque Machinis atque instrumentis uti quemadmodum glandulas Lacrymalis ad humorem suggerendum quo Oculi illinantur atque madefiant absque quo sicci motus inhabiles evaderent pariter juxta Cordis basin diversas Glandulas constituit è quibus humor intra Capsulam exstillat vacuo isto spacio huc illuc agitatus Cordis superficiem undique alluit quo promptior facilior ejus motus redderetur CHAP. XII Of the Diseases of the Pericardium and their Cures THe Pericardium as composed of many Coats furnished with numerous divarications of Vessels is rendred obnoxious to variety of Diseases as Inflammations Abscesses Ulcers Tumors c. The inflammation of the Capsula Cordis The cause of an Inflammation of the Pericardium is derived from a source of Blood coming out of the Terminations of the Coronary Arteries of the Heart inserted into the substance of the Pericardium in which it is Extravasated as not being received into the Extremities of Phrenick Veins by reason of its great plenty or grosness whereupon it being stagnant in the empty spaces of the Vessels loseth its laudable temper and bounty by gaining an unkindly Ebullition This part confining on the Heart easily affected with an unnatural effervescence productive of an acute Fever Syncope Palpitation imparted to the Blood first derived from the substance of the Pericardium into the Origens of the Phrenick Veins and from thence to the Vena Cava and right Ventricle of the Heart and afterward into the Lungs where it creates a great difficulty of Breathing a dry Cough a great Plogâ—sis c. Thirst and sometimes with a pain in the Thorax toward the Sternon as the Pericardium is affixed to the Mediastine So that this Disease is taken for a Pleurisie Zacutus Prax. adm Lib. 2. Observat giveth a History Quidam in aetate florente acuta febre est prehensus cum siti ingenti anxietate Respiratione celerrima frequenti Thoracis incendio tussi sicca Syncope Cordis tremore levissimo in Thorace dolore Sternum versus cum angustia summa pulsu duro inaequali Hic pro Pleuritico Curatus triduo è vita sublatus Sectio à morte palam fecit fuisse Pericardii Inflammationem nam tota fere tunica livida rugosa visa est in multis partibus asperitudines apparuere Milliaceae nigrore infectae omnia ab adurente calore profecta The Curatory Indication of this Disease being a quantity of extravasated Blood lodged in the substance of the Pericardium The opening of a Vein is good in an Inflammation of the Pericardium doth denote the Mission of Blood with a free hand to make good the Circulation of the stagnant Blood in the parts affected That it may be received into the Phrenick Veins and take off the Inflammation of the Pericardium Bleeding also satisfieth the preservatory Indication in lessening the cause of the Disease by taking away the exuberant quantity of hot Blood and by diverting its current from the Pericardium by opening a Vein in the Arm. Cooling Juleps and Apozemes are very proper in being given with temperate Cordial Powders which do cool the Mass of Blood by Sweat and a free Transpiration as discharging the hot steams of the Vital Liquor by the Pores of the Skin Sometimes an Inflammation may proceed from a great Contusion of the Thorax affecting the Capsula Cordis whence ariseth first an Inflammation Another cause of an Inflammation of the Pericardium coming from a Laceration of the small Arteries pouring out so great a quantity of Blood into the Interstices of the Vessels that the minute Origens of the Veins are not capable to give a reception to it So that the Extravasated Blood losing its motion the Albuminous part degenerates into a Pus which often Corrodeth the Membranes of the Pericardium and produceth an Ulcer which vitiateth the Liquor encircling the Heart A Husband-man overturning a load of Hay by his imprudent Conduct An Instance of an Inflammation of the Pericardium proceeding from Contusion some part of it fell upon his Breast which thereupon was highly afflicted with pain and the Patient was afterward infested with an acute Fever flowing from the Contusion of the Pericardium which proved fatal unto him and the Thorax being opened and his Heart inspected the Pericardium was found full of Pus in which the Heart did swim as in a noysom Lake giving it a stench and suffocation The Pericardium is sometimes swelled A Dropsie coming from too great a quantity of Liquor contained in the Pericardium as overcharged with too great a quantity of Serous Liquor making a kind of Dropsie whereby the Capsula being of tender Membranous Compage is highly discomposed with pain and the Heart compressed with a load of Liquor so incumbent upon it that its branches cannot admit a due Dilatation to give reception to the Blood which is attended with a pain of the Breast a trembling of the Heart and a Dropsie of the whole Body A
in an opposite posture and ascend to the Base and being inserted into its Tendon do constitute the inward wall of this Chamber And the external Fibres of this Cavity are not carried from the Base to the Cone The external Fibres of this Ventricle do take their progress from the Base to the Cone The several ranks of Fibres have different progresses but quit their progress in the middle way and creeping under the superior Fibres do climb up obliquely to the Tendon of the opposite side And another rank of the Fibres having a contrary progress do meet about the Cone of the Heart and have mutual Convolutions So that the Fibres seated in the exterior wall of the left Ventricle do rencounter those of the inward about the Extremity of the Cone Whereupon it is very visible to a clear Eye The different Fibres have one joynt-motion to lessen the Cavities of the Heart that the Fibres besetting the outward and inward wall of the left Chamber of the Heart to be continued though they may seem to have a contrary progress yet they all concur to accomplish the same motion and do constring and bring inward the opposite Tendons and by drawing themselves closer to each other do lessen the Cavities of the Chambers of the Heart and squeese the Blood out of the right Ventricle into the Pulmonary Artery and out of the left into the common Trunk of the Aorta And this is worthy our remark Divers Fibres do end in the Fleshy Columns That all Fibres do not terminate into the Tendons of the Margent encircling the Ostia of the Chambers of the Heart but many do end in the great Fleshy Fibres called Columns which do emit many Tendons into the Mitral Valves conjoyned with the Tendon lodged in the Base of the Heart And having discoursed the various ranks and Progresses of the Carnous Fibres surrounding the sides and walls of the Heart The spiral Fibres besetting the Cone of the Heart it may seem not improper to treat of the Fibres enclosing the Cone of the Heart which seem to be adorned with somewhat of a Spiral or winding Circular Figure as resembling the circular motion of the Blood And as the inward Fibres of the Ventricle have a progress opposite to that of the outward so the Fibres of the inward part of the Cone proceed in a different method to the outward as they are framed in spiral Circumvolutions about the Cone of the Heart And because the Blood is to be impelled out of the left Chamber of the Heart into the Aorta The Fibres of the left are more thick and strong than those of the right and by smaller and smaller Branches into the most remote regions of the Body Therefore Nature hath most wisely provided far more thick and strong Fibres for the left Ventricle than for the right which protrudeth Blood only out of it into the adjacent parts of the Lungs So that if we truly survey the substance of the Heart The Parenchyma of the Heart is different from that of the other Viscera we shall find it not to be a Parenchyma holding similitude with that of the Lungs Liver Spleen or Kidneys the first being a system of Vesicles of Air Bronchia Blood-vessels and the other a company of innumerable Glands as most of the Viscera are being so many Colatories of the Blood secerning it from its Bilious Serous or other kind of Recrements But the Heart is a true Muscle of the same nature with those of the Limbs as it is most manifest to Autopsy if the Fleshy Fibres of the Heart be rendred more firm and compact by boiling and then the Heart will appear to be an Organ made up of many ranks of strong Fibres adorned with a Prismatick Figure of the same hue consistence The fleshy Fibres mutually conjoyned by Ligaments and strength as being united to each other by the mediation of many strong Membranes and Ligaments †T. 15. F. 1. f f. iiii with those of the Limbs and after the same manner are not capable to receive much greater dimensions in length and its Fibres cannot be severed from each other at any great distance without Laceration of the Membranes conjoyning the many rows of fleshy Fibres and when they act are rendred hard and tense as having their ranks drawn closer together whereupon the Compage of the Heart becometh more firm and rigid and the Cavities of the Ventricles more narrow whereby their Contents are discharged The Fibrous substance and constitution of the Heart The substance of the Heart is different from that of other Muscles is different from that of other Muscles as having a more solid firm uniform Compage Coated with a more bright Red than the Flesh of other Muscles which is more loose and flabby whose more weak Prismatick Columns may be more easily dis-joyned from each other by a less violent Laceration of their thinner Membranes Again The Configuration of the Fibres of the Heart The Fibres of the Heart are spiral is not the same with other Muscles as not being truly equidistant but crooked and spiral full of many Circumvolutions surrounding each other Under the Coat encircling the Heart A rank of Fibres coming the Base of the Heart and it 's Tendinous entrances is derived a rank of fleshy Fibres from the Base of the Heart and from its Circular Tendinous substance into which the Vena Cava and Pulmonary Vein do terminate in both Ventricles of the Heart These outward ranks of Fibres do at first tend in a direct course toward the Cone and afterward being variously Implicated have a Retrograde progess toward the inward recesses of the Ventricles Under this outward row of Fibres is seated other ranks The ranks of fleshy Fibres are tied to each other which are carried in oblique and spiral postures toward the Cone and make many intersections being interwoven with divers other ranks of fleshy Fibres †T. 15. F. 1. iiii and from thence are reflected toward the outward Compage of the Heart with winding Circumvolutions and transverse Bandages whereupon they seem to Constitute the inward Columns to which the Cords †d d d. of the Tricuspidal Mitral Valves are affixed The most inward fleshy Fibres are most large near their Origens The Fibres are most great in their Origens as so many Trunks adjoyning to the Tendons of the Auricles and grow less and less as they branch themselves in oblique or spiral Positions toward the Cone of the Heart And after the same manner the most inward rank of fleshy Fibres seated in the inside of the Ventricles are greatest and most strong The inward Fibres of the Ventricles are most large and the more outward the least The ranks of fleshy Fibres are mutually conjoyned by strong Membranes Ligaments and Fibrous Branches and the neighbouring Lairs as they more and more approach the ambient parts become less and less
substance of the Heart near the egress of the Pulmonary Artery and in the left side of the Base of the said Auricle to the body of the Pulmonary Vein The Auricles are accommodated with Arteries The Vessels of the Auricles Veins and Nerves of which the last are divaricated through the substance of those Muscles before they enter into the body of the Heart and are derived from the Par Vagum The Auricles are furnished with many ranks of fleshy †T. 15. F. 1. b b. Fibres from divers Muscular Columns The fleshy Fibres of the Auricles very much resembling those in Figure which are lodged in the Ventricles of the Heart These intermedial Fibres are carried with an oblique course and are inserted into the opposite Tendons by reason they being seated in the Base of the Heart are also imparted to the Auricles and upon these Tendons the fleshy Fibres do rest as upon a Prop or Fulciment And on the other side the right Auricle where it is concerned with the Vena Cava is guarded with a hard Tendinous Circle into which the fleshy Fibres are implanted Now I will discourse somewhat of the use of the Auricles The use of the Auricles of the Heart and respite the greatest part till I treat of the Motion of the Heart and compare the Auricles with the Ventricles wherein it may be observed that the Auricles have not the same Analogy which passeth between the Ventricles moving together with equal pace by reason a greater proportion of Blood ought not to be impelled by the contraction of the right Ventricle into the Pulmonary Artery than can be received out of the Pulmonary Vein into the left Chamber of the Heart So that an equal quantity of Blood must be entertained into both Cisterns of the Heart and thence be distributed by a due measure through the Pulmonary Artery into the substance of the Lungs and by the Aorta and its Branches and Ramulets into all parts of the Body The motion of the Blood being so constant and orderly in the Ventricles it may be worth our disquisition why the Auricles do not observe the same Analogy with each other in dimensions which Nature ordained as I humbly conceive upon this account by reason the current of the Blood is more slow out of the Vena Cava into the right Ventricle The Cavity of the right Ventricle is more large therefore it is is requisite that the Cavity of the right Auricle should be more enlarged as receptive of a larger proportion of Blood thence to be injected into the right Ventricle sufficient for its Repletion by reason the Blood in Expiration is more speedily squeesed by the pressure of the Lungs out of the Pulmonary Vein into the left Ventricle whereupon the motion of the Blood is more highly accelerated and therefore a less Cavity will suffice in the left Auricle CHAP. XVII Of the Ventricles of the Heart HAving discoursed of the outward Walls of the Heart it may be fit now to shew you the inward Recesses and Chambers commonly called the Ventricles the one being seated on the right and the other on the left side as the Cisterns of Vital Liquor from thence transmitted by the one into the Lungs and by the other into the great Artery and afterward by smaller and smaller Branches into all parts of the Body The right Chamber of the Heart hath thinner Walls The right Ventricle of the Heart and a more large Cavity than the other and is endued not with a round but rather a Semicircular Figure not extending it self to the Cone This Ventricle in its right side is adorned with a Convex and it s left with a Concave figure The Orifice of the Vena Cava transmitting Blood into the right Ventricle The Tricuspidal Valves is guarded with a Membranous Circle divided into three Valves looking inward commonly called Tricuspides from their Triangular figure as some imagine though in truth they are not endued with this shape but have the appellative of Tricuspides by reason each of them hath three Fibres as so many Ligaments by which they are fastned to the fleshy Columns relating to the Septum of the Heart These Valves give way to the stream of Blood coming out of the Orifice of the Vena Cava into the Cavity of the right Ventricle and do hang pendulous as some conceive in the Contraction of it to shut up the termination of the Cava to intercept the Retrograde motion of the Blood into it The Wall of the right Ventricle is much thinner than that of the left The right Ventricle is much thinner than that of the left and narrowed only with a Semicircular Contraction according to its Figure whereupon the Furrows of this Ventricle are more shallow and the Carnous Fibres more small as being an Appendage of the other more strong Ventricle And least the right Chamber of the Heart having a slight enclosure should be overmuch distended by great Rivulets of Blood beyond its due tone So that the Carnous Fibres should be so far weakned as not to be able to Contract themselves in order to discharge the troublesome current of Blood into the Lungs Nature hath wisely framed a round Muscle about its middle Region proceeding from the Septum Cordis which is very conspicuous in the Heart of Bruits and in that of Man three or four Fibres may be discovered which supply the place of this Muscle found in the Heart of some other Animals Before I quit the discourse of the right Ventricle The Valves are seated near the Orifice of the Cava and fastâ—ed to the Carnous Columns I deem it convenient to speak somewhat more of the fine Valves seated near the Orifice of the Cava and to consider their Mechanism in which their use may be seen That their Papillae or Columns are rendred Prominent beyond the Surface of the inside of the Ventricle and that some of these Valves are seated in the opposite side and that the Columns are placed in a side opposite to the Membranes to which they are affixed as Learned Dr. Lower hath observed The Columns having this Fabrick The Fibres of the Columns are relaxed and the Valves extended in the Systole of the Heart according to some Anatomists are so seated that the Membranes might keep some distance from the sides of the Ventricle that they being lifted up in every Systole of the Heart by reason the Fibres of the Columns are relaxed might hang croswise in the middle of the Ventricle and being beaten backward by the Retrograde motion of the Blood they might be so expanded that the extended Membranes might shut up the recourse of the Blood into the Orifice of the Cava as some Learned Authors have observed And if these Tricuspidal Fibres should immediately arise out of the sides of the right Ventricle and lean closely upon the inward surface of the Heart they could not be receptive of the recourse of the Blood
and thereby be elevated whereupon the Vital Liquor would return by the same passage it was admitted into the right Ventricle and so frustrate the design of Nature in order to transmit Blood into the Pulmonary Artery to make good the Circuit of Blood through the Lungs into the left Ventricle This Hypothesis is grounded upon the drawing the Cone toward the Base of the Heart in its Systole whereby the Ligaments of the Tricuspidal Fibres are conceived to be relaxed and the Membranes expanded but with deference to these Anatomists I humbly conceive it more consonant to Autopsy that the sides of the Ventricles are brought nearer each other in the Systole of the Heart and not the Cone to the Base So that the Ligaments of the Valves are not relaxed The Cone of the Heart is not brought toward the Base in its Systole but the sides of the Ventricles are brought nearer to each other and the Membranes distended but the Valves every way encompassing the Orifice of the Cava have their inward Cavities contracted and rendred close by having the sides of the Membranes nearly to meet each other by the Systole of the Heart So that the Valves become as Damms intercepting the current of Blood in its motion toward the entrance of the Cava and promote it toward the Orifice of the Pulmonary Artery in order to import it into the Lungs Hence the use of these Tricuspidal Valves may be easily discovered if the fleshy Colmuns The use of the Tricuspidal Valves swelling out of the side of the right Ventricle be curiously considered and an injection of Liquor being made into it by a Wound you may discern by the contraction of the Membranes a Damm to be made at the Orifice of the Vena Cava upon the motion of the Injected Liquor towards it These Valves also giving a check to the Retrograde motion of the Blood The mixture of Chyme with Blood in the right Ventricle do make a greater mixture of the Chyme with the Blood when it is dashed against these Membranes and so forced by the Systole of the Heart toward the Orifice of the Pulmonary Artery Having given some account of the right I will now endeavour to shew you a prospect of the left Ventricle The left Ventricle is endued with a Pyramidal Figure which taketh its rise in a large Base and Gradually Terminates into a Cone somewhat resembling that of the Heart And as to the inward surface of the Ventricle it is adorned with an Orbicular Figure by reason the Septum relating to the inward Recesses of the Heart seated in the left side where it formeth the right side of the left Ventricle is endued with a Concave Surface and not with a Convex as it is found in the right Chamber of the Heart The left Ventricle is encircled with a round Wall of an equal thickness The left Ventricle hath greater dimensions than the right and less in compass in point of Latitude and greater in length than the right Ventricle The left Chamber being consigned by Nature to a stronger impulse of the Blood as it is imported by the great Artery and its greater and less Branches into the remote parts of the Body doth very much exceed the right Ventricle in the thickness of its Walls The thickness of the Wall of the left Ventricle needeth the right and is furnished with stronger Fibres and greatness and strength of its fleshy Fibres and the Carnous Columns and their appendant Membranes do much transcend the like furniture of the right Ventricle in largness and firmness by reason as the Vibration of the left Ventricle is much more impetuous in the Systole so it is requisite it should have greater fleshy Fibres as stronger instruments of motion to sustain the vigorous Pulsations made by strong contractions of the Walls encircling the left Ventricle in order to throw the Blood into the Orifice of the Aorta and least the Vital Liquor should have recourse again out of the common Trunk of the great Artery into the left Cystern and out of it into the Lungs The Great and All-wise Architect hath appointed three Membranes adorned with a Semicircular Figure stopping the Orifice of the Pulmonary Vein and that of the Aorta So that the Blood by the interposition of these Fludgates cannot have any reflux out of the left Ventricle into the Lungs nor out of the Aorta into the neighbouring Sinus The left Ventricle is accommodated with far greater Muscular Fibres The left Ventricle hath deeper Furrows than the right and deeper Fissures than that of the right that the Walls of the Heart might be more strongly contracted in its Systole that the inward Surfaces of the Ventricles might be brought nearer to each other and therefore Nature hath assigned more deep Furrows to the left because more strong Vibrations are requisite in this Sinus to impel the Blood more briskly first into the common Trunk and thence into the ascendent and descendent Trunk of the Aorta and by their branches into all regions of the Body And because the Walls of the left Ventricle are chiefly made up of oblique Circular Fibres The reason of the deep Furrows in the left Ventricle which are every way contracted into themselves to make the sides of the Vetricle to meet which could not be so closely performed and the inward Surfaces of the left Sinus be brought so near to each other unless these deep Fissures were fitted for this motion In the left Ventricle are seated the Mitral Valves The Mitral Valves do encompass the Pulmonary Veins which in truth are Membranes akin to the Tricuspidal Valves and are endued with no regular Figure whose Margents are waved into various inequalities no ways resembling a Mitre and do encircle the Orifice of the Pulmonary Vein †T. 15. F. 1. c c c. The Carnous Columns †T. 15. F. 1. e. e. seated in the left Ventricle are adorned with a Pyramidal Figure whose Bases encline toward the Mitral Valves The Carnous Columns are endued with a Pyramidal Figure and their Cones toward the Cone of the Heart The Ligaments springing out of the heads of the fleshy Columns have two three or more Branches inserted into the Mitral Valves †T. 15. F. 1. d d d. The use of the Mitral Valves is The use of the Mitral Valves to hinder the Retrograde motion of the Blood out of the left Ventricle of the Heart into the Pulmonary Vein as the Mechanism of the Valves doth clearly denote as they every where immure the Orifice of the Pulmonary Vein †T. 15. F. i. c c c. which is shut up close when the sides of the Valves are brought near each other by the compression of the Walls of the left Ventricle in the Systole of the Heart wherein the Reflux of the Blood is intercepted by the closely-conjoyned Membranes of the Valves into the Pulmonary Vein and the Blood impelled into the
Pulses and small Masses of Blood and in Persons sick of Fevers and in Footmen who run violently whose Hearts are acted with frequent Pulsations the streams of Blood are carried more impetuously through the Caverns of the Heart into the neighbouring Arterial Channels On the other side in Chacochymick Habits of Body as in Hypocondriacal Scorbutick Dispositions and in divers Chronick Diseases the Heart is affected with faint Pulsations as often obstructed in some parts with gross faeculent and dispirited Blood and the Fibres being Languid the Systole must be week rare or unequal and sometimes intermittent so that a much less proportion of Blood passeth through the Heart in a sick then in a vivid healthy Man having quick equal and strong Pulsations And I most humbly conceive It is difficult to compute what quantity of Blood passeth through the Heart in several Ages Sexes Temperaments that it is not possible to give a true estimate of the Motion of the Mass of Blood in several Ages Sexes Tempers in what time it is certainly performed only this may be maintained as a great Truth that the current of Blood runneth more hastily through the Heart of healthy and strong Animals whose hearts are furnished with large solid Fibres The vital streams run more quick in the greater Cylinders of Arteries whose Trunks adjoyn to the Heart then in the smaller Channels seated in the Ambient parts at a great distance from the vital machine of Motion If any curious Person shall desire a farther account of the quick passage of the Blood through the Heart An argument to prove the quick Motion of the Blood through the various Blood Vessels and various arterial and venal Tubes into all parts of the Body it may be made clearly appear by the association of Blood with the Saline watry Particles which are carried by the Emulgent Arteries in great quantities into the Renal Glands wherein the serous Recrements are Secerned from the Vital Juice and transmitted by the Urinary Ducts Pelvis and Ureters into the Bladder so that if free Draughts of Wine or Ale be received into the Stomach they will be conveyed through the Mesenterick and Thoracick Milky Vessels into the Subclavian Veins where the potulent Matter mingleth with the Blood and is transmitted through the Vena Cava Right Ventricle Lungs and Left Chamber into the common Trunk of the Aorta and thence through the Descendent Trunk and Emulgent Arteries into the Kidneys so that the potulent Liquor is carried through several stages of various parts and Vessels in a great proportion and in a short time conveyed out of the Body Whereupon the serous part being but a small portion mixed with the Blood and transmitted with it through many Sanguiducts in great quantity in a very short space doth render it most conspicuous that the Blood hath a very hasty Current through the Heart and other parts of the Body And it may be farther evidenced by an Experiment The Motion of the Blood through the Vessels is very hasty that the streams of Blood running through the Chambers of the Heart and other Channels of the Body are very quick by opening the Carotide Artery in the Neck Whereupon the greatest part of Vital Liquor will be let out in a very short space The Blood consisting of innumerable fluid minute Bodies The Motion of the Blood is performed in different Channels of Veins and Arteries being in perpetual Motion runneth after the manner of a River in a constant Current out of the Cavity of the Heart by various Sanguiducts as so many Channels confining its streams as within Banks into all parts of the Body The Veins are the primary Ducts in which the Blood beginneth its Motion in the Womb in the Ambient parts of the colliquated Seminal Liquor The Motion of the Blood beginneth in the Veins enlivened by the heat of the Uterus where the Blood receiveth its first Formation in a rough draught and is afterward conveyed through a Vein formed out of the united Filaments of the Seed to the beating point of the first Rudiment of the Heart and is thence impelled through an Artery as another kind of Sanguiduct arising near the Heart to which it is united out of the Filamentous parts of the Seed conjoyned in a round Concave Figrâ—e after the manner of a Cylinder And when the Viscera and the other more Ambient parts of the Foetus by divers processes of Generation do arrive to greater and greater Maturity the Rivulets of Blood grow greater and the Cysterns of the Heart grow more ample and the various venal and Arterial Tubes become more numerous and enlarged The Origen of Venal Branches seated in the more remote parts from the Heart in a formed Embrio receive Blood The Blood doth not pass in an Embryo through the Lungs and import it out of the Vena Cava by a large Foramen endued with an Oval Figure into the Arteria Venosa and from thence into the Left Ventricle of the Heart And in a new born Infant when respiration is celebrated the current of Blood is diverted another way and passeth out of the Orifice of the Vena Cava into the Right Auricle and Ventricle from whence it is transmitted through the pulmonary Artery into the substance of the Lungs and then received into the Origens of the pulmonary Veins and afterward through the Left Chamber of the Heart into the common and Ascendent and Descendent Trunk of the Aorta and branches into the upper middle and lower Apartiments And afterward the Blood being discharged into the substance of all parts of the Body is brought back again by innumerable branches of Veins inserted into the Descendent and Ascendent Trunk of the Vena Cava into the Right Cistern of the Heart This rare Engine of Motion may truly deserve the Appellative of a noble and well contrived Blood-work consisting of Cisterns and Ducts in some sort resembling a Pump furnished with appendant Pipes This Machine of Motion hath its Cisterns filled with vital Liquor which is received into the Pores of many ranks of Fibres whereby they becoming swelled do approach more and more toward the Center and draw the Wall of the Ventricles close together which dashing against each other made by brisk Contractions of Fibres irritated by a plenty of rarefied Blood do by a strong Compression overpower the resistance of the Blood in the Ventricles and of the incumbent Blood contained in the Ascendent Trunk of the Aorta and Carotide Arteries Whereupon the Blood being forced as by a Pump out of the Ventricles into the Sanguiducts as out of Cisterns into appendant Pipes doth make a Current by pressing one part of the Blood after another which is not solely performed and acted by the impulse proceeding from the Systole of the Left Ventricle by reason the Arteries as consisting of many Coats made up of divers Fibres are endued with a pliable disposition and subject to be dilated by Blood injected into
the Heart but the Brain that a Fever doth not proceed from an inflammatory indisposition of the Blood or from its putrifaction or from an unnatural fermentation arising out of the Heterogeneous Elements of mixed Saline and Sulphureous Particles but from the sharp Spirits or Atomes of the nervous Liquor as it may be seen Parte Al era de Motu Animalium Pag. 460. Spiritus Ait ille seu succi nervei solito redditi acriores nervos cor irritantes sunt causae productivae primae immediatae excandescentiae febrilis This famous Author confirms his Opinion Pag. 466. Comprobatur ex febrili motu qui exoritur dum pus conficitur in pustulis ulceribus in quibus succi pravi pus efficientes fermentantes non per venas ad cor sed per nervos ad cerebrum traducuntur Quod suadetur ex eo quod Cor nihil fere afficitur a contactu similium succorum fermentatorum ut patet ex transitu puris pleuritici per Cor. Quare praedictus succus fermentatus pustularum qui valde mordicare nervos ibidem definentes potest facile veneficam suam qualitatem cerebro hinc Cordi commotionem communicare potest ejusque rithmum alterare febremque efficere to the beginning of the Paragraph that the fermenting Pus of Ulcers is not carried to the Brain by Veins but by Nerves which he after instances in a pleuritical Pus I take the boldness to speak this return that the terminations of the Nerves being very small or not capable to receive a purulent Matter which is gross and convey it through the straight Interstices of the Filaments to the Brain which is attended with a greater improbability by reason the constant Motion of the nervous Liquor from the Brain through the Nerves must necessarily resist the retrograde Motion of the Pus or else a contrary Motion of different Humors must be admitted at the same time in the same vessels which I humbly conceive implieth a Contradiction that the nervous Liquor should have a Flux from the Brain and the purulent Matter to it at the same time through the same Nerves About the middle of the said Paragraph the Renowned Author saith that the Heart is little or nothing affected with the passage of the Pus which is transmitted to the Right Ventricle by the veins of the Pleura and Cava and not by Nerves to the Brain and with deference to this Author that I am not of his Opinion because I have seen one Mr. Echins a Patient of mine afflicted with a great Fever and Faintness when in an Ulcer of the Lungs the purulent Matter was conveyed by the pulmonary Vein into the Left Ventricle of the Heart and from thence through the descendent Trunk of the Aorta Emulgent Artery Vein and Ureters into the Bladder and from thence excerned with the Urine through the Urethra so that I saw a great quantity of Pus setled with the Urine in the bottom of the Urinal Ingenious Borellus proceedeth to give a farther account how the nervous Liquor degenerates and becometh the cause of a Fever In fine Pag. 471. The Authors Opinion that a Fever doth proceed from a nervous Liquor stagnant in the Nerves by reason their terminations are shut up either by a quantity of Blood or viscous Matter obstructing the extremities of the Nerves Animadverto quod succi illi destinati at Nervis expellantur deponanturque in Glandulis fieri potest ut casu aliquo detineantur in eisdem Nervis obturatis nimirum meatibus ostiolis Nervorum in Glandulis desinentium ob plethoram vel ob gluten aliquod in eis contentum hi vero succi retenti in Nervis degenerare facile possunt fermentatione quadam in alienam naturam animali noxiam In this Paragraph he sheweth how the nervous Juyce being stagnant in the Interstices of the Nerves terminating into the substance of the Glands doth acquire an ill nature by reason the extremities of the Nerves belonging to the Glands are shut up as I conceive either by compression produced by a quantity of Blood lodged in the Glands in a plethorick Constitution or by some viscid Matter like Glue obstructing the terminations of the Nerves so that they cannot transmit the nervous Liquor into the Glands Whereupon it having lost its Motion groweth sharp which being granted the difficulty will yet remain how this ill nervous Juyce can be transmitted to the Brain which sendeth a perpetual Flux of Liquor first into the origens of the Nerves seated in the Cortex and from thence through the several Trunks and Branches to the Fibrils ending into the substance of the Glands so that this constant motion of the Liquor flowing from the fountain of the Brain in divers soft streams through the Interstices of the Filaments to the terminations of the Nerves doth hinder the reflux of Liquor from the extremities of the Nerves toward the Brain as I have more largely proved above Whereupon the stagnated acrimonious Liquor would with greater probability produce Convulsive motions in the tender compage of the Nerves to disburden themselves through this extremity into the body of the Glands rather then recoile by a contrary Motion through the Interstices of the nervous filaments into the Brain and by other Nerves be thence conveyed to the substance of the Heart and raise a Fever This Great Author to make good his Hypothesis This Author denieth a Fever to be derived from the effervescence of the Blood denieth a Fever to proceed from the fermentation or effervescence of the Blood whereby the Heart is not irritated to make frequent pulsations as he hath it much after this sense Parte Secunda de motu animal Pag. 446. Febris Ait ille non accenditur a sanguine alterato fermentatoque neque ob mordacitatem ejus Cor irritatum Febrilem excandescentiam efficit But by the leave of this excellent Author I humbly conceive that a Fever proceedeth from the unnatural intestine motion of the Blood as it is made up of different Liquors and Elements associating with the Nervous Chymous and serous Juyces and the animal Liquor comming from the Brain is transmitted through the Nerves into the substance of the Muscles and Glands of the Viscera and all other parts of the Body where its near part confederates with the Blood and if its Recrement is not conveyed into the Lymphaeducts the nervous Liquor groweth sharp and much disordereth the Crasis and due Fermentation of the Blood and disposeth it to a Fever If the Chyme being crude and not easy to be assimilated The indigested Chyme is a cause of a Fever meeteth with a mass of Blood too highly impregnated with sharp and sulphureous Elements ariseth an ebullition of the Blood oftentimes productive of a Fever The serous Particles of the Blood being watry and saline The watry and saline parts of the Blood incline to a Fever being too exuberant as not severed from the purer parts of the vital Liquor
out of the Left into the Trunk of the Aorta whence arise an Intermittent Pulse Lypothymies Syncopes and Palpitations caused by a quantity of Blood lodged in the Cisterns of the Heart threatning a Suffocation These sad symptomes are also attendants of an obstruction of the Heart produced by Caruncles growing in the Ventricles generated out of gross red Filaments of Blood united together in the form of Vessels interlined with reliques of the Red Crassament so that these concreted parts of Blood seem to resemble a fleshy substance which being adherent to the walls of the Ventricles made of fleshy Fibres do intercept their Contraction and give a great check to the motion of the Vital Liquor The Ventricles of the Heart are also liable to an Obstruction coming from a white Concreted Mucous Matter The Ventricles of the Heart obstructed by a Polypus The cause of a Polypus called a Polypus from the likeness it hath with a Fish in Figure The cause of it is as I humbly conceive the white Fibrous part of Blood which maketh a crust or clammy membranous substance when extravasated consisting of many long Threads somewhat resembling nervous Filaments which do much contribute to the Body and Compage of the Blood by which it Concretes when it hath lost its Motion and Heat as extravasated These oblong Filaments in an ill mass of Blood not wel attenuated do not wholly pass the Ventricles of the Heart and do stop while the more thin and Spirituous well attenuated parts of Blood do run into the Lungs so that by degrees the gross Fibrous parts do more and more associate and being Concreted do clog the Cavities of the Heart and sometimes through these Fibrous gross parts of the Blood having their Compage loose as not perfectly coagulated the more subtle and fluide pars of the vital Liquor do insinuate and make a Channel and make good the Circulation through the Right Ventricle into the Lungs and afterward by the access of new gross Fibrous parts the Filamentous passage is wholly closed up and the Polypus compleated filling up the Right Ventricle pulmonary Artery Vein and Left Ventricle If any Man shall doubt the truth of this Concretion of Blood in a Polypus Concreted Blood is made up of many White Filaments as being made up of many white Filaments or little Cells in which the serous and Red parts of the vital Liquor are lodged he may discover this Fibrous Contexture after the manner of a membranous Compage made up of open Fibres when the Blood is despoiled of its Red aray by frequent washings in fair water whereupon the white Filaments giving solidity to the Blood may be clearly discerned as also the many vesicles entertaining the Albuminous parts of the vital Juyce as so many small repositories making a kind of reticular Compage which is replenished with a Diaphanous and more light Liquor If a more deep inspection be made after the Ambient parts have been viewed into the more inward recesses of extravasated Blood where the concreted Particles grow Red the Fibrils may be seen interspersed with divers Sinus immuring the Red Atomes of Bloood and if a farther search be had into its lower Region it becometh hued with a Purple or deep Red beset with the ultimate production of more loose large vulgarly and improperly called Melancholick Blood And the whole extravasated Mass both in the bottom middle and crust or surface is intermingled with a concreted Serum coated with a pale Ash-colour somewhat resembling the White of an Egg And moreover if the extravasated Blood be highly inspected many oblong Appendices or Filaments may be seen passing through the whole Compage to which the numerous Vesicles containing the Serous and Red Particles of Liquor are appendant That the Truth of this Hypothesis may be farther illustrated The mass of Blood is Fibrous how all the parts of the Blood may be styled Fibrous in reference to its many Filmes beset with divers Sinus you may take a Polypus generated in the Left Ventricle of the Heart sometimes bespotted with Red specks and other times endued all over with a deep Red or Purple colour proceeding from the Red Crassament of Blood setled in many Vesicles or encompassed with divers thin Films A Polypus is also faced with a White Crust or high clammy Skin under which is seated a Red Concreted substance interlined with many Fibres resembling the Red parts of Blood I have seen a Third Polypus different from the former Another kind of Polypus which had its outward and interior Recesses clothed with White and its Ambient parts inclosed in a White Membrane which proceeded from the Serous or Chymous parts of the Blood severed from the Purple Particles which were composed of White Filaments and Vesicles containing a White Concreted Liquor making up the Body of the Polypus which clogged the Right Ventricle the pulmonary Artery Vein and Left Chamber of the Heart which I saw in the Heart of worthy Dr. Timothy Clarke one of His Majesties Physicians in Ordinary Dissected by Learned Dr. Walter Needham in the presence of renowned Dr. Croyden and Dr. Belvoir The Fibres of the Blood if diluted with Liquor An Experiment how to discover the nature of Blood as streaming out of the Vein and received into hot boiling Water grow less and if they be much boiled the Filaments of the Blood are conjoyned and coalesce into a thin Tunicle very much resembling that which encircleth the coagulated substance of a Polypus A Polypus flowing from the Chymous Serous A Polypus derived from various Matter or Red part of the Blood Concreted is more easily and commonly generated in the Trunks of the Vein and in the Right Chamber of the Heart then in the Arteries and Left Ventricle by reason the Blood after it is much divested of its thin and spirituous Particles expended in nutrition and transpiration in the habit and cutaneous parts of the Body and when a gross mass of Blood is confounded with Chyle in the subclavian Veins its White Fibrous Particles being precipitated by the contiguity of Heterogeneous Atomes are apt to coagulate in the Right Ventricle before the depauperated Blood mixed with crude Chyle is exalted and attenuated by the association of nitroaereal Particles in the substance of the Lungs The production of a Polypus holdeth some Analogy with that of the Stone of the Kidneys and other parts The similitude in the production of a Polypus with that of the Stone as the Stone is made up of divers thin Concreted Laminae closely conjoyned and lodged one above another The generation of a Polypus may in some manner resemble this of the Stone as it is a Compage integrated of many thin Filmes somewhat like the flakes of a Stone to which are appendant several Sinews containing Serous and Red Particles of Blood which being Concreted in the intermediate spaces of the Pellicles do increase the Body of the Polypus which is more and more
considering the great bulke of the Heart CHAP. XXIX Of the Hearts of Birds THe Hearts of Birds have great affinity with those of greater and more perfect Animals The Hearts of Birds are alike those of greater Animals both in Figure Situation Connexion and Substance as having fleshy tendinous and nervous Fibres as large as other Animals considering the proportion of their Body and the part of the Septum adjoyning to the Right Ventricle is smooth as for as any Prominency but the interior part of the Septum is Fibrous The Lungs and Aorta are furnished with Semi-lunary Valves which are open to give admittance to the Blood passing out of the Right Ventricle into the Lungs and out of the Left into the Aorta and on the other side these Semi-lunary Valves do hinder the regress of the vital Liquor out of the Lungs into the Right Chamber and out of the Trunk of the Aorta into the Left Ventricle of the Heart The Ingress or Orifice of the Right Chamber of the Heart hath no tricuspidal Valves which are found in great Animals but a fleshy Valve endued with a Semi-lunary Figure supplying their defect A fleshy Valve supplying the defect of the Tri-Cuspidal Valves in Birds and resteth straight upon the entrance of the Ventricle facing the Right Auricle and is open as giving a Reception to the Blood coming out of the Termination or Orifice of the Vena Cava into the Right Cistern of the Heart which being filled with Blood this Carnous Valve shutteth up the entrance of the Right Ventricle so close that the Blood cannot possibly recoil into the Orifice of the Vena Cava And though the Right Ventricle in one side seemeth smooth and plain yet the Left Chamber of the heart in Birds of a small size is every where fibrous and also furnished with fleshy Columns which are more prominent then the other Fibres as having greater Dimensions and the Left Ventricle is accomodated with mitral Valves so well contrived by Nature that the Blood cannot have any recourse into the Lungs when the Left Ventricle of the Heart is contracted which may be experimented by cutting of the Cone of the Heart and by injecting Water into the Left Cistern so that the mitral Valves are swelled and joyned close together whereby the entrance of the Lungs is so stopped that it hindreth the passage of the Water into the pulmonary Vein and forceth it all into the Orifice of the Aorta which treateth the Eye with a pleasant sight The Heart of a Goose is beautified with a kind of Pyramidal crooked Figure The Heart of a Goose which is flattish on each side and its Base leaneth toward the Right and its Cone toward the Left side which is connected to the Back by the interposition of the Vena Cava and Aorta And by reason in this and other Birds there is no Intersepiment passing between the Heart and Liver as in greater Animals and Fish The Cone of the Heart insinuates between the Lobes of the Liver which are hollowed in the inside with two Cavities to give reception to the Heart as within Sockets wherein it hath free play in its various alternate Motions The Heart of a Pidgeon The Heart of a Pidgeon is large if a regard be had to its small Body and is adorned with a Pyramidal Figure as well as other Birds its Base is connected to the Back by the mediation of the Vena Cava and Arteria Magna and its Cone is affixed by a Membrane to the Left Lobe of the Liver Learned Borichius saith the Heart of this Bird is seated in the middle of the Breast but with deference to this renowned Author I have seen in a Pidgeon which I have Dissected the Heart bending in its Base toward the Right and in its Cone toward the Left Side The same Author saith he discovered a little hole into which he immitted a Hogs Brisle which passed clean through the Septum of the Heart into the middle of the Left Ventricle Swans Eagles Bustards Estridges c. The Hearts of most Birds have their Base inclining toward the Right and their Apes toward the Left have one kind of situation of the Heart as the Cone pointeth toward the Left and the Base inclineth toward the Right Side The Apex also both in greater and smaller Birds is lodged in the Cavities as in cases made in the inside of the Lobes of the Liver for the Heart to play up and down in its Diastole and Systole The Left Auricle of the Heart of a Wild Duck as well as other Birds The Left Ventricle of the Heart of a Wild Duck. being opened is found to be composed of many lairs of fleshy Fibres lodged one within another †T. 15. F. 4. a a. And the mitral Valves †b b. may be seen in the Left Ventricle encompassing the Orifice of the pulmonary Vein hindring the refluxe of Blood out of the Left Ventricle into the Lungs The Heads of the Carnous Columns are Crowned with divers Branches of Ligaments †c c. implanted into the mitral Valves These Carnous Columns being beautified with a Pyramidal Figure †d d d d. have many Ligaments †e e. making their progress crosswise which fasten the many Columns to each other and keep them in their proper place CHAP. XXIV Of the Hearts of Fish THe Heart of a Porpess holdeth great Analogy with that of Man and Quadrupeds The Heart of a Porpesss The Pyramydal Figure of the Heart The Auricles of the Heart beset with ranks of Fibres interspersed with several Figures and is beautified with a pyramidal Figure beginning in a Base and with a pyramidal Figure beginning in a Base and terminating into a Cone it is endued with two Auricles one seated in the Right and the other in the Left Side and are furnished with many lairs of fleshy Fibres intersecting each other and interspersed with many Areae of divers Figures interceding the numerous Fibres The substance of this Heart is made up of many ranks of Carnous Fibres tied to each other by the mediation of Ligaments Membranes and Fibrous Branches to preserve them from starting out of their natural Situation in their constant and sometimes violent Contractions the Fibres besetting the Ambient parts are more small and grow greater and greater as they more and more approach the inward Recesses of the Heart This Fish also is like in its Heart to other more fleshy perfect Animals The Right and Left Ventricle adorned with fleshy Columns in reference to the Right and Left Ventricles which have many fleshy Columns adorned with a pyramidal Figure whose Bases are seated toward the tricuspidal and mitral Valves and their points toward the Cone of the Heart Out of the tops of the Columns do sprout many Ligaments which are inserted into the tricuspidal and mitral Valves encompassing the Orifices of the Vena Cava and pulmonary Vein The Extream of
the Vena Cava in the Heart of this Fish The tricuspidal and mitral Valves is encircled with tricuspidal Valves in the Right Ventricle and the Orifice of the pulmonary Vein seated in the Left is immured with mitral Valves in the Left Ventricle The Orifices of the pulmonary Artery and Aorta The semiluâ—ary Valves are enclosed with semilunary Valves which are Concave Membranous Compages beset with many Semi-circular and Right Fibres The Hearts of Fish The Heart of 〈◊〉 Thornback and its allodgment except those of a Cetaceous kind are lodged in a small Apartiment a little below the Mouth not far from the Gills This Chamber of the Heart in a Thornback Skaite Fireflair and other cartilaginous Fish is immured in its upper Region if considered as it swimeth with a Cartilaginous or Bony cieling enwrapped above and below with a White Membrane to secure the Heart from a violent compression which would intercept the Motion of the Blood in swallowing of whole Fish This Receptacle The Figure of the Repository of the Heart or Allodgment entertaining the Heart of a Thornback is endued with a round and somewhat depressed Figure much larger then the Heart to give it a free play in order to frequent Motions The Heart of this and most other Fish dressed with Gills The Figure of the Heart of a Thornback is adorned with a triangular or rather tricuspidal Figure and hath the Aorta arising out of the Base of the Heart guarded with a Cartilaginous substance The Heart of a Skait is endued with triangular The Figure of the Heart of a Skaite The Heart of a Skait is endued with triangular or tricuspidal Figure †T. 29. c. and hath but one Auricle lodged under the Heart and runneth cross-wise †d. as dissected in a supine posture and above it as the Fish swimmeth This Fish hath a Gland hued with a yellow colour The Auricle of the Heart besetting the great Artery near the Mouth where it emitteth its Branches into the Gills A common Trunk ariseth immediately out of the Base of the Heart †e. and out of the great Artery do sprout a tripartite Branch †F. on each side The common Trunk of the Artery and after a little space ariseth out of the common Trunk a tripartite Branch †G. The tripartite Branch of the Artery which are inserted into the Gilâ—s †H. from whence are propagated numerous Ramulets fringing their bony Semi-circles The Heart of a Dog-Fish called by the Latines Galaeus levis The tripartite Branch is adorned with an inverted pyramidal Figure its Base †32. D. is naturally seated upward and its Cone †C. downward The Figure of the Heart of a Dog-Fish and hath but one Auricle seated under the Heart †e e. according to the posture of Dissection This Fish as well as other hath a common Trunk †A. coming immediately out of the Base of the Heart and hath many Branches †B. B. springing out of it The Heart of a Lamprey is encircled with a Cartilaginous integument as being the pericardium †T. 38. a. a. suitable to the Heart in Figure The Pericordia of a Lampry The Heart in this Fish is very remarkable as seeming to be double consisting of a Right and Left Lobe which is manifest to Autopsy the First is seated in the Right side of the Heart †B. in an Auricle The Right Lobe of the Heart or Auricle which is not placed as in other Fish under the Base of the Heart but maketh its progress all along the Left Ventricle and seemeth to constitute another Heart which being pricked made no motion but the Left Lobe †C. or Ventricle The Left Lobe of the Heart or Ventricle being wounded with the point of a knife made many vibrations and was quiet before it was pricked The Heart of a Salmon The Heart of a Salmon is adorned with a triangular Figure which is found in most Fish and hath only one Auricle into which the Vena Cava is implanted †T. 15. T. 5. a a. in which being opened many greater and less Branches †b b. may be plainly discovered somewhat resembling the Right Auricle of more perfect Animals These Fibres are interspersed with many Areae or Interstices endued with different shapes and sizes †c c. The Ventricle in this Fish is strengthened with Columns †d d. much assisting the contraction of the Heart and hath a great company of fleshy Fibres †e e. seated in several ranks one lodged above another as in other Animals between these Fibres are placed many Interstices †f f. after the manner of Network finely wrought in various Figures and Magnitudes This Ventricle is guarded with a Tendon †g g. seated in the inside near the Base of the Heart into which the carnous Fibres are inserted The Trunk of the Aorta arising out of the Base of the Heart being opened two Semi-lunary Valves †h h. may be seen which intercept the retrograde Motion of the Blood out of the Aorta into the Ventricle This Trunk the of Aorta is inwardly Embroidered with various Branches †ii of fleshy Fibres which render the inward surface full of unevennesses and much alike the Left Auricle of the Heart impelling the Blood out of the Trunk of the Aorta into the Arterial Branches leading into the Gills The Heart of a Viper †T. 41. F. 1.1 is different in shape from other Animals The Heart of a Viper as its Origen hath small Dimensions and its Termination much greater somewhat resembling a Bladder which beginneth in a Neck and endeth in a far larger extent and its origination adjoyneth to the Termination of the Liver The obtuse Cone or Base of the Heart †T. 41. F. 2. relating to a Snake The Heart of a Snake opened is seated immediately above the Origen of the Lungs and the Heart endeth in an acute Cone The Auricle of the Heart †h. running in length and not cross-wise as in Fish embraceth a great part of the Right Side of the Heart out of whose obtuse Cone or Base ariseth the Trunk of the Aorta †i. i. CHAP. XXX The Hearts of Insects THe heart of a Silk-worm is seated among the Muscles The Heart of a Silk-worm and its Situation implanted into the Incisures and passeth all along the Back from the head to the Extremity of the Body so that its Pulsation may be obscurely discerned in the Ambient parts by the apposition of the hand as a Learned Anatomist will have it I have seen the frequent Vibrations of the heart when it hath been laid bare by opening the Body Learned Malpighius saith The Compage of the Heart It is a Compage made up of thin Membranes which in their first rudiments are
Diaphanous and afterward grow opace as being rendred Yellow and afterward Brown or deeply Red which are Died with the vital Liquor hued with several Colours And I humbly conceive with Deference to this great Author That the heart of this admirable Animal The Membranous substance of the Heart is interspersed with carnous Fibres is not only made up of a Membranous substance but of fine carnous Fibres too besetting the Ventricle which is thereby contracted in its frequent Systole impelling the vital Juyce out of the Chamber of the heart into the entrance of the great Artery which being encircled with fine Membranous Valves doth intercept the retrograde current of Blood out of the Aorta into the Ventricle of the heart The hearts of most Animals end in a Conick Figure but in this not one Cone can be seen nor one continued Cylindrical Cavity may be discovered to be endued with equal Dimensions running through the White Body of the heart from one Extremity to the other The Heart hath many oval small Tubes like so many little Hearts but there may be found a Duct made up of many small oval Tubes which seem to constitute so many hearts mutually conjoyned giving assistance to each other in order to impel the vital Juyce into the origen of the Arteries The heart of an Ephemeron The Heart of an Ephemeron and other Insects as well as Silk-worms Bees Caterpillars Grashoppers Locusts and the like Insects are seated near the Back and hath a Ventricle beset with fine fleshy Fibres which make the Motion of the heart by their Contractions whereby the Liquor of Life is impelled out of the Ventricle of the heart into the Origen of the Aorta and from thence through many Arterial Divarications into all the parts of the Body CHAP. XXXI Of the Arteries of the Heart HAving spoke of the Heart and Blood it may be now methodical to discourse the Arteries and Veins as so many Membranous Cylinders exporting and importing Vital Liquor from and to the Heart The Arteries of the Heart are Trunks attended with smaller and smaller Branches and Ramulets as so many fine Tubes of different sizes transmitting Blood into the Heart Lungs and other apartiments of the noble fabrick of Humane Body The Heart is furnished with three Arteries the Pulmonary the Aorta The Arteries of the Heart and Coronary The first being inserted into the upper part of the right Ventricle hath its Orifice leading into the Lungs whose substance is adorned with numerous Divarications The Origen of the Pulmonary Artery is beset with Tricuspidal Valves The Orifice of the Pulmonary Arteries hindring the reflux of Blood out of the Lungs into the right Chamber The Aorta hath its Orifice placed about the left Ventricle The Orifice of the Aorta which first conveyeth Blood into a common Trunk which hath its first entrance guarded with Semilunary Valves to give a check to the Retrograde motion of the Blood out of the Aorta into the right Ventricle The Orifice of the great Artery is contrived with great Artifice lest the Blood conveyed with a brisk Impulse should be unequally distributed into the parts of the Body and therefore Nature hath made the Arterial Channels of Blood somewhat winding so that it cannot be transmitted with a rapid current into the Brain lest it should overflow it and destroy the Animal Functions by an Apoplectick Fit To obviate this destructive disease the All-wife Agent hath so ordered the Trunk of the Aorta not far distant from the confines of the Heart that the Rivulets of Blood should not be carried in a straight course but in a kind of Meander into the Axillary and Cervical Arteries And in the middle space between the left Ventricle and said Arterial Channels the great Artery taketh its progress with a Circumvolution that its crooked Angle might sustain the first brisk impulse of the Blood and divert the greater stream toward the descendent Trunk of the Aorta which else would be imported with great violence through the ascendent Trunk into the Carotide Arteries and make an inundation of the Brain The Coronary Artery sprouteth out of the Trunk of the Aorta The Coronary Artery immediately after it taketh its rise out of the left Ventricle of the Heart before it perforates the Pericardium and encircleth the Base of the Heart and transmitteth many branches toward the Cone especially in the left Side This Artery receiveth Blood out of the Trunk of the Aorta and transmitteth it into the substance of the Heart and chiefly toward its outward surface which is then discharged out of the Parenchyma of the Heart into the Extremities of the Coronary Veins and afterward into the Trunk of the Vena Cava and right Ventricle of the Heart If any be so curious as to make a search into the first formation of the Arteries I humbly conceive they are produced after this manner The first production of the Arteries The Vital Liquor receiveth its first Rudiment in the Seminal Matter wherein the most select part being Colliquated by heat doth separate from the more gross and not move promiscuously at large but is confined within proper Channels which first take their progress toward the rough draught of the Heart by whose motion it is impelled through the Retrograde Tubes which are the first origens of the Arteries as being produced out of the more clammy Particles of the Genital Matter concreted into Concave membranous Vessels importing Vital Juice into the ambient parts of the Seminal Colliquated Liquor to give it life and heat in order to the rough draught of the parts belonging to several Animals Arteries as to their Figure are Cylinders having oblong round concave bodies fitted for the reception and transmission of Vital Liquor from the Center to the Circumference from the Heart to the ambient parts of the Body Their substance is framed of numerous small nervous and membranous Filaments interspersed with fleshy Fibres closely conjoyned to each other The substance of the Arteries produced originally out of the more tensil and clammy parts of the Seminal Liquor These Fibres intersect each other in various postures some being right others oblique and a third transverse This Hypothesis of Fibres integrating this membranous Tube may be proved as I humbly conceive by reason if the Vessels were made of one continued concreted substance without the texture of various Filaments their Coats would not be distended with a quantity of Blood without Laceration So that the numerous minute Filaments being tough and flexible being of a firm pliable nature can give way and grow swelled by a large proportion of Liquor immitted into this membranous system of Fibres without any violation of their round minute Bodies The Compage of the Aorta The first Coat of the Aorta and its Branches is composed of four Coats The first and outward Tunicle is propagated from the Pleura in the middle Apartiment and from the rim of the
and Waters made of Scorby-Grass Water-cresses of the tops of Pine and Firr Millepedes Nutmegs infused in Mumme and after Distilled in it and new Milk which are often crowned with good success as being very efficacious to attenuate and sweeten a foul mass of Blood disaffected with gross Tartar and many thick Filamentous Particles and Filmes which are much rectisied by Antiscorbutick and Chalybeat methods of Physick CHAP. XXXIV Of the Veins relating to the Heart VEins of the Heart are oblong round concave Vessels importing Blood into the Right and Left Ventricles and the venal Tubes are different from those of Arteries because the first begin in Capillaries and go on in Ramulers and at last end in Trunks and are inserted into the Right and Left Cistern of the Heart and whereas the Arteries export Blood out of the Heart and begin in the Heart in large Orifices and great Trunks and make their progress in less and less Channels and do at last terminate into small Capillaries The Ventricles of the Heart are accommodated with the terminations of the Cava and pulmonary Vein the one being seated in the Right The Ventricles of the Heart are furnished with the Orifices of the Cava and pulmonary Vein and the other in the Left Side and the Body and surface of the Heart is furnished with numerous divarications of the coronary Vein The small Capillar origens of Radication and the lesser and greater Branches of Veins The Veins implanted into the Cava relating to all the inward and outward parts of the whole Body except those of the Porta and pulmonary Veins are implanted into the Ascendent or Descendent Trunk of the Cava which are conjoyned in one common Trunk terminating into the Right Ventricle into which as a common Cistern all the parts of the Body except the Lungs do discharge the numerous Rivulets of vital Liquor on the confines of the Right Auricle where the Ascendent espouseth a union with the Descendent Trunk of the Cava A Prominence arising in the Right Auricle of the Heart being ready to discharge its vital streams into the Right Auricle a Bunch or Prominence ariseth which is worthy our remark in the nature of a Damm giving a check to the stream of Blood passing in the descendent Trunk of the Cava and turneth it into the Right Auricle else the descendent leaning upon the ascendent Trunk would hinder the current of Blood passing upward toward the Heart And by reason there is greater danger in a humane Body placed in an erect posture therefore Nature hath made this bunch or prominence greater in Man then other Animals as Learned Dr. Lower my worthy Collegue hath most ingen iously discovered And farthermore The annular fleshy Fibres of the Cava lest the torrent of Blood being stopped in the adjoyning Cava by the contraction of the Right Auricle therefore the Vena Cava about its termination in greater Animals as Man and Bruits is encircled with annular fleshy Fibres to give the Vena Cava strength to prevent a Laceration when highly distended with a large torrent of Blood whose Current is much hastened when the circumference of the Cava is lessened by the contraction of these strong Fleshy Fibres So that the vital stream is injected as by a Syringe into the Right Auricle of the Heart and in the Vena Cava of Horses and other Beasts these muscular Fibres are very large and being strongly moved inward in a circular posture do narrow the compass of the Cava and squeeze the Blood with great force into the Cavity of the Right Auricle The small capillary extremities and greater fruitful divarications of the pulmonary Vein dispersed through the substance of the Lungs are all implanted into one Trunk which emptieth the torrent of Blood by a large Orifice into the Left Ventricle of the Heart The coronary Veins do shade the Heart with great variety of Branches encircling the Base and ascend toward the Cone these Veins begin in most numerous minute Capillaries and afterward are enlarged into greater and greater Branches The First production of Veins which are all implanted into one Trunk of the Cava The Veins The First production of Veins as I conceive have their principle of Generation after this manner the vital Liquor after it hath received its first Rudiment in the ambient parts of colliquated seminal Liquor doth separate it self from the other more gross viscid parts which are concreted on every side of the vital Liquor into a round membranous Tube in which the Blood is conveyed to the beating point and afterward maketh its retrograde Motion from a rough draught of the Heart not confusedly transmitted through the inward seminal Recesses but is transmitted by other Tubes formed on each side of the Blood of the more gross genital juyce coagulated by Heat into membranous Cylinders conveying the gentle stream of Blood from the circumference of the melted Seminal Liquor And it being granted that the parts of Blood being near akin do espouse a confederacy in their first formation and affecting Motion as their great preservation and complement do by their heat and spirit separate the more faeculent adjacent parts of the seminal Liquor which is coagulated on each side of the Blood into round oblong Tunicles through which as so many Channels the Blood is first conveyed by Veins from the circumference of the seminal Liquor to the Center and then from the beating point the origen of the Heart it is carried in by a retrograde Motion by other Tubes as Rudiments of Arteries into the ambient parts of Crystalline Liquor in which the Plastick power doth reside which is an efficient cause of the first production of all parts of the Body The Veins of the Heart are endued with a substance common to all veins of the whole Body The substance of the Veins which is for the most part Membranous as capable of Distention without any Laceration which else would happen were they not accommodated with variety of membranous Fibrils The substance of the Veins is thinner then that of Arteries The Coats of the Veins The outward Coat and is made up of two Coats only the outward may receive the appellative of Common as taking its rise from the neighbouring parts in the middle apartiment from the Pleura and in the lowest from the rimm of the Belly and are not invested with this Coat when they make their Ingress and are branched through the substance of the Viscera The frame of the outward Coat of the Veius This Tunicle is framed of many small Fibrils running in variety of positions whereupon this outward Coat is receptive of Distention without prejudice to its Compage The Second Coat of the Veins may be stiled proper The inward Coat of the Veins made up of various Fibrils which is its inward Tunicle composed of threefold Fibres rarely interwoven of which some are right others oblique and a Third Transverse and though
up the Cavity of the Breast in time of Inspiration This Hypothesis is very highly made good by Learned Mr. Boyles most excellent Experiments in his well contrived Machine wherein the minute Animals died when the greatest part of Air was drawn out by art Whereupon it may be reasonably deduced that Air endued with such degrees of thinness and grosness beyond which on each side it is rendred unfit for Respiration As to the thinness of it an evident Experiment is given by the said Experiment of the most Ingenious Author in which the most part of the Air being exhausted out of an Air-pump so that almost nothing but Aether remained as divested of the Particles of Air for the most part so that its reliques lost their Elastick power and are made uncapable of Motion into the greater and lesser Cylinders of Air in order to Respiration CHAP. LII Of the use of Respiration THE Lungs being in it self a Compage consisting of variety of Organs is attended also with many neighbouring parts assistant to its several motions as being a noble as well as useful Machine of Air ministerial to Respiration the great preservative of Life This excellent operation of Breathing is consigned by Nature to variety of uses as it is made up of divers alternately repeated acts of Inspiration and Expiration consisting in the various motion of Air playing to and fro in the Diastole and Systole of the Lungs The inspired Air is profitable to Smelling Tasting and to the local motion Fermentation and mixture of the Blood with the Chyme as also to the motion of the Chyle and Lympha The Expired Air is conducive to Speech Voice Coughing Sneezing and Spitting and the Air being detained in the Lungs doth promote the excretion of Urine and grosser Excrements and also facilitates the Birth of Children The Antients have conceived the use of Respiration was only to cool the Blood The use of Respiration is to cool the Blood but if we well consider how Nature is supported in its vital flame of Life we shall find the Blood by which it is maintained to have a greater need of Heat then Coolness to make good its local Motion and Fermentation Hippocrates the Great Master of our Art did attribute a necessity to Respiration in reference to conserve Life saying that we can live some time without the entertainment of Aliment but we cannot continue our Life many moments without constant Draughts of Air immitted freely into its greater and less Tubes to spin out the thread of Life by frequent repeated acts of Respiration whose necessity chiefly appears in preserving the circulation of the vital Liquor It is a received Opinion that Respiration is ordained by Nature Another use of Respiration is to transmit Blood through the Lungs for the transmission of Blood through the Lungs from the Right to the Left Chamber of the Heart And I most humbly conceive that the Grand Architect hath made such a multitude of Divarications of Arteries and Veins propagated through the whole Compage of the Lungs to convey the stream of Blood as through different Channels from one ventricle of the Heart to the other to promote the circuite of Blood through the Lungs which is very much assisted by the contraction of them in expiration compressing the Arteries and Veins whereupon it is squeezed out of the Terminations of one into the Origens of the other Hence a reasonable account may be given of strangled Persons either Hanged Drowned or Suffocated by a large quantity of serous Liquor falling from the numerous conglobated salival Glands of the Tongue Palate and adjacent parts into the Wind-pipe and its smaller Cylinders intercepting the current of Air and mass of Blood through the Lungs which compress the Blood-vessels by their weight as narrowing and closing their Cavities so that they are not receptive of vital Liquor which maketh a stagnancy of Blood in the substance of the Lungs and Right Ventricle of the Heart as Learned Dr. Harvey discovered in a hanged Felon as he writeth in his Epistle to Riolan Se in cadavere humano noviter strangulato auriculam Cordis dextram pulmones sanguine plurimum distentos atque infarctos reperisse testatur That this Hypothesis may be clearly understood Dr. Croon's Experiment to proâ— the Air to assist the motion of Blood how much the inspired Air concurreth to the motion of the Blood I will propound some experiments The First shall be that of most ingenious Dr. Croon my worthy Collegue when Professor of Gresham Colledge before the Learned Fellows of it who so strangled a Pullet that the least spark of Life did not seem to remain and afterward some Air being immitted by Art in the Mouth and Wind-pipe the Pullet revived by virtue of inspired Air giving a new motion to the stagnated Blood in the Lungs Another Experiment I will make bold to propound Another Experiment at the Colledge of Physicians of a Dog opened alive in the Theater of the Colledge of Physicians London That when the Intercostal Muscles and Diaphragme were wounded and the currents of Air stopped in relation to its motion into the Lungs the pulsations of the Heart grew very faint and almost wholly ceased whereupon the Nosel of a Bellows being put into the Mouth of the dying Dog he presently revived at the immission of Air into the Lungs and the Heart was restored to more vigorous pulsations which continued some time as long as Air was injected by Art into the greater and less branches of the Wind-pipe Another Experiment was shewed by my worthy Friend Dr. A Third Experiment of Dr. Gudlter Needham at Gresham Colledge Gualter Needham a Learned Fellow of the Colledge of Physicians London at Gresham Colledge before the Honourable and Learned Mr. Boyle and many other Fellows of the said Society The Experiment was acted upon a Dog hanged which being opened his Heart seemed to be free from all Motion whereupon most ingenious Dr. Needham immediatly put a Pipe into the Thoracick Duct and injected Air immediately into it whereupon the Heart and Blood recovered their motion so that the Air mixed with the Blood did speedily render it fluid and did sollicite the vital Liquor stagnant in the Right Ventricle of the Heart and Lungs to a new motion and progress And in great difficulty of breathing Bleeding relieveth Respiration in a Squinancy even almost to suffocation in Squinancies and inflammations of the Lungs a free mission of Blood being celebrated by opening a Vein with a free hand the vital Liquor setling in the substance of the Lungs doth acquire a renewed circulation by freeing them partly from their load and by having the Tubes of Air more open as released from their compression lately produced by stagnancy of Blood in the substance of the Lungs Upon this account Men executed Persons hanged have been restored to Life by Bleeding having been immediately let blood freely have been restored to Life by making good the
circulation of the vital Liquor stopped in the Lungs whereupon they play again anew and receive fresh draughts of Air to impregnate the Blood with its spirituous nitrous and elastick Particles to give a new circuit to it through the Lungs and Heart to preserve the soft flame of Life Another Use assigned to Respiration A Second Use of Respiration is the comminution of the Blood as being made up of heterogeneous Particles by reason the Chyle is transmitted through the Thoracick Ducts into the Subclavian Veins where it first confederates with the Blood with which it is afterward carried through the descendent Trunk of the Cava into the Right Ventricle where the Chyle mixeth with the Blood and is afterward communicated by the pulmonay Artery to the substance of the Lungs and then to the Veins wherein the Chyle espouseth a more intimate union with the Blood as having an exacter Comminution accomplished by various Compressions of the Blood-Vessels made by the distended Pipes and Sinus in Inspiration and by the weight of the Lungs leaning upon the Arteries and Veins in Expiration so that the Blood of the Lungs appeareth more Red as the Chyme is more perfectly assimilated into vital Liquor in the Lungs then in the Right Ventricle of the Heart which being opened in a Dog some hours after he hath been dead the Blood is seen to run confused with the Chyme whereupon it is often cloathed with a Whitish array and when the Chyle is carried with the Blood into the Lungs it receiveth a more perfect mixture and the clammy parts are more attenuated and fitted for motion as they are exalted with the elastick and nitrous parts of Air which do much contribute to conserve the heat of the Blood as they do open and dilate it A Third Use of Respiration may be conceived to give a principle of Fermentation to the Blood A Third Use of Respiration by reason it is a Liquor consisting of many different Elements of Saline Sulphureous and Spiritous Particles which being acted with nitrous Particles of Air impelled into the substance of the Lungs and mixed with Blood do render it more Fermentative upon a double account First the Aethereal Particles impregnated with subtle Influxes emaning from the Sun and other Planets do insinuate into the body of the vital Liquor and do very much exalte the more fixed and gross parts of the Blood which is also enobled by Air consisting of many volatil Steams some Oily and Balsamick others Saline and Watry breathing out of the Pores relating to the Bodies of Animals Vegetables and Minerals The Effluvia flowing from different Bodies have various tempers as composed of several Elements whose Particles are endued with different sizes and shapes which being embodied with Air and received into the Blood by Inspiration do raise its intestine Motion The Intestine Motion of the Blood is raised by the Elastick Particles of Air. which is also much intended by the Nitrous Elastick parts of this noble fluid Body which by reason of its more subtle parts doth easily insinuate it self into the loose Compage of the Blood and exalt its more sluggish fixed parts in a due Fermentation while it passeth through the spungy substance of the Lungs Farthermore it is agreeable to Reason the kindly and soft Effervescence of the Blood ariseth from its fermentative Principles as consisting of different crude Liquors of Lympha and Chyle and other various Elements Whereupon the vital Liquor is not a Jejune and poor but a rich opulent Liquor endued with Particles of different Figures and Magnitudes which are apt to Ferment by reason the Blood is perpetually repaired by an alimentary Liquor streaming out of the Thoracick Ducts which being crude passeth through the Subclavian Vessels the Cava and Right Ventricle of the Heart and pulmonary Artery into the substance of the Lungs where it encounters Air whereupon the Chyme mixed with Blood is broken into small Particles and assimilated into it whereby the Blood groweth Florid and Frothy as espousing Air exalting its Crude Saline and Sulphureous Particles with Nitrous Elastick Atomes The Antients have fancied hot Fumes to be secerned from the Blood flaming in the Heart in Expiration through the Aspera Arteria into the Mouth but this being a temperate heat seated in the Blood cannot emit such fierce fuliginous vapours as hath been formerly conceived by reason the mild heat of the Blood cannot so colliquate burn and scald it as to send out such fiery Exhalations Wherefore I conceive it more probable to affirm that watry Steams or Vapors are mixed with the effaete Particles of Air which do not stream from the Heart but distill from the Glands of the Wind-pipe into whose Cavity they are transmitted by secret passages and sometimes these Vapors are impregnated with Saline Particles which irritate the inward tender Coat of the Lungs whereupon the Right and Circular Fibres of the Wind-pipe are contracted to discharge by Coughing these troublesome guests the salt Vapours of the Blood with the impetuous Motion of expired Air. CHAP. LIII Of a Cough and Consumption THE Nervous Liquor having lost its kindly mild temper The cause of a Cough and being associated with ill qualified Lympha doth confederate with the Blood in the Lungs and produce a severe Cough made by the irritated Fibres of the Bronchia which are sometimes acted with violent Convulsive Motions proceeding from the acide indisposition of the Blood as mixed with depraved nervous Liquor Sometimes the Lungs may be disordered by the obstruction of the Lymphaeducts The ill affection of the Lungs produced by the obstruction of the Lymphaeducts caused either by some viscous Humour intercepting the course of the Lympha whereupon the tender frame of these fine Vessels may be broken and discharge their Liquor into the substance of the Lungs and from thence into the Bronchia and their Cells whence they being provoked by a quantity of Liquor will endeavour to expel it by Expectoration and if the Lympha be disaffected with Acide Particles derived from the Acrimony of the Blood it may corrode the membranous Compage of the Lungs so that the Bronchial and Pulmonary Arterial Branches may discharge some part of the Blood into the Receptacles of Air wherein it being stagnant and putrefied will generate a tabid disposition in the Lungs The suppression of accustomed evacuations of Blood The suppression of accustomed evacuations of Blood are sometimes the cause of a Cough either by the Haemorrhoides Menstrua or Nostrils do prove often very disadvantageous by reason the ill parts of Blood which were wont to be discharged by the said Vessels of different parts have recourse to the Lungs and irritate a Cough ambulatory to a Consumption The suddain occlusion of the pores of the Skin A suddain occlusion of the pores of the Skin may produce a Cough caused by the coldness of the ambient Air or by a shower of Rain or by the leaving off a
of the capillary internal Jugulars are not capable to receive it whence arise greater or less tumors of the Membranes by the undue detention of more or less Blood stagnant in the Interstices of the Vessels And furthermore the several Sinus of the Brain are then overcharged with so great quantities of Vital Liquor when the more minute Chanels of the Jugulars below are not sufficient to admit the great plenty of Blood transmitted to them Of which be pleased to take this instance A Gentleman of Quality of a Plethorick constitution in the flower of his age An instance of an Inflammation of the Coats of the Brain taking too great a freedom in the larger draughts of ill Wine fell into a dangerous continued Fever accompanied with a fierce Erysipelas signified in prodigious Tumors full of Blisters and Pimples in the Neck and Face and the Eye-lids so tumified that he was wholly blind and in this extremity he sent for a Chymist as I conceive a better Operator then Physician more skilled in the preparing then due administration of Medicines who giveth him a Purgative in the hight of his Disease A strong Purgative not good in an Inflammation of the Head which worked freely with him and strangly discomposing him brought him a great Stupor upon which he was deprived of Sense and Speech a small time after the working of the Purgative Nature labouring under a double violence of a Medicine and a Disease whereupon his Friends sent to me to visit the Patient desperately sick and finding by their observation that the swelling of his Face and Neck suddenly fell with the loss of his Sense and Speech upon the plentiful operation of the Medicine I had reason to believe that the Blood before stagnant in the Face and Neck moving from the Circumference to the Center had a speedy recourse from the ambient parts by the external Jugulars into the descendent Trunk of the Cava and was thence transmitted through the right Ventricle and Lungs into the left Ventricle of the Heart and from thence imported by the ascendent Trunk of the Aorta and internal Carotide Arteries into the Membranes and substance of the Brain in so great a quantity that it intercepted by compressing the Fibres of the Brain the influx of the Animal Spirits into the Nerves the instruments of Sense Motion and Language proceeding from the stagnation of Blood whence also arose a great redness and tumor of the Membranes of the Brain whereupon I immediately ordered the Neck being swelled a Vein to be opened in the Arm a large Orifice to be made for the freer emission of gross Blood to quicken its motion from the Head towards the Heart and some hours after I repeated the Blood-letting and ordered Cupping-Glasses to be applied with deep scarifyings but all in vain as being not able relieve the Patient with Bleeding and the best Cephalick Medicines both inwardly taken and outwardly applied the Patient being a worthy Person I hope through God's mercy he most happily exchanged his lower station for a better above And in a decent time after his departure I ordered an expert Chyrurgeon to take off his Scalpe and Skull where I found underneath all things answer our expectation and out of the third Sinus immediately gushed out a Rivulet of Blood and all the Capillary Arteries which are so small naturally that they can be hardly discerned were here very large and conspicuous in the Dura and Pia Mater which were most prodigiously swelled and inflamed to the admiration of the Beholders the Blood being setled in the Spaces between the Vessels in so great a plenty that the Veins were not able to discharge it And the Sinus were surcharged with so much Blood that the Jugulars below were not in a capacity to employ them Whence is derived an Inflammation of the Coats of the Brain above the course of the Blood being intercepted in the Veins below they being not sufficient to reconvey it out of the substance of the Membranes whence the Blood stagnating doth lose its Tone and its Compage growing loose the Cristalline part doth separate from the Red Crassament and turning corrupt doth degenerate into a Purulent Matter the immediate subject of an Abscess which being affected with a kind of Caustick quality corrodeth sometimes the Dura and other times the Pia Mater which being Perforated determineth in Ulcers affecting the Cortex and substance of the Brain accompanied with a Stupor and Sopor the fore-runners of a fatal Apoplex And farther It may be conceived and not altogether without reason that the Coats of the Brain are the subject of the Epilepsy as they are the Organs of Sense and Motion and as they are endued with a great number of Nervous Fibres with which the most part of the substance of the Membranes of the Brain is composed and are dispersed all over it And these Coats do not only invest the Brain but insinuate themselves into the inward Recesses and Fissures of it and the Cerebellum whereupon the Animal Liquor being infected with Nitro-Sulphureous and other malignant Particles passing into the numerous Fibres of the Membranes of the Brain do highly irritate those tender Sensitive Filaments putting themselves upon various inordinate and convulsive motions in order to discharge the noisome Epileptick Matter that so greatly offendeth them and the Membranes not only investing the Cortex but also the Medullary Processes being highly contracted do compress the Brain and hinder the entercourse of the Animal Liquor and Spirits disturbing the sensitive and nobler Intellectual Operations and do also being hurried with violent concussions draw the appendant Nerves into consent affecting them and the Muscular parts with most fierce and Convulsive Motions most terrible to behold The Cephalalgia or Pain of the Head is seated principally The description of the Pain of the Head if not wholly in the Dura and Pia Menynx and may be as I conceive defined a troublesome sensation of the numerous minute Fibres integrating the Membranes of the Brain flowing from the solution of the Continuity And according to the greater or less extent is called Universal or Particular Universal when all parts of the Membranes are affected and Particular called Hemicrania when one side of the Head or the Sinciput or Occiput are molested And in the Cephalalgia I shall give you a short History of the parts affected the Essence Causes and Differences As to the subject of it it is chiefly found in the Nervous Fibres of the Membranes of the Brain which being endued with acute sense do easily suffer pain proceeding from some disproportioned object wherein the Fibres are over-much extended with Matter is so highly contracted and as it were convulsed with acid Saline Particles causing a violation of the continuity of the Nervous Filaments composing the Coats of the Brain So that wheresoever pain doth arise in the Nervous parts the Ratio formalis of it consisteth in this That the Animal Spirits being
Womb. which is very improper seeing the Atrabilian Humor is not first generated in the Womb which is only occasional in point of an ill mass of Blood produced by the suppressed purgation of the Menses whereupon the vital Liquor groweth degenerate as being depressed with gross saline and sulphureous Particles which being associated with the Blood imparted by the carotide Artery into the substance of the cortical Glands doth make an ill nervous Liquor the vehicle and ground of the Animal Spirits And as to the Spleen it is vulgarly apprehended to be the subject of the Atrabilarian Humors The Spleen by divers is apprehended to be the subject of Atrabilarian Humors commonly called Hypocondriacal Melancholy by reason of the Blood being filled with many Faeces is not depurated in the Glands of the Spleen whereupon the Ferments of the Blood are spoiled and being carried with it into the substance of the Brain doth produce an impure Animal Liquor vitiating its more volatil Particles commonly styled Spirits causing a melancholick distemper Sometimes this sad Disease is conceived to be propagated from all the apartiments of the Body as in a Scorbutick habit wherein the mass of Blood hath lost its tone and bounty as being tainted with gross saline and sulphureous parts which are not severed from the vital Liquor in the various colatories of Blood the Spleen Liver Kidneys consisting of numerous Glands the systems of innumerable and various vessels the secretories of the vital Liquor from several kinds of Recrements especially as being saline and sulphureous which being not separated from the mass of Blood have a recourse to the Brain and defeat the production of good nervous Liquor and Spirits the ground of this Atrabilarian Malady This Disease sometimes proceeds from a sanious Matter in the Left Ventricle of the Heart An observation according to the said Case This Disease sometimes ariseth from a sanious and mucous Matter in the Left Ventricle of the Heart and from the Gangreen of the Liver and Spleen and from the jugular Veins full of adust black Blood A Servant of a Merchant labouring under a melancholick affection was so afflicted with a deep sadness that she perpetually wished for death always treating her self with Sighs and Tears After death the Head being opened and the Coats taken off the veins of the Brain appeared full of black Blood and the Right Ventricle of the Brain was discovered to be stuffed with Blood made up of many concreted Filaments and in the Left Ventricle was lodged a quantity of sanious mucous Matter And afterward the Thorax being opened and the Heart Dissected a quantity of black Blood gushed out and the Lobes of the Lungs were livide and being opened a sanious corrupt Matter distilled out of their substance And the lower Apartiment being laid open the convex part of the Liver was discoloured with a livide hue and the middle of the Spleen was defaced with a blewish colour about the surface and its more Interior Recesses being inspected were found to be of a laudable colour and substance This dreadful Malady sometimes proceedeth from black corrupt Humors Melancholy sometimes cometh from corrupt Humors in the Stomach lodged in the bosom of the Stomach attended with a Scirrhus of the Pylorus and a Scirrhus of the Mesentery of which some part is concreted into a hard strong substance A person of Honour being endued with a cholerick Constitution An Instance of this Case and of a thin habit of Body found a great weight in the bottom of his Stomach attended with faetide Belchings and much Flatus making a noise in its passage found the Intestines and distensions of the Hypocondres accompanied with great Fear and Sadness and deep Thoughts and a weakness of the Animal Faculty and after a proper course of Physick had been administred to satisfy all Indications according to Art nothing proved successful in this desperate Disease And after he had yielded to Fate his Body being Dissected and the distended Stomach being opened in the bottom of it was seen a black corrupt Matter resembling Ink and the Pylorus was found to be Scirrhous shutting up the passage out of the Ventricle into the Guts And the Mesentery was discerned to be also Scirrhus and some part of it was concreted by a lapidescente Juyce into a hard Matter somewhat like Stone And a melancholick distemper of the Brain may take its rise from menstruous Blood debased by gross saline and sulphureous Particles when the natural Channels are stopped in the Uterus Melancholy flowing from the obstruction of the Vterus so that it cannot be discharged monthly by the Cavity of the Body and Vagina of the Womb so that the terminations of the Spermatick and Hypogastrick Arteries carrying Blood into the substance of the Uterus and the secret Meatus leading into the bosom of the Womb being obstructed the vital Liquor is received into the Spermatick and Hypogastrick Veins and transmitted through the ascendent Trunk of the Vena Cava into the Right Ventricle of the Heart and from thence through the Blood-vessels of the Lungs into the Left Chamber of the Heart and conveyed afterward through the common and ascendent Trunk of the Aorta and Carotide Arteries into the substance of the Cortical Glands wherin the Blood tainted with a fermentative and Atrabilarian Disposition and not discharged by the Uterus doth take off the purity of the nervous Liquor and Animal Spirits and deprave the upper and lower Animal Functions often attended with deep sad and despairing imaginations highly torturing the unquiet minds of Patients as fancying themselves Eternally unhappy An Instance may be given of this case in a Gentlewoman committed to my care of a Sanguine Constitution who walking in the Fields presently after a free evacuation by Sweat was surprized with cold blasts of Wind shutting up the cutaneous Pores and stopping her Menstrua which were then in motion whereupon the ill-affected Blood had a recourse to the Heart producing great Fears and despairing Thoughts and quick pulsations and afterward the Atrabilarian Blood being impelled by the Carotide Arteries into the substance of the Brain did infect the Liquor and Spirits with saline and sulphureous Atomes and pervert the operations of her imagination Memory and Reason accompanied with dreadful passions rendring her most unquiet in the sad apprehensions of infernal fire and pains which all cease upon repeated Bleeding in the Foot and by application of Leeches to the Haemorrhoidal Veins and a course of cordial and cephalick Medicines perfectly restoring her by Gods assistance and blessing to the former use of all the Faculties of her reason and inward and outward Senses to the great joy and satisfaction of her Friends and Relations and the Glory of the All-Wise and Sovereign Physician of Body and Soul As to the cure of Melancholy in a general notion The cure of Melancholy is in a great part effected by the defaecation of the Blood in reference to its
Creature the Godhead of Nature appears very illustrious in making the August and great Structure of Man's Body out of so minute Particles of Seminal Liquor out of which an admirable variety of different Parts are formed The Bones are the Pillars of the Body and Centers of Motion composed into Joynts mutually tied with many Ligaments and increased with Cartilages These Bones are vailed with Tunicles and cloathed with the more thick Robes of Muscles moving the various Articulations in different Positions This Magnificent Fabrick is enclosed with common Integuments as with so many fine Walls and the three Apartiments are beautified with Membranes as with curious Hangings consisting of many well-spun Filaments close struck and curiously interwoven with each other in variety of Postures encircling the choice Housholdstuff of the Viscera as so many Colatories of the Blood made up of many Tubes of Arteries Veins Nerves Lymphaeducts transmitting various Liquors into all Parts of this lovely Frame of the Body Anatomy also declareth to us the unspeakable Wisdom as well as Power of the most Heavenly Mind in the great Artifice of setting together so many Similar and Dissimilar Parts in a due situation Connexion and a decent Figure Magnitude Number and proper substance and chiefly in the disposition of many different parts subservient to each other in admirable order This curious Art is a Key unlocking the Skull the Ivory Cabinet of the Head shaded with Hair and immured with many other fine Coverings whereby you may see the more Noble Jewel of the Brain the Pallace of Minerva encircled with fine Vails investing the Maeanders of its Ambient parts which being opened you may treat your self with the fruitful Branches of divers Arterial and Venal Ducts and with various Sinus as so many Cysterns of Vital Juice and the streaky compage of the Brain consisting of many minute Fibrils the Channels of Nervous Liquor transmitting it through the Processes of the Brain into the more remote Apartiments of the Body In this learned Academy of Arts and Sciences the Rational as a Soveraign Queen hath her Presence Chamber wherein the Faculties of the Understanding and Will are Celebrated giving their Commands to the Concupiscible Irascible and motive Faculties most readily obeying the Superior Whereupon we may see admire and adore the infinite Goodness of the Creator manifested by this curious Art of Dissecting whereby we may clearly apprehend the actions and uses of Parts as their principal end and perfection the Mouth is a preparatory of Aliment by Mastication breaking it into small Particles impregnated with Air and Salival Liquor and afterward the Meat is transmitted by the Gulet as by a Neck into the body of the Stomach where it is embodied with Serous and Nervous Liquor as a Menstruum to colliquate and dissolve it into various parts out of which a milky Liquor is extracted and then it is discharged out of the Retort of the Stomach into the Serpentine Ducts of the Guts to receive a farther Elaboration as mixed with Bilious and Pancreatick Liquor and afterward this Alimentary Liquor is carried by the milky Mesenterick Vessels into the common Receptacle where it as associated with Lympha attenuating it and then it is transmitted through the Thoracick Duct into the subclavian Veins where it espouseth a union with the Blood and is farther conveyed into the right Ventricle of the Heart where it receiveth a greater Comminution and is thence imported through the various Blood-vessels into the substance of the Lungs wherein it is impregnated with the Nitrous or Elastick Particles of Air refining the Blood which being imparted to the left Chamber of the Heart and by the ascending and descending Trunks of Arteries and their Branches into the Brain Spleen Liver Pancreas Kidneys and Testicles as so many strainers of the Blood to defaecate it from its more gross Recrements And here we may see with Eucharist and Adoration the unspeakable Works of the Great Architect which He hath declared in the most admirable Artifice of a Humane Body in reference to its Structure Actions and Uses And Anatomy doth not only very much contribute to the knowledge of our Maker but our Selves too as we are Compounds of two Essential Parts Matter and Form Body and Soul which celebrate her various Operations while confined to our Body by proper Organs of outward Senses duly qualified by reason all intellectual knowledge taketh its rise from outward objects first presented to the outward sensitive Organs and afterward communicated to the common Sense and Fancy whose Phantasms being represented to the Understanding produce the more elevated notions of Reason giving her Dictates to the Will which by her Commands bringeth the inferior Concupiscible Irascible and loco-motive Faculties into Acts. Whereupon it must be inferred That seeing the superior Faculties do use the outward senses of Hearing and Seeing as their Ministers Anatomy is very necessary to conduct us to the due qualifying of the Eyes when indisposed by teaching us the various Coats Pupil and Humors which constitute the Eye whose act is celebrated by visible Images arrayed with Light reflected from Opaque Bodies and being conveyed through many more rare or dense transparent mediums of Tunicles and Humours do make divers refractions and at last make Appulses upon the Retina the immediate subject of Vision an expansion of the Optick Nerve which being affected by the stâ—â—kes of the Retina communicates them to the Fancy whose Phantasms being represented to the Understanding are productive of more sublime Sentiments Anatomy doth render the act of Hearing intelligible by discovering the Auditory passage Muscles and Bones of the Ear Tympanum Foramen ovale rotundum Labarynthus which convey Sounds the various models of Air making appulses upon the Auditory Nerve the ultimate subject of Hearing which are thence imparted by the continuation of Nerves to the inward Sensory the Judge of outward Objects By Dissecting the Heart we discern its Chambers as the Cysterns of Blood and the Tendinous and Carnous Fibres contracting the Cavities of the Heart and out of its right Ventricle do impell the Vital Liquor into the Lungs and out of the left Ventricle into the common Trunk and into the ascendent and descendent Trunk of the Aorta and their Branches transmitting Blood into all parts of the Body By this Art we discover the Cortical Glands of the Brain as Systems of various Vessels wherein the Nervous Liquor is generated and conveyed through the Fibrous Compage of many Processes into the Trunks of Nerves very conspicuous in the lower Region of the Brain when it is laid open by Art By Anatomy we may discern the Glands of the Cutis Pancreas Spleen Liver Kidneys and Testicles as so many collective Bodies of several Vessels percolating the Blood By it we may view the various Vessels the different Channels of Liquors and the Carnous and Tendinous Fibres contracting the Muscles as so many Engines of motion By this Art we pry into the inward Recesses of the
other as Bones Cartilages Ligaments which admit little or no Fermentation by reason of their great Driness and Solidity But the less solid and more tender parts as Veins Arteries and Nerves are the Repositories of fluid parts and are so many Systems made up of numerous Tubes of several sizes preserving and receiving the various motions of different Liquors so that Vessels or other more solid parts are only capable of some little Fermentation as their Minute Pores are receptive of fluid parts in order to Nutrition Whereupon the solid and dry parts precisely taken are disposed by Nature to little Intestine Motion which is chiefly assigned to Fluid Bodies as having greater empty Spaces not firmly adhearing to each other may more easily be Dissociated so that this loose Compage of Liquors is of an Expansive disposition made by several Intestine Motions proceeding from Substances broken into small Particles consisting of contrary Qualities and various Figures The Liquors therefore in which Fermentation is resident in Mans Body are principally Chyle and Blood The Fermentative Liquors of Man are Chyle and Blood The first receiveth its rudiment in the Mouth where the Aliment being broken into small Particles by Mastication is inspired with airy and aethereal Atomes and impregnated with Salival Liquor The manner of production and exaltation of Chyle made by various Ferments in several parts of the Body and then being conveyed through the Gulet into the Stomach is exalted with the greater parts of serous and nervous Liquors exuding out of terminations of the Arteries and Nerves by which the Chyle being first the prepared in the Stomach is thence transmitted through the Pylorus into the Intestines where it is improved by new Ferments of the Pancreatick Juice and Nervous Liquor the one coming out of the Excretory Ducts of the Pancreas and the other distilling out of the more narrow extremities of of the Nerves And then this Milky Liquor is farther impelled by the peristaltick motion of the Intestines and assisted by the compression of the Diaphragme into the Milky Vessels conveying it into the Mesenterick Glands where it receiveth a farther elaboration by Nervous Liquor dropping out of the Nerves of the Mesentery inserted into its Glands From whence the Chyle afterward passeth by a second kind of Vessels into the common receptacle where it is embodied with the Lympha rendring the Chyle more attenuated and fitted for Motion into the Thoratic Ducts importing the prepared Chyle into the Subclavian Veins where it entereth into confaederacy with the Subclavian Veins putting it into a new Fermentation by reason of the crude Clymous parts very different from the nature of Blood The Vital Liquor being broken by impetuous motion into Minute parts consisting of contrary Elements and various Figures consisting of Spirituous and Gross of Volatil and fixed Salin and Sulphureous Particles of Acid The Blood consisting of Saline and Sulphureous parts and of Acid and Alcaly hath intestine motitions in the Ventricles of the Heart promoted by nervous Liquors and Alcaly which variously acting and reacting upon one another do cause Intestine Motion in the chambers of the Heart where the Blood receiveth a farther Exaltation as associated with Nervous Liquor squeesed out of the extremities of Nerves terminating into the inward Walls of the Ventricle and out of the right by the contraction of the Heart the Purple Juice is briskly forced through the Pulmonary Arteries into the substance of the Lungs where it is inspired with Nitroaereal Particles conveyed thither through the Vesicles the appendant Vessels to the Bronchia giving it a Scarlet hue and a gentle flame of Life And the Blood being afterward transmitted by the Pulmonary Veins into the left Ventricle of the Heart and thence through the common and ascendent Trunks of the Aorta and Carotide Arteries where it receiveth new impregnation of Nervous Liquor distilling out of the small nervous Fibres inserted into the inward arterial Coats into the Cortical Glands wherein ariseth a soft Fermentation produced by volatil saline Particles lodged in the substance of the ambient part of the Brain So that the various and chief Ferments subservient to Fermentation by which it is highly promoted in the production and improvement of Chyle and Vital Liquor are Salival Juice the serous Liquor extracted out of the Blood the Pancreatic Juice and the airy and aethereal Particles Salival Liquor hath a fermenting Quality Salival Liquor is endued with a Fermentative Ingeny as made up of many various Elements and though it be a clear Tranparent Substance yet it is not a simple Body being compounded of many Elements and is more gross than Water and more fluid than the mucous matter of the Nostrils and is not frothy in its own nature being so rendred by the mixture of Air and the motion of the Tongue and Teeth in Mastication And it is of as great difficulty as importance to describe its Nature and Properties which are as admirable as useful because in Mastication it entreth into association with the broken Aliments very variously affected as being Moist Dry Oily Saline and there is no Alimentary Substance of whatsoever qualification that will not mix with this rare Juice â—â—d incorporate with it And whereas other simple and Heterogeneous Humours as Water Spirit Oyl Saline Liquors and the like being mixed do part again from each other and nevertheless do all associate with Salival Juice Salival Liquor is a kind of universal menstruum as embodieth with different Liquor by whose mediation these different Principles are reconciled to each other Therefore this salival Liquor seemeth to be a universal Menstruum which embodieth with and prepareth all Masticated Aliments of what disposition soever and accompanieth it into the Ventricle to give it a farther Exaltation which the Salival Juice performeth by vertue of many Elements of which it is Integrated Salival Juice is a Composition of watry and nervous Liquors impregnated with Saline Oily and acid Particles and is the first Ferment of the Alimentary Liquor in the Mouth The second Ferment of Chyle in the Stomach is the serous Liquor of the Blood The third Ferment of the Chyle in Intestine is Pancreatic Juice it being a Composition of large Watry and some Nervous Liquor and of Volatil Saline and some oily and acide Particles very well commixed This rudiment of the first Concoction of the Meat by the mixture of Salival Juice in the Mouth is more elaborated in the Stomach by Serous Liquor dreined from the Blood and transmitted into the cavity of the Stomach where it insinuates it self into the substance of the Aliment and severeth the Alimentary Liquor from the grosser Faeces by a kind of Precipitation which it effecteth by its Watry Saline and some very few Acide Particles affecting this Serous Liquor which very much contributeth to the production of Chyle in the Stomach which being carried into the Intestines is farther attenuated and improved by the Pancreatic Juice which is
and small branches into the spaces of the Vessels residing in the Muscular parts Another instance may be given of an Anasarca proceeding from an Abscess of the Liver In a young Man a long time diseased with a swelled habit of Body falling into a Jaundies and afterward into a great Bleeding of the Nose which spake a close to his Life who being opened a great Abscess was discovered in his Liver A third may be given of a Leucophlegmatia Repelling Medicines outwardly applied are unsafe if Universals be not first prescribed arising out of an Ulcer of the Lungs proceeding from the repelling of ill Humours affecting the Skin of the Head by the undue application of Topicks without the administration of Universals as Purging Bleeding Sweating c. A Child of ten Years old born of noble Parents was afflicted with a Scabby Head which is familiar to Children imprudently Cured by an old Woman applying drying and repelling Medicines whereupon the Saline Particles being received into cutaneous Jugular Veins with the Blood and then was carried by the descendent Trunk of the Cava into the right Ventricle of the Heart and so by the Pulmonary Arteries into the Lungs which were Ulcered by the saline Particles of the Blood repelled originally from the Scabby Head with which the purulent Matter being imported by the Pulmonary Veins into the left Cistern of the Heart and thence dispersed by Arterial Trunks and Branches into the Muscular parts of the Body produced an Anasarca A Branch of a noble Family was often afflicted with a great difficulty of Breathing tending to Suffocation which at last gave an end to his Breath Whereupon the Abdomen being opened a great Liver presented it self and a Spleen divided into many Lobes which is rare the Intestines turgid with Wind and grosser Excrements and his Breast being opened his left side was full of serous Blood and the left Lobes were fixed to the Ribs Purulent matter the continent cause of an Anasarca and both were vitiated with various Colours of Green and Black and the substance of his Lungs was filled with purulent Matter the origen of the Anasarca dispensed into the habit of the Body The more remote Causes of the Anasarca The remote causes of an Anasarca may proceed Ab excretis retentis either from too great an expense of Humours or from natural Evacuations suppressed or from too slender a Diet not duly repairing the constant decays of the Blood or from too great a quantity of Recrements or from Heterogeneous Elements too much depressing the Liquor of Life As to the first The first remote cause is ab Excretis it ariseth Ab excretis from great Haemorrhages of Blood either pumped out of the Lungs by violent Coughing springing a Leak in some Vessel or flowing out of the Membranes of the Brain by Vessels inserted into the Coat covering the inside of the Nostrils or by great Fluxes of Vital Liquor by the Haemorrhoides and in Women by the Arteries of the Uterus Whereupon the Blood being largely expended through extravagant Evacuations is dispoiled of its more noble and volatil Particles and thereby groweth Depauperated and unable to raise a good Fermentation to subdue and assimilate the Chyle into its own Nature whence the Blood is oppressed with a great quantity of gross Recrements and watry Particles productive of a Leucophlegmatia The second remote Cause may be deduced The second remote cause is a Retentis A retentis from the suppression of natural and accustomed Evacuations either of Blood by the Haemorrhoides or of the Menstrua in Women bringing an Ascitis and frequently an Anasarca flowing from an exuberant Mass of Blood which by hindring its Circulation filleth it full of watry Recrements which else would be transmitted to the Kidneys and discharged by the Ureters into the Bladder depraving the Ferment of the Stomach and the other Viscera spoiling the elaboration of the Chyle made thereby uncapable to be turned into laudable Blood An Anasarca may be also produced by stopping up Issues which run freely without due evacuations by Blood-letting and Purging And a Dropsie may also ensue by the undue Application of Topicks in Cutaneous Diseases wherein the offensive Humours being repelled by Cold Astringent Medicines do highly infect the Blood with Recrements perverting its due Fermentation An Excretion also of a small quantity of Urine and a suppression of large Evacuations of watry Humours by Sweats in full Bodies do render the Blood watry and dispose the Body for an Anasarca The chief Indications that occur in order to the Cure of this Disease The first Curatory Indication is by all proper Medicines to evacuate the serous Recrements of the Blood and crude Humours stagnant in the empty Spaces of the Vessels and to prevent the generation of new watry Matter The second Preservatory the cause of the Anasarca whereupon care must be taken that the Glands of the Viscera may be so disposed as to make a secretion of the several Recrements of the Blood and discharge them by their proper Excretory Ducts and that the Ferments of the Stomach may be so well qualified as to open the Compage of the Meat and extract a good Alimentary Liquor and that the Blood being freed from its crude and indigested Particles may be exalted by volatil Salts and Sulphurs and by good Ferments of the Nervous Liquor that the Vital Liquor may be restored to its native Constitution and thereby may be acted with a good Fermentation and assimilation of the Chyle into Blood transmitted into and associated with it A vital Indication is not necessary to be satisfied in this Disease by reason weakness producing Lypothimies Syncopes do seldom happen in an Anasarca whereupon Restoratives are not requisite but rather Evacuating Medicines because an Anasarca is caused by a superabundance of watry Excrements lodged in the habit of the Body upon which account it may seem rational to advise a sparing Diet as very beneficial in this Disease by reason the great quantity of Serous Humours is much lessened by Abstinence and transmitted by the Secretory Glands of the Kidneys through the Urinary Ducts and Papillary Caruncles into the Pelvis and Ureters and so into the Bladder of Urine As to the Curatory Indications they are satisfied by Catharticks The Curatory Indication is satisfied by Purgatives and Diureticks assisted with Diureticks thereby expelling the watry Recrements of the Blood circulating in the Vessels and lodged in the Interstices of them whereupon a strong Hydragogues being administred and received into the Stomach they quickly pass through the Intestines and Thoracick Ducts into the Subclavian Veins where they are mixed with the Blood and do highly put it into a Fermentation and by opening the Compage of it do dispose the watry Particles for a separation and by carrying them down the descendent Trunk of the Aorta to the Mesenterick Arteries out of whose Extreamities they are discharged into the Intestines
her high Discomposure was so prevalent with her as to desire with Blushing and Weeping the assistance of a Physician to order the Amputation of the Tumour in her Thigh Which was so great and Malignant that it was judged wholly unsafe to Cut it off but more reasonable to apply an Ointment prepared with Lead which so suppressed the Increment and Malignity of this stupendous Tumour that she Lived above Seventeen Years afterward And after her Death the Tumour which rendred the Skin very uneven as defaced with many Protuberancies being opened a Steatome appeared within full of Matter like Plaister and many small Stones proceeding as I conceive from Saline and Earthy Particles concreted But most frequently a Steatome taketh its rise from a Pituitous Humour The cause of a Steatome iâ— indigested Chyle which in truth is an indigested Chyle or Chyme parted from the Blood and extravasated in the substance of the Body when it is immured within the soft Walls of a Membrane and Consolidated by the heat of the Body most commonly resembling the consistence of Lard A young Child whose left Thigh did from time to time more and more increase in bigness to the great trouble and discomposure of the Parents who like drowning Persons did lay hold upon any Twig though never so weak to support themselves sending for Barbers Empyricks and the like but finding their swelled Child to receive no advantage but rather grow worse upon their Inartificial Applications They consulted Physicians who administred the most proper Medicines both inward and outward which were not seconded with success And the Child being Dead an Incision was made into the swelled Thigh upon which immediately appeared a Mucilaginous compact Matter not unlike Lard An Atherome is a white Indolent Tumour The description of an Atherome not disguising the Colour of the Skin caused by Phlegmatick Matter not unlike Pap which I conceive was the Chyme first in association with the Blood and afterward separated from it and lodged in a proper Tunicle Meliceris is a Swelling without Pain not disguising the Surface of the Body by any unnatural Colour which I conceive proceedeth from an ill concocted Chyme commonly stiled Phlegme settled in the substance of the Muscular parts and included in the confines of a peculiar Coat So that the several Swellings having the appellatives of Steatomes Unassimilated Chyme of greater or less consistence is the cause of Steatomes Atheromes and Melicerids Atheromes and Melicerids have the same material cause of unassimilated Chyme enwrapped in peculiar Membranes and are discriminated by different Concretions of the same Matter as more or less indurated by greater or lesser heat making different impressions in the stagnant Phlegmatick Humours which cause no pain as they are not effected with Acid and Saline Particles And by reason these Tumors included in proper Tunicles represent sometime Lard other times Pap or Honey and are not apt to Suppurate unless associated with the Blood which imparteth heat and rendreth them fit for Suppuration And these Tumours as they proceed from a gross Chyme the Materia substrata of the Blood more or less Consolidated they may be Discriminated from one another according to several touches as endued with more or less softness or a greater or less quantity of Morbifick Matter A Steatome is a more hard Tumour Difference of a Steatome Atherome and Meliceris and resisteth the pressure of the Fingers but the Atherome is more compliable and sooner giveth way to the Touch as being a more lax Tumour then a Steatome And the Meliceris is the more soft Tumour of all the three and is soon pressed inward because it being contained within a Membrane of a more thin consistence than the rest therefore a Dint made in it remaineth longer by reason the Humour forced inward being of a more thin substance is longer before it returneth to fill the Cavity made in the soft Tumour by the compression of the Fingers As to the Cure These Diseases are Cured principally by Chyrurgery These different Tumours having one Matter modelled into different Consistences do obtain the same kind of Cure which may be attempted after Purging Medicines have been Administred to discharge the offensive Matter which being not removed Emollient Medicines are to be applied which being uneffectual Suppurating Topicks are to be used and if these prove not Efficacious an Incision may be made into the Tumours which must be attempted with great Caution by a Skilful Chyrurgeon that the Tumours being opened the Matter either like Lard Pap or Honey may be taken away with their proper Membranes in which they were inclosed Another Tumour is this of an Inflammation proceeding not from a Phlegmatick Matter as in Steatomes Atheromes Melicerids but from Blood Extravasated which that it might be plainly understood it may not be amiss to Treat somewhat of the Circulation of the Blood which passeth through the Heart in strong Contractions to give it heat by Motion and to break the Chyle received by the Vena Cava into the right Chamber of the Heart into small Particles in order to its Assimilation with the Blood which is afterwards carried into the substance of the Lungs to be embodied with Air impraegnated with Nitrous Particles and thence transmitted into the left Cistern of the Heart for the more perfect Assimilation of the Chyle and the common Trunk and various Arterial Channels into the substance of the Muscular parts into which it is conveyed not by Anastomoses of Arteries with Veins but by terminations of Arteries into the Interstices of Vessels that the more mild parts of the Blood being confaederated with Liquor distilling out of the Extreamities of the Nerves may give Nourishment to the neighbouring Vessels which being unable to receive the twentieth part of the serous parts of the Vital Liquor it is requisite that they being associated with it should be reconveyed out of the habit of the Body into the Extreamities of the Veins to make good the Motion of the Blood towards the Heart by greater and greater Channels leading to it Whereupon the Blood being impelled by the Arteries in too great a quantity The divers causes of stagnation of Blood producing an Inflammation or if the Blood be so gross that the small Orifices of the Veins are not capable to receive it or if upon some great contusion of the Vessels which being torn do immit too great a proportion of Vital Liquor into the empty spaces of the Vessels not possible to be entertained into the Minute Orifices of the Veins whence the habit of the Body is immediately swelled So that the continent cause of an Inflammation is an exuberant Mass of Blood stagnant in the habit of the Body caused by the Circulation of the Blood stopped in that part The distention of the adjacent parts causeth the troublesome Pulsation of the Artery whereby it groweth Tumified Red and very hot accompanied with a painful pulsation of the Artery proceeding from
a free and open Inflation of it without any appulse of the Finger Consonants abstractly taken are Mutes and like Ciphers without Figures have no value of themselves receiving their significancy from association of Vowels because Consonants denuded of Vowels either preclude all Sound or at least give a check to it Consonants are rendred significant by the association of Vowels they being Articulated by the apposition of one organ of Speech to another Hence ariseth the easiness of uniting Consonants to Vowels because it is more facile to pass from the appulse of one organ of Speech upon another to the Aperture Vowels make Speech intelligible and easie as passing from an appulse of one organ of Speech upon another to an aperture of the Mouth then to go from stop to stop without an Aperture and the Articulation of some Consonants is caused by the closure of the Mouth which is made by the Temporal Muscle drawing up the lower Mandible with Lips joyned to it till it kiss the upper and the Aperture is successively produced in the pronounciation of Vowels derived from the secret motions of the Tongue with the free passage of the Breath in an open Mouth caused by the contraction of the Digastrick Muscles pulling the lower Mandible and Lip downward Again Besides the significancy and easiness of Speech Vowels are also easie in reference to free play of breath in an open Mouth in Vowels which is more close in the forming of Consonants proceeding from the joyning of Consonants with Vowels there is also less expense of Breath made or at least a freer play of it every Consonant being framed by a stop of one organ of Speech upon another hindreth Respiration detaining the Breath within the Mouth whereas the Vowels are pronounced with open Lips wherein we entertain a free entercourse of inspired and expired Air. CHAP. VIII Of Spittle HAving spoke of the nature and situation of divers Conglomerated Glands Oral Glands emitting Liquor into the Mouth it may not seem altogether amiss to Treat somewhat of the several Liquors such and such Recrements emitted by Excretory Vessels into the Mouth comprehended under one general term of Spittle A fourfold matter of Spittle consisting of a fourfold distinct Matter The first called Bronchus a pituitous Matter coughed out of the Lungs The second is Coriza Narium The third Mucus Tonsillarum The fourth Saliva which I handle chiefly in reference to Mastication and Digestion of Aliment Bronchus is a crass viscid Humour Bronchus is a clammy matter derived originally from the ill concocted Chyme often deriving its origen from an ill Concoction of the Stomach producing a crude Chyle which being conveyed by the Mesenterick and Thoracic Lacteae to the Subclavian Vessels is thence transmitted by the Cava into the right Chamber of the Heart where the Milky Humour is so gross and clammy that it cannot receive so exact a comminution into small Particles by the motion of the Heart whereupon the Chyme remaining unmixed to a great degree cannot be well turned into Blood and is squeesed out of the right Ventricle by the contraction of the Heart into the Pulmonary Artery where although this Lacteous Juice receiveth a farther Comminution yet remaineth so unassimilated that the more Minute Capillary Veins of the Lungs cannot give a reception to this gross clammy Matter The crude Chyme separated from the Blood in the Lungs is discharged by a Cough out of the Bronchia and Aspera Arteria commonly called Pituita which is impelled with the Blood by the Pulsation of the Artery into the Interstices of the Vessels where this gross Recrement is streined from the Blood and forced into the Branches of the Bronchia which being irritated forcibly contract themselves to throw out this unwelcome Guest with the Breath out of their more Minute Ducts into the greater Channel of the Aspera Arteria whose lower region being first Contracted by its right and Circular Fibres The pituitous Matter is ejected the Bronchia by the contraction of the right and circular Fibres and then the upper move higher and higher with great quickness till this pituitous Matter is discharged into the Mouth and at last spit out This Recrement of the Blood is as I conceive more thin and frothy when it is first landed out of the substance of the Lungs into the Bronchia where it acquireth a greater Consistence and is endued with various Colours as White speaking its race from the Lacteous Humour as also with Yellow and Green proceeding either from the mixtures of Purulent Matter in Ulcers of the Lungs or from the impurities of the Serous Liquor of the Blood from whose red Crassament the Ulcerous Pituitous Matter is tinged with Red and thrown up in violent Coughs But if the Chyme be so far attenuated by the Motion of the Blood that it can be entertained with it into the Pulmonary Veins it is afterward communicated to the left Chamber of the Heart and thence impelled by a brisk Motion first into the Common Trunk and afterward into the Ascendent Trunk of the Aorta The second kind of Spittle the Mucus Tonsillarum is the gross Matter severed from the Blood in the substance of the Tonsils as in a Colatory and by the External Carotides terminating into the Tonsillary Glands in whose substance as by a Colatory the Blood being depurated from its grosser Recrement called by Doctor Wharton Mucus Tonsillarum is returned by the External Jugulars while its Recremental Mucous part stayeth behind being lodged sometime in the substance of the Tonsils where it being more thickned is at last Exonerated by hawking through the smaller Excretory Vessels into a greater Channel terminating into the Mouth Furthermore The Tonsils being accommodated with divers Fibres issuing from the Nerves of the Third Fourth and perhaps from the Fifth pair of Nerves These Glands being not endued with Motion A Nervous Liquor doth impraegnate the serous parts of the Blood and is the nourishment of the Tonsils nor with much of Sense a small portion of Nerves would be sufficient for them unless they were designed to some other use which is to convey as I conceive Nervous Liquor into the substance of the Tonsils where a Defaecation being made the purer part is ordained for their Nourishment and the less pure and in some degree profitable Particles of the Recrement are returned into the Lymphaeducts while the more gross being longer deteined and incrassated in the substance of the Glands are at length ejected by the Excretory Vessels terminating near the Root of the Tongue and these Faeces of the Nervous Liquor make a considerable part of the Mucus of the Tonsils The third kind of Spittle The third kind of Spittle is Mucus Narium is that Recrement of the Nostrils called Coryza sometimes exuding out of the terminations of the Capillary Arteries and Fibres of Nerves inserted into the inward Coat of the Nose and other
Relaxation of the Fibres rendring them unfit for action it indicates the opening of a Vein to sollicite the Motion of the Blood settled in the spaces of the Vessels and also Emollient and Cooling Apozems are to be advised to take off the Inflammation by softening the Tumour and attempering the Mass of Blood And in case an Inflammation do degenerate into an Abscess of the Stomach attended with gross and serous Recrements The Abscess and Ulcer of the Stomach is Cured by cleansing and drying and consolidating Diet Drinks it indicates cleansing and drying Medicines And as an Ulcer the consequent of an Abscess it supposeth a violated union of parts and requireth Consolidating Applications to reduce the broken Fibres to Union Tone and Vigor in order to their proper actions of Retention and Concoction of Aliment The Emaciation of the substance of the Stomach is Cured by cold and moist and Restorative Drinks In reference to an Emaciated indisposition of the Stomach as it ariseth from a hot and dry Temper in a Hectick Fever it is Obviated with Cold Moist and Restorative Drinks reducing the Blood and integrals of the Stomach to their natural Temper and Constitution The irregular distention of the Stomach The Inflation of the Stomach is Cured by Emollient and Discutient Medicines proceeding from an Inflation of Wind over-much streining and weakning the Carnous and Nervous Fibres doth denote Purging Emollient and Discutient Medicines to free the Stomach from its importunate Guests and to bring the Fibres to their former Temper and Strength to give them the advantage of Contracting themselves for the repose and due Fermentation of the Aliment A Cure also may be had The foulness of the Stomâ—ch is dischaâ—ged by Vomiting Purging and opâ—ning Medicines aâ—d Astringents at last to strengthen the Tone of the Stomach to take away the depraved Concoction of the Stomach depending upon the abundance of Cholerick Recrements floating in the Ventricles whereupon gentle Vomiting Purging and Aperient Medicines are to be advised to discharge the Stomach of its troublesome attendants and afterward bitter and astringent Apozems Testaceous Powders are to be given to strengthen the Tone of the Stomach to conserve its Contents till the Milky Tincture is extracted by a due Intestine Motion The Concoctive Faculty is not only disaffected by reason of the lost and weakned Tone of the Stomach but also by the distempered natural Heat by ill Ferments and by default of the Aliment As to the first The heaâ— of the Stomach doth denote cooling and tempâ—rate Julaps The Concoction is much discomposed sometimes by too intense and othertimes by too remiss Degrees of natural heat of the Stomach chiefly if not wholly derived from the Vital Spirits and heat of the Blood the cause of Life and Intestine Motion which if disordered in Fevers doth indicate cooling Medicines and temperate Cordial Julaps and Apozems which do attemper the Mass of Blood whose fiery Steams and Recrements are also very happily discharged by the Cutaneous Glands secerning the hot and impure parts of the Blood from the more temperate and pure through the Excretory Ducts and Pores of the Skin which may be safely promoted by gentle Diaphoreticks whereupon the disaffected heat of the Blood is reduced to its natural Temper and the Concoctive Faculty repaired As to the remiss Degrees of heat in the Stomach The cool and moist temper proceeding from serous Recrements is Cured by gentle Hydragogues and warm Diureticks they may spring from cold and moist Humors diluting the Blood in Hydropick Distempers whose Potulent Matter overchargeth and chilleth the Purple Liquor which may be discharged by gentle Hydragogues and warm Diureticks sometimes impraegnated with Acid and sometimes with Lixivial Salts and sometimes with fixed and saline Particles volatized by the Heat and Spirit and principally by the Volatil Salt of the Blood whence it being put into Fermentation caused by the active and pungent parts of different Salts hath recourse to the Kidneys in whose Glands a separation being made and the watry Liquor disserviceable to the Blood is discharged by the Urinary Vessels into the Pelvis and Ureters and the depurated Blood returned again by the Emulgent and hollow Vein into the Heart and so passeth by several Vessels of the Lungs and through the left Ventricle of the Heart into the descendent Trunk of the Aorta and Caeliack Artery into the Stomach whose heat is enlivened by the separation of the watry Recrements of the Blood in the Kidneys and by the temperate Drinking of moderate Astringent Wines which do chear up the remiss heat and strengthen the infirm Tone of the Stomach The ill Ferments of the Stomach the efficients of the bad Elaboration of Aliment is caused by gross Air affected by ill Steams by indisposed Salival Serous and Nervous Liquor First A good Air doth highly assist the Concoctive Faculty The Air is ill qualified when Stagnant in woody Countreys upon defect of Winds which purge it by Motion or when the Air is corrupted by gross Exhalations arising out of Fenny or Marish Ground or out of standing Waters as Lakes and great Ponds which grow putrid and stench the Air which is also spoiled by noisome Vapors exhaling out of dead and corrupted Bodies not interred or out of Grounds praegnant with ill and poisonous Minerals Wherefore my humble Advise is To make as good provision as may be by seating our selves upon the sides of Hills or dry Grounds in a free and serene Air or if our Houses be built by our Ancestors near Woods or rather in them to cut so much of them down to give an advantage of open Air which much attenuateth the Blood and assisteth Concoction as mixed with the masticated Aliment in the Mouth whereby it doth insinuate it self with it and open its Compage and fit it for a due Fermentation in the Stomach whereupon the alimentary Liquor is extracted by a separation of the faeculent parts from the more pure and beneficial to nature The Concoction also is very much frustrated The defect of salival Liquor is repaired by moist Medicines restorative Drinks and Broths and all kind of thin Suppings either by the defect of good quality in the salival Liquor or by its too sparing quantity when for want of its due proprtion solid Aliment remaineth hard so that it cannot be easily masticated in the Mouth wherein it is broken into small parts with great difficulty as being not diluted with salival Liquors a good Menstruum ordained by nature to assist the Teeth in the Comminution of nourishment which is found in Hectick Fevers and other Chronick hot Distempers of the Body exhausting the Serous Liquor of the Blood and salival Juyce flowing from it which is repaired by the assumption of restorative Drinks Broths Wine thin Apozems made with China and Sarsaparilla Emulsions made of cooling Seeds Barley Water and the like And the salival Liquor is an impediment to Concoction The ill
of the Testicles And Dr. Glysson Dr. Wharton and Dr. Willis have discovered the Succus Nervosus and the last of them its production into the cortical Glands of the Brain Dr. Grew and Malpighius the Vessels of Air Sap Milk Resine Turpentine c. in Plants Dr. Croone discovered the Muscles called Pterigostaphylini to belong to the Palate and not the Uvula and hath very well explained the nature and use of the parts of the Ear Sir George Ent hath Dissected many Animals and made new discoveries of parts not mentioned by other Anatomists and more particularly in the Rana Piscatrix Dr. Lower and Steno found out the spiral Fibres and many other ranks disposed in great order in the Heart Dr. Charlton Sir Thomas Millington Dr. Lawson Dr. Tyson and all the Fellows of our Colledge are very skilful in Anatomical Dissections of Animals wherein they have laid open many Secrets of Nature Vpon this account I have given you the trouble of a History of New Discoveries made by most Learned Anatomists in the Body of Man and other Animals in curious Dissections that you may see the great Vse and Dignity of Anatomy and of your Glorious Theater consigned to it wherein all our Learned Exercises are celebrated to the advancement of Natural Philosophy and the Republick of Learning to which I have contributed my Mite Thus making my most Humble Addresses to the Almighty Creator Redeemer and Preserver That out of his infinite Goodness he would be Graciously pleased to return all your ample Favours to Me and our Society sevenfold into your own Bosome and to Grant you all Felicity in this World and Eternal Glory in the World to come which is the earnest Prayer of SIR Your most Faithful And most obliged Servant SAMUEL COLLINS The First BOOK The Third PART CHAP. I. Of the Spleen I Have spoken of the several parts in which the Chyle The manner of concoction of Chyle by various Ferments in the Mouth Stomach and Guts and its distribution through the Lacteal and Thoracick Ducts and Subclavian Veins into the Mass of Blood and so conveyed through the Heart Lungs and other Vessels into the Spleen the Materia Substrata of Blood is prepared and perfectly Concocted and first of the Mouth in which as a Room of entertainment we treat our selves with variety of Meat and Drink which being broken into small Particles impraegnated with Nitro-aereal Atomes and Salival Liquor destilling out of the Oral Glands are conveyed through the Gulet as a Gallery into the Kitchin of the Stomach where the prepared Aliment is farther Cooked by the natural heat and Serous and Nervous Ferments ousing out of the Terminations of Arteries and Nerves implanted into the glandulous Coat of the Ventricle and thence transmitted through secret passages into its Cavity wherein the said Ferments embody with the broken Aliment consisting of different principles preinspired with Elastick and Volatil Airy Particles and intenerated with Salival Liquor whereupon a Fermentation ariseth in the Stomach making in some manner a dissolution of the Compage of Meat by Colliquation out of which a Milky Tincture is extracted in the Ventricle and transmitted into the Guts wherein it associateth with new Ferments of Pancreatick and Bilious Liquor giving a farther Concoction to the Chyle as rendring it more attenuated and white which is afterward dispensed through the Mesenterick Lacteal Vessels into the common Receptacle and from thence through the Thoracick Ducts into the Subclavian Veins where the Chyle confederates with the Blood into which it is assimilated by degrees and is imported by the Vena Cava into the right Chamber of the Heart by whose contraction made by Carnous Fibres the Vital Liquor is coveyed through the Lungs by the Pulmonary Arteries and Veins into the left Cistern of the Heart and there some streams of Blood are impelled through the common and descendent Trunk of the Aorta and Caeliack Artery a Branch of it into the Spleen which is my Province at this time So that having discoursed of the several parts The Blood is refined in the Spleen in which the Chyle is generated and dispensed by many Vessels into the Blood and by various Intestine and Local Motions is assimilated into it My Task is now to give you an account how the Purple Liquor the perfection of Chyle is percolated and refined in the Spleen And to that intent as ambulatory to it I will handle its Membranes Situation Connexion Colour Figure Magnitude Vessels Substance Glands and their Uses to which I will add at last its Pathology and its Cures The Spleen is lodged in the Left Side The situation of the Spleen not directly opposite to the Liver as being placed somewhat lower and farther distant from the Diaphragme in the middle between the Vertebres and the Cartilages of the Bastard Ribs according to Vesalius upon which the Spleen leaneth and is guarded with the Ribs it hath a Cavity in its Head bending toward the Right Side which giveth a reception to the Protuberance of the adjacent part of the Stomach when it is extended This part of the Spleen is more hollow in Bullocks Hogs and Dogs then in Men and in those Animals the Cavity of it embraceth the Convex Surface of the Stomach the third part of a Circle In its upper and Convex Region The connexion of the Spleen it is loosely tied to the Midriff and in its lower part to the left Kidney by the mediation of thin Membraneous Fibrils derived from the Rim of the Belly and the Spleen in its hollowish part it is fastned to the Caul and Neighbouring parts and in a healthy Body it doth not descend below the lowest Rib But in an ill Constitution the Ligaments being relaxed or broken by which it is affixed 〈…〉 Midriff Left Kidney and Caul The Spleen hath been observed 〈◊〉 Cabrolius to fall down into the Cavity of the belly and by Riolan to reâ—â—â— upon the Womb in a Woman of Paris The Spleen of a Foetus The colour of the Spleen is hued with a bright Red resembling in Colour that of the Liver but in young Men it is of a more deep Red and Persons of Elder Years inclineth to a blackish or deep Purple which is more black in some Bruits and is more light in Hogs and Ash-coloured in divers Fish The Spleen is thicker in its top The dimensions and figure of the Spleen and more thin toward its bottom ending in a kind of obtuse Cone and is called by some Anatomists Viscus Linguosum from resembling a Tongue in Figure which is more eminent in the Spleen of Bruits it hath a Convex Surface without toward the Left Side and Midriff and a flattish in the lower Region and is hollow toward the Right Side to give admission to the Protuberance of the neighbouring parts of the Stomach into its Bosome and is endued with a white Line running the whole length and with some Asperities where it giveth reception to
Liquor fenced in with a circle which is not yet obliterated whose ambient parts are interspersed with Rivulets confined within Minute Vessels tending toward the Amnion When the Hen hath sate a day and night When the Hen hath sate a day and night many Globules appear the Rough-draught of the Vertebres of the Spine the Cicatricula is very much enlarged in the obtuse part of the Egg and the draught of the Chicken groweth more conspicuous and is lodged in the Colliquament endued with a long Head and many Globular rudiments of the Vertebres making up the Spine which now beginneth to be made hollowed and fit for the entertainment of the Spinal Marrow and the Wings do seem to discover themselves in the manner of a Cross and three larger Vesicles may be discerned to be seated in the extremity of the Spine which are the first lineaments of the Brain and also two Globules the rudiments of the Eyes as Learned Malpighius hath observed About thirty and thirty six hours About thirty six hours the Vesicles seated on the top of the Spine are become more fair the Vesicles seated in the top of the Spine and the Globules the ruder draught of the Vertebres of it appear more evident and the Umbilical Area is shaded with Varicose Vessels which are first Coated with a yellowish and afterward with reddish hue In the Head furnished with two Appendages the Eyes discover themselves and many Circles immuring other several Areae do contain within them five Vesicles the uppermost is filled with a dark and crystalline Liquor the rudiments of the Brain After the Hen hath sate fourty hours upon an Egg After fourty hours sitting of the Hen the Cicatricula is painted with variety of colours the circles immuring the Seminal Liquor in the Cicatricula make a greater and more clear shew at which time they are elegantly painted with variety of colours somewhat resembling the Rain-bow and the figure of the Eye as having a protuberance not unlike that of Cornea this Prominence encircleth a most transparent Colliquated Liquor somewhat akin in colour to that of the watry humour of the Eye This fine sight of the Cicatricula is very elegantly described by great Harvey Secunda ovi inspectione Exercitatione decima sexta Ait ille Praeterito die secundo dicti Cicatriculae circuli conspectiores atque ampliores fiunt ad magnitudinem unguis digiti annularis interdum medii quibus tota macula in duas regiones aliquando tres easque diversis sane coloribus obscure distinctis dividitur oculi figuram plane referens tum protuberantia aliqua qualis in Cornea tunica visitur tum magnitudine tum etiam humore transparente lucidissimo intus contento Cujus centrum pupillam repraesentat sed puncto quodam albo in centro existente tanquam aviculae alicujus ocellus suffusionem sive Cataractam ut vocant in medio pupillae pateretur ob quam similitudinem oculum ovi nominavimus Now the fine compage of the little Foetus beginneth more clearly to sport it self in the pure Crystalline Liquor The little Foetus groweth more completed in which the Spine cometh to larger dimensions and the Orbicular Globules relating to the Vertebres are more completed and the Vesicles of the Brain approach nearer to the substance of it and the lineaments of the Eyes consisting in two little Orbs arrive greater perfection and the Beating-point the first draught of the Heart now beginneth to discover it self in manifest different motions The outward Margent of the Umbilical Area is walled in with a Venous Circle The Margent of the Umbilical Area is walled in with a Venous Circle having an Aperture toward the Heart which hath an Aperture bending toward the Heart or Dancing-point which in its contraction doth impell the whitish liquor into the right Auricle and Ventricle of the Heart and from thence into the left and is then transmitted into the Aorta from whence one Trunk is propagated into the Head and another all along to the extremity of the Spine transmitting many Ramulets into the Umbilical region wherein they often associate and part again in the manner of a reticular plexe which is also very eminent in the numerous branches of other Blood-vessels The Beating-point being endued with successive motions of Constriction and Dilatation The Beating-point hath alternate motions of Constriction and Dilatation which doth plainly evince it to be the Heart whose ambient parts are enclosed within thin Muscular walls not as yet clothed in Red which is its best and native aray when brought to due perfection The Vital Liquor first arayed in whitish and afterward in a darker and reddish colour appeareth first in the terminations of the Umbilical Vessels before it is transmitted into the right auricle and ventricle of the Heart not formed The Blood first appeareth White and is afterward made Red. whence it may be inferred with great probability that the Blood receiveth its first rudiment in the ambient parts of the White The Blood is first generated in the ambient parts of the Colliquated Liquor and is afterward imparted to the Heart lodged in the center of the Body and I humbly conceive That the first draught of the Vital Juice is a kind of the Colliquated Seminal Liquor which after some Fermentation is endued with a yellowish and afterward with a reddish hue before it is transmitted from the Circumference toward the center of the transparent Liquor in which the Beating-point playeth up and down as sporting it self in successive motions So that Vital Liquor is by divers steps clothed with Purple before the Heart beginneth its Pulsation And like as in the production of Seeds the Eggs of Plants The Plants have their first production out of different Elements a Sap or transparent Seminal Liquor is first conveyed out of the Earth as out of a fruitful Womb impregnating the Seed out of whose bosom the Germina the first Shoots Trunks Leaves and Flowers are formed by variety of Sap and Air-vessels big with several fermentative concreting Elements which produces the different Integrals making the curious compage of Plants in like manner the Foetus of other more perfect Animals and Birds too is generated of many Juices consisting of different principles producing several Intestine motions The Foetus of Birds is generated of many Juices as out of different principles by which the various parts of Animals receive their first draughts and afterward their more admirable finishings wherein we may see and adore the great works of God and Nature in the divers processes of Generation whereupon we may plainly perceive the Foetus of Birds to have its parts gradually sprouting out of the Seminal Colliquated Liquor made up of many fermentative Elements by whose opposite motions the Blood arriveth greater and greater degrees of perfection at last putting on its purple robe before it maketh its perambulation in several gesses through all the parts of the
the left side and as to the length of the Thorax the Base of the Heart is much nearer to the first Vertebre than the Cone to the twelfth and moreover the Base of the Heart is more distant from the upper Bone than from the lower the Sword-like Cartilage And its Base may be more truly said to be placed in the middle of the Thorax in reference to its left and right side and the upper region of the Base is equally distant too in relation to the Sternon as being measured by a right line whereupon the Base will be found not to incline to either Extremity of the Sternon And farthermore the Hearts of Bruits are seated more truly in the middle of the Thorax than this of Man The Connexion of the Heart is made principally by the Vena Cava and Aorta which fasten its Base to the backside of the Thorax The Connexion of the Heart and it is tied also to the Pericardium and Diaphragm by its interposition The greatness of this noble Viscus is various in several Ages The dimensions of the Heart and it hath greater dimensions in Man if regard be had to the proportion of his Body than in any other Animal and it is commonly in Persons of mature age six fingers longs and four broad and it hath been observed to be less and more firm and compact in daring men of Eminent courage than in Cowards who are said to have flabby great Hearts The Heart is adorned with a kind of Pyramidal Figure The Firgure of the Heart as being more enlarged in its Base and ending in a Cone somewhat resembling a Pine Nut and is not perfectly Orbicular as being somewhat more depressed in its anterior and posterior Region and more Protuberant on each side The Surface of the Heart is for the most part smooth The Surface of the Heart only it hath some little inequality in reference to the Blood-vessels which are divaricated through its Ambient parts and admitteth some Asperities in relation to its Fat This Noble Machine of Motion may be truly styled a Muscle The Heart is a true Muscle as being furnished with all its parts disposed in a most Elegant order and is Compounded of Carnous Fibres Nerves Tendons Arteries Veins c. This excellent Muscle being beautified with a kind of Circular Figure in point of its Circumference and Pyramidal in reference to its length is furnished with divers rank of Fleshy Fibres which do not take their progress in right Lines but in oblique before they are inserted into their Tendons to give them the advantage of Contracting themselves with greater force as making their approaches nearer to each other whereupon the body of this Eminent Muscle groweth more strong rigid and tense as being highly invigorated in its Contraction And in a well boiled Sheeps or Bullocks Heart The Tendon of the Heart into which many fleshy Fibres are inserted being divested of its Vessels and Auricles a strong Tendon may be discovered which encircleth the Margents about the right and left entrance into its Ventricles Into this Tendon as Learned Dr. Lower hath well observed many Carnous Fibres integrating the Ambient parts of the Heart are Inserted with an oblique position And not only the outward region of the Heart The Ventricles of the Heart are beset with many Fibres but the inward recesses of the Ventricles too are beset with Fleshy Fibres carried in Flexures except some few Fibres which climb directly upward through the outward surface of the Ventricle and are inserted into the Base of the Heart The other Fibres which beset each Ventricle of the Heart The various Fibres of the Ventricles are carried in opposite Positions have a double rank and order and are carried in a contrary progress by reason the Fibres lodged under these right ones do climb up obliquely from the left side to the right and terminate into the Base of the Heart and do very much resemble the winding Cavities of the Ear in their Spiral Circumference Other Fibres are also seated under the Ambient Fibres which pass in an opposite posture to the former and as the other treated of before run from the left side toward the right So these arise out of the right side of the Heart and take their progress toward the left in oblique manner and encircle both Chambers of the Heart and ascend to the Base of the left side and make many Spires in inverted positions to those Fibres that proceed from the left side of the Heart This extraordinary Muscle is made up of divers ranks of fleshy Fibres Divers ranks of Fibres may be discovered upon the Excarnation of the Heart which present themselves to our Eye one after another upon the Excarnation of a boiled Heart The first rank appear as soon as the Tunicle is taken off and these lodged more deeply cannot be discovered unless the Heart be divested of its outward row The tracts and windings of these Fibres may be discerned as if we were led by a thread The Fibres do somewhat resemble a Skain of Thread as Learned Dr. Lower phraseth it but by reason some threads being less fine are wound into a Skain and seem at the first sight to resemble the complicated Fibres not made up after the same order as threads in a Skain but have very different Progresses observing various methods which very much thwart each other So that the Tunicle of the Heart being removed some may fancy that all Fibres of the Heart are carried obliquely from the Base of the Cone in one continued Duct but upon a more curious search he shall find Most of the Fibres are reflected when they have the length of the Heart that few of them do make half the length of the Heart but a little space after they have arose out of the Tendon they are reflected under the superior rank and then wholly disappear And moreover it is remarkable that the Ambient rank of Fibres are not all extended from the Base to the Cone of the Heart but some of them when they have arrived to the middle of its Circumference or rather Length are reflected in the manner of an Arch and are inserted with an oblique Duct into the Tendon of the other side and Ventricle The right Ventricle being cut off let us consider the Mechanism of the left which in some sort holdeth Analogy with the right and is different by reason the double rank of Fibres in the left Chamber of the Heart hath an inverted order terminating into opposite Tendons The double rank of Fibres of the left Ventricle do terminate into opposite Tendons because the outward Fibres being carried the whole compass of the Ventricle in the left side do climb up with Spiral Flexures and end into the Base of the Heart But the more inward Fibres of this Ventricle which have the same elongation with the outward in reference to the Cone are carried
in dimensions The Carnous Fibres are placed on each side of the Columns and intersect each other after the manner of Latise-work and are firmly tied to each other by strong Membranes Ligaments and Fibrous branches †T. 15. F. 1. iiii which keep the various ranks of Fibres close to each other as mutual Auxiliaries So that they cannot part when they are engaged in a joynt action producing the Systole of the Heart The Areae or Interstices lodged between the intersections of fleshy Fibres The divers empty spaces of the fleshy Fibres are most of them Rhomboids and some of them Oval and others Parallelograms †T. 15. F. 1. k k. Many Ligaments do arise out of the Tendon encircling some part of the left Auricle near the Base of the Heart and pass down the Wall relating to the left Chamber †F. 2. g g. Ligaments sprouting out of the Tendon of the left Auricle and end in some few larger Ligaments which are sometime fastned about the top of a strong pyramidal Column which I conceive is made up of many fleshy Fibres giving strength to the Ventricle in reference to Motion For the present I will not treat of Arteries and Veins of the Heart but refer them to a subsequent discourse The Heart is inchased in every Region The Fibres of the Heart derived from the recurrent Nerves with various Nerves and Nervous Fibres partly proceeding from the recurrent Nerve which about the Nodes of Reflection transmit many branches into the Posterior and Anterior Compage of the Heart as also into its Surface Whereupon it is adorned with two eminent Plexes distributed into it the upper and greater passeth between the Aorta and Pulmonary Artery The upper and greater Cardiack Plex proceedeth from the Par vagum and Nerves arising out of Intercostal branch according to Dr. Willis and taketh its rise from great branches derived in each side from the Par Vagum And also many considerable Nerves of the Heart do arise out of the Intercostal branch as Learned Dr. Willis will have it which most Ingenious Dr. Lower very Skilful in the discovery of the Nerves as having a curious and dextrous hand in Dissection denieth in these words Cum propagines nervosa à solo octavi paris Nervo in Cor humanum inferantur These Cardiack Nerves have great Divarications through the numerous ranks of fleshy Fibres besetting the whole substance of the Heart and are inferted into the Walls relating to both Chambers and into the outward Membrane every where encompassing and guarding this excellent Muscle of the Heart CHAP. XVI Of the Auricles of the Heart THe right and left Ventricle of the Heart are adorned with an Auricle as with two Appendages and in truth are two little Hearts The Auricles of the Heart as having peculiar Fibres if not Blood-vessels and Nerves and are Auxiliary Muscles subservient to the greater Machine of the Heart and are like two Servants waiting at the doors of the Chambers to convey the Blood more readily into the greater Cisterns or Lakes of this rare Engine of Motion The right Auricle is affixed to the right side of the Base of the Heart and doth cover the termination of the Vena Cava and not its Origens as Great Vessalius conceiveth which hath its length somewhat answering that of the right Auricle This Auricle is endued with somewhat of a Pyramidal Figure The right Auricle of the Heart is endued with a kind of Pyramidal Figure The Auricles when filled with Blood have an equal Convex Surface and when lank have many Asperities or wrinkles as some will have it because it hath an oblong Base ending into a more acute Cone and is not far extended above the Base of the Heart The Base of this Auricle being distended with Blood hath a Longitude far exceeding its Latitude and its outward surface doth much vary according to its Repletion by reason when the Auricle is distended it is endued with an equal Convex Surface and when it is rendred lank as being emptied by the contraction of its Fibres the Surface is full of roughness as endued with many wrinkles and its Surface is outwardly bedewed with watry Liquor in which it is akin to the ambient parts of the Heart The inward surface of this Auricle encircling its Cavity holdeth great Analogy with that relating to the Ventricles of the Heart and is smooth only where the Vena Cava doth terminate and for the most part is rough and full of Furrows as consisting of many implications of Carnous Fibres So that it seemeth in some sort to outdo the Ventricles in eminent Asperities and the dimensions of the Auricles are rendred greater or less as distended or emptied of Blood And hath its Connexion after this manner as I humbly conceive The Connexion of the right Auricle The left side of its Base is conjoyned to the Confines and extreme parts of the substance of the Heart where the anterior Region of the Vena Cava is lodged in the right Sinus and the right side of the Base is connected to the body of the Vena Cava according to the length of its insertion into the Heart to which the Auricle is so united in its Anterior Region as it seemeth to make one body with it and in all other parts the Auricle seemeth to be free from all Connexion and is lodged as well as the body of the Heart within the Confines of the Pericardium to which it is no where affixed by the interposition of any Membrane The left Auricle of the Heart is in conjunction with the termination of the Pulmonary Vein and is adorned with a kind of Pyramidal The Connexion of the left Ventricle or rather Oval †T. 15. F. 1. b b. Figure whose Cone is more acute than that of the right Auricle and is not carried upward as is the Cone of the other Auricle but bendeth somewhat sidewise toward the left The left Auricle in persons of more mature years or rather in old age The lest Auricle is lessened in persons of old age groweth much less in dimensions than the right Auricle and the Orifice seated in the termination of the Pulmonary Vein to which the left Auricle is conjoyned which is more narrow than that of the Termination belonging to the Vena Cava to which the right is affixed The outward Surface of the left when rendered turgent with Blood is like the right Auricle in its smooth Convex Figure and the left doth very much resemble the other in its inward Surface as furnished with many Furrows and Roughnesses The left Auricle also observeth much Analogy with the right in its Connexion The left Auricle is very like the right by reason as the right is conjoyned to the termination of the Vena Cava in one side and to its Body in the other so the left Auricle in the right side of its Base is tied to the
be taken from an undue fermentation of the Blood may be fetched from an undue fermentation of the Blood as consisting of unactive and too much depressed Elements hindring the Intestine motion of the Vital Juyce which is often found in Cachectick bodies in the Scorbutick Distempers of Men and Women wherein the dispirited mass of Blood is apt to Coagulate in the Ventricles of the Heart So that the Heart is forced to make many brisk and often repeated Systoles and erections of the Cone against the left side A third cause of this Disaffection may take its rise from the great effervescence of the Blood proceeding from a high Fermentation of it A Palpitation of the Heart arising out of an effervescence of the Blood as composed of too much exalted saline and sulphureous Particles often found in Hypocondriacal and Hysterical Distempers Wherein the Fibres of the Heart being highly aggrieved with the fiery heat of overmuch fermenting Blood do produce vigorous Constrictions of the Ventricles and strong Vibrations of the Cardiack Cone against the Thorax The fourth cause of this disorderly Convulsive motion of the Heart The Palpitation of the Heart proceeding from the indisposition of the Brain may be derived from the indisposition of the Cortex of the Brain in which an ill Animal Liquor is generated as partly consisting of exalted Saline and Oyly Particles produced from ill Blood whose Albuminous part is the Materia Substrata of Nervous Juyce which is transmitted through the Fibrous parts of the several processes of the Brain into the Origens of the eighth pair of Nerves and from thence into the Cardiack branches whereupon numerous Nervous Fibrils inserted into the Carnous Fibres being highly irritated by an ill Succus Nervosus do draw the Fibres into violent irregular Convulsive motion So that the elevated Cone of the Heart maketh many impetuous strokes against the Thorax As to the Cure of the Palpitation of the Heart arising from too great a quantity of Blood clogging the Heart Blood-letting is good in a Palpitation of the Heart flowing from an exuberance of Blood and putting the Fibres upon irregular Contractions it denoteth a free mission of Blood which will speak an Alleviation to great Vibrations of the Heart An instance may be given of this disaffection in a Knight a Pensioner of his Majesties who being endued with a Plethorick constitution was often afflicted with a great Palpitation proceeding from an exuberant quantity of Blood evidenced in a high Pulse oppressing the Heart and was immediately freed from this troublesome Distemper in opening a Vein by which a large proportion of Blood was immediately discharged and the Patient relieved The irregular motions of the Heart derived from the want of Fermentation of Blood Bitter Medicines are proper in a Palpitation of the Heart produced by improper Ferments do indicate bitter Medicines which Corroborate the Stomach and Anti-Scorbutick Medicines mixed with Chalybeates which rectifie the fixed saline and sulphureous parts of the Blood and endue it with proper Fermentative Principles A Mercers Wife in Covent-Garden endued with a thin Body a weak Pulse and an ill Concoction of Stomach was often highly afflicted with Palpitations of the Heart proceeding from the defect of a good Intestine motion of the Blood whereupon it grew depauperated and the Patient liable to fainting Fits and a great difficulty of Breathing which were much alleviated by bitter Decoctions Pearl Julaps Spirit of Hartshorn and Chalybeates given in Apozemes made of opening Roots Sarsa Parilla Pine and Fir and at last by the drinking Tunbridge Waters The Palpitation of the Heart arising out of the Blood over acted with too high an Intestine motion of the Blood Testaceous Powders are good in an undue fermentation of the Blood produced by exalted saline and sulphureous parts doth denote Testaceous Powders as Pearl Crabs Claws Crabs Eyes Coral and the like which do dulcifie the mass of Blood given with temperate Diuretick Apozemes and discharge the fixed saline Particles by Urine and attemper the hot Atoms of Blood In this case also Chalybeates mixed with temperate Anti-Scorbuticks may be given with good success Dr. An instance of the Cure of the Palpitation of the Heart derived from an ill fermenting Blood Huit a Person of great Vertue Learning and most eminent Loyalty for which he was Murdered in the time of Usurpation was affected with a hot Scorbutick habit of Body and highly discomposed with great Palpitations of the Heart taking its rise as I humbly conceive from too great a Fermentation of the Blood as consisting of active Heterogeneous Elements whereupon I advised him to take Testaceous Powders taken with cooling Julaps and temperate Cordials mingled with Pearl as also Chalybeate Syrups taken with Diureticks and temperate Anti-Scorbutick Apozemes by which the Patient God be praised was perfectly recovered The fourth kind of irregular motion of the Heart being Convulsive Cephalick Medicines are proper in the Convulsive motions of the Heart as produced by an ill Succus Nervosus transmitted into and irritating the Cardiack Nerves doth denote proper Medicines to refine the Albuminous part of the Blood the Materia Substrata of Animal Liquor and also Cephalick Medicines to Corroborate the Brain and Nerves of the Heart Palpitations of the Heart are accompanied also with Convulsive motions of the Nerves seated in divers parts of the Body A second cause of the Convulsive motions of the Heart and chiefly about the Base of the Heart which is backed by the Sentiments of Learned Dr. Willis encircling the Trunks of the Aorta and Vena Cava to hinder the immediate flux and reflux of the Blood and its great effervescence and Stagnations produced by vehement passions of Anger Fear Sorrow and Joy which highly disorder the various Nerves inserted into the Coats and make irregular motions in the Arteries and especially in the Aorta near the Heart whereby its Nerves are drawn into Consent and are productive of Convulsive Motions Another cause of the unkindly motion of the Heart may proceed from the frequent Pulsation of the Arteries caused by the Carnous Fibres A third cause of Cardiack Convulsions irritated by the Convulsive motion of the great company of Nervous Fibrils implanted into the fleshy Fibres of the Trunks relating to the Arteries which renders their repeated Contractions very violent whereupon the Blood is impetuously moved first through the Arteries and then through the smaller and greater branches of the Vein into the right Ventricle of the Heart So that the Carnous Fibres are highly sollicited to make many irregular Motions which are in truth Convulsive in order to discharge the great torrent of Blood into the Pulmonary Artery which being highly aggrieved by impetuous streams of Purple Liquor doth make irregular Contractions to discharge the exuberant source of Blood into the Pulmonary Vein which draweth the Heart into a Sympathy as the Orifice of the Pulmonary Artery is implanted into the right Ventricle of
the Heart A fourth cause of the inordinate motion of the Heart may be deduced from the Nerves A fourth cause of Convulsive motions in the Heart animating the Carnous Fibres of the Arteries which do interrupt the equal and natural course of the Blood by reason the Cavities of the Arteries are very much narrowed by the Convulsion of the Nerves inserted into the Carnous Fibres whereupon the impulse of Blood is stopped as in the disorder of the Nerves in great passions of Anger Fear Sorrow and the like which cause great consternation and confusion So that it is probable that the Trunk of the Aorta being very much lessened by the Convulsion of the Nervous Fibril drawing the Carnous seated in the Coat of the great Artery adjoyning to the left Chamber of the Heart much hinder the motion of the Blood out of the Heart into the Aorta whereupon the Ventricle of the Heart being highly distended by overmuch Blood will cause many violent Pulsations or Convulsive Contractions to discharge the exuberant quantity of Blood into the Orifice of the great Artery Persons subject to immoderate passion of Anger Grief Joy and those that are much afflicted with Hypocondriacal and Scorbutical Diseases are very obnoxious upon every light occasion and sometimes without any provocation to passions and convulsive motions of the Heart called vulgarly the Palpitations of it as having the Cardiack Nerves affected with a gross Succus Nutricius proceeding from ill humors in a Cachectick body oppressed with Acide Ferments of the Blood acted also with gross saline Particles Palpitations of the Heart also proceed from a great quantity of Blood ready to suffocate the Heart and put the Fibres of the Heart into inordinate Motions as well as the Nerves highly irritated by an exuberance of Blood compressing of the Heart and thereby hindring the passage of the Nervous Liquor in the Interstices of the Filaments often productive of Convulsive motions afflicting the Heart These irregular motions are also generated in the origen of the Nerves when they are disordered with some Acrimonious Matter vellicating the Fibres seated in the ambient parts of the Brain As to the Cure of these Convulsive Motions producing a great exuberance of Stagnant Vital Liquor in the Heart it denoteth frequent opening of a Vein to sollicite the motion of Stagnant Blood to abase its quantity And in reference to the cause of Convulsions seated in the Nerves producing the palpitation of the Heart Cephalick Apozemes Electuaries Spirit of Hearts Horn Spirit of Amber Succinated c. may be of great use CHAP. XX. Of the Motion of the Blood HAving given my Sentiments of the Structure and Motion of the Heart I will now Treat of the Motion of the Blood as the End and Complement of the other by reason the Heart is designed by Nature to be a rare Engine of Motion to make good the circulation of the Vital Liquor The All Wise and Omnipotent Agent created Man as the Soveraign of this lower Orb after his own Image and inspired him with the Spirit of life conserved by Motion of the Blood and to this end the Grand Architect hath framed a fit Apparatus of Organs the Heart as a noble Blood-work furnished with numerous appendages of Channels as so many Sanguiducts the Veins and Arteries to import and export streams of Blood to and from the Heart as a choice Engine to promote the Motion of the Blood the great preservative of Life In order to the better understanding of the Motion of the Blood these Considerables may seem to offer themselves to our notice First The manner how this Motion is accomplished Secondly What quantity of Blood passeth through the chambers of the Heart in a short space of time Thirdly The Cisterns and Ducts through which this noble Liquor floweth out of the Heart first into the Lungs and after runs into all parts of the Body And Lastly the end to which the Motion of the Blood is consigned The manner of the motion of the vital Liquor The Motion of the vital Liquor is performed by the Diastole and Systole of the Heart the First is rather a Laxament than a Motion wherein its Fibres are relaxed by streams of Blood expanding the cavities of the Heart which being received through numerous Pores into the inward Compage of the fleshy fibres do enlarge their Dimensions and put them upon greater and greater Contractions as they more and more approach the center whereby the Concave surface of the Ventricles grow less and less as they approach nearer and nearer to each other In the Diastole of the distended fibres The Ventricles of the Heart are distended with Blood in the Diastole and emptied by a Systole the Ventricles are dilated with a quantity of Blood filling up their Cavities and in the Systole their concave Perimeter is taken up with fleshy fibres having imbibed innumerable drops of Blood whereupon the inward swelled walls of the Heart being drawn close to each other do squeeze the drops contained in the pores of the Fibres and the greater streams of Blood lately received into the empty spaces of the Ventricles into the neighbouring Arteries to make good the Motion of the Blood As to the manner how the motion of the vital Juyce is managed out of the Cistern of the Heart into the adjacent Sanguiducts The manner how the Motion of the Blood is made in the Blood-Vessels some conceive it to be acted mechanically by a spiral wreathing of the Fibres after the same manner as water is squeezed out of wet Cloaths by a greater and greater winding them round whereby the drops of liquor lodged in the many interstices of the Filaments do quit their Allodgments but it may be proved by Reason and ocular Demonstration that there can be no such straining the Blood by the constriction of the Ventricles of the Heart by the same Organs and the same mechanical action by reason the filaments of the Cloth were laxe before their Contorsion as having many interstices obtaining a repletion by many drops of Water but afterward when the Cloth was variously modelled into divers wreaths the filaments were forced to make many Circumvolutions about the body of the Cloth whereupon the threads were not only lengthened into oblong Gyres but were also lessened in bulk and rendred more tense but the repletion of the Cavities of the Heart with Blood was made in a different manner from that of the Interstices of the Filaments of the Cloth filled with Water in which the Threads require greater Dimensions in length but the Fibres of the Heart are rather contracted according to the nature of all Muscular Fibres and the Cavities of the Heart grow greater in breadth as being expanded by the repletion of Blood and above all the Pores of the Fibres and Cavities of the Ventricles are not emptied by any Contortion as it is made inward in the Filaments of Cloth when the Water is squeezed out of their Interstices
Body through the Veins of the lower Limbs and Muscles and Viscera of the lowest Venter and through the ascendent Trunk of the Cava into the larger Cistern of the Right Ventricle of the Heart Perhaps some may object against this Hypothesis by reason the Valves are seated in the inside of the Veins to aid the progress of the Blood tending to the Heart lest it should make a retrograde Motion toward the Origens of the Veins To which I take the freedom to make this Reply that the Valves are not sufficient to make good the Ascent of the Blood The Valves of the Veins are not sufficient to make good the Ascent of the Blood toward the Heart through the ascending Branches and Trunk of the Cava and through the Branches of the Jugulars and descendent Trunk of the Cava when the impulse of the Blood caused by the Systole of the Heart and Arteries groweth faint in the Termination of the Carotide Arteries and Interstices of the Vessels of the Membranes and substance of the Brain so that when the Blood is received into the Veins at a great distance from the Heart it is necessary that that the slow Motion of the Blood toward the Heart should be hightened by the Cantractions of the circular Fibres encompassing the Veins seeing the Valves of the Veins do only hinder the Motion of the Blood toward the extremities of the Veins and are not able to promote it all along their less and greater Cavities ending in the Right Ventricle of the Heart In fine I cannot but admire and adore the infinite Wisdom of the Omnipotent Agent who hath mechanically contrived the Motion of the Blood by the great Apparatus of Organs in giving a constrictive power to the great Blood-work of the Heart and in several appendant Tubes of Arteries and Veins acted by various fleshy Fibres as so many Machines lessening the greater and smaller Cavities of the Heart and different Sanguiducts whereby the resistance of the Blood is countermanded by a strong Compression and its Flux and Reflux are maintained to and from the Heart to impart Life Heat and Nourishment to all parts of the Body The Motion of the Blood being a great instrument of the preservation of Humane Nature is consigned to many ends The production of Blood the generation of nervous Liquor and animal Spirits the depuration of the Blood in various parts of the Body and the formation of seminal Liquor in the Testicles The First and main end of the Motion of the Blood The main end of the Motion of Blood is Sanguification The manner of production of Blood is Sanguification which is produced by Chyle assimilated into Blood as more and more mixed with it in the Heart Lungs Arteries and Veins The manner how the Blood may be produced is this The Chyle being associated with Lympha in the common Receptacle is carried through the Thoracick Ducts into the subclavian Veins where it confederates with the Blood and is transmitted with it through the Cava into the Right Auricle and Ventricle of the Heart wherein it is dashed impetuously against its Walls by the strong Contractions of fleshy Fibres highly compressing the Chyle confused with the Blood and breaking it into small Particles and then the Chyle somewhat mingled with the Blood is carried through the greater Trunk and smaller and smaller Branches and capillary Arteries where the Chyle receiveth a greater Comminution which is made by a great Compression by reason in inspiration free draughts of Air are received into the Bronchia and Appendant Vesicles whereby they being much dilated do Compress the Sanguiducts and break the Chyle confederated with the Blood into smaller Particles then in the Right Chamber of the Heart and in expiration the Diaphragme being brought from a Plain to an Arch and the Ribs from Rigâ—t to more obtuse Angles do press down the Lungs whereby the cavities of the greater and smaller pulmonary Vessels are narrowed and the Chyle being in conjunction with the Blood is squeezed into small Particles as protruded first through the small Terminations of the capillary Arteries and straight Interstices of the Vessels and through the more minute Origens of the pulmonary capillary Veins Branches and greater Trunk into the Left Auricle and Ventricle of the Heart wherein the Chyle being more embodied with the Blood is farther beaten as by a Pestle into many minute Atomes against the sides of the Left Ventricle of the Heart and from thence the Chyle mingled with the Blood is carried through the numerous Divarications and minute extremities of Arteries and Veins wherein by their innumerable circular Fibres the Chyle receiveth greater and greater comminution till it is perfectly assimilated into Blood as making many circuits in an hour through the Heart Lungs Arteries Veins in which the Chyle in its progress with the Blood is more and more exalted by the elastick Atomes of Air in the Lungs and with spirituous and volatil saline Particles in its Converse with the vital Liquor till the Chyme receiveth its ultimate Disposition and Form The Second end of the Motion of the Blood The second end of the Motion of the Blood is in order to the generation of nervous Liquor and animal Spirits in the Cortex of the Brain The nobler part of the vital Liquor is impelled out of the common Trunk of the Aorta into its ascendent Trunk and from thence carried through the internal greater and less Carotide Arteries passing through the Membranes and inserted into the Cortical Glands of the Brain wherein the more delicate the albuminous part of the Blood is separated from the Red crassament and turned into animal Liquor inspired with exalted Spirits as it s more choice and refined Particles The Third end of the Motion of the Blood is its refinement from its Recrements in its passage through the Interstices of the Vessels or Glands The Third end of the Motion of the Blood lodged in the Muscles Viscera and Cutis The mass of Blood consisteth of two Essential parts the Red Crassament The constituent parts of Blood and albuminous Juyce associated with Lymphatick Bilious and potulent Liquor which are secerned from it by its motion through many different Glands as so many Colatories seated in different parts of the Body The Blood being impelled by many branches of Arteries into the substance of the Lungs and the minute Glands of the Muscles Spleen Liver wherein the Blood and Motion hath its Lympha secerned from its nobler Liquor and conveyed into the Lymhaeducts of the parts seated below the Diaphragma into the common Receptacle and into the Lymphaeducts of those above into the subclavian Veins The vital Liquor is transmitted out of the Left Ventricles of the Heart through the common and descendent Trunk of the Aorta and thence through the Caeliack Artery into the Stomack and Spleen and through the upper and lower Mesenterick Arteries into the Intestines afterward the Blood is re-conveyed from the Stomack Spleen
is not only exalted by gentle intestine Motion but more and more hightened by local too which is first of all performed in the seminal Liquor and as being a fluid Body cannot govern it self so that it is put under anothers dispose the covers of Membranes every way encircling it to confirm and secure it from extraneous Matter about these Membranes The Blood beginneth its first stage of Motion caused by the ambient heat of the neighbouring parts which colliquates the more spirituous portion of the seminal Liquor which becoming vital near the confines of it is afterward propagated in a gentle stream by channels cut through the viscide Matter uniting themselves in the Punctum Saliens as in a small Cistern so that the original of the Motion belonging to the vital Liquor is caused by extraneous heat without any impulse made from the Circumference to the Center from the outward part of the seminal Liquor adjoyning to the Amnion and Chorion passing through minute Ducts the first rudiments of Veins ending in the Vesicula Pulsans where by its tremulous Motion beginneth the first impulse of the Blood making Rivulets through different Channels of Arteries growing smaller and smaller toward the ambient parts of the seminal Matter whereupon this may be called the retrograde Motion of the Blood impelled by the Punctum Saliens from the Center to the Circumference But the first Motion springeth from the ambient parts of the colliquated Seed where the first rudiment of the Blood is discernible before the rough draught of the veins is made And when the Veins Heart Arteries Lungs of the Faetus are perfectly formed a greater current of Blood is transmitted out of the Vena Cava by the Foramen ovale in arteriam venosam and so conveyed into the Left Chamber of the Heart and thence impelled into the Trunk of the Aorta And after the Foetus is born it is receptive of greater proportion of Aliment which being concocted in the Stomach is afterward imparted to the mass of Blood which being highly increased inlargeth its territories and quitteth the Anastomosis with which the Vena Cava correspondeth with the venous Artery so that the Foramen Ovale being shut up after the Foetus is born the Blood hath a free access to the right Chamber of the Heart before uninhabited which being straightened by the contraction of fleshy Fibres throweth the stream of Blood into the pulmonary Artery which is thence conveyed by the Veins into the Left Ventricle and afterward by the mediation of the Ascendent and Descendent Trunks of the great Artery and their fruitful branches to all parts of the Body giving them Life and Heat which is primarily excited in the vital Liquor from the heat of the Vterus which reviving its faint innate Heat colliquates and more and more expandeth one part of the Infant Blood after another by raising its gentle flame by soft Motion The heat of the Blood is exalted by Motion toward the Vesicula Pulsans by whose repeated Motions the heat of the Blood groweth more and more exalted as the Heart becometh more perfect and abler to make more strong vibrations the chief instruments of vital heat to which I conceive the intestine Motion of the Blood may somewhat contribute as the sulphureous Particles have an inbred heat and constant volatil inclinations to their flight were they not inclosed within the confines of Channels and detained by groser parts of other Elements which are enobled by the warmth and subtilty of the Sulphureous spirits ever acting upon the passive Elements subduing and raising them to some greater degree of assimilation by intestine Motion which in some manner is productive of innate heat in the Blood which is hightened or depressed according to the greater or lesser intestine agitations of the volatil sulphureous Particles which would soon grow faint and extinguished were they not supported and advanced by the repeated Motions of the Heart Blood as well as other Liquors is constituted of sulphureous and saline Particles The various principles of the Blood as its integral parts whence it may be reasonably inferred that the Blood compounded of them must consist of several unequal parts some subtle others gross some volatil others fixed Whereupon the vital Liquor is more or less disposed to Fusion and Attenuation as the more Intense or Remiss heat acteth upon the various Elements of the Mass of Blood and colliquates and attenuates the more subtle and less fixed parts rendring them more and more spirituous by divers periods and progressions so that these highly attenuated and exalted Particles are Entituled Spirits by reason of their great subtilty and agility not as they were Bodies existing of themselves separate from the purer and volatil saline and sulphureous Particles with which the vital Spirits have great affinity and concur as integrals of the Blood as being its more noble subtle and active parts sustained and exalted by Motion and Heat which being deficient these spirituous parts of the Blood lose their vigor and activity as being condensed and coagulated with the other more gross and fixed parts which is most conspicuous in extravasated Blood as being soon destitute of Heat as well as Motion Having in some sort described the Motion of the Blood and Heat as an effect and consquent of it I conceive it proper now to render you some account of the composition of it as it may be diversly considered according to the several Liquors some being constituent or Elementary others Vehicles or Recrements of the Blood as to the first the Red Crassament is fraught with hot oily Particles and the albuminous Liquor is impregnated with more mild volatil Salt The disagreeing Airy Earthy Oily and Saline Principles are founded in the different Christalline and Purple Liquors which are associated with Lymphatick and Potulent Matter the divers Vehicles of the Blood and as they concur in fusion making up the mass of vital Liquor cannot incorporate with each other without Solution and Liquation and more particularly no Oily Matter can embody with a Saline except they receive a most exact comminution A Comminution is made of the various Elements of Blood by a brisk Motion against the sides of the Ventricles breaking them into small Particles in some liquid substance as a Menstruum or Vehicle which is very well accomplished in the Ventricles of the Heart by a brisk Motion of dashing the Blood against its walls caused by many impetuous vibrations made by the repeated Contractions of the strong Fibres of the Heart so that all the different Elements of the Blood when they are reduced to minute Particles consisting of divers Figures and sizes do meet with Pores in the different Liquor answering them in proportion and the Magnitudes and Figures of the Elementary Atomes and Pores of the Blood are so exactly modelled in a fit likeness so that the configured Particles are embodied with each other in a most strict and near union of mixtion And Lastly
begin with Broth new laid Eggs poched and afterward to eat Fish easie of digestion before the free eating of Flesh A Malignant Fever proceedeth from Air infected with poysonous steams whereupon the mixtion of the Blood is dissolved and the various Elements severed from their intimate union and the Purple Liquor Concreted and the more serous Precipitated and the Animal Juice vitiated which is accompanied with a great difficulty of breathing a Delirium Convulsive Motions Vomitings universal Horrors tremblings of the whole Body Syncopes Lipothymies vid. greater or less fainting Fits c. This Fever is called Malignant or Pestilential by reason of its venenate nature in which it resembleth the operation of Poyson taken into the body which produceth the same symptoms and is akin to this Fever in the types and periods of its Paroxysms Of this case I will give you a most remarkable instance of a Patient of mine basely poysoned by a Servants Mother contrary to all duty and gratitude putting a quantity of Powder of Arsenick into Coffee-water A Knight of the Bath An instance of a Gentleman Poysoned which had the same types and periods with a Malignant Fever a Person of great Fortune Vertue and Honour about eleven a Clock the Third day of October 1676. drunk two dishes of Coffee and immediately Vomited with great violence and so continued about ten hours in which he conceived he vomited thirty times which was accompanied many hours inwardly with a great heat and thirst with an universal horror or coldness affecting the whole surface of the body which was acted with general Convulsive motions of the Muscles and trembling of the Nerves and Tendons whereupon his strength was so dejected in a very few hours that his Legs could not support him and his Pulse grew quick weak and sometimes intermitting he laboured also with a great difficulty of breathing which was now and then for some short time intercepted and then returned again he was also afflicted with a high Flatus distending his Stomach and Guts productive of great tensive pains These symptoms or some of them at least affected him from the taking of the Coffee till Wednesday at noon and then had some alleviation till about two on Thursday morning and then many of the former accidents returned much aping a Malignant Fever and afflicted him till about eleven a Clock on the same day and then had ease all the afternoon and fore part of the night till two the next morning and then the Fever and symptoms were renewed and held him till about eleven the same day so that this Malignant Disease and symptoms lasted at first for two days and nights and afterward lasted but nine or ten hours in Four and twenty for six or seven days more and upon the application of proper Cordials and great Doses of Oriental Bezoar he had free Sweats for five or six days together which brought out an innumerous company of Pimples full of Serous Liquor besetting the whole surface of the Skin which spake a period to the Disease to the Glory of God and the Joy of his Physician and Friends CHAP. XXVII Of the Diseases of the Heart and their Cures HAving done with the various kinds of Fevers I will now with your permission Treat of other Diseases relating to the Heart The cause of an inflammation of the Heart beginning with an Inflamation which proceedeth from a quantity or from thickness of Blood impelled out of the beginning of the Aorta into the Coronary Artery and out of the terminations of its Capillaries is transmitted into the empty spaces of the Vessels appertaining to the fleshy Fibres of the Heart where it groweth Stagnated as not being in a capacity to be received into the minute Origens of the Coronary Veins whereupon it being some time extravasated in the carnous Fibres of the Heart doth gain an unnatural Effervescence highly discomposing the Motion of the Fibres in order to make good a due Systole of the Heart whereupon ensueth an Intermittent Pulse flowing from an exuberant quantity of Blood lodged in the Ventricles as not able to be discharged by the contraction of the weakned inflamed and tumefied carnous Fibres which produce Lypothymies Syncopes and palpitations of the Heart If the Blood be long extravasated in the fleshy Fibres of the Heart it loseth its Native bounty as wanting intestine and local Motions and degenerates into a corrupted condition whence ariseth an Abscess An abscess of the Heart derived from a collection of Matter lodged in the empty spaces of the Vessels belonging to the carnous Fibres of the Heart which being Corroded by the Acrimonious Particles of the Pus do discharge it into the more enlarged Cavity of either Ventricle whereupon an Abscess becometh an Ulcer An Ulcer of the Heart which is a Flux of Pus or sanious Matter out of the substance into some Cavity of the inward parts or thrown out of the Confines of the Body by the corruption and perforation of the Cutis and Cuticula An instance may be given of an Ulcer of the Heart flowing from an Inflammation and Abscess in a Citizen An Instance of the Ulcer of the Heart afflicted with the deadly symptomes of a Fever Lypothymies Syncopes c. and the Thorax and Ventricles of his Heart being opened were found to be filled with thin stinking sanious Matter To prevent this fatal stroke The Cure of an Inflammation caused by Abscesses and Ulcers of the Heart the only way is timely to take off the Inflammation before the Disease getteth too great a Head which is done by free and repeated Bleeding in a plethorick Constitution which emptieth the Coronary Vein into the Vena Cava and Right Ventricle whereby the Coronary Blood-Vessels may be in some degree emptied and the Stagnancy of the Blood in the Interstices of the Vessels taken away by the reception of it into the extremities of the Vein As to the Fever cooling and opening Apozemes The Cure of a Fever relating to an Inflammation of the Heart mixed with gentle Diureticks are very proper which do cool and attenuate the hot and gross Blood and take off its aptness to Stagnate by promoting it s more dull Motion As to Syncopes and Lypothymies attending Inflammations of the Heart Pearl Emulsions are very advantageous adding to each Dose many drops of Spirit of Hartshorn of Salt Armoniack succinated Compound Spirit of Lavender Spirit of Saffron c. The Ventricles of the Heart are liable to many Obstructions The obstructions of the Ventricles of the Heart proceeding from divers causes proceeding from variety of Matter sometimes with Stones produced by a Lapidescent quality of the Blood turning the Tartar of it composed of many Saline and some earthy Particles into a hard stony substance lodged in the Chamber of the Heart whereupon the contracted Fibres cannot perfectly close with each other to squeeze the Blood out of the Right Ventricle into the pulmonary Artery and
enlarged by the accretions of new Fibres and Saline Particles of crude Blood Most ingenious Malpighius proveth this Hypothesis by a remarkable instance communicated to him by Learned Borellus Ait ille in hujus confirmationem licebit his exarare mirabilem Polypi structuram magnitudinem Florentiae in sene sexagesimum quartum annum agente inopinatò defuncto observatum à Doctissimo viro Jo. Alphonso Borello mihi humanissime Communicatam In Aorta prope Cor quae in tumorem excreverat ad mensuram duorum pugnorum Polypus consimilis magnitudinis repertus est absque appendicibus Caudis ejus autem moles membranosis tunicis ad invicem super impositis absque Continuitate consurgebat quae crassitie non superabant vulgarem chartam haedinam super his producebantur filamenta quaedam alba quae foliorum fibras seu vasa aemulabantur quae omnia ab albidiori trunco dependebant Tunicarum Polypum efformantium color cinereus erat cum rubicundis quibusdam maculis ita ut tota haec structura brassicam capitatam aemularetur Out of this History it may be clearly inferred that the production of a Polypus is made of many Filmes seated one above another whose Interstices being kept open by an interceding current of Blood do somewhat resemble the Leaves of Plants as the Membranes of the Polypus are composed of divers united Filaments not unlike the Fibres branched through the foliage of Trees Some do entertain themselves with an opinion that the Membranes of the Polypus hath divarications of Blood-Vessels which may seem somewhat probable by reason the small streams of Blood may be confined within the united Fibres as within so many Tubes or Vessels and after this manner Vessels may be formed in the Colliquaments of Seed in the Vterus of Animals and in false Conceptions and in the ascititious Glands and all other fleshy excrescences This Disease when it hath arrived a height A Polypus when it cometh to a hight is incurable is incurable as obstructing the greater Trunks of Blood-Vessels and the Ventricles of the Heart whereupon the current of Blood is intercepted the fore-runner of death so that a Polypus admitteth no curatory indication as the Disease is mortal and therefore it concerneth the Professors of Physick to be careful to prevent this fatal malady in a timely taking away the cause consisting in a gross mass of Blood made up of over-fibrous Particles productive of a Polypus whose preservatory indication denoteth in reference to the procatartick Cause a Serene Air Diet easy of Digestion and moderate exercise and in relation to the antecedent cause Antiscorbutick Diuretick and Chalybeat Medicines and chiefly Turnebridg Knawsborough and the German Spaw Waters which put the Blood into a kindly Fermentation in attenuating its grossness by a due precolation from bilious recrements in the Hepatick Glands and from fixed Salt a main cause of Concoction in a Polypus in the Glands of the Kidneys In the beginning of this Disease In the beginning to prevent a Polypus Purging and Bleeding is good Bleeding and Purging will speak a great advantage to the Patient by taking away the gross Faeculencies of the Blood and by promoting its circulation through the greater and less Tubes of Blood-Vessels and through the more enlarged Cisterns of the Heart in which the Disease is principally seated CHAP. XXVIII Of the Hearts of great Animals THe Heart of other more perfect Animals have much conformity with that of Man in relation to Situation Connexion Figure The Heart of great Animals are much akin to that of Man and Substance The Hearts of greater and less Beasts The situation of the Hearts of other Animals are conceived to be lodged about the middle of the Thorax which must be meant of their Bases and not of their Cones as somewhat inclining toward the Left Side and the Hearts of Brutes have their Situation much nearer the middle of the Breast then that of Mans. The Hearts of other Animals as well as Mans The Connection of the Hearts of Animals The Figure of their Hearts are Connected to the Back by the Trunks of the Vena Cava and Arteria Magna The Hearts of more perfect Animals are endued with a round pyramidal Figure and Cetaceous Fish with a flattish pyramidal shape And these of most Animals have a Compage encircled with a thin Membrane and made up of variety of Vessels and many ranks of fleshy Fibres interspersed with tendinous and nervous Fibrils conjoyned to each other by the interposition of strong ligaments and carnous Branches that they may not be divided but assist each other in joynt Contractions in the Systole of the Heart Learned Thomas Bartholine giveth an account The contexture of Nerve about the Cone of the Heart belonging to a Hog that he discovered in a Hog an elegant contexture of Nerves about the Cone of the Left Ventricle corroborating the fleshy walls of the Heart and further discerned many perforations about the bigness of a Brisle which passed quite through the Septum of the Heart from the Right to the Left Ventricle where he found a Membrane covering the holes to intercept the regress of any Liquor from the Left to the Right Chamber of the Heart The Heart of a Pig being opened The Left Ventricle of a Pig the Left Ventricle may be discovered to be adorned with various ranks of carnous Fibres enwrapping each other as also the mitral Valves †T. 15. F. a a. encircling the Orifice of the pulmonary Veine The carnous Columns †b b b. of this Ventricle are more small and numerous then those of greater Animals and have many Ligaments †d d d. arising out of the tops of these Columns implanted into the mitral Valves These Columns have many Ligaments †c c c. seated near their small Extremities fastning them to each other The Heart of a Lion is bigger then that of other Animals †e e e. according to the proportion of his Body The Heart of a Lion And hath a very hard and firm Compage as Learned Borichius affirmeth endued with a thick wall in the Right Ventricle and may be observed in a Dissected Lion the Septum to be extended the whole length of the Heart and not to exceed Paper in thickness and both Ventricles to be stuffed with a glutinous Polypose Matter and one Valve only to be set before the beginning of the Aorta The Heart of a Land Tortoise resembleth Fish in its Figure The Heart of a Tortoise as tricuspidal and also in one Ventricle and Auricle which is very eminent in this Animal and being blown up is threefold as big as the body of the Heart and is hued with a Blackish colour and the Heart with Red. A Camels Heart is wonderful The Heart of a Camel in reference to its dimensions as being Nineteen transverse Fingers in length and Seven in breadth and is adored with a very acute Cone
Belly in the lowest and is destitute of it when it enters into the Viscera This Coat is of a Nervous constitution as integrated of many Nervous Fibres finely spun and curiously interwoven with each other after the manner of Network wrought in the inside The second Coat of the Arteries is affixed to this retiform Tunicle The second Coat of the Aorta and is a Membrane beset with numerous minute Glands overspreading its inward surface and is adorned in its upper side with a retiform plex of divaricated Fibrils this Tunicle as I conceive is propagated from the Coat investing the Heart to which it is continued The third Tunicle of the Arteries is more firm and thick The third is endued with many fleshy Fibres then the outward especially in the common Trunk of the Aorta conjoyned to the left Ventricle of the Heart that it might contain the hot spirituous thin blood immediately received from the left Ventricle without the dissipation of its Volatil Spirituous parts and as the Arteries are more distant from the Center of the Body they grow more thin and soft This Coat is furnished with many transverse or rather circular fleshy Fibres which are very conspicuous in the common Trunk of the Aorta relating to a great Beast Learned Rolfinchius conceived the substance of the Arteries to be wholly Membranous as not having any fleshy Fibres Lib. 6. Anatomes Cap. 4. Ait ille nos statuimus substantiam Arteriarum esse 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Membraneam neque apte posse referri ad aliquam dictarum partium sed esse propriam sui generis similitudine tamen Coloris Crassitiei aemulari Cartilagines Fibrae in hac Arteriarum substantia non dantur propriè dictae but with deference to this worthy Author I humbly conceive this Conjecture opposeth Autopsie for we may easily discern the fleshy Fibres in the common Trunk of the Aorta when boiled Farthermore I apprehend that the fleshy Fibres of the Arteries may be clearly evinced by Reason because if the Arteries were not beset with Carnous Fibres when they are dilated by a great quantity of Blood in strong Pulsations they would remain in the same distended posture had they not a power to restore themselves to their former tone by the power of Fibres And I farther believe that the cause of an Aneurism that when the second Coat of the Arteries and its Fibres being broken the Blood hath a recourse to the outward Tunicle which being soft is easily distended whence ariseth oftentimes a large beating tumor The fourth Tunicle of the Arteries as Great Galen hath observed The fourth Coat of the Aorta is as it were a thin membranous Tunicle resembling a Spiders Web which is visible to a curious Eye making inspection into the inward recesses of the great Artery and seemeth to be the off-spring of the inward Tunicle investing the inside of the left Ventricle as being a continuation of that thin Coat This Tunicle is Membranous as composed of many Fibres of the same kind some of which being carried in length do intersect the annular fleshy Fibres according to right Angles As to the substance of the Arteries some hold it to be wholly Nervous Some hold the substance of Arteries to be wholly Nervous as being composed of many Fibres which cannot be the sole off-spring of Nerves by reason the Arteries are endued with little or no sense Others conceive the Compage of the Arteries to be Cartilagineous by reason many great Anatomists have found the Arteries near the Heart to be grisly and sometimes bony but this is preternatural and cannot be termed the true and proper substance of the Arteries which is chiefly made up of many Membranous Fibres endued with an obtuse sense and these Fibres are peculiar to the Coats of the Arteries and Veins and to no other Membranes relating to the Body The Arteries seem to have a double motion Diastole and Systole The Arteries have a double motion Systole and Diastole The first I humbly conceive is produced by the systole of the Heart highly contracting the Ventricles impelling the Blood out of the right Ventricle into the Pulmonary Artery and out of the left into the common Trunk of the Aorta and so into all Arteries but the manner how the pulsation of the Arteries is made in all parts of the body in the same instant is hard to be understood Learned Dr. Harvey expresseth it after this manner That the pulsation of Arteries is performed by the impulse of the Blood The manner of the Pulsation of the Arteries according to Dr. Harvey at the same time affecting all the Arteries as when an immission of Breath is made into the great cavity of a Glove at the same moment all the Fingers are distended In Lib. de Motu Cordis Cap. 35. Ait ille Denique Arteriarum Pulsum fieri ab impulsu sanguinis è Ventriculo sinistro eo pacto quo cum quis in Chirothecam inflat omnes digitos simul videt distendi Pulsum aemulari To which I make bold with the Great Author's leave to speak this Reply That the Simile of immission of Breath from the Hand to the Fingers doth not hold by reason the distance is very small between them so that the Breath may be immediately conveyed from one part to the other which cannot be so easily effected in the motion of the Blood from the left Chamber of the Heart into the Extremities of the Arteries which are seated at a great distance from each other Learned Diemerbroeck backeth this Hypothesis by a farther argument That the Blood being hot and thin as it is rarefied and easily moveable and thereupon may be impelled from the Heart into the Arteries filled with Blood Ait ille Anatomes Lib. 6. pag. 807 Sanguinem Arteriarum esse rarefactum calidum tenuem hinc facile mobilem eumque é Corde impelli in Arterias simili sanguine antea repletas unde pauxillum quid è Corde in Arteriam magnam propellitur mox ab illo pauxillo etiam necessario totum quod omnibus Arteriis inest simul propelli sicque omnes Arterias eodem tempore simul distendi si in Orbe stanneo vel Scutella deponatur circulus Globulorum Contiguorum unus eorum manu promoveatur seu impellatur ille proximum alter tertium sic deinceps omnes eodem momento promoventur impelluntur ita se habet in Arteriis in quibus una parte sanguinis mota moventur omnes This famous Author Illustrates the Motion of the Blood in the pulsation of the Artery by the motion of many Bullets put into a Vessel wherein one being moved all do move So that by this instance he concludeth that the Bullets move at once which seemeth to contradict Reason and Sense because though they be Contiguous yet they press one another forward by a successive motion and is done so quickly as it seemeth to be but a moment
a distance and confining the extravasated Air transmitted through the perforated Lungs is furnished with many fleshy and membranous or fine tendinous Fibres making a kind of fine muscular Expansion supplying the place of a Diaphragme and different from that of other more perfect Animals upon a double account by reason First this of Birds when relaxed hath its Concave Surface facing the Lungs and Convexe toward the Intestines but the Diaphragme of Man and Beast in its state of restitution hath its Convexe Surface bending toward the Lungs and its Concave facing the Viscera of the lowest Apartiment Again this membranous Contexture interlined with fleshy Fibres may be discriminated from the Midriffs of other Animals by reason the First when it is contracted lessens the peculiar Cavity in which the Lungs are lodged and thereby squeezeth the extravasated Air into the perforations of the Lungs but the Diaphragme of other Animals when contracted doth enlarge the Perimeter of the Thorax in length to give entertainment to the Lungs dilated with Air. Of the Lungs and Gills of Fish CHAP. XLI WHales and all cetaceous Fish have Lungs much resembling those of Quadrupedes in their Divarications of the Bronchia Vesicles and Blood-vessels The Lungs of a Porpess are furnished only with two Lobes Tâ—e Lungs of a Perpâ—s †T. 41. on each side one encompassing the Right and Left Region of the Heart they are most thick in their Origens and grow into more narrow and thin Expansions about their Terminations and are beautified with a pale Red and in one part do somewhat adhere to the Midriff and are every way immured within a strong Membrane As to their substance The subsâ—ance of the Lungs of a Porpâ—ss they may be stiled a curious Compage made up of numerous greater and smaller Branches of Air-pipes and appendant Sinus accompanied with many pulmonary and bronchial Divarications of Arteries and Veins framed in reticular Plexes which I plainly saw in a Dissected Porpess with Wonder and Delight The Lungs in this Fish are accommodated with many Nerves The Lungs of Fish have their Blood-Vessels accompanied with Nerves The Bronchia of the Lungs are beset with many minute Glands branched through the substance of the Lungs and accompanying the Blood-vessels The Bronchia are associated with many small Glands which Dr. Tyson observed to be Steatomatous in a Porpess he Dissected And I humbly conceive that humane Lungs have Glands too seated about the Divarications of the Trachaea in the substance of the Lungs and the use may be to percolate the Blood whose purer part is received into the extremities of the Veins and the recrements into the origens of the Lympheducts and conveyed into the subclavian Vessels The Gills of Fish are Systemes of numerous Branches of Arteries and Veins formed into Arches The Gills of Fish are made up of many Blood-Vessels affixed to â—â—mi-circular bony Procâ—sses and affixed to bony Processes to keep them in due order and to give them a defence against the assaults of ill accidents These curious Contextures of Vessels have some affinity with those of the pulmonary Arteries and Veins as the Blood coming from the Ventricle of the Heart in most Fish is first impelled into the Trunk and Branches of the Aorta and then into the Branchial Arteries and afterward received into the extremities of the Branchial Veins so that the Blood of Fish maketh a circuit through the various Blood-vessels of the Gills in some manner resembling that in the pulmonary Vessels whereby the Blood of Fish is impregnated with airy Particles in the Gills as well as in the substance of the Lungs relating to other Animals And now I will endeavour to give you an account of the Fabrick of the Gills in a Skaite The manner of the progress of the Arteries and Veins into the Gills and of the Trunk and Divarications of the Artery †T. 29. entring into them after this manner out of the base of the Heart ariseth a great Trunk of an Artery encircled with a white hard Shell which climbeth upright single for an Inch or thereabouts and is then divided into Two Branches on eachside one and afterward each Branch is subdivided into three which on each side run along the lower Region of the Three first bony Arches of the Gills which are beset with many minute Divarications sprouting out of the first greater Branches and end into one common Trunk And about an Inch or more above the First Branches of Arteries The Second progress of the Arteries into the Gills ariseth on each side one springing out of the arterial Trunk and each of them is subdivided into a pair of Branches which take their progress all along the lower part of the two semicircular bony Arches belonging to the upper Gills and these greater Branches are again divaricated into many smaller Ramulets terminating into one common Trunk which wheeling backward is afterward divided into numerous arterial Branches transmitting Blood into all parts of the body of Fish which is brought back again to the Heart by venous Branches and Trunks so that every indentment of the semicircular Arches garnished with many Branches of Arteries is again answered with an equal number of venous Divarications The Arteries of the Gills are answered with an equal number of Veins And those of the descendent Trunk of the Cava do address themselves to the ascendent of the Aorta and the Branches of the ascendent Trunk of the Cava do apply themselves to those of the descendent Trunk of the Aorta which may be manifest by opening the arterial and venous Branches appendant to the lower regions of the arches of the Gills fringed with many Red indentments into which may easily be seen the rows of holes leading into them so that a Black Liquor being injected into the Arteries of the Gills An experiment to prove some part of Liquor passeth into the Gills and another part into the descendent Trunk of the Aorta it will return again by the Veins And the Black Liquor being immitted into the Arteries some part passeth into the Fringes of the Gills and another part is carried in a straight course into the descendent Trunk of the Aorta whence it may be clearly deduced that the Gills in Fish do supply the place of Lungs in more perfect Animals through which the Blood taketh its circuit to be impregnated with the more pure and nitrous parts of Air which being associated with Water are received into the Mouth and Gills of Fish and affect the Blood passing up and down the Red Fringes of the bony Arches Water inspired with Air may goe into the Arteries and mixe with Blood passing through the vessels of the Gills which are ranks of Arteries and Veins exporting and importing vital Liquor from and to the Heart So that the Water inspired with the more thin and nitrous Particles of Air may diffuse it self through the Pores of the Arteries affixed to
that the Spirit of Vitriol Salt or Vinegar cannot ascend out of the Still to the top of the Alembick unless it be forced up by an intense heat After this manner the phantasmes of Melancholick persons afflicted with adust Choler proceeding from Animal Spirits The cause and manner how Melancholy operates degenerating into an acide disposition do influence the whole Compage of the Brain and act in the Meditullium and are carried into the spaces of the neighbouring Filaments where the Animal Spirits exert their motions in a confused manner whence Thoughts perpetually arise which are much versed about one or but a few objects And when a great number of Spirits are confined within a narrow compass of the fibrous Compage of the Brain the phantasmes are very much enlarged beyond the true dimensions and small things rendred great and after the like manner when the visible images of things are represented by a Microscope they appeart much greater then they are in their own nature as the many Rays are united and concentred in a Convexe Glass so also the intentional species are configured in the Fibrous Compage of the Brain by the conflux of many Animal Spirits confined within a small circumference Of this we may have an Experiment in our Selves when we are fed with gross melancholly Diet or being clouded with the passion of sadness we become Thoughtful by reason the Animal Spirits do want a free Emanation we are made sollicitous of every small concern as if our whole happiness depended upon it Whereupon we are discomposed with great Fear and Anxiety conceiving our selves utterly lost in our vain apprehension when we are overcome with Melancholy And this melancholick Affection doth not only take its rise from an acide disposition spoiling the Crasis of the Animal Spirits Melancholy coming from an atrabilarian Humor but from an atrabilarian Humor carried with the Blood by the internal carotide Arteries into the substance of the Cortical Glands whereupon their nature is much debased and as losing their sweet temper and volatil saline disposition their Compage is rendred more gross and opaque so that it cannot be duly enlightened by the lucid Particles of the Animal Spirits And Melancholy is not only contracted by the fault of the Brain Melancholy flowing from the Praecordia and Blood and Animal Spirits but from the Praecordia and from the Blood endued with heterogeneous Particles highly fermenting in the noble parts of the middle Apartiment and thence transmitted by arterial Channels into the Brain where it maketh a great alteration in the nervous Compage as it is affected with gross atrabilarian Particles perverting the Crasis of the Brain and clouding the bright Ingeny of the Animal Spirits The Humors proceeding from adust Choler do much lessen the purity of the flame of Life in taking off much of its Activity and Spirit whereupon it moveth more slowly in its various Channels and contracteth gross Recrements associated with the Blood out of whose more mild parts debased by atrabilarian Humors producing grief and fear ill companions the purity of the Animal Liquor and Spirits is very much sullied often generating a sad Delirium The ill temper of the vital Liquor causing this timerous Disease The temper of the Blood producing a timerous disposition doth partly proceed from undue fermentation of the Blood in the Heart whereupon it groweth less oily and bountiful in its spirituous parts proceeding from too much exalted saline Atomes rendring the Blood gross and unactive whereupon the Blood transmitted out of the right Chamber of the Heart into the pulmonary Artery and substance of the Lungs as being too much burdened with fixed Salt cannot be duly attenuated and inspired with the elastick particles of Air so that we grow faint and sorrowful as our Blood wanteth a due intestine motion in the Heart and Lungs whereupon it groweth depressed in this Malady as overcharged with gross saline and sulphureous Particles whereupon arise variety of passions in the Heart as Fear Sorrow Faintness and panting in the most noble machine of motion which doth not only suffer by the ill crasis of the Blood clogged with ill effaete adust Choler and saline parts but the vital Liquor also is very much retarded as growing degenerate for want of a due circulation through all the apartiments of the body which is produced in this Disease by a slow and weak motion of the Heart coming from its disabled contractions of muscular Fibres caused by the defect of Animal Spirits not sufficiently acting the Nerves so that the Blood and Animal Spirits do disaffect and prejudice each other the atrabilarian Blood as affected with saline parts produceth gross Animal Liquor and Spirits and again the Animal Spirits being endued with an ill disposition do not duly influence the Cardiack Nerves whereupon the Blood and Animal Spirits do pervert each others Crasis in reference to purity vigor and activity The inordinate passions of the Mind as vehement love sadness Vehement Love discomposeth the fine temper of the Brain panick fear envy malice do very much disturb the oeconomy of the Brain and spoil the nervous Liquor and Animal Spirits in forcing them to run excentrick in reference to their common Sphaeres of the Interstices of nervous Filaments by making them depart into the Pores and Meatus of the substance of the Brain whence proceedeth the depravation of the various Faculties Trust and Reason residing in it Again The indisposition of the Blood proceeding from crude Chyme not well assimilated the Blood acquiring an undue Crasis as being mixed with a Chyme not broken into small Particles by the faint motion of the Heart as in Fear Sadness c. doth render the vital Liquor crude and full of fixed saline Particles as not well attenuated by the motion of Blood coming from the weak contractions of the fleshy Fibres of the Heart whereupon the ill-affected Blood doth make or spoil the production of laudable Animal Liquor and Spirits in the cortical Glands of the Brain The Blood also contracteth an ill temper by immoderate Exercise The Blood is distempered by violent exercise gross Diet of Salt Meats especially if they be dried in Smoke and the suppression of accustomed evacuations of Blood by the Haemorrhoids and Menstrua bleeding at Nose and of purging the serous Recrements by Vomiting and Stool all which do infect the Blood and render it Atrabilarian which afterward indisposeth the nervous Liquor and Animal Spirits The Antients did conceive the first rise of Melancholy to be seated in the Brain and other times in the Uterus and Spleen as to the Brain it may be called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 when the Brain hath its substance habitually vitiated by an ill nervous Liquor primarily flowing from the ill serous Liquor of the Blood out of which it is formed Others do imagine the seat of Melancholy to be in the Womb Some conceive the seat of Melancholy to be in the
sulphureous and acide corrosive nature may be conceived to destroy the finer parts of the Animal Spirits the Ministers of the Faculties of Reason and Sense and beget a Maniack disposition of the Brain perverting the Oeconomy of the Brain in reference to its different operations attended with raging passions screeches and out-cries and unseemly gestures and motions of the Limbs This Disease taketh its rise The rise of Madness either immediately from the Animal Liquor and Spirits the chief instruments of the Soul in producing its nobler and meaner acts of Reason and Sense or more remotely from the Blood as the Materia substrata of the Succus nervosus A Madness arising out of the Animal Spirits either proceedeth from an evident cause Evident causes of Madness as some extravagant passion or from an ill affection of the Brain caused by a Phrensy or Melancholy whereupon a Madness often succeedeth A violent passion doth highly influence the Brain Violent passions may be the cause of Madness and enrage the nervous Juyce and Animal Spirits as it s more refined and spirituous particles by rendring the nervous Liquor and its Spirits highly fermentative restless and disorderly in wandring motions confounding the regular operations of the Brain accompanied with a Raging a Delirium and other horrid Symptomes occasioned by immoderate Anger great Disgrace or Shame or high passion of Love breach of Vows or scruples of Conscience which highly discomposing the peace of the Soul do generate a Maniack distemper of the Brain wherein the Spirituous parts of the nervous Liquor being debased the saline parts are exalted and brought to a Fluor and being espoused to sulphureous Particles derived from the Blood do weaken the Compage of the Brain and render the Animal Spirits fierce and unquiet making new Meatus and passages by over-much expanding the Interstices of the nervous Filaments and causing inordinate motions do produce delirous Phantasmes which being offered to the understanding do form unreasonable conceptions Sometimes the Animal Spirits are too much exalted Pride the cause of Madness by great apprehensions of our own perfections and the too low esteems of others or when Men unreasonably court Honours or when they are Masters of them are highly puffed up to the great unquiet and disturbance of their Minds whereupon the nervous Liquor and Animal Spirits are put into a great agitation and ferment and at last acted with a Maniack affection Othertimes this Disease succeedeth Melancholy and the Phrensy A Madness succeeding Melancholy or Phrensy which have before indisposed the Brain and rendred it liable to Madness in the First being very high the Succus nervosus and its most spirituous Particles degenerate into an acide disposition which entring into fellowship with sulphureous Recrements coming from the Blood do produce so fierce a temper in the Animal Spirits that they generate a Mania A Phrensy is more akin to this Disease then Melancholy as it is accompanied with boldness and fury so that a Phrenitis is easily turned into a Mania The manner how Madness is generated as the Brain is clogged with a fiery temper arising out of nitrous and sulphureous Particles affecting the Succus nervosus and its more active Particles which being hurried in the fibrous Compage of the Brain do expand the Intetstices of the nervous Filaments and make new and wandring passages in them whereupon the Animal Spirits ranting in various progresses through the territories of the Brain make a Maniack Delirium and confound the acts of Reason and Imagination commonly called Madness This Disease most commonly borroweth its first rise from an ill mass of Blood in a great part vitiated with gross sulphureous Recrements Madness floweth chiefly from an ill mass of Blood sometimes caused by the ill tone of the Hepatick Glands not secerning the bilious from the more laudable parts of Blood produced sometimes by its grossness and by the straightness of the excretory Ducts of the Liver and othertimes by the obstruction or narrowness of the Meatus Cysticus and Choledochus whereby the Bile cannot be discharged into the Intestines so that it is forced to regurgitate into the Extremities of the Vena Cava and is thence carried with the Blood through the Right Ventricle of the Heart Lungs and Left Chamber of the Heart and afterward through the common ascendent Trunk and Carotide Arteries into the Cortex of the Brain wherein the Albuminous parts of the Blood being infected with sulphureous and nitrous Particles do spoil the nervous Liquor and Spirits producing a furious mad temper in the Brain And the acide Particles discomposing the Succus nervosus Madness coming from an ill-affected Pancreas and its more active parts in the production of Madness may claim in some part their Origen from an ill affected Pancreas whose numerous minute Glands having lost their due constitution cannot make a separation of the Recrements of the Blood from its pure substance or when the Origens of the excretory Vessels of the Glands or the common Pancreatick Duct are obstructed by the grossness or quantity of the pancreatick Juyce whereupon it being not transmitted into the Intestines is lodged sometimes in the Interstices of the Vessels where it being composed of Heterogenous Particles doth ferment and acquire greater degrees of acidity as being sometimes brought to a Fluor and afterward a stay being made in the spaces of the Vessels relating to the Glands the pancreatick Juyce is mixed with the Blood and carried by lesser Veins into the greater channel of the Cava and by other Veins and Arteries into the ambient parts of the Brain wherein the Christalline parts of the Blood as the Materia substrata of nervous Liquor being debased by acide saline and sulphureous Particles doth spoil the goodness and aeconomy of the Animal Spirits by giving them a high agitation and tumultuary motion in the fibrous frame of the Brain causing a furious disposition attended with great fierceness boldness clamor c. The Disease is hereditary in diverse Families Madness is sometimes hereditary who enjoy a regular use of their Reason and Imagination for many years and afterward are afflicted with the dreadful Malady of Madness which proceedeth at such a time from the due crasis of the Blood perverted and degenerating into a nitro-sulphureous disposition enraging the Animal Spirits and putting them into a high disorder in reference to a violent and unnatural motion And the reason of this hereditary Madness propagated from Parents to Children by way of Generation taketh its rise from the seminal Principle The cause of an hereditary Madness tainted with a Maniack affection which oftentimes exerteth it self after many years when the seeds of this Disease bear Fruit and come to maturity as fomented by ill Diet violent Passion Envy Pride Ambition or by some other severe accidents or disappointments in a troublesome course of life This hereditary Madness is not always continued but hath many lucid intervals and
Thirdly in Wine Wine and Blood are turned acide when the Saline parts over-act the Sulphureous the Spirit being evaporated by the ambient heat of the Air or the sulphureous parts being too much depressed the Saline over-act the other Elements and turn Wine into Vineger in this a parallel of Wine may be made with Blood labouring under too active saline parts which being over-exalted do obtain a Fluor and render the Blood acide found in melancholy distempers Fourthly Wine loseth its good temper when its spirituous parts are too much depressed and the sulphureous and saline Elements being in combination are too highly advanced growing viscide and mucilaginous whereupon Wines become over-fretted or ropy as the Vintners the Masters of the Art of curing Wines do phrase it Generous Wines upon the Lees in hot weather have a long and great Fermentation as the various Elements have great contests with each other and the spirituous parts do partly evaporate and are partly confounded with more gross Elements whereupon the Sulphur being very exuberant is more and more exalted and the spirituous part adhaering to the saline doth advance it and alter the mixtion of the Elements to which being added the eminent combination of the Sulphur and Salt the Wine acquireth a rancide oleaginous Consistence And the Fermentation of the Blood in the Scurvey somewhat resembleth that of Wine in reference to the former acide disposition Blood resembleth Wine as growing acide by the Saline parts brought to a Fluor coming from saline Elements brought to a Fluor which appeareth plain in acide saline parts of Spittle spued out of the oral Glands with serous Liquor discharged out of the glandulous coat of the Stomach by excretory Ducts into its Cavity and afterward thrown off by Vomiting And the Blood also is like over-fretted Wine in its exalted Sulphur Wine and Blood are alike as growing mucilaginous by too great a Fermentâ—tion and Salt as nearly associated making a rancide clammy quality in the Blood whereupon it groweth gross producing a Cough and difficulty of Breathing and a Leucophlegmatia as stagnating in the substance of the Muscular parts of the Body Farthermore the Dyscrasy of the Blood in a Scorbutick habit of Body is somewhat related to Wine as it proceedeth from sulphureous-saline Elements when the Blood is over-powred with Sulphur entring into confederacy with a less active Salt whereupon the vital Liquor acted with an over-fretting motion doth discharge its adust Recrements by the hepatick Glands and excretory Vessels into the Ductus cholidochus and Intestines and its saline Particles into the Renal Glands and Urinary Vessels and Ureters into the Bladder And the Sulphureous saline Recrements of the Blood The exalted fulphureous parts are the cause of the over-fretting of the Blood being of a restless Fermentative disposition are transmitted out of the Left Ventricle of the Heart First into arterial Trunks and then into smaller and smaller Branches till at last they land in the cutaneous Glands wherein the adust and saline Recrements being secerned from the more pure parts of the Purple Liquor are carried by excretory ducts into the surface of the Cuticula where they are setled or concreted making Spots Scabs Scurfe Tumors Ulcers c. And if these sulphureous and salt Faeces of the Blood be transmitted by the caeliack Artery into the Stomach they produce great pains Vomitings and if they be discharged by the mesenterick Arteries into the Intestines they make Cholick pains Diarrhaeas Dysenteries c. And if the saline Recrements of the Blood being more predominant The Fermentation is more moderate when the Saline are predominant over the Sulphureous do embody with the concreted oily Particles the ebullition and fermentation of the vital Liquor is more moderate and so its rancide or mucilaginous Particles make a slow circulation through the Viscera wherein great obstructions are produced as clammy parts of the Blood do adhere to the sides of the Vessels in their passage producing a Jaundise in the Liver and a slow motion of the Blood in the Renal Glands generateth the Stone in the Kidneys when the Tartar of the Blood associated with viscide Recrements is concreted and this gross mucilaginous Blood passing through the substance of the Lungs The cause of a difficult Respiration in the Lungs and of dreadful Symptomes in the Heart maketh a difficult Respiration and this over-fretting viscid Blood taking its progress through the ventricles of the Heart maketh Palpitations Lipothymies Syncopes irregular Pulsations and polypose Concretions which proceed from a gross mass of Blood which moving slowly highly oppresseth and is ready to suffocate the Heart Having discoursed of the discrasy of the Blood and its Elements in a Scorbutick disaffection I will take the freedom now to declare how the ill principles of the Purple juyce do infect the nervous Liquor which in its own Ingeny is very mild and thin The nervous Liquor is very much exalted by the nitrous saline Particles of Air and advanced by the influences of the Planets endued with spirituous and volatil saline Particles much improved by the subtle nitrous Particles of Air advanced with aethereal Atomes and is exalted by the more benigne influxes of the Sun Moon and Stars whereupon the Animal Spirits having a subtle elastick Nature do insinuate themselves between the Filaments of nervous Fibrils constituting the curious Compage of the Brain and render them tense and fit for the exercises of the nobler and more mean operations of Reason and Sense which they celebrate in great perfection as long as the Blood is accomplished with fine vital Particles which being very much impaired in an acide disposition or when it is debased with gross sulphureous and saline Recrements too much depressing the spirituous parts of the Blood or when it is rendred viscide and oleaginous by too much exalted oily Particles combining with the saline putting the Blood into an over-fretting disposition The nervous Liquor is depraved by the ill Elements of the Blood causing many Cephalick Diseases which vitiateth the purity of the nervous Liquor and taketh off the brightness of the Rays and delicacy of the Temper relating to the Animal Spirits by making them decline toward an acide disposition whereby they grow depauperated and dispirited as losing their elastick Nature and brisk active temper the cause of many Cephalick Diseases of Meagrums Palsies Tremors Pains Convulsive motions c. which take their first rise from a discrasy of the Blood and nervous Liquor residing in a Scorbutick habit of Body Many Learned Professors of our Faculty have made the Scurvey a kind of Farrago of all Diseases which renders the Art of Physick confused in a complication of numerous Maladies having one appellative This may be truly asserted that a Scorbutick habit of Body proceeding from a dyscrasy of Blood The Scurvey is a Parent of many Diseases is a Parent of many disaffections from which almost all
Body the several Bones and their Protuberances and Sinus framing different Articulations of Joints whose motion is made easie by Cartilages and rendred firm as encircled and fastned together by Ligaments By many curious Dissections great discoveries have been lately made in the Body of Man and other Animals much improving the Theory and Praxis of Physick of the Milky Vessels in the Mesentery of the common Receptacle and Thoracick Duct in the middle Apartiment of the Lymphaeducts in the Liver and other parts of the Body of the many Tunicles of the Stomach and Guts and of the Glands and Nervous Compage of the Brain and various Processes and Animal Liquor and of the Carnous Nervous and Tendinous Fibres of the Heart of the Vesicles of Air and Lobules in the Lungs and of the Glands in the Cutis Mesentery Spleen Liver Kidneys and Testicles of new Seminal Vessels in them and of many actions and uses of the parts and of the motion of the Chyle Lympha Blood and Nervous Liquor The principal end and accomplishment of Physick is its Praxis relating to Diagnosticks Prognosticks and Therapeuticks which are all derived à parte affecta actione laesa both these are made known by Anatomy whereby we inspect the outward parts and the more inward Recesses the Viscera whose penetrals are discovered by Dissections So that no person can truly deserve the appellative of a Learned and able Physician which is not well versed in Anatomy whose precepts relate to Physiology and are the first rudiments of our Art without which we cannot truly judge the nature of a Disease manifested in the part affected and the actions offended And to this end to promote the Art of Physick which hath been my long Study and Employment I have been concerned in many Dissections of the Body of Man to contribute my Mite to the improvement of Experimental Phylosophy depending upon Anatomy the chief part of Physiology which is much advanced by the Dissections of the Bodies of other Animals as well as that of Man to render his Parts more clear and intelligible So that I have with great Care and Faithfulness laid open various kinds of Creatures to inspect their Viscera which I have ordered to be curiously drawn with a Pensil from the Life in many Schemes beautified with variety of Elegant Figures Engraven in Copper-Plates as so many Monuments of Art and Copies of Nature lively representing the Noble Parts of the Body of Man and other Creatures faithfully recommending them to Posterity that the Republick of Learning may have a recourse to them to revive their Notions gained by great Observation made by Autopsie upon the Bodies of Animals These curious Tables embelished with the Images of various Parts may be termed Natures fine Pictures copied by Art wherein we may read God's most admirable Works as so many Products of His infinite Essence written in fair Characters in the Book of the Creatures composed of divers Volumes disposed in excellent order consisting of several fine Leaves bound up with great Artifice teaching us to know love and adore the Supreme Good the Author of all Being Goodness and Perfection The Following SCHEMES Are Adorned with many FIGURES Representing the VISCERA of MAN and other Animals Engraven in large Copper-Plates Tab. I. A Humane Body opened a a. THe Cartilages of the Aspera Arteria which are not perfectly circular α α. The long Fibers passing down the Aspera Arteria β β. The circular Fibers every way surrounding the Aspera Arteria b b. The outward Skin of the Arm being turned back the first and Reticular Coat of the inward Skin appears c c. The Papillae Pyramidales seated in the wrinkles of the Skin are derived from the Nervous Coat and terminate into the Cuticula d d. The Reticular Coat of the Skin being turned up the Nervous appears being composed of long transvers and oblique Filaments e e. The minute Membranous Fibers are derived from the Membrana Musculorum Communis and passing through the Fat and Membrana Adiposa are inserted into the Skin f f. The Nervous Coat being turned back the Glandulous discovereth it self beset with small Glands which are Colatories of the Blood having recourse to the Ambient part of the Body g g g g. Part of the Ribs seated on each side of the Thorax h. The Thymus being fastned in its Base to the Pericardium climbeth up till its top arriveth the highest Rib. ii The right Lobes of Lungs turned toward the right side k k. The numerous divarications of Blood-vessels seated in the Surface of the right Lobes after the manner of Network l l. The left Lobes of the Lungs lifted up that the Heart may appear are beautified with Blood-vessels after a reticular manner m m. The right Auricle of the Heart surrounded with many circular Fibers running Horizontally n n. The Base of the Heart seated exactly in the middle of the Thorax o o. The Cone of the Heart inclining toward the left Pap. p p p p. The Coronary Blood-vessels Enameling the Surface of the Heart q q q. The Diaphragm passing horizontally in an Arch parteth the lowest Apartiment from the middle and hath in its Relaxation a Convex Surface toward the Thorax and a Concave toward the Belly r. The broad suspensory Ligament derived from the Peritonaeum by which the Liver is fastned above to the Midriff s s. The right Region of the Liver turned backward that the Stomach may be discerned t t. The left Region of the Liver being put out of its situation inclineth toward the left Hypocondre u u. The Blood-vessels branching themselves upon the Surface of the Liver after the manner of Network w w. The minute Glands besetting the ambient parts of the Liver x x. The Bladder of Gall which in its natural situation is lodged in the concave part of the Liver α α. The Trunk of the Gastrepiploick Vessels running horizontally over the Caul after the form of an Arch. β β. The Gastrepiploick Vessels sprouting out of the Trunk are branched downward all along the Caul δ δ. The greater Adipose Ducts accompanying the Blood-vessels Υ Υ. †ε ε. The more numerous small Adipose Ducts seated in the Area †of the greater Vessels are branched after the manner of a curious small Network y y. The body of the Stomach appearing upon the turning up the Liver z z. The first Coat of the Stomach Enameled by Blood-vessels Tab. 1. Tab. II. Fig. 1. Represents the Vpper-Lip Cheeks Teeth Palate Uvula of a Man a a. THe transverse Fissures of the Upper-Lip b b. Some part of the Upper-Lip stripped of its Coat wherein the spongy substance of it may be discovered as interspersed with many minute red Glands c c c c. The Fat of the Cheeks cut open wherein are seated many Particles of Fat as in so many Membranous Cells resembling Glands of divers magnitudes and figures d d. The Cheek being cut many small Glands may be discerned accompanying the fleshy parts of the Buccinators
by the neighbouring parts doth resemble somewhat of a Semi-circle k k. The Vessel arising out of the Pancreas and inserted into the great Gut l l. Another Vessel passing over the Stomach is inserted into the middle of the Arch relating to the Semi-lunary Spleen m m. A Vessel arising out of the lesser Spleen and inserted into the middle of the Stomach n n. A Vessel encircling the Stomach o o. A Vessel arising out of the middle of a Vessel going out of the lesser Spleen and passing over the Pancreas and Stomach tendeth downward and terminates into a Gland p p. The great Semi-lunary Spleen encompassing the bottom of the Stomach Fig. 3. a a. The partition of the first rowe of Glands relating to the Milte b b. The Origen of the second rank of Glands being Spiral c c. The two Ducts that transmit the milky Humor into the Glands affixed to the Spine d d d d. The second rank of Glands running all down the Spine e e. The terminations of the ranks of Glands having Ducts inserted into the last Gut near the Anus f f. The last Gut into which the excretory Ducts of the second of Glands is inserted g g. The beginning of the Kidney in a point h h. The Kidney seated on the outside of the second rowe of Milky Glands ii The termination of the Kidney in a small Process of Glands and is inserted by a Center into the Gut near the Anus Tab 27. Tab. XXVIII A Fireflaire opened a a. THE cover of the Nostrils b. The Mouth c. The Trunk of the Aorta d. The Heart e. The right Auricle lying under the lower region of the Heart F. †g. Part of the Membrane encompassing the cartilaginous Arch †parted in the middle to give sight to the Heart is Concave toward the lower Venter and Convex toward the upper H. The top or origen of the Gulet much broader then the rest and after groweth narrower as it approacheth toward the Ventricle I. The Gulet K. The Left Orifice of the Stomach l l l. The circumference of the Stomach representing an Arch. m. The Right Orifice of the Stomach n. The beginning of the Duodenum or great Gut having a narrow Neck o. The turn of the Duodenum where the Pancreas beginneth p p. The Pancreas arising near the turn of the Duodenum inserteth it self into the inside of the Right Gut and that part of the Pancreas that lieth under the Duodenum is of a kind of triangular Figure q. The Spleen lying within the circumference of the Arch of the Stomach r. The ridge of the Spleen s s s. The great Gut lying in the Right Side T. The Intestinum rectum u. The termination of the Intestinum rectum w. The part of the Gut that lieth in the Left Side x. The Milte consisting of numerous minute Glands and Vessels y. The Kidney consisting of many Red Glands interspersed with white Membranes z. The Ureter discharging it self into the Intestinum rectum 1. The descendent Trunk of the Artery lodged near the Spine in the Left Side 2. The Artery seated in the Left Side derived from the descendent Trunk of the Aorta and passing the length of the Milte transmitteth many Branches into the minute Glands of it 3. The ascendent Trunk of the Vena Cava climbing all along near the Spine 4. The termination of the Intestine seated in the Left Side to which are affixed a company of white minute Glands all joyned together by thin small minute Membranes Tab 28. Tab. XXIX The Viscera of a Skait c. A. THe Nostrils seated above the Mouth on each side of a Skait B. The Mouth with three rows of Teeth above and below C. The Heart being endued with a Pyramidal figure d. The right Ventricle running cross-wise under the Heart E. The common Trunk arising immediately out of the Heart F. The first and Tripartite branches sprouting on each side out of the common Trunk and inserted into the three lower Gills G. The Bipartite Branches emitted on each side out of the Arterial Trunk implanted into the two upper Gills H. The five Gills seated on each side J. The Cartilaginous Intersepiment or Wall parting the Middle from the lower Apartiment K. The left Lobe of the Liver L. The middle Lobe M. The right Lobe N. The Bladder of Gall. O. Part of the Pancreas seated upon the first Gut p. Part of the Spleen q. The Cava entring into the right side of the Appendix of the Heart lying under the body of it R. The descendent Trunk of the Aorta arising out of the left side of the Appendix of the Heart S. Part of the Gulet appearing between the Lobes of the Liver t. The orbicular Fibers of the Gulet u. The long Fibers of the Gulet w. Part of the Surface of the Stomach A. The Vessels appertaining to the Gills Tab 29. Tab. XXX Fig. 1. Containing the Gulet Ventricle Pancreas c. of a Skait THe Gulet according to Aristotle is only found in those Animals which are endued with Respiration whereupon Learned Steno was of an opinion that a Skait had no Aesophagus as he hath it in the 4th Page of the Anatomy of a Skait His words are these treating of a Skait Ori continuus sine Aesophago Ventriculus unam eandemque cum illo in mortuis videtur conficere cavitatem The Ventricle being continued to the Mouth without a Gulet doth seem to make one and the same cavity with it in dead Fish With deference to this Learned Author I take the boldness to make this Reply That the dimensions and form of the Gulet and Stomach are very different in a Skait in which the Aesophagus in this Fish holdeth much Analogy with the Gulet of other Animals having Respiration in point of Figure A A. The Gulet adorned with a round figure and much less then the Ventricle a a a The annular Fibers of the Gulet so called as encircling it b b. The oblong Fibers making their progress through the length of the Gulet C. The beginning of the Stomach D. The Pylorus or termination of the Stomach d. The great Branches of Blood-vessels belonging to the Stomach E E. The transverse or circular Fibers dressing the first Coat of the Stomach f. The oblique Fibers of the second Coat of the Stomach passing in bevil lines g g. The Duodenum or beginning of the Guts h. The greater part or beginning of the Pancreas i. The branches of Blood-vessels shading the Surface of the Pancreas k. The smaller parts or termination of the Pancreas l l l. The branch of the Porta encircling the lower region of the Stomach m. The Spleen being endued with a livid Colour and a triangular Figure is seated in an Arch of the Stomach n n. The Milte being dispoiled of its Coat may be seen to be composed of many small Glands Fig. 2. The Skull of a Cod. a a. †b b. The Process running in the middle of the Skull is endued with a thin edge
the Kidney endued with a Pyramidal figure the Base being in its origen and Point in its termination k. The Cone or termination of the Kidney l. The Ureter coming from the Kidney is inserted into the Bladder m. The Ureter cut off n. The beginning of the Bladder of Urine o. The body of the Bladder endued with an oblong round Figure p. The termination of the Bladder confining on the Vent seated on the right side of the Fish q q q. The Ovaries beginning in large dimensions and ending into a Cone and are double lying upon one another in the right side and after the same manner the Milts are placed Tab. 37 Tab. XXXVIII Fig. 1. The Bowels of a Lamprey †a a. THe Heart of a Lamprey is covered with a white Cartilaginous substance †as being the Pericardium resembling the form of a Heart which is double in this Autopsy for I saw the left Lobe or Ventricle being often pricked make many Vibrations three or four every time it was wounded and immediately after the right Lobe or Ventricle being pricked with the point of a Knife did not make the least motion b. The Lobe seated in the right side of the Heart c. The Lobe or Ventricle placed in the left side of the Heart d d. The Gulet is very different from the Stomach both in thickness and length and especially in the first entrance and its lower Region is enwrapped with a thick glandulous substance and is covered all over with a more thin expansion of the same nature The Gulet is encircled for an inch or more with a white Pyramidal Cartilage its Base lieth near the Mouth and its point downward e e. The Stomach is bigger above and endeth into a kind of point out of which there is a very small passage into the Guts f f f. The Caul is composed of many parts enclosed with proper Membranes and resemble the Intestines running up and down in many Gyres the whole length of the Abdomen to the Anus g g g. The Intestines in this Fish are most large in their Origen and they pass from the right to the left side and then make a Circumvolation and afterward maketh its progress in a straight course under the Liver The Intestines have greatest dimensions in their beginning and less in their termination near the Vent The Intestines are of a red colour resembling Blood-vessels in colour and are endued with numerous folds passing the length of the Guts which give a check to the over-quick motion of the Chyle and gross Excrements †h h. The Liver †of a Lamprey is destitute of Lobes being of one entire substance as in a Salmon and is bigger and thicker in its origen and endeth in a kind of point its body covereth the upper part of the Intestines ii The Globules appearing very fair in the Liver where the Coat is stripped off Fig. 2. The Bowels of a Garfish †a. †b. The Heart of a Garfish is a Triangular figure its Base †is seated upward and its Cone †downward as in most Fish and is lodged in a small apartiment under the Tongue which may be styled the Thorax which is parted from the lower Venter by a thin membranous Diaphragm †c c. Under the Heart lying in a supine posture as most convenient for Dissection is seated a large Auricle †to which the Vena Cava is fastned carrying Blood into the Heart †d. And the right side of the Auricle hath a minute Body †somewhat of a Pyramidal figure whose more large part is affixed to the Base of the Heart inclining toward the right side †e e. The Stomach †is as it were the upper part of the Intestine or origen of it having no Plicatures as are found in most Fish and hath the same structure and differeth only as somewhat bigger and no Sphincter relating to the Pylorus there being no straightness where the Stomach endeth †f f. †g. The Gut †of this Fish is destitute of any Circumvolation and maketh its progress in a straight course all down the lower Venter to the Vent †This long Intestine hath no Valves in its inside nor any Cells like those of a Honey-comb which have been discovered in the single Intestine of a Sturgeon which are instituted by Nature as I conceive to give many stops to the overhasty passage of the Excrements And the reason I conceive why this Fish hath but one Gut destitute of Folds Valves and Circumvolations is because the Ferments of the Stomach and Gut being one continued Cavity are very spirituous active and full of Volatil saline parts which can quickly colliquate the Aliment and extract the Liquor so that there needs no Folds Valves or Gyres to give a long stay to the nourishment of easie Concoction in the Stomach and Guts Fig. 3. The Liver of a Garfish a a. The upper Region of the Liver which is very broad b b. The lower Region of the Liver which groweth less and less and endeth in a Cone c. The Cone of the Liver in which it terminateth d d d d d. The Glands besetting the upper and under Region of the Liver e e e e. The Ducts importing bilious Matter secerned in the body of the Liver into the greater Cavity of the Bladder of Gall. f f. The Bladder of Gall full of small oblong Fibers by which the Bladder is contracted and the Oyl excerned out of its Bosome Fig. 4. The Kidneys of a Gurnet a a. The broader and upper part of the Spine b b. The progress of the Spine all along the Back in a Pyramidal figure c c. The upper Region of the Kidneys which is much expanded after the manner of an imperfect Triangle and consisteth of two large Lobules d d d. The progress of the Kidneys which are very narrow e e. The termination of the Kidneys when they are conjoyned which is much broader and thicker then the middle and terminate on each side near the extremity of the Intestines into two Conick Lobules much larger then any of the rest Tab 38. Tab. XXXIX Fig. 1. A Crab opened By Doctor Edward Tyson This Figure was chiefly designed to represent the Intestina Caeca which are more numerous in a Crab then in any other Animal A. THE Mouth b b. The Stomach c c c c c c. The Intestina Caeca filled with a Chymous substance and is that part that is dressed in eating a Crab. d. Other Intestina Caeca that lye upon the straight Gut that lies in the Body e e. The Rectum or straight Gut that lies in the Tail f. The Finns g g. The two Penes Fig. 2. Of a Crab opened This Figure represents the Mouth the Stomach the Intestine and double Penis of a Crab. a a. The Mouth b b. The Stomach c. The First Gut d. The Rectum in the Tail e. The Finns f f f f. The double Penis in situ naturali as retracted in the Body Tab 39. Tab. XL. Fig. 1. Asellus
of them full of diverse Glands some oval or round others of Oblong and a conick figure of various Angles c c. The Cruciform Processes of the Kidneys as going transverse to the insides of this Fish in the form of a Cross d d d d. The Ureters coming out of the cross-like Processes and passing on each side of the Kidneys are implanted into the origination of the Bladder e e e e. The small Processes of the Kidneys derived from the Cruciform Processes taking their progress on each side of the Spine to the origen of the Bladder of Urine f. The origen of the Bladder of Urine g. The body of the Bladder of Urine endued with a kind of Orbicular figure h h. The Spine descending between the Kidneys ii The greater Glands of the Milt cut off and passing on each side of it k k. The smaller Glands making a Ridg in the middle of the larger Glands and descending the whole length of it l. The deferent Vessels going down the side of the Bladder is inserted into the Vent and dischargeth the Seminal milky Liquor through it m. The Deferent Vessels cut off n. The Vent into which the Ureters and Deferent Vessels disburden their various Liquors Fig. 2. Of the Viscera of a Codling the Kidneys Ovaries c. The Kidneys of a Codling are very small in their Origens and run down on each side of the Spine and are much less on the right side then on the left in which they are chiefly seated and they are Compounded in this Fish of many small Globules consisting of innumerable minute Glands of a round Figure as far as I could judge by the help of a Glass and have short Ureters inserted into an oblong Bladder of Urine of a Pear-like figure which ascendeth under the Guts on the left side of the Kidneys The Kidneys are lodged under the Sounds which are a thick tough Membrane full of Glands and sits hollow under the Guts at some distance from the small tender Glands to guard them against the outward assaults against the pressure of the Stomach when distended by a Fish received into it a a. Part of the Sounds of a Codling which being whole do enclose the Kidneys like a Sack and secure them against outward assaults and are of a Membranous substance full of small Glands and being well Cooked are a delicate Dish of Meat b b. These Sounds have many small oblong white Processes interspersed with the red Processes of the Kidneys into which their terminations are implanted c c. The Originations of the Kidneys which are very small and run down on each side of the Spine d d. The Spine passing between the Kidneys e e e e. A Blood-vessel running all along the Spine among the Glands of the Kidneys f f f f. The bodies of the Kidneys are much larger then their beginning and are compounded of many small Glands of different shapes and sizes and have their Ureters inserted into the Bladder of Urine not far from its Neck g g. Near their termination the Kidneys are Pyramidal and end in acute Cones h h. The Bladder of Urine is endued with a kind of Pear-like figure and ascendeth under the Guts on the left side of the lower end of the Spine ii The Ovaries being lodged near the Intestines are full of an innumerable company of small Eggs. k. The Vagina or Duct through which the Eggs do pass into the cavity of the Intestinum Rectum l. The Blood-vessels which are divaricated through the Ovaries and sport themselves in numerous minute Branches m. Part of the Intestinum Rectum into which the Vagina or Neck of the Vterus and the Duct of the Bladder of Urine are inserted n. The Vent or Anus through which the Eggs are discharged Tab 42. Tab. XLIII Fig. 1. The Ovaries Oviducts and Uterus of a Thornback f f f f. g g g g. THE Ovaries integrated of greater and lesser Eggs are many divarications of small Blood-vessels shading the Ovaries h h h h. The Membranes to which the Ovaries are affixed ii Two Semi-circular white Bodies placed near the Origens of the Oviducts k k. The Oviducts beginning near the Ovaries and ending in the Vterus or Cloaca l l. The Blood-vessels tied together by Membranes and placed near the Convex Surface of the Semi-circular Bodies m m. The Eggs incrusted over with Cartilagiuous shells enclosed within the thin transparent Membranes of the Oviducts n. The Intestinum Caecum confining on the Intestinum rectum o. The Cloaca or rather Uterus p p. The Glands seated on each side of the Cloaca or Uterus Fig. 2. a. The Body or Center of the Egg taken out of the Cloaca or Uterus b b. The cartilaginous Shell of a quadrangular Figure c c c c. The Processes or Horns inserted into the Angles of the Shell Tab 43. Tab. XLIV A Female Porpess opened a. PArt of the Buckler Cartilage belonging to the Larynx b. The Wind-pipe consisting of annular Cartilages interspersed with Membranes c c. The Lobe of the Lungs encompassing the Right side of the Heart d d. The Lobe of the Lungs enclosing the Left side of the Heart e e. The Surface of the soft Lobes adorned with the terminations of vessels resembling Network f. Part of the Pericardium covering part of the Right side of the Heart g. The Base of the Heart h. The Cone of the Heart i. The Blood-vessels passing down on one side from the Base toward the Cone k k. The Diaphragme having its Concave-Surface toward the Stomach and Convex toward the Heart l l. The Right Lobe of the Liver greater then the other m. The Left Lobe of the Liver covering part of the lesser Stomach n. The lesser Stomach seated under the greater in the Left side o. Some part of the Origen of the Guts cut off which adjoyned to the lesser Stomach p. The upper part of the Stomach q. The bottom of the Stomach ending into an obtuse Cone r. The Pancreas made up of numerous Glands s. The Spleen hued with a livid colour adorned with a Pear-like Figure fastened to the upper Surface of the Stomach by Ligaments t. The Ligaments tying the Spleen to the Stomach u. One small orbicular Body adjacent to the beginning of the Spleen w w. The Kidneys endued with an Oval Figure made up of many Glands x x. The Testicles or Ovaries endued with an obtuse Conick Figure y y. The Oviducts passing in short Maeanders and terminating into the beginning of the Cornua α α. The Cornua of the Uterus being narrow in their Origen and afterward are more enlarged β. The Body of the Uterus υ υ. The Blood-vessels running to the Cornua and Ovaries Tab 44. Tab. XLV A Female Dogfish opened called by the Latines Galeus Laevis a a. THe holes relating to the Olfactory Nerves b b. The Palate beginning in a Semicircular figure c c c. The Gills seated on each side of the Palate d d d. Part of the Stomach turned up e e e. The
with various Divarications all parts of the Body as so many Conduit-pipes to bedew them for their Refinement and Perfection to give them Heat Life and Nutrition The Nerves are so many Systemes of Filaments The Nerves are Systemes of many Filaments making a rare Compage containing nervous Liquor and Animal Spirits the great Ministers of the Soul in the Brain the Presence-Chamber of this Noble Emperess where she hath her great Rule consisting in her governing Faculties and the exercise of their Noble and meaner Operations whose Commands are given by Nerves sprouting out of the ambient parts of the Brain transmitted to the Muscles as Engines of Motion obeying the Dictates of the Understanding and Will The Nerves being animated with animal Liquor and Spirits The Nerves are invigorated by Animal Liquor are rendred Tense by their elastick Particles invigorating the carnous Fibres of Muscles by whose various Contractions the different motions of the Trunk and Limbs are celebrated The use of the motions of the Body in order to the acquisition of Aliment to support our Nature or in reference to converse to Treat our selves with the amicable Society and pleasant Discourses of our Friends or in point of other concerns tending to the preservation of our Fortunes and happiness of our Life The Lymphaeducts being the finest Contextures of all the Vessels relating to the whole body composed of most minute Fibrils finely spun and so closely interwoven The Lymphaeducts are the finest contextures of all the vessels that they seem to be one entire uniform transparent substance These most curious Aquaeducts sport themselves in numerous branches enameling and shading the Blood-vessels carrying a Lympha or thin transparent Liquor The use of the Lymphaeducts the recrement of the Blood and nervous Juyce secerned in the lowest Apartiment in the Glands of the Spleen Liver and other Glands of the said Venter into the common receptacle The use of the Lympha is to dilate the Chyle where it espouseth a union with the Chyle and dilutes it clammy Nature and promotes its motion through the Thoracick Ducts into the subclavian Vessels And many other Lymphaeducts of the Lungs and other parts lodged in the higher Apartiments do transmit a thin Liquor from numerous minute Glands of the Viscera and Muscles into the subclavian Vessels where it associates with the vital Liquor and attenuates its more gross clammy Matter and helps its progress through the Heart the rare engine of motion and the most numerous Sanguiducts branched throughout all parts of the body Having discoursed the solid similar parts I will now Treat of the fluide the principal giving Life Sense Motion and Nourishment to the more solid similars which are various Liquors of which some are Alimentary The various Liquors of the Body and others Recrements secerned from the more noble Juyces in the Viscera The first is Chyle or Chyme the Materia substrata of the vital Liquor out of whose more soft albuminous part the nervous juyce is constituted Chyle is a white milky Liquor extracted out of Aliment The Chyle is the Materia substrata of the Blood first broken into small Particles and impregnated with salival Liquor and the Nitro-sulphureous Particles of Air in the Mouth and afterward transmitted to the Stomach where it receiveth a farther elaboration by virtue of heat and serous Ferments endued with volatil saline Particles coming from the vital and nervous Liquor which being insinuated into the body of the Aliment do open its Compage and dissolve the bond of mixtion and colliquate the Aliment wherein the more spirituous saline and sulphureous Particles are severed from the more gross and do embody with a liquid substance The motion of the Chyle making this milky extract commonly called Chyle which is transmitted through the Intestines and milky vessels into the common receptacle from whence it is carried through the thoracick Ducts into subclavian vessels and afterwards through the Vena Cava into the right ventricle of the Heart where the Chyme being broken into small Particles as highly dashed against the walls of the Heart is impelled by the pulmonary Artery into the substance of the Lungs where it mixeth with the Nitro-sulphureous Particles of Air much advantaging the nature of Blood which is composed of a hot red crassament and of a more mild cristalline Liquor The Purple Juyce is furnished with numerous white Filaments The parts of Blood which are not discernible as swallowed up in an opaque Red Liquor except when a Vein being opened the Blood is received into warm water The composition of the Red Crassament which washing the Red Crassament from the serous Liquor causeth the round white Filaments to discover themselves by swimming on the surface of the water by virtue of these Fibres the Red Crassament being extravasated coagulates into a more solid body and acquires a Scarlet or Purple hue in the Vessels as endued with subacide and sulphureous Particles often circulated and dissolved by the continued heat of the Blood which may be made evident in Chymistry whereby the saline and chiefly the acide Particles being mixed with sulphureous do give a Red tincture as in the distillation of the salt of Nitre which aboundeth with sulphureous Particles And by the affusion of a few drops of oil of Vitriol or Sulphure upon Liquors or Conserves that have only a blush of Red immediately ariseth a deep tincture of Red. The Christalline Liquor of the Blood and its nature The Cristalline Liquor is of a different nature from the Red Crassament as being of a soft albuminous transparent Ingeny and will not evaporate like serous potulent Liquor but resembleth the white of an Egg which being held over the fire in a Spoon will coagulate into a white substance This mild nutricious part of the Blood being associated with the red Crassament is transmitted by the carotide Arteries into the substance of the cortical Glands wherein it is secerned from the more hot and Purple Liquor and then encountreth with Air conveyed by the Nostrils into the Ventricles and from thence through the Pores of the Corpus callosum into the Cortex of the Brain The Origen of the Animal Liquor which highly exalteth the albuminous Liquor with nitrous and also aethereal Particles derived from planetary influxes This Animal Liquor is very much improved by volatil saline Particles adhering to the sides of the vessels relating to the cortical Glands which render it brisk and active The Animal Liquor is impregnated with volatil saline Particles in the Cortex The other Liquors are Recrements of the Blood whereupon it being enobled with spirits becomes a fit Minister of the operations of the Soul The other Liquors being the Recrements of the Blood and nervous Juyce I will Treat of with the Viscera as being colatories of the more noble Liquors seated in the several Stories of the Body Having given you a History of the similar parts as the first integrals of the Body taken asunder and handled apart I will now set them
Mastication and is afterward protruded by the contractions of the Muscles proper to the Gulet through its Cavity into the capacity of the Ventricle where it is farther elaborated by new Ferments of Serous Liquor of the Blood distilling through the extremities of the Capillary Caeliac Arteries and a more select Juice dropping out of the terminations of the Nervous Fibres inserted into the inmost coat of the Stomach whose empty space is every way filled with Air praegnant with fruitful Steams which do much contribute to the better Concoction of Aliment in the Ventricle From whence The motion of the Chyle is accelerated by fleshly Fibres of the Stomach it is gently impelled by the contraction of Fleshy Fibres into the cavity of the Intestines and there is more attenuated by the Pancreatic Liquor and airy Particles and afterward the Chyle is carried by the Milky Vessels into the Mesenteric Glands where it is meliorated with Nervous Juice and so conveyed into the common receptacle of Chyle where it is Dilated and improved by a Lymphatic Liquor to render it more capable to pass through the Minute Thoracic Ducts into the Subclavian Veins and right ventricle of the Heart by whose contract it is impelled through the Pulmonary artery into the substance of the Lungs Where the Air big with variety of Effluxes streaming out of the several orders of Entities doth insinuate it self into the body of the Blood causing a greater Fermentation than in the Chambers of the Heart proceeding from the contrary principles of the aethereal and sublunary Steams floating in the Air and conveyed by inspiration into the vital Liquor Whereupon the different Spirituous and Volatil are confined within the more fixed and gross Effluvia and the vinous and aperitive within the Gummy and Refinous the fine Saline within the more consistent oily Particles CHAP. V. Of the nature of Blood and how it is supported by Chyle and refined by Glands IT is my intendment here to Treat of the Constitution of the Blood impraegnated with Air acted with divers Steams consisting of various Elements giving it a Fermentative power and how it is maintained by the Succus nutricius and of its Intestine and Local Motion from part to part to quit its Faeculencies which is performed by Secretion and Percolation made by various Vessels lodged in the Glands relating to the Viscera and Ambient parts These various Steams impelled into the Lungs The Air consisting of various Steams embodied with the blood made up of Heterogeneous Principles hath great contests by which the different parts are brought to a due temper and in some sort assimilated by the elastic particles of Air and embodied with the Blood consisting of Homogeneous and Heterogeneous principles do make great contests with those of a different temper in order to bring them to a Harmony in which Nature pleaseth it self in reference to its own accomplishment effected by reconciling the Heterogeneous to the Homogeneous Elements in an amicable union of an innumerable company of Minute Bodies So that various Effluvia first sporting in the Air and afterward immitted into the substance of the Lungs are made up of spirituous saline and sulphureous Particles which enter into society with those Homogeneous parts of the Blood and Succus Nutricius broken into small Particles by local motion in the Chambers of the Heart Lungs and Arteries where they receive perpetual Intestine Motion to give them a greater refinement promoted by nitroaereal Particles proceeding from Corporeal Effluxes accompanying the Blood through the greater and smaller Arteries into the outward parts of the Body in which the Air growing effaete as its nobler parts are incorporated with the Blood is discharged through the extremities of the Capillary Arteries terminating into the Skin into the ambient air to receive new impraegnation of fruitful Steams which afterwards are reconveyed through the secret passages of the Cutis into the extremities of the Capillary Veins into the Blood which is much enobled by these subtil and spirituous Emanations Whereupon these Effluxes embodying the Air move in a kind of Circulation because the effaete air perpetually transpiring the terminations of Arteries with the volatil parts of the Blood The Effluxes swimming in the Air move to and from the Blood in a kind of Circular motion and the Air being again rendred fruitful as impraegnated with new Effluvia is reconveyed through the Porous Skin into the extreamities of the Veins where they are admitted into fellowship with the Vital Liquor which is thereby rendred more attenuated and fit for its retrograde motion toward the Heart Thus having given the several Ferments by which the Intestine Motion of Minerals Vegetables and Animal Liquors are celebrated my design at this time is to close these Philosophical Discourses with the effects of Fermentation and Ferments how in Humane Bodies Secretion and Percolation is managed by Secretory Organs The frame of Mans Body is a rare Contexture made up of different Intetegrals disposed in an excellent order which are so many Cylinders encircling various Liquors some Alimentary others Recremental It being ordered by a most Prudent and Supream Power that spirituous and volatil parts of the Blood Some parts of the Blood perpetually transpiring are supported by Alimentary Liquor perpetually transpiring the secret avenues of the Body should be supported by new supplies of a Succus Nutricius So that some parts being in the Bud and Blossome and others in Maturity do afterwards droop and die The blood being acted with continual Intestine Motion some parts being brisk and young others grown old and decayed doth perpetually discharge its Fuliginous and Effaete Particles with the unfruitful Air by a free Expiration The Alimentary Juice being extracted out of Meat in the Stomach The Succus Nutricius after divers alterations made in several parts of the Body is afterward assimilated into Blood the more gross parts are secerned by a kind of Precipitation and turned into the Intestines while the Nutricious Liquor is impelled through the Lacteal and Thoracic Ducts into the Subclavian Veins where it is made an associate of the Blood and afterward by several Comminutions and Steps turned into its substance by Assimilation while other grosser parts which cannot be subdued do quit the converse of the Vital Liquor as unfit for Life and Nourishment The Blood is composed of different parts The Blood is made up of Alimentary and Excrementitious parts some Alimentary and others Excrementitious The first are integrated of more matured and crude Particles The last are indigested Chyle not turned into Blood whose better parts of a Christaline Liquor and a red Crassament which Coagulates when Extravasated thereby gaining a more solid Consistence The Alimentary parts of the Blood are composed of a serous part and a red Crassament produced by manifold Fibres whose more compacted parts are diluted by Serous Liquor and by the more thin watry Lympha and above all by the more subtil substance of Air
evacuations of salival Liquor a good sign in the Flux Pox. is a Cough proceeding from a gross Matter commonly called Flegme which is an indigested Succus nutricius dicharged by the excretory Ducts of the salival Glands all besetting the Palate Tongue and Fauces which in the Flux-Pox emit large streams of salival Liquor discharging in a great part the foulness of the Blood and the malignity of the Fever in free and critical evacuations of vitiated recrements of the Blood through the numerous conglomerated Glands in and about the Tongue Palate and Fauces as if a Ptyalisme was raised by a Mercurial Medicine And before and in the time of the Salivation in this ill kind of small Pox a crude thin and serous Liquor is protruded by the capillary Arteries into the Glands the inhabitants of the Skin where it is separated from the Blood and forced through the excretory Tubes to the surface of the inward Skin where the Matter being very thin and fluide is not readily confined within the due limits of many round prominent circumferences made in the outward Skin but runneth confused one part with another which is occasioned by the thinness and sharpness of the Matter often corroding like Aqua-fortis the rare contexture of the Skin integrated of numerous Filaments variously intangled with each other in which it maketh divers Cavities and Furrows The Face is disguised with cavities and scars caused by the corroding perulent Matter of the Small Pox. often despoiling the Face of its elegant Air and amiable Features and leaving great impressions not only in the skin of the Face but in the Palate Nerves and Tendons of the Fingers of which an instance may be given in a Grocers Daughter of London in whom the virulent corroding Matter of the Flux-Pox did eat quite through the Palate by making a large perforation into the cavity of the Mouth and did so corrode the Nerves Tendons and Ligaments relating to the second Bone of the fore-Finger that the Bone upon motion of the Finger started through the Skin and was wholly parted from the Joynts leaving a lameness in them Sometimes the Small Pox are not only a Disease but a kind of Symptome of an essential malignant Fever deforming it with Red and Blew spots when it increaseth more and more after the eruption of the Matter the cause of the Small-Pox And although a great quantity of gross Succus nutricius is vented by the salival Glands into the Mouth by which Nature designeth to relieve it self yet the Fever groweth higher and higher and at last the Skin is sometime defaced with great and numerous spots which first appearing Red do afterwards degenerate into Blew near the approaches of Death An Honourable Lady finding her self highly discomposed drank freely of Cordial Water which put her Blood into a high effervescence rendring it very hot and thin which being impelled to the cutaneous Glands where the Purple Liquor is streined and returned by the capillary Veins while the serous Recrements are transmitted through the excretory Vessels into the most exterior parts which grow tumefied into small pustles the dismal marks of the Flux-Pox and were associated with a great salivation in the Mouth assisted with opening and cleansing Gargarismes by whose help she vented two or three quarts a day of thick ropy Matter thereby giving frequently a great alleviation to the Pox which had not this effect in this Honourable Person in whom the Small Pox was symptomatic because notwithstanding the free evacuation of the depraved Succus nutricius through the cutaneous and salival Glands yet the Fever grew more and more importunate by shewing it self Essential and Malignant when the products of the Pox the Ulcers grew dry and scaled off then the surface of the Body was deformed with Red spots which afterward turned Blew the mournful Scenes of a dismal Tragedy The more kindly Small Pox have for their Materia substrata the Succus nutricius depraved by a peculiar indisposition of the Blood often communicated to it by contagious steams impelled with the Air through the bronchia and their appendant Vessels into the substance of the Lungs where it encounters and infects with its Ferment the Succus nutricius running confusely mixed with the Blood raising in it another ebullition which being received by the pulmonary Veins into the left Chamber of the Heart is thence protruded into the greater Trunks and smaller Branches of the Arteries The beginning of the Small Pox is the first four or five days wherein the Small Pox do appear but little after the fifth day cometh the increase of the Small Pox. this Fermentation of the infected Blood lasteth four or five days which is the beginning of the Disease And about the fourth or fifth day an inflammation of the Skin appeareth in the Small Pox derived from the vital Liquor impelled into the extremities of the capillary Arteries inserted into the Skin whence the Face and Hands are often disguised with unnatural Swellings and afterwards Pimples start up in the Skin arising from the Blood not yet severed from the Succus nutricius the Matter of the Small Pox. And now commenceth the time of maturation of them The stat◠〈◊〉 Small Pox is that of Maturation which cometh to a height when they turn yellow when these little round Swellings grow more enlarged are turned more whitish as the Succus Nutricius is more and more secerned from the purple Juice and then oftentimes the Pustles are surrounded for some time with a red Circle proceeding from thin blood separated from the confines of the Succus Nutricius and derived into the adjacent parts of the Skin and about the seventh day the maturation cometh more and more to a height when the numerous acuminated Swellings full of purulent Matter put off their white Robes and are apparaleld with a yellow hew which is the height of the Maturation The declination of the small Pox is about the eleventh day happening about the eleventh day and afterward the declination of the Disease beginneth wherein the Ulcerous Matter being dried up the Impostumes are turned into Scabs about the fourteenth day sometimes leaving behind red Marks and Scars as tokens of God's Justice punishing us for our Prevarications the causes of Diseases and as remembrancers of his Mercy expressed in a happy recovery from this troublesome and noisome Malady And that we may give a more clear account of divers disaffections of the Skin I humbly conceive they may be in some sort deduced A Cause of Cutaneous Diseases flowing from the streitness of Vessels either from the ill formation of the Vessels or Pores relating to the Glands or from several Liquors residing in or impelled into the Glands As to the Vessels they labour under so much streitness or largeness An Inflamation of the Skin proceeding from Blood stagnant in the Cutaneous Glands wherein the Veins do not receive the Blood upon the first the Glands grow tumefied with too great a
the Cutaneous Glands assumeth a psorous disposition and after breaketh out into wheals into the Cutaneous Glands where it being stagnant is not able on the one side to be discharged outwardly through the Excretory Ducts of the Skin nor inwardly to be received on the other into the extreamities of the Veins so that by its long deteinment in the Papillary Glands the extravasated Liquor doth not only assume a psorous Indisposition but also a vitriolic corrosive quality whence arise divers asperities of the Skin This Ferment acquireth a Septick Indisposition by a long stagnancy in the Cutaneous Glands producing a Leprous Scurf caused by various eruptions of this depraved Matter breaking out into Wheals or Pimples rendring the amiable surface of the Body unpleasant to the Eye proceeding from a matter putrescent in the ambient parts of the Body where in a long Stagnation it acquireth a kind of septic quality corroding the Skin and neighbouring fleshy parts affecting them with the horrid diseases of Leprous Scurfs and Cancerous Ulcers which move a great compassion in the condoling Spectator And not only this irksome disease of the Itch springeth from an intrinsick Cause the depraved quality of the Glandulous Liquor derived from the Stagnation of it and from the impurities of the Blood imparted to it in motion but also from an outward procatartick cause by Contagion wherein the secret miasmes are most readily conveighed from some Diseased Person through the Pores of the Skin of one Person to the Pores of another thereby infecting the Glandulous Liquor lodged near the surface of the Body This psorous Disease is imparted by contagion from subtle parts streaming out of the Body and making the like impressions in another as being received into the Pores of the Skin And this virulent Infection derived from ichorous Pimples is most easily communicated from body to body by the quick operation of the Contagious Ferment consisting in subtle Particles always streaming out of the Body and by the indisposition of the Glandulous Liquor receptive of these infectious steams proceeding from a neighbouring diseased Body making the like impressions in another in which the Liquor of the Cutaneous Glands being made up of Nervous and Serous Liquor flowing from the Nerves and Arteries is compounded of different subtle Particles very obnoxious to Fermentation So that the active Effluvia of this Contagious Distemper do freely insinuate themselves through the minute meatus of the Exterior Skin into the Cutaneous Glands and from thence received into the lesser and greater Venous Tubes and into the right Cistern of the Heart and then through the Pulmonary Arteries and Veins into the left Ventricle of the Heart and afterward impelled through greater and lesser arterial Channels into all the parts of the Body and therein imparting from the Center to the Circumference this nasty contagious Ferment with the Blood into the Cutaneous Glands where the infected Serous and Nutritious Liquor is secerned from the more pure parts of the Blood and emitted through the Excretory Vessels to the surface of the inward Skin and one Particle crowding another forward do raise up the outward Skin into Pustles full of purulent Matter which being Concreted is turned into numerous Scabs Lastly The Leprosie is a Cutaneous Disease proceeding from a Mass of Blood highly corrupted with virulent Miasmes and Acide Saline and Sulphureous Particles which though moving in association with the Vital Liquor yet cannot be so far subdued as broke into small Particles and volatilized by frequent Circulations that these Acide Saline and Sulphureous Atomes might be assimilated into Blood whereupon the Heart being highly aggrieved with these Recrements impelleth them with the Purple Liquor into the substance of the Cutaneous Glands wherein the Serous are secerned from the Alimentary Particles of the Blood which is returned by the Veins and the watry impraegnated with degenerated Saline and Sulphureous parts are conveyed by the Excretory Ducts to the surface of the â—kin where the most Liquid parts of these Recrements being evaporated the acide saline do Coagulate like Tarter incrusting the Skin which being rubb'd or scratch'd the concreted saline parts fall off like scales of Fish and the serous parts ouse out of the Skin which being dried up thereupon follow new saline accretions casing the Skin with another Crust CHAP. VII Of the Cure of Cutaneous Diseases HAving Treated of the Pathology of the Skin it may seem Methodical to say somewhat of the Cures belonging to Cutaneous Diseases among which the Measles and Small Pox lead the Van which are different Disaffections in reference to their several Aspects as various Tumours and as proceeding from divers Causes the one beginning in redness and driness disappearing in a Roughness the other commencing in Red Pimples grow after wards greater and come by degrees to Maturation appearing in numerous white Heads of small Tumours which at last determine in dry Scabs These Diseases of Measles and Small Pox though different upon many accounts yet they are both attended with Cures much alike in many cases both in a slender and temper Diet and the administration of gentle Cordials If Nature be slow in throwing out the matter of the Diseases from the Center to the Circumference by Arterial Trunks Branches and Capillaries into the small Cutaneous Glands and from thence by Excretory Vessels Dyarrhaeas and Disenteries are to be suppressed in the Measles and Small Pox and by gentle Astringent Cordial Medicines throwing out the Matter from the inward to the outward parts into the surface of the Body And in both Diseases a violent Looseness and Bloody-Flux gentle Cordials are to be advised to suppress these irregular motions which pervert the proper Course of Nature in diverting the matter of the Diseases from the surface of the Body to the inward Recesses wherefore upon this account quiet Diaphoreticks are to be mixed with Astringents at once to check the irregular and promote the regular motion of the disaffected Humours the Causes of these Diseases In the greatest Cases that can happen in these Diseases wherein they are accompanied with internal Inflammations of the Lungs in a Perikneumonia of the Plura in a Plurisie of the Membranes of the Brain in a Phrenitis of the Diaphragme in a Paruphrenitis or of the Muscles of the Larynx in a Quinsie or in any other internal Inflammation a Vein is to be opened that the most urgent and eminent Disease may be first opposed A Vein is to be opened in the Measles and Small Pox when they are accompanied with dangerous Inflammations of the inward and noble parts which will prove fatal without dispute if the Patient be not speedily relieved by Blood letting which will much advance the eruption of the Matter offending in the Measles and Small Pox wherein the sick Person being of a Plethorick Constitution is oppressed with an exuberant Mass of Blood highly obstructing the free motion of it and the Succus Nutricius in association with it
substance of it An Oedema is a white soft Indolent Swelling An Oedema is caused by an indigested Chyme seated very often in the Limbs caused by reason of ill Sanguification proceeding from a Phlegmatick Matter an indigested Chyle associated with the Purple Liquor which giveth a trouble to Nature seeing it cannot be assimilated into Blood and so improper for Nutrition which being impelled out of the Terminations of the Arteries into the Interstices of the Muscles where it is lodged by reason of its great thickness as not being able to be admitted into the Orifices of the Veins whereupon the habit of the Body is distended causing a great Tension and Stiffness in the parts affected which being near akin to an Anasarca hath the same Indications and Cure recited in the discourse of the Leucophlegmatia A Student in Philosophy being affected with an Ascitis and Timpanites was restored out of a Quartan Ague unto perfect Health and afterward being unmindful of his former Distemper applied himself to his Studies and led a Sedentary Life and thereupon fell into a great difficulty of Breathing derived from a gross Mass of Blood impelled out of the Pulmonary Artery into the substance of the Lungs receiving frequent draughts of Air to inspire the Mass of Blood with fine Volatil Particles to promote its Circulation by the Pulmonary Veins into the left Chamber of the Heart and within a very short space this gross Mass of Blood was carried down by the Descendent Trunk of the Aorta into the Iliack Branch and so into the Muscles of the Thighs which were much swelled with this pituitous Mass of Blood not lodged only in the empty spaces of the Muscles but also in the Minute Glands of the Skin very much swelled in Oedematous Tumours and Anasarca's which very much resemble one another both in Pathology and in Pharmaceuticks A Scirrhus is a hard Indolent Tumour taking its rise from gross Blood A Scirrhus is caused by a gross indurated serous of pituitous Liquor or from a thick Lintous Humour mixed with the Vital Liquor transmitted into the habit of the Body where the more thin and watry Particles being Evaporated the gross parts of the Blood do communicate a hardness to the distended Fleshy parts which may also arise from gross Humours settled in the habit of the Body consisting of Saline Earthy Particles which are disposed for Concretion In order to the Cure of a Scirrhus two Indications do offer themselves the Indicative and Curative The first hath relation to the Antecedent Cause the gross Mass of Blood resident in Scorbutick habits of Body which are to be Cured by Purgatives Antiscorbuticks Diureticks and Chalybeats so that the more gross parts of the Peccant Matter being carried off by Catharticks the more thin may be discharged by Diureticks and the Fermentation of the Blood may be renewed by Chalybeats As to the Curative Indication of a Scirrhus derived from the continent Cause of gross Humours settled and indurated in the empty spaces of the Muscles it doth denote Emollient and Moistning Medicines which must be applied again and again to soften the Indurated parts and afterward gentle Discutients mixed with Emollients may be used else if hot Discutients be first applied before the parts be softned they acquire a greater Induration and the Scirrhus will be rendred more difficult to be Cured A Cancer is a hard round Tumour of a Blew or Blackish Colour A Cancer is a hard painful Tumour like Crabs Claws full of sharp pain beset with many Veins big with a Black Humour resembling Crabs Claws from whence it borroweth its Denomination and taketh its origen from Blood infected with a Malignant Disposition and Venenate Nature This Humour concreteth it self in the beginning not exceeding the bigness of a Pea and afterward groweth greater in Bulk especially if it be enraged with sharp Medicines whereupon it encreaseth in acute hot pains somewhat like the pricking of Needles derived from sharp Vitriolick Particles and the poysonous quality of the Blood grievously torturing the Nervous and Membranous parts the subject of pain in this Disease The antecedent cause of a Cancer according to the Ancients is a Melancholick Humour But in truth the Blood affected with a Venenate Nature while it circulates in the Vessels but when this Poysonous Humour is Extravasated and lodged in the Interstices of the Vessels as not received into the Veins it is the continent cause of a Cancer which is a Black venenate Blood making a Tumour in the habit of the Body tormenting the Nervous parts with severe pains Cancers are of two kinds the one not Ulcered the other Ulcered A Cancer not not Ulcered The first proceedeth from a more gentle and less malignant Mass of Blood easily confining it self within the empty Spaces of the Fleshy parts without intolerable pains as not offering any great Violation to the union of the Muscular and Cutaneous parts The Ulcered Cancer is derived from a most hot Mass of Blood full of fierce Saline and Malignant Particles which being settled in the empty Spaces of the Vessels A Cancer Ulcered parteth them from each other and raiseth a Tumour arising from these sharp Vitriolick Humours corroding the Fleshy parts and Skin whence gusheth out a thin sharp Gleet sometimes mixed with a depraved Blood very offensive to the adjacent parts As to the Curative parts of a Cancer it is so stubborn by reason of its great Malignity that it cannot be subdued by the most powerful Pharmacy In order to hinder the growth of it Blood-letting may be advised as also Decoctions of China Sarsa Parilla and Antiscorbuticks and other Medicines which do cool purge and sweeten the Blood by Diureticks of a mild nature a cooling and moistning Diet may prove very Beneficial and above all Milk and the most choice is that of Asses which being of a serous substance may be easily Concocted without any Coagulation in the Stomach and hath a cooling and moistning quality Topicks in this Disease prove often prejudicial Sharp and hot Topicks are very prejudicial in Cancers especially hot and sharp Applications that enrage the Fiery and Malignant disposition of a Cancer and outward Medicines of an Emplastick Oily nature are very poysonous By reason they hinder Transpiration and by deteining the hot and poysonous steams of the Blood do much Exasperate the fierce Saline Atomes of this Disease rendring it Ulcerous whose sharp Matter doth Corrode the Neighbouring parts with intolerable pains An Ancient Woman a Victualer by Profession being affected with a Scorbutick habit of Body was afflicted with a Cancerous Tumour in her Breast to which an unskilful Chyrurgeon applied sharp and Emplastick Medicines to bring the Tumour to Suppuration which could not be affected but at last ended in a most Malignant Ulcer whose thin Caustick Matter did eat away her Breast and penetrating the Intercostal Muscles into the Thorax did destroy the Noble parts whereupon this devouring Disease gave
Concoction of the Alimentary Liquor which as it is affected with a fierce heat and afterward confaederated with the Blood doth too much exalt its Sulphureous Particles which being Communicated with the Vital Liquor by the Caeliack Artery into the Stomach doth make too high and an overhasty Fermentation in the Meat and Drink Another cause of the unnatural heat of the Blood The Stomach is overheated by too hot steams of Air. and Stomach depending upon it is borrowed from the hot steams of the Air in the heat of Summer insinuating themselves into the enlarged Pores of the Skin into the Blood giving it an Ebullition which is much hightned by strong and frequent Pulsations of the Heart and Arteries through which the over-heated Blood hath a recourse to the Stomach perverting its Concoction of Meat and Drink plainly appearing in the loss of our Appetite in reference to solid Nutriment by reason the Stomach hath no inclination to that which it is capable to Concoct A third cause of the unkindly heat of the Blood The Stomach is disordered by the heat of the Blood overacted by hot steams in prohibited transpiration proceedeth from the coldness of the Ambient Air whereupon the Body shutteth up its Fore-doors the Minute Pores of the Skin to secure it self against the assaults of cold Blasts whereupon the Skin being Condensed the fiery steams of the Blood cannot Transpire whence its Temper is perverted by greater and greater degrees of Preternatural heat which being Communicated first to the Heart by Venous Channels whereupon the Purple Liquor is over-acted with too great an Ebullition commonly stiled a Fever issuing from an Extravagant heat which is afterward impelled with the Blood by a proper Artery into the Stomach wherein it depraveth the due Fermentation of the Aliment And that we may give a more clear Illustration of the unkindly heat of the Blood relating to Types and periods of the Paroxisms of Fevers The heat of the Blood somewhat resembleth the Fermentation of Wine in the Must affecting the Fermentation of the Stomach which in some sort doth resemble the Ebullition of Wine in the Must which may be raised upon two accounts either by the Heterogeneous Ferment of some Fat Liquor immitted into the Cask which doth hasten the Effervescence of some gross Wines not apt to Ferment of themselves or when New Wines turgid with a quantity of Lees are impraegnated with Sulphureous Particles exalted above measure by whose mediation the Compage of the Wine being opened and its Particles freed from a strict mixtion do produce a high Effervescence of the Fermenting Liquor And the Ebullition of the Blood holdeth some proportion though after a different manner with the fermentation of Vegetable Juices The Ebullition of the Blood holdeth some analogy with the Fermentation of Vegetable Juices as some matter of a dissimilar nature associates with the Vital Liquor and being not easily Assimilated maketh a great dispute and Effervescence in the Blood till the Extraneous Particles be subdued and brought into alliance with the Blood or severed from it as Excrementitious and discharged by Excretory Ducts that the opened Compage of the Blood may be closed again and the Particles be reunited in mixtion and reassume their former situation and posture And this Effervescence of Blood proceeding from Extraneous parts of a different Constitution not easily reconcileable to the Blood is dispensed with it into the substance of the Stomach where it much weakneth the Tone and perverteth the oeconomy of Nature in reference to the Concoction of Aliment Secondly The heat of the Blood sometimes is derived from the oily parts too much exalted The Blood hath an irregular heat and Intestine Motion when its Element the Spirituous and Oily Particles of which it is Composed are transported beyond their native Constitution and grow very abusive in their Temper in debauching the gentle heat of the Blood till it grow tumultuary and fierce in point of Ebullition and turbulent and impetuous in reference to Motion which have an influence upon the Stomach and much disorder its Fermentation relating to the Production of Chyle And after both manners either when the Blood runneth confused by reason of some Extraneous Particles of Crude Chyme not readily associating with its Mass in a perfect Union or when the Spirituous and Oily Particles grow enraged as too much exalted by undue Fermentation whereupon the Blood is disordered by too great Ebullition raised in the Heart and Vessels whereby its due Compage is relaxed and the active Particles set at liberty grow as it were into a flame and transmit their fiery Atomes into the Ventricle and all parts of the Body With this difference that the Ebullition of the Blood taking its rise from indigested Chyme is more easily quieted and giveth some intermission free from Paroxisms wherein the Stomach oftentimes recovereth its Appetite and Tone and is capable of Concocting Aliment not hard of Digestion But the Ebullition of the Purple Liquor A continued Fever is produced from the too much exalted sulphureous parts of the Purple Liquor which being imparted to the Stomach doth weaken the Retentive Faculty and hinder Concoction which ariseth out of the disorder of Spirituous and Oily Particles is productive of a continued Fever and here the Compage of the Blood is so far loosened and the bond of due mixtion is in some sort so violated that the Spirituous and Oily Atomes being as it were set on fire break out into a kind of flame which cannot receive an allay till the inflamed Spirituous and Oily parts do burn out and transpire through the innumerable Cutaneous Pores But before this is accomplished the boiling Blood having frequent accesses to the Stomach much discomposeth the various ranks of Fibres and by despoiling them of their due Tone doth weaken the Retentive Faculty of the Stomach putting it upon frequent Vomitings so that it cannot make a close application of it self to the Meat and Drink And the Vital Juice acted with unkindly heat in Fevers staieth some little time in the Interstices of the Vessels when it is received into the substance of the Ventricle whereupon it groweth inflamed CHAP. XXIX Of the Nervous Liquor as a Ferment belonging to the Stomach in order to Chylification BEfore I Treat of the peculiar Ferments of the Stomach the Nervous Juice and Serous Liquor of the Blood I will premise in short the nature and propriety of Ferments taken in a general Notice as very serviceable to the better understanding of the proper Ferments designed by Nature as efficient Causes producing the Concoction of Aliment Ferments are commonly esteemed Minute Bodies Some Ferments of the Stomach work by secretion and others by precipitation which are very little in Bulk if they be compared with the Mass they actuate and exalt causing by vertue of their Spirituous and Volatil Particles an Effervescence in the altered Matter which is founded in the Mutual Contests and Intestine
its Divarications terminating into the Coats of the Stomach whence the Fibres grow senseless and stupid wholly unmindful of their duty of Contraction producing the greatest misdemeanor of the Expulsive Faculty the loss of its Function whereby it giveth no ease to the Stomach by taking off its burden of Recrements the reliques of Concoction The lost Tone of the Stomach flowing from the Fibres of the Brain Another disaffection of the expulsive Faculty of the Stomach floweth from the compression of the Fibres of the Brain by a quantity of extravasated Blood Cephalick Potions are good in this distemper compressed by a quantity of Stagnant Blood lodged in the Cortex of the Brain and intecepting the admission of the animal Liquor into the Extreamities of the nervous Fibrils doth indicate Blood letting to make good the circulation of it and to discharge the Brain from its importunate extravasation destructive of the Principal and sometimes of all the Functions relating to the Head The lost Tone of the Stomach is derived also from the grossness of the Nervous Liquor stopping up the Origen of the Nervous Fibres whence the propagation of the animal Liquor and Spirits is hindred into the eighth pair of Nerves implanting many Branches into the Stomach This Disease doth denote cephalick Decoctions mixed with Aqua Paeoniae Comp. Brion Comp. Lavendul Comp. c. Cephalick Pills and Electuaries compounded of Conserves of Lime Flowers Lillies of the Valley Flowers of Betony and Rosemary mixed with Powder of Amber Castor c. and made up with some cephalick Syrup Drinking after it a large Draught of a specifick Julap which do attenuate the gross Saline parts of Blood and Animal Liquor rendring them fluid and fit to be received into the extreamities of the nervous Fibrils in the Brain and to pass into the Interstices of the Filaments of the Par Vagum and its Branches inserted into the Stomach whereupon the Tone of the Stomacick Fibres is rectified disposing them to exert their due expulsive Operations caused by the influence of a well qualified animal Liquor giving vigor to the Fibres seated in the Stomach in order to discharge its Excrements and Reliques of Concoction The second Error of the expulsive Faculty may be deduced from a remisness in doing its Duty of Contraction The Second Error of the expulsive Faculty is the faintness of the Tones relating to the Stomacick Fibres wherein the Stomacick Fibres being faint and lazy by reason they are not acted with good animal Liquor and Spirits as the efficient of soporiferous Diseases lodged in the upper Apartment of the Head whereupon the Fibres of the Stomach being destitute of laudable nervous juyce render the expulsive Power stupid and unactive The remiss action of the Stomacic Fibres may also proceed from a cold and moist Distemper in Hydropic and other Chronick Diseases The weakness of Stoma-Fibres flowing from a cold and moist distemper produced by a super-abundance of watry Humors not secerned in the Glands of the Kidneys and transmitted by the urinary Ducts and papillary Caruncles into the Pelvis and Ureters whereupon the Blood groweth watry and is returned through the Heart and Lungs by variety of Vessels into the descendent Trunk of the Aorta and thence watry Blood passeth by the Caeliac Artery into the Stomach imparting to it a cold and moist indisposition whereby the Fibres of the Ventricle are rendred flabby and unable to perform such a Contraction as is requisite for a due expulsion of the dregs of Concoction altogether unprofitable to Nature in point of Refection of the Body by Aliment which it vitiateth by its over long stay in the Stomach instituted primarily by Nature to be a receptacle of Meat and Drink and not of Recrements which the Stomach dischargeth as irksom to it The remiss Action of the expulsive Faculty The weakness of Stomacick Fibres may proceed firm the too free Draughts of cold water and other cooling Liquors which is cured by warm and drying remedies caused by weak Stomacic Fibres may also arise from immoderate Drinking of cold Water and other cooling Liquors which do confound the natural heat of the Stomach and make its Fibres stupid and flaccide whence the Ventricle groweth insensible of its burden and faint in Contraction in order to the discharge of Faetulencys a grand impediment to Concoction The faint Tone of Stomacic Fibres proceeding from a cold and moist distemper in Hydropic Diseases doth signifie warm and drying Remedies and the depuration of the purple Liquor is effected by purging and diuretic Medicines expelling by Urine and Stools the watry Recrements of the Blood and Stomach whose weak Tone is afterwards repaired by bitter and astringent Remedies as Wine prepared with Steel and Decoctions of Gentian Roots Enula-Campane the tops of Centaury the less and also Thirty or Forty drops of Elixir proprietatis taken three or four times a day in a draught of old and generous Rhenish Wine The third kind of disaffection The depraved action of the Stomach is when the Fibres are ever-contracted in Purging Vomitings Hyccops c. incident to the Stomach and that none of the least is the depraved action of the expulsive Faculty when it is too much heightned and aggrieved when the Fibres of the Stomach are receptive of great degrees of Contraction then are instituted by naure as in Purgings Hyccops Nauseatings Vomitings and in both Purgings and Vomitings immediately succeeding each other as in a Disease called Cholera In Purgings the Stomach beginneth to contract her right annular and oblique Fibres near the Left Orifice of the Stomach where its Cavity is first lessened and step by step more and more as the Fibres contract themselves toward the Pylorus where the Ventricle being contracted must by consequence discharge offensive Humors out of the Confines of the Stomach into the Duodenum so that Purging may be described an excretory Motion of the Ventricle briskly performed by a vigorous tone of Fibres gradually contracting themselves from the Left to the Right Orifice as from Term to Term Vomiting is the unkindly Motion of the alimentary Liquor and Reliques of Concoction The inverted peristaltick motion of the Guts doth cause the Stomach to throw up recrements and the pituitous Humors incrusting the inside of the Stomach as also of the bilious and pancreatick Liquors transmitted from the Liver and Pancreas by an inverted peristaltic Motion of the Duodenum into the Ventricle which doth solicit the Stomacic Fibres by a troublesome importunity to eject all offensive Recrements the bounds of the Stomach upward wherein it prudently consulteth its ease and quiet which is also frequently discomposed by a thinner and more troublesome Matter the result of an ill Concoction received into the bosom of the Stomach which I conceive is generated after this manner Meat and Drink are admitted into the Ventricle and their Elaboration in order to Digestion is matured by Heat and Ferments entring into the Compage
well as Excrementitious Humours in an opposite Order caused by troublesome sollicitations of active purging Qualities which do more and more contract themselves and throw off a part of the Afflictive Medicines and with them some Particles of Serous and Nervous Liquors out of the Extreamities of Arteries and Nerves and all sorts of Contents out of the Stomach the Alimentary Liquor and its Faeces as also the Bilious and Pancreatick Recrements Transmitted from the Neighbouring parts Whereupon the Stomach obtaineth a repose for some time The manner how Purgatives exert their operations by passing through various Vessels till the more valatil purgative Particles being received into the Intestines and Lacteal Mesenterick and Thoracic Vessels are carried into the Subclavian Veins and associate with the Mass of Blood where the Purgative Atomes make an Effervescence and Fermentation and by setting at liberty the different parts of the Blood which are carried only confused with it by divers Vessels through the right Chamber of the Heart and Lungs into the left Ventricle whence it is impelled first into the Common and then into the Descendent Trunk of the Aorta and from thence by the Caeliack Artery into the Glandulous Coat of the Stomach where the serous Particles and watry Recrements of the Blood being secerned in some parts from the Red Crassament are thrown off by the Extreamities of the Arteries and also the Recrements of the Nervous Juice are discharged by the Terminations of the Nerves into the Cavity of the Stomach whose Nervous and Carnous Fibres being irritated do Contract themselves till they expel the importunate Contents of the Stomach into the Intestines Another Disaffection of the Stomach A Hiccop is a kind of Convulsive Motion of the Stomach in reference to its Expulsive Power may be stiled a Hiccop 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a kind of Convulsive Motion which is sometimes seated in the left Orifice of the Stomach but more frequently in the Midriff beset with various branches of Nerves which being disturbed by some unpleasant Object do make a kind of Convulsive Agitations in order to discharge it which are composed of a double Motion The one of Dilatation in which the Stomach is enlarged the other of Constriction wherein the Carnous Fibres strongly contract themselves and straighten the Cavity of the Stomach to eject some troubled Matter out of its Confines The Hiccop may proceed either from Recrements floating in the Stomach or by the consent of other parts disordering it The Humors that affect the Ventricle primarily per 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 are either caused by a quantity of indigested Aliment or by Humours offending in quality as Bilious and Pancreatick Liquors which are vitiated with sharp saline Particles or noisome Vapours provoking the Stomach to irregular Motions And Infants are often afflicted with Hiccops proceeding from the quantity or sharpness of Milk A Daughter of Renowned Bartholine being Seventeen Weeks old was highly disordered with a Convulsion of her left Hand and perpetual Hiccops attending Sucking which may induce us to believe upon good grounds that the Convulsive Motions the consequents of Sucking proceeded from the quantity or quality of the Milk Sometimes Hiccops do take their rise from sharp Humours vellicating the Fibres of the Stomach and putting it upon disorderly Agitation giving a high discomposure to the Patient in restless motion of the Ventricle Learned Bonnetus giveth an account of a Person of Honour afflicted with this Distemper out of Haeferus Hercules Ferdinandus III Romanus Imperator ante obitum ex confluxu bilis humoris Melancholici non tamen atrae bilis singultum quasi continuum patiebatur Ejus Ventriculus tametsi pridie mortis sex biliosi Melancholici Humoris libras Vomitu rejecerat attamen ejusdem Excrementi libras duas in se continebat cujus acrimonia fuit tanta ut casu aliquot guttulae in pelvim argenteam deciduae acrimonia sua non secus at Aqua Vitriolata metalli nitorem macularit The Hiccop derived from consent of parts sometimes borroweth its Origen from the Inflammation of the small Guts called the Iliack Passion which Hippocrates stileth an ill Disease in the Fifth Book of Aphorisms the Seventh Section and Tenth Aphorism 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in the Iliack Passion Vomitings and Hiccops are of an ill consequence because the Disease is very high when attended with dangerous Symptoms when the Ilia are obstructed with gross Excrements and noisome faetide Vapours are Transmitted upward by an inverted Peristaltick Motion of the Intestines into the Stomach wherein the stinking steams and Excrements do produce Convulsive Motions in the Ventricle by afflicting its Fibres whereupon it attempteth to disburden it self from the great pressure of vexatious Contents Sometimes Hiccops are derived from great Inflations Hiccops deririved sometime from Inflation and sometime from the putrefaction of the Intestines and the Putrefaction of the Intestines proceding from a Wound which happened in an ordinary Person run through the Abdominal Muscles into the small Guts and Dying the seventh Day was not long after Opened Whereupon his Guts were found highly distended with Wind and being Livid and Putrid gave with their stench a great annoiance to the Spectators The Stomach also is oppressed with a Hiccop A Hiccop from the Inflammation of the Liver following the Inflammation of the Liver According to our great Master Hippocrates in his Fifth Book and Fifty Eight Aphorism 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 A Hiccop attendeth the Inflammation of the Liver because it doth contain within its warm embraces the right side of the Stomach so that the Liver being inflamed doth highly affect the Fibres of the Stomach which borroweth its Nerves from the Par Vagum as well as the Liver whereupon the Nerves of the Stomach may be readily drawn into consent and induce the Convulsive Motions commonly called Hiccops when the Hepatick Nerves are so highly discomposed in an Inflammation of the Liver Hermannus Cruserius having Translated some part of Hippocrates's Works and Galen's Commentaries was in great seeming Health and afterward surprized with violent Hiccops which could not be appeased by the power of Art till Death spake a Calm after these troublesome Storms and the lower Apartiment of the Body being viewed upon Dissection the Liver appeared to be Spacelated the sad Consequent of an Inflammation But above all A Hiccop from the Convulsive Motion of the Midriff the Stomach in Diseases of sympathy from the Midriff by reason of its near situation with the Ventricle into whose left Orifice the Gulet perforating the Diaphragme in the left side is inserted whereupon the Midriff being acted with an irregular Motion immediately affecteth the Gulet and Stomach united to it which is derived also from an Entercourse of Nerves springing out of the Par Vagum imparted both to the Ventricle and Midriff So that when the Nerves of the Diaghragme being hurried with Convulsive Motions do forthwith produce the same preternatural Contractions in the Stomach
extracted and mix with the Chyle or some potulent parts a Vehicle the better to convey it to the Guts where it is received into the Lacteal Vessels and carried into the common Receptacle and from thence through the Thoracic Ducts into the Subclavian Veins where it associates with the Blood carried by the Cava into the right Ventricle of the Heart where it maketh a Fermentation which is more highly exalted afterward in the Lungs and left Ventricle from whence the Blood influenced with Medicinal Vertues is impelled into the common and descendent Trunk of the Aorta and afterward by the Caeliack Artery into the Duodenum and upper part of the Jujunum and Colon and by the upper Mesenterick Artery into the Jejunum Ileon and that part of the Colon which is seated in the right side and by the lower Mesenterick Artery into the Colon lodged in the left side and into all parts of the Intestinum Rectum So that the Blood being highly acted with Fermentative parts derived for Purgatives is brought by various Arteries into Glandulous substance of the Guts where some of the serous parts are secerned from the red Crassament and transmitted through the secret Cavities of the inward Coat into the greater channel of the Intestines whereupon the Nervous Filaments being first aggrieved by the sharp serous Recrements of the Blood rendred more pungent by Purgative qualities of Medicines do afterward draw the right and circular Carnous Fibres into brisk Contractions to quit the Guts from the trouble of their contents as so many most vexatious Enemies to gain their freedom and quiet Catharticks do not only affect the Blood at a distance Purgatives do affect the villous and nervou Filaments of the Guts but also the Villous Coat and Nervous Filaments which do immediately disturb them with troublesome stroaks proceeding from the pungent particles of Purgatives vellicating the inward Coat of the Stomach as a tender Compage beset with Nervous Fibrils which being gauled with fretting Medicines do spue out Serous Liquor out of the Excretory Ducts derived from the Glands of the Intestines The Purgative Extract of Medicines The reason why the Carnous and Nervous Fibres are discomposed by Purgatives first produced by the Ferments of the Stomach and afterward imparted to the Intestines doth highly discompose the Nervous and Carnous Fibres by reason the Animal Spirits actuating the Nervous Liquor as very much enraged and give a most troublesome sensation to the inward Coat of the Guts finely dressed with Fibrils and afterward affect the Excretory Vessels of the Pancreas and Hepatick Ducts with a kind of Convulsive Motions making them disgorge their Pancreatick and Bilious Recrements into the larger Receptacle of the Intestines And not only the Faeces of the Blood severed from it in the Glands of the Liver and Pancreas are thrown into the Guts by vertue of the Corrugation of the Nervous and Carnous Fibres but also the Extreamities of the Arteries and Excretory Vessels belonging to the Glands are opened by the sharp and aperient qualities of the Purgatives unlocking the secret Pores of the inward Coat of the Intestines lined with a Mucous Matter The Mucous Matter of the Guts is cleansed off by Purgatives as a Defensative against the assaults of sharp Humours which is scraped off by the cleansing quality of Purgatives leaving the Vessels of the Intestines bare and exposed to the harsh and sometimes venenate qualities of raking Medicines which do force open the Terminations of Arteries with such violence that they cause them sometimes to spue out meer Blood into the Cavity of the Intestines If any Person shall demand the Reason The reason why Patients have frequent ease in the working of Medicines why sometimes in the Working of Physick Patients have rest and ease for some time and then pains and discomposure of the Bowels ensue Which I conceive ariseth from the operation of the Purgatives which embodying with the Blood do impart to it Heterogeneous Fermentative Particles putting the Vital Liquor upon a Fermentation whereupon the compage of the Blood being opened it is transmitted by proper Vessels to the Glands of the Guts in which a Secretion is made of such Humours which are for the present offensive to the Blood and discharged into the Intestines which contract their Carnous Fibres and expel the Humours whereupon ensueth a calm in the Guts till a new storm ariseth caused by the Effervescence of the Blood flowing from the fermenting qualities of the Physick transmitted into the Glands of the Guts where the angry serous and windy parts being secerned from the Blood are exonerated into the Intestines stirring up a Tempest highly agitating the tender Fibrils of the inward Coat CHAP. XLI Of the Pathologie of the Guts HAving given an account of the Structure of the Guts framed of various Coats as contextures of many fine Filaments curiously interwoven to which numerous Glands are affixed and of their actions flowing from the Concoctive and Expulsive Faculties to which may be added the distribution of the Chyle after it is extracted and refined in the Intestines into the Extreamities of the Lacteal Vessels to be transmitted through the Mesentery into the common Receptacle My intendment at this time is to entertain the courteous Reader with the Diseases attending the Concoctive and distributive powers of Chyle and of the Expulsive Faculty of the Faeces and of Inflammations Ulcers Gangreens Cancers and divers sorts of Pains relating to the Intestines The Concoctive Faculty is disaffectived The Diseases attending the Faculties of the Guts First as it is wholly abolished when no Chyle or very little is extracted in the Stomach or Intestines proceeding from the want of natural heat deficient primarily in the Blood and from a defect of good Succus Pancreaticus The last Concoctive Faculty proceeding from the want of Ferments commonly called Lienteria and Bilious Liquor and a laudable Serous and Nervous Juice not imparted by the Extreamities of the Arteries and Nerves inserted into the inward Coat of the Intestines to the crude Aliment lodged in the Guts This disaffection is commonly called Lienteria an unnatural excretion of the Aliment little or no ways altered wherein its Compage is not well opened by due Ferments and a Secretion made of the Alimentary Liquor from the grosser Faeces Another disaffection of the Intestines The weakned Concoctive Faculty of the Guts called Passio Gaeliaca is near akin to the other as differing from it in degree is the lessened Concoction commonly stiled Affectio Caeliaca wherein the Meat is in some sort Digested and remaineth confused as not Secerned from the gross parts by reason the Chyle is not well attenuated by the Pancreatick and Bilious Liquor and Serous and Nervous Juice destitute of Volatil Salt and fine Oily and Spirituous Particles in order to render the Chyle fluid in the Intestines whereupon the clammy Chyle embodying with the crude Aliment is excerned by the Expulsive Faculty
by too great a quantity of the Lympha whose tender enclosures are fretted with Saline and Acid Particles or overcharged either by an Obstruction proceeding from an Exuberance of Lympha or by the compression of the adjacent parts intercepting its Current whereupon the Lymphaeducts growing over big with too large a source of Lymphatick Juice are put upon a stretch beyond their natural Dimensions violating their thin Coats which being Lacerated their extravasated streams do change their Current and pour themselves into the Cavity of the Belly one cause of an Ascitis of which I have given a more particular History heretofore The watry and saline Particles of the Blood are not separated for want of a due Ferment by a kind of Precipitation in the glands of the Kidneys which should open the Compage of the Puple Liquor and in some sort loose the tie of mixtion that the potulent part might be secerned from the Blood which being not accomplished the serous and saline Particles unduly associated with the Vital Juice are reconveyed by the Emulgent Veins into the Vena Cava and right Auricle and Cistern of the Heart and pass through the Pulmonary Vessels into the left Ventricle of it and from thence through the common and descendent Trunk of the Aorta and afterwardby the Caeliack Artery arising out of the said Trunk and by the Branches of the Porta into the Glands of the Liver wherein the thin Transparent Liquor being secerned from the Blood and Nervous Juice is transmitted in too great a quantity into the Lymphaeducts seated first in the Glands and afterward creeping out of the Liver are affixed to the Branches of the Porta which are broken as surcharged with too large a proportion of Potulent Matter mixed with the Lympha which often happens in great Drinkers emptied sometimes into the Cavity of the Belly between the Caul and Rim of it and most commonly between it and the Guts by reason the Caul is often Putrefied A Young Maid Dissected in the Hospital of Utrecht An Instance of a Dropsie proceeding from to nâ— Lympâ—aeducts which had an Ascitis Sixteen Years and the Venters being opened no manifest Disease could be discerned in any of the Viscera only the Lymphaeducts appeared to be torn which was the cause of her Dropsie by reason she was severely treated by her Parents in her Minority by receiving great Blows upon her Body and Limbs so that the Lymphaeducts were broken and the Lympha exonerated in great quantity into the Abdomen Another cause of an Ascitis may be assigned to the watry Particles mixed in excessive manner with the Lympha whose course being stopped either by the straightness of the Lymphaeducts lodged in the Glands of the Liver or Mesentery by reason of some Obstruction or Compression whereupon these fine Vessels being broken the Lympha insinuates it self between the Membranes of the Liver or Mesentery and causeth many Protuberancies in the outward Coat of the Viscera The Hydatides of the Liver derived from an exuberant quantity of Lympha producing great Vesicles of Lymphatick Liquor commonly called Hydatides sometimes equalling a Pidgeons Egg and other times a Hen Egg in Magnitude and are for the most part of a less size which Dr. William Straten a Professor of Physick shewed publickly to many Spectators at the Dissection of an Executed Criminal Learned Diemerbroeck giveth this account in his latter end of his 12th Chapter De Vasis Lymphaticis That he often shewed to the Students in Physick in the Hospital at Utrecht Livers Tumefied with divers Vesicles full of clean Liquor and others broken which distilled in a large quantity into the Cavity of the Belly manifestly producing an Ascitis Whereupon I humbly conceive that divers Dropsies seated in the lower Venter do arise Ab aliqua partium inferiorum Abdominis solutione aut a ruptis Hydatitibus hepatis Mesenterii omenti from the Ulcers of some inward parts proceeding as I conceive very commonly from the broken Lymphaeducts lodged in the interior region of the lower Apartiment Wolkerus Coiter Observationibus Anatomicis scribit se in Hydropici cadavere invenisse substantiam viscerum inferioris ventris absumptam intus omni succo exhaustam nihilque aquae in ventris Capicitate at ubique Mesenterio Peritonaeo Intestinis Lieni Hepati omnibus denique visceribus vesiculas Magnitudine adhaerescentes easque omnes aqua limpida refertas I humbly conceive That the Vesicles of fine Crystalline Liquors affixed to the outsides of the Viscera The causes of Hydatides swelling their Coats with various Protuberancies are derived from broken Lymphaeducts discharging their Extravasated Liquor into the Ambient parts of the Bowels immured with Membranes which if broken the Limpide Humours would have showred down into the greater Cavity of the lowest Venter immediately productive of a Dropsie Sometimes in Persons given to Debauchery the Blood is so overcharged with watry Recrements that they have a general recourse to the Glands seated in the Viscera of the whole Body wherein the exuberant Lymphatick Liquor associated with Serous Particles is universally discharged into the Lymphaeducts of all the Bowels and generate Hydatides appendant to their Ambient parts Of which Mauritius Cordaeus hath exhibited a remarkable Instance Com. 5. ad Lib. 1. Hippocr de Morb. Mulier Anno Dom. 1567. Quum forte fortuna Mulier quaedam de Hydrope apud Medicum quendam quereretur ob Hypocartharsin quam ipse procuravit correcti stibii certo granorum numero unde quum fructum Mulier non tulisset ad alium nullis melioribus auspiciis pror fecta tandem è vivis discessit Hujus eviscerrato cadavere nulla capacitas hic nihil cavum in eo deprehensum fuit in quo vesica non penderet secundum Geometriam omnium Dimensionum loco coaequalis ac conformis ei qui suo ambitu contineret locos cavos dicimus non vesicam tantum renes uterum sed Ventriculum Intestinaque Cor pericardium id genus reliqua è quibus prout tam intus quam foris nativum cuique solum contigisset Cystes pendulae conspiciebantur aqua citrina oppletae sine omni faetore etiam post Vigessimum Diem Nullas partes supernas excipimus etiam ad Jugulum usque inferiores quoque nullas ne quidem proximum sedi locum quae hasce suo cavo non caperent Vesiculas Hepar quoque intelligi volumus tectumque laesa oppressumque foris adeoque lienem totum Si quasque vel minutulas in numerum quispiam retulisset octingentas numerus superasset facile CHAP. XII Of the Liver of Beasts HAving Treated of the Liver of Man and its several parts I will speak somewhat of this Bowel as it relateth to other Animals to see what Similitude they have with a Humane Liver The Liver of a Lion much resembleth that of a Cat The Liver of a Lion and is composed of Seven lobes of different shapes and sizes encompassing a great part of the Stomach
the body of it To which it may be replied That the Vagina Uteri exceedeth the Penis in length So that it cannot inject the Seed into the bosom of the Womb which is wisely instituted by Nature lest the length of the Penis should offer a violation to the inward Orifice of the Womb which is so straight in Virgins that it cannot admit the little Finger and so closely shut up in impregnated Women that it cannot receive a Probe The Penis doth not penetrate the inward Orifice of the Vterus Again If the Penis were endued with so great a length as to penetrate into the inward Orifice of the Womb through this narrow passage it would Lacerate the Capillary Blood-vessels seated in the mouth of the Womb and produce a Flux of Blood and cause an immediate Abortion in great Bellied Women whereupon it is wisely ordered by the grand Architect that the Seminal Liquor should be first transmitted to the Vagina Uteri and from thence through the Womb and Deferent Vessels into the Vesicle of Liquor placed in the Ovary The first Rudiment of Conception cometh from the embodying of both Seeds wherein the Masculine Liquor being embodied with that of the Female is the cause of the first rudiment of Conception appearing in the increase of the Egg encircled with a new Membrane to which a red Glandulous substance accresceth which interceding the membrane of the impregnated Egg and other Vesicle doth break the Ligaments by which they are conjoyned to each other So that the parted Egg growing great doth irritate the fleshy Fibres of the Glandulous substance immuring the Vesicles to contract themselves and thrust the Egg through a narrow hole of the Testicle dilated accordingly The manner how the Impregnated Egg is divided from the adjacent Egg and carried into the Oviducts and body of the Vterus into the neighbouring Fimbria the jagged Extremity of the adjacent Tube through which the Impregnated Seminal Vesicle is conveyed into the soft nest of the Womb to receive a greater improvement made by the Vis 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which is made up of four powers The first Plastic or Formative power may be styled Distinctive by which one part of the Genital Liquor is severed from another in order to Formation performed by Fermentation arising out of various Elements of which most are Saline and Spirituous and some Sulphureous and Earthy exalted by Juice impregnated with Animal Spirits destilling out of the terminations of the Nerves which embodieth with the Serous part of the Blood severed from its red Crassament in the Glandulous substance of the Womb. This fine mixture of Albuminous Matter of the Blood is farther exalted with Nitroaereal Particles inspired with aethereal Atomes received with Breath into the Lungues where they associate with the Vital Liquor and are carried with it through the Pulmonary Veins into the left Ventricle of the Heart and from thence through the descendent Trunk of the Aorta and Hypogastrick and Spermatick Arteries into the Glandulous substance of the Womb wherein the Serous Liquor of the Blood confederated with these Aethereal and airy Particles derived from Inspiration and Nervous Juice ousing out of the Nerves is carried through the secret passages of the inward Coat of the Womb into its Cavity and thence through the Pores of the Membrane encircling the Egg into its Albuminous Liquor which is nourished and exalted by the fermentative Matter acted with the Vital heat and imparted to the Seminal Juice of the Egg which is Colliquated as endued with various active principles This select Elixir of the Egg lodged in the bosom of the Womb The Liquors of the Egg lodged in the Vterus is made up of various choice Liquors the one Masculine Colliquated by Motion in the Vesiculae Seminales and thence transmitted by many stages into Albuminous Liquor of the Egg more and more exalted by the Uterine Ferment composed of the serous part of the Blood and Nervous Liquor inspired with aethereal and airy Atomes which being endued with Elastick Particles The intestine motion of both Seeds when mixed do insinuate themselves into the Compage and inward Recesses of the Albuminous Matter of the Egg whose intestine motion is much improved by the Uterine Ferment making an expansive dispute and highly promoted by its own disagreeing Elements founded in a mixture of both Seeds consisting of different Acides and Alcalies of various Volatil Saline Sulphureous Serous and eathy Particles whereupon these Heterogeneous principles do make a great Effervescence and endeavour by mutual disputes to subdue these different Particles whereupon the Homogeneous parts do associate and preserve each other and sever themselves from the Heterogeneous Hence ensueth the distinction of several parts of Seminal Liquor which first form the many similar Integrals of the Body as Liquors Membranes Arteries Veins Nerves Lymphaeducts Ligaments Cartilages and Bones The second kind of Plastick power belonging to the several parts of the Body may be called Concretive The second kind of the Plastick vertue relating to the Seed is Concretive as the various particles of the Seminal Liquor are more or less indurated by different sorts of Concretion Whereupon some parts are rendred more or less solid as they participate different kinds of Salts Concreting the several Atoms of Seminal Liquor So that the more soft parts of the Body as Membranes Arteries Veins and Lymphaeducts are Concreted by more tender and friable Salts whereas the Nerves Ligaments Cartilages and Bones as they are more or less hard are formed by different Concretions of more or less strong Salts mixed with more or less earthy Particles If any shall make a strict enquiry into the manner of several Accretions relating to the Formation of different parts of the Body The Accretions belonging to the Formative Power do not proceed from pure Salts but as mixed with other Elements they may be found not in pure Salts but Compages made most of Salt variously mixed with other principles in small quantity and soft parts partake somewhat of watry mixed with a greater quantity of saline particles So that in modelling the various Figures of the parts relating to the Body the Spirituous Atoms do expatiate themselves sometimes in right and othertimes in crooked and circular lines through the Saline Particles rendring different Configurations of similar and dissimilar parts The Seminal Liquor having all parts of the Body actually contained in it Different sorts of Salts shoot themselves into various consistences consisteth of several kinds of Salts shooting themselves one after another according to softer or harder Concretions into different substances of more soft or solid consistence The Organick parts of the Body being a System composed of many similar Integrals The Seminal Liquor is made up of many Acides and Alcalies are formed of a Seminal Liquor made up of divers parts impregnated with several Acides and Alcalies and many Saline dispositions by which the Seed being fluid in its
upon their Hands and Feet as Bruits upon their fore and hinder Feet were they not supported and kept upright by others and taught to go in an erect posture In this second period of Generation The Similar parts are first formed and afterward Dissimilar the Architectonick Power doth exert many acts one after another the Similar being first formed as subservient to the production of Dissimilar parts which do proceed from a clammy Albuminous Matter and do alter in Consistence and Colour as they arrive to higher degrees of perfection And Similar parts begin in softness as prevous to greater solidity as they are first formed Membranous and then Cartilaginous and afterward Bony and those parts which first appeared Similar as of one Consistence are afterward distinguished and being conjoined by the interposition of fine thin Membranes do constitute Organick parts which being united by a mutual continuation do form the whole Body In like manner the thicker Cover encircling the Brain The Skull is first Membranous and afterward Cartilaginous and last of all Bony is of a Membranous soft nature and after acquiring a greater Consistence is made Cartilaginous and last of all is Concreted into a Bony Substance commonly called the Skull and after the same manner the Albuminous Liquor being of a soft fluid nature is turned into the more solid substance of Muscles Ligaments and Tendons and the Brian and Cerebellum are out of a clear transparent Liquor Concreted into a white Curd-like substance In the third period of Generation after the Delineation of the Body The third period of Generation the Viscera are formed at one and the same time Viz. the Liver Lungs Cone of the Heart Kidneys Stomach and Intestines These Viscera do accresce to the Veins as so many Appendages of them and they first appear arayed in white and clammy till they are made fit to be Colatories of the Blood The Stomach and Guts being very slender in their first formation seem to be white Filaments running in many Gyres all along the lowest Apartiment to the Anus and about the same time the Mouth and Gulet are framed and one continued Duct reacheth from the entrance of the mouth to the Anus and immediately after the parts of Generation the Penis and Testes and all the parts belonging to them are formed The Viscera and Intestines are not yet wholly immured within the bosom of the middle and lowest apartiment of the Body The lower apartiment lieth open as being at first void of Integuments but may be discovered without any Dissection as not being encircled with the common integuments as so many walls of the Trunk and Belly So that the Viscera and Guts are Pendulous as appendant to the Vessels to which they are affixed and look like a House unwalled in some places by reason the Thorax and lowest Venter are destitute of the anterior parts of the Sternon and Abdomen The Sternon being formed The Heart and Lungs at length are enclosed within the Sternon the Heart and Lungs are safely lodged within the walled Cavity of the Thorax Afterward the Liver Stomach and Guts are encircled within the soft enclosures of the Hypocondres and the Epigastrick and Hypogastrick region In this order all the inward parts are delineated in the several apartiments of the Body The Viscera are formed in the second third and fourth Month. in which in the second third and fourth Months the Heart Lungs Kidneys Spleen Stomach and Intestines first receive a rough draught and afterward obtain a more perfect substance figure and colour which is white at first and after groweth red as the Vessels are more replenished with Purple Liquor The Umbilical Arteries are formed after the Veins The Umbilical Arteries cannot be seen in the first Month. and can scarce be discerned in the first Month and take their rise from the branches of the Crural Arteries which Learned Harvey believeth not to be formed before the production of Limbs in which they have their Origens but the Umbilical Veins saith this worthy Author were very Conspicuous before the Delineation of the Body In the second Month for in the first no formed Conception appeareth may be discovered an Oval body much resembling a Pidgeons or Partridges Egg without a Shell immured with a thick Membrane No formed Conception appeareth in the first Month. An Oval body without a Shell may be seen in the second Month. which I apprehend to be the Chorion faced with a white viscide Liquor chiefly found in the more obtuse extremity of the Egg which being opened an Albuminous Liquor gusheth out lately lodged in the Cavity of the Coats encircling the Conception In the latter end of the second Month In the latter end of the second Month the Egg acquireth greater dimensions and a rough draught of parts appeareth the Egg acquireth greater dimensions which hath been often seen upon Abortions and is sometimes broken and othertimes cometh whole out of the Uterus and its surface is besmeared with bloody particles in the Egg being opened sometimes may be discerned the delineation of a Foetus and other times a minute red Vesicle or point of Blood which I have seen in Abortions seated in the center of the Albuminous Colliquated Liquor Toward the close of this Month the Conception resembleth a Goose Egg in size and shape in which a Foetus appeareth having its parts Delineated in a rough form viz. the Head the Eyes and short Limbs without any formation of Muscles and Bones of which the rough Draught the white Membranes or tender Cartilages may be discerned as also the white substance of the Heart hollowed into two Ventricles of like greatness and thickness terminating into a double Cone like twins of Nuts growing together Parvos nucleos gemellos diceres as my most worthy Friend Learned Sir George Ente ingeniously phraseth it in his most elegant Translation of Dr. Harvey's Book de Generatione Animalium In this Abortion the Liver was very small clothed in white array and yet no appearance of any Secundine or After-burden as it is vulgarly called In all Conceptions excluded the Womb by Abortion may be clearly seen a thick Membrane encompassing a Crystalline Transparent Liquor in which the small Embryo swimmeth as in a lake of Succus Nutricius which some of the Antients have taken for Urine or Sweat but in truth as this more Learned Age and chiefly Dr. Harvey hath discovered is the nourishment of the Foetus taken into the Mouth first and afterward transmitted by the Gulet into the Stomach And in a Conception of three Months Existence The first three Months the Egg is not affixed to the Womb. no part of it can be discerned to be affixed to the Womb which is performed by the mediation of the Placenta which is not formed till the fourth Month in the third may be discovered only in the more blunt part of the Egg a kind of roughness proceeding from a mucous Matter
you as in a Glass consisting of many outward Coverings enclosing each other as fine Walls guarding the more inward and Noble parts supported by a fine Column of the Chine composed of many joynts of the Vertebers of the Back curiously carved into variety of Processes This elegant Pile of a Humane Body is made up of three Stories the lowest is outwardly convered with the common Integuments and Muscles of the Belly and more inwardly beautified with the fine Hangings of the Rim of the Belly and Caul encircling the noble Furniture of the Viscera The Stomack is like a Retort in which a milky Humour is extracted and the Guts are its recipients the Spleen Liver and Kidneys are so many Colatories to refine the Vital Liquor and the Ureters are Aquaeducts to convey the strained watry parts of the Blood into the Bladder as into a Cistern The middle Story of the Body is divided from the lowest by the interposition of the Midriff as by a Floor arched in its repose and brought toward a Plane in motion this A partiment is seeled above by the Clavicles and fortified before by the Stermon as with a Breast-plate and behind with the carved Spondyles of the Back and on each side with many bony Arches of the Ribs and more inwardly is adorned with the choice hangings of the Pleura and Mediastine encircling the Heart as an Engine to move the Blood and the Lungs a Systeme of Pipes to fan and exalt the Blood by the elastick Particles of Air. The third Apartiment is embelished with a beautiful Frontispiece of the Face dressed with variety of Colours composed of many lights and shades and of a fine symmetry of different parts answering each other in due proportions The Brain being the noble Housholdstuff of this highest Story is guarded with the Ivory Tables of the Skull as with a Helmet and clothed more inwardly with the coverings of the Dura and Pia Meninx as with thin Vails This delicate Compage of the Brain is made up of various Processes beset with numerous streaks which are so many Filaments entertaining the Animal Liquor and Spirits the immediate Emissaries the great Ministers of the Soul by which it acts its more noble operations of Sense and Reason Thus I have shewed You the pleasant prospect of the several Apartiments and their rich Furniture relating to the magnificent Fabrick of Man that your Grace may make a reflection upon your own Elegant Composition and admire and adore the great Goodness Wisdom and Power of the Omnipotent Architect disposing all things to your own Person in due weight number and measure and give this great heavenly Maker all Eucharist and Obedience by reason he hath imparted to you out of his infinite Mercy such salutary methods of Vertue expressed in Sobriety to preserve your excellent frame of Nature So that your Grace hath served the ends of Nature and Creation as you have demeaned your self in that decorum which is most orderly in sensual Enjoyments proportionate to the Law of Nature and perfective of a happy Life Your well composed and serene Temper is seated in a Haven of Ease and Repose as secured against the Storms and Tempests of Passions making your Grace capable to inspect the Secrets of Nature and Mysteries of Religion and contemplate the more Divine Attributes of the Eternal Being and your regular Appetites hold conformity with the more sober Dictates of Reason as having inclinations to obey the Commands of the Understanding whereby you become a Master of Prudence and Conduct as being first a Governor of your Self and so are rendred fit to Govern others as being Constituted by His Sacred Majesty a Great Minister of State in Civil and Military Affairs wherein your Grace hath wisely deported your Self with Justice and Equity to the Love and Admiration of others Your Amicable and generous Disposition your great Courage and Gallantry of Mind your profound Judgment and quick Apprehension your life of Temperance Charity and Humility have made you an Ornament of Mankind and me perfectly your just Admirer and Votary as all the Intellectual and Moral Perfections of your many Noble Ancestors are met in your Grace as a Center of Vertue and Learning to whom this Book is humbly Dedicated as an Oblation from My LORD Your Graces most Obedient and Obliged Servant SAMUEL COLLINS BOOK II. CHAP. I. Of the common Receptacle and Chyliferous Thoracick Ducts IN the former Book I have endeavoured to entertain you with the pleasant sight of Utensils relating to the lowest Apartiment outwardly immured in its Exterior Region and Sides with the four common Integuments and the Abdominal Muscles and behind with the Musculi latissimi longissimi dorsi Sacrolumbares quadrati sacri and supported with Vertebres of the Loins as with a Column finely Carved with variety of Processes And this lowest Story is more inwardly enclosed with the rim of the Belly and Caul as curious Hangings made up of many minute Filaments rarely interwoven and embroidered with variety of Vessels encircling the Pancreas Spleen Liver Kidneys attended with the bladder of Gall and Urine as Cisterns of bilious and serous Recrements of the Blood I have also Treated of the various parts manner and principles of Generation in Man and Woman as well as in other Animals espousing each other to impart a kind of Immortality to Humane Nature and other Entities too by innumerable repeated acts of Propagation And in order to preserve every particular Animal by a proper Nourishment as well as the Species by Generation I have given an account how Concoction is begun in some manner in the Mouth by the Comminution of Aliment impregnated with Salival liquor ousing out of the Excretory Ducts of the Glands belonging to the Pallat Tongue and adjacent parts mixed with the Elastick particles of Air opening the Compage of Meat afterward transmitted through the entry of the Gulet into the Kitchin of the Stomach where the Concoction of the Aliment is farther Elaborated as mixed with various Ferments of the mild parts of the Blood and Nervous Liquor destilling out of the extremities of Arteries and Nerves confederated in the glandulous Coat of the Stomach and conveyed into its Cavity by secret Pores whereby the body of the Aliment is opened and a white Tincture extracted My design in this Book is to shew you the Noble Furniture of the middle Apartiment of the Body and its structure actions and uses and in this Chapter how the Milky humor is transmitted through the Guts and Lacteae of the Mesentry into the common receptacle and afterward how it is conveyed through the Thoracick Ducts into the Subclavian Veins Heart and Lungs wherein it is exalted by Local and Intestine motion and then impelled with the Blood by the contraction of the Heart and circular Fibres of the Arterial Channels into all the apartiments of the Body in reference to Filtration in the Interstices of the Vessels and glandulous parts belonging to the fine Contextures of the
dicebatur Capitaneus Saxto Huic ad Rupellam Glans mannuario tormento emissa per sterni fines juxta Xyphoidem Cartilaginem subiens Diaphragmatis partem carneam transfodit Atque per Interstitium quod quintae sextae Costae nothis interjacet Excessit Vulnere parte externa Cicatrice obducto restabat ipsi nihilominus ventriculi debilitas ex quo Intestinorum dolor Colico similis sub vesperam de nocte praesertim exurgebat qua de causa Caenare ipse nisi admodum parce non audebat Sed octavo demum Mense Acrius solito saeviente per imum ventrem dolore è vivis excessit etsi ad minuendam doloris acerbitatem nullum remedii genus à Simone Malmedrano Antonio Vallensi Medicis in omni Medicinae parte versatissimis qui ipsi aderant esset praetermissum Mortui Cadaver Jacobi Guillemeau Chyrurgi peritissimi manu Dissectum est animadversumque magnam Coli Intestini partem flatu multo turgidam ipsi per Diaphragmatis vulnus in Thoracem irrupisse vulneris tamen amplitudo vix minimi digiti Capax erat CHAP. IV. Of the Midriff of greater and less Animals THe Midriff of greater and less Animals have much affinity in Situation The Midriff of other Animals is much akin to that of Man's Connexion Figure Substance with that of Man's vid. In Lions Elephants Bears Horses Mules Sheep Goats Tygres Wolves Foxes c. The Midriff in these Animals is situated between the middle and lowest Apartiment The situation of the Midriff by whose interposition they are parted from each other as by a wall It is Connected behind by the mediation of two Carnous Processes interspersed with many Tendinous Fibres implanted into the lower Vertebres of the Back and upper of the Loins and is firmly affixed before by many Tendinous Fibres both above and below into the Terminations of the bastard Ribs and to the inside of the Sternon and according to its Fleshy margent by the mediation of Fibres to the circumference of the lower Ribs The Midriff of other Animals as well as that of Man The figure of the Midriff is beautified with a circular figure as it maketh an oblique progress from the Vertebres of the Back and Loins all along the Perimeter of the lowest Ribs to their grisly Terminations and within this greater Carnous circumference is seated as Vesalius will have it another lesser Membranous Circle but in truth it is made up of divers Angles And the Midriff in Beasts of various kinds The Membranes of the Midriff hath the same substance with that of Man's as composed of two Membranes interspersed with Carnous and Membranous Fibres and great variety of Blood-vessels The Midriff of a Land Tortoise The Midriff of a Tortoise is very remarkable in reference to its Contexture and Situation as to the first it seemeth to be a Membranous Expansion as viewed by a careless Eye but upon a more curious inspection it is found to be furnished with many fine Fleshy Fibres and it 's very eminent for its situation which is different from other Animals as being more elevated in the hinder parts contrary to that of Man Beasts and more perfect Animals which is lower in the Loins and higher about the Cartilages of the Ribs The Diaphragm in this Animal ascendeth obliquely from the lower part of the Breast and is first Connected firmly to the sides and then to the Back where it is most highly seated by the interposition of Ligaments and Fleshy Fibres The Midriff in this Animal is different also from others by reason it is not an Intersepiment parting the Viscera of the middle Apartiment from the lowest so that a great part of the Lungs Perforate the Midriff and are lodged in the Abdomen passing down to the lowest part of it as I saw it in a diffected Tortoise when the Lungs were blowen up and were affixed to the lower region of the Abdomen and the Midriff in this Animal is fastned in some part above to the Pericardium and below to the bladder of Urine from which it can scarce be parted without Laceration The Midriff of a Crocodile is a very thin Membranous expansion The Midriff of a Crocodyle composed of many fine Fibres curiously framed and interwoven and seemeth to resemble a Spiders Web in thinness and is furnished with many minute Carnous Fibres as rare Engines of Motion The Midriff of Castors Otters Cats c. The Midriff of Castors Otters c. have the same structure with those of greater Animals and are composed of Fleshy and Tendinous Fibres covered with thin Membranes A Mouse hath a very thin Diaphragm The Midriff of a Mouse as composed of fine Membranes interspersed with small Tendinous and Carnous Fibres whereupon it is transparent in the Center and more opace toward the circumference and is endued with an oblong roundish figure Vipers Lizards Frogs Toads have no Diaphragm parting the middle from the lower Apartiment So that these Animals have but one Venter in which the Heart Lungs and other Viscera are lodged CHAP. V. Of the Midriff of Birds ALthough Birds having their Lungs affixed to their Backs and Ribs are not endued with a Diaphragm The Membrane adjacent to the Lungs supplieth the defect of a Midriff in Birds like a wall in other Creatures severing the Heart and Lungs from the Viscera of the Venter yet they have a Membrane adjoyning to the Lungs which separates them from the Guts and other Viscera and upon that account may be styled a kind of Midriff as endued with Membranes and fleshy Fibres coming as I conceive from the Intercostal Muscles which may be plainly discovered in great Birds as Estriges Swans and the like This Membrane parting the Lungs from the other Viscera This Membrane is beset with Carnous Fibres and is Distended in Inspiration may challenge to it self the Appellative of a Diaphragm as being beset with many Carnous Fibres assisting the respiration of the Lungs which being Perforated do transmit Air into the empty space interceding the Lungs and the neighbouring Membrane whereupon it groweth distended by the impulse of the Breath expanding it in Inspiration And in Expiration This Membrane endeavoureth to reduce it self to a Plain in Expiration the tender Compage of the adjacent Membrane is Dilated by inspired Air with which it being Irritated doth endeavour to bring it self to a Plain by the motion of its Fleshy Fibres whereupon it lesseneth the Cavity passing between the Lungs and the adjacent Membrane and Compresseth the inspired Air and Repelleth it through the Perforations into the substance of the Lungs This Membrane differeth from the Midriff of other Animals The difference of this Membrane from the Midriff of other Animals as having a different Figure and Situation in its situation and connexion and passeth longways down the Abdomen and not transversely as from the Back to the termination of the Ribs as in greater Animals Secondly This
that their Interstices cannot be discerned so that this part composed of many Filaments seemeth to be one entire substance It emitteth many Membranous Processes or Nervous Fibres as Learned Diemerbroeck will have it by which the Pleura is tied sometimes to the Lungs after a Lax position so that this connexion giving a free play to the Lungs doth not hinder Respiration The Pleura is not only framed of a great company of Fibres running in several postures The Fibres and Parenchyma or the Pleura but hath a Parenchyma too interlining and filling up the Interstices of the Filaments which proceedeth as I humbly conceive from the Succus Nutricius or Seminal Liquor accreted to the sides of the Fibrils in their first formation The Parenchyma of this as well as all other Membranes is of great use The use of the Parenchyma of the Pleura in reference it filleth up the vacuities of the Fibrils and giveth an evenness and smoothness to the Coats of the Pleura This fine part is Perforated in many places in order to the passage of the Vena Cava Aorta Aspera Arteria Thoracick Ducts Lymphaeducts Gulet The Perforations of the Pleura and the par vagum of Nerves It is adorned with many Divarications of divers kinds of Vessels Veins The Vessels of the Pleura a Vena sine pari and the upper Intercostal Branch and Arteries from the Trunk of the Arteria Magna and from the Intercostal Branch and twelve pair of Nerves from the Vertebres of the Back The Pleura hath two uses The first is to propagate Coats to the Heart The first use of the Pleura Lungs Sternon Ribs and all parts contained in the Thorax as the Peritonaeum doth to the Stomach Spleen Liver Kidneys Intestines and all parts of the lower Apartiment The second use of it as I conceive is by encircling the inward circumference of the Thorax with a soft Vail to secure the viscera of the middle story of the Body the Heart and Lungs The second use of the Pleura from dashing in their motion against the more hard walls of the Sternon Ribs and Vertebres of the Back The Pleura ariseth from the bones of the Back The origen of the Pleura from which on each side of the Thorax it climbeth up to the Sternon under which the Membrane of each side is conjoyned and so being doubled which is called the Mediastine is carried through the middle of the Thorax straight toward the Back and parteth like a wall the Lungs and the Cavity of the middle Apartiment into two Allodgments This conjunction of the Membranes of each side constituting the Mediastine is rendred conspicuous in Dissection when the Sternon is parted from the Ribs and turned up The Mediastine is much akin in structure to the Pleura The Mediastine is a Duplicature of the Pleura The Compage of the Mediastine as being a Duplicature of it and hath its Coats more soft and thin toward the Lungs The Texture of it hath much likeness to that of the Pleura as composed of many Fibrils taking their progress in variety of Postures whose empty spaces are filled up with a Succus Nutricius or rather Genital Liquor in its first production and is nothing else but a continuation or elongation of the Coats of the Pleura passing through the middle of the Thorax by which it is divided as by a Partition into two Chambers Learned Dr. Highmore is of an opinion that the Thorax hath an empty space running about the Sternon The Author's words are these Non obscure duplex Mediastinum est ut Pleura sed conspicue ut tantum intercedat spacium quanta est Sterni latitudo In Canibus juxta Diaphragma tanto à seinvivicem separantur ut pro quinto Pulmonum lobo in hominibus desiderato spatium amplum constituant in quam cavitatem si vulnus penetret sine periculo esse potest Intenstitium hoc ad Sternon amplum est Membranis tamen per Fibras quasdam sibi invicem annexis cum vero ad Vertebras appropinquat magis angustatur Membranae committuntur In Cavitatem hanc Vapores flatusque Crassiores contexti cruciatus ac dolores acutissimos excitant ad Sternon Membranas scilicet istas divellentes Fibrasque quibus invicem Connectuntur violantes But with deference to this learned Author I humbly conceive that this Cavity of the Thorax in which he affirmeth many Diseases are generated is made by the pressure of the Hand when the Membranes are parted from each other in the taking of the Sternon So that if a Dissection be made by taking off the Ribs near the Vertebres of the Back then you may discern the Duplicated Pleura to be affixed by Fibres to the Sternon without any intermedial Cavity only a hollowness may be seen about the Heart when a Duplicature of the Membranes relating to the Mediastine embraceth the Heart with its Pericardium and another long but narrow Cavity may be discovered about the Vertebres Gulet and Aorta The Mediastine is accommodated with divers kinds of Vessels The Vessels of the Mediastine Veins Arteries Nerves and Lymphaeducts as some imagine It hath Veins from the Vena sine pari Arteries from the Mammary Branch Nerves from the par vagum and the Phrenick and Stomacick Nerves which passing between the Duplicature of the Mediastine do in their progress impart some Branches to it Bartholine saith it is endowed with Lymphaeducts The Mediastine hath Lymphaeducts according to Bartholine Ait ille Vasa Lymphatica obtinet quae multis rivulis hinc inde per Mediastinum exorta uno tandem tramite ingrediuntur lacteas Thoracicas sicut patet in figuris Rudbeckii quorum usus ex eodem ut aquam inter Sternum Mediastinum ejusque Duplicaturam Condensatam emungant atque ad Lacteum Thoracicum Ductum amandent How rational this use may be I leave to the more mature Judgment of the Learned Reader The Mediastine The first use of the Mediastine as I apprehend may have many uses of which the first may be that by parting the Lobes of the Lungs one from another it may preserve those lodged in one side from suffering when those of the other are afflicted with Inflammations Abscesses Ulcers Wounds c. The second may be The second use as it is tied to the Pericardium to keep the Heart in a due position lest it should incline too much to either side and so hinder its regular motion The third is to assist the restitution of the Diaphragm The third use and keep it from too much pressing down the Stomach Viscera and Intestines after its motion is performed in Inspiration CHAP. VIII Of the Thymus IN my Discourse of the Thymus I will endeavour to give a short Account of its Situation Origen and Termination and of its Coats Surfaces Figure Substance and Uses As to the first it is seated adjoyning to the Mediastine
of Maries and the blessed Thistle made in Water and Wine and being strained may be frequently given with good success Topicks are very beneficial in this Disease Topicks are good in this Disease made of Oyntment of Marsh Mallows Oyls of Chamemel Horse dung c. as also Cataplasms prepared with White Lilly Roots Leaves of Mallows Marsh Mallows St. John's Wort Seeds of Fenugreek and Flax boiled in Water to a due consistence Aetius an Antient Physician adviseth in this case Cupping-Glasses to be applied with Scarification as a most present Remedy to evacuate the Matter of the Disease and to take off pain The third Indication in a Pleurisie is preservative of strength The third Indication in relation to the Cure of a Pleurisie which may be satisfied with a thin Diet of Water and Barley Gruel Panada thin Chicken broth Barley Cream c. as also ordinary Drink Ptisanes Small-Beer boiled with a Crust of Bread and a Blade of Mace and being strained may be sweetned with double Refined Sugar Posset-drinks are also proper made most with Small-Beer and a very little White Wine and dulcified with Sugar and Emulsions made with the cooling Seeds sweet Almonds blanched and sweetned with Sugar-Candy Cordial Julapes made with cooling and temperate Medicines are profitable made with destilled Water of Maries and the blessed Thistle Balm Black Cherries Citrons to which a small Plague-water may be added and prepared Pearl or Coral with a little Sugar-Candy Powders of Crabs Eyes Coral Pearl Flowers of Red Poppy being that of the Field c. given with a draught of a proper Cordial Julep which do produce gentle Sweats and allay the heat of the Blood which is sometimes very high in a Pleurisie And to conclude Horse dung Leaves of Maries and the blessed Thistle Cooling and Diaphoretick Julapes are very advantagious in this Disease Scabious Hysope Pimpernel Flowers of Field Poppy destilled in a little White Wine and a far greater proportion of Milk do speak a great advantage in this Disaffection CHAP. X. Of an Empyema or Collection of Matter in the Cavity of the Breast AN Empyema is an unhappy Companion or rather a sad consequent of other Diseases which being not well determined do fall into this disaffection flowing either from an inflammation of the Pleura Mediatine Lungs Larynx or a quantity of Blood flowing out of a broken Vessel of the neighbouring parts into the Cavity of the Thorax whereupon I humbly conceive that an Empyema is not a primary Disease seated in the Pleura Lungs Larynx but a quantity of dislodged Matter as discharged the Confines of the adjacent parts into the empty space of the Breast An Empyema An Empyema flowing from an Inflammation of the Pleura following an inflammation of the Pleura proceedeth from a source of Blood stagnated in the Interstices of the Vessels which being long Extravasated doth degenerate into a Pus making an Abscess which being not discharged doth Corrode the tender Membranes of the Pleura and run into the Cavity of the Breast This Disease is derived also from a Peripneumonia An Empyema derived from an Inflammation of the Lungs wherein a large proportion of Blood being setled in the substance of the Sinus and Bronchia of the Lungs and not discharged out the Terminations of the Pulmonary and Bronchial Arteries into the Origens of the Veins accompanying the said Arteries whereupon the Blood for want of motion is despoiled of its due Tone and Disposition and acquireth a putrid Disaffection giving it a kind of Caustick quality Corroding the Coats of the Bronchia and appendant Membranous Cells of the Lungs So that if the Purulent Matter being lodged in a small quantity in the empty spaces of the Air-vessels may be discharged by Expectoration the Patient may recover without any further prejudice but if the Putrid Matter be so Exuberant that it cannot be expelled by a Cough but farther Corrodes the substance and at last the outward Coat encompassing the Lungs it breaketh the Confines of its Banks and overflowes into the Cavity of the Thorax A third kind of Empyema An Empyema following a Squinancy may take its rise from a true Squinancy wherein so great a proportion of Blood is lodged in the Interstices of the Vessels relating to the Muscles besetting the head of the Wind-pipe that the circulation of the Blood cannot be made good out of the Extremities of the Arteries into the beginnings of the Veins whereupon the setled Blood losing its innate bounty by a long Stagnancy doth degenerate into a putrid Matter which first maketh an Abscess and then an Ulcer in the Muscles of the Larynx and then descends by the outward surface of the Bronchia to that of the Lungs and afterward into the capacity of the Thorax producing an Empyema The fourth kind of Empyema is assigned to Extravasated Blood An Empyema coming from the broken Vessels of the Lungs coming out of broken Blood-vessels of the Lungs discharging a quantity of Purple Liquor into the Cavity of the Breast where it is rendred destitute of its Spirituous and good Particles as wanting motion but by reason the Blood is not turned into Pus as I imagine it cannot be called an exquisite Empyema which speaketh not every kind of a degenerate Extravasated Blood but such a one as is turned into a true Sanious or Purulent Matter which is produced from Blood first stagnated in the substance of Membranes Muscles or the Parenchyma of the Viscera as of the Lungs Heart Liver Spleen Kidneys c. wherein the Serous Particles of the Blood are turned into Pus produced by the heat of the said parts which cannot be effected by Extravasated Blood flowing out of a broken Vessel and lodged in a Cavity relating to any of the Venters The Continent cause of an Empyema is a Pus or purulent Matter The continent cause of an Empyema flowing out of the Muscles of the Larynx body of the Lungs Pleura Mediastine A Learned Physician was of an opinion that Pus and Purulent Matter might admit a distinction as the first proceedeth from the corrupted Succus Nutricius of the Blood and the second from its Serous Recrement as coming from the hindred motion of the Blood rendring it putrid And another worthy Author conceiveth That true Pus being white and of a middle consistence is confined within a proper Membrane or Cystis and being brought to a perfect Maturation and broken soon dischargeth it self and the part affected is Cured but Purulent Matter unconfined and left at large as destitute of any Cystis or Membrane when it is discharged by an Ulcer appeareth Sanious unconcocted as the putrid Excrements are mixed with Purple Liquor which maketh the Diseased part more difficult to be Cured by reason it is clogged with a great source of Crude Sanious Excrements not easie to be discharged It may be also considered that both the pure Pus and the Purulent Matter are sometimes affected with
young Man being tortured with a pain of his Side and a great Palpitation of his Heart proceeding from a superabundant quantity of Water lodged in the bosom of the Capsula which generated a Hectick Fever destructive of the Patient who being opened in his middle Apartiment the Pericardium was found highly distended as being Hydropical and full of Serous Liquor drenching the Heart and rendring it very soft and flabby On the other side the Capsula Cordis is sometimes found wholly destitute of any Water lodged in it The adherency of the Pericardium to the Heart for want of Liquor to be contained in the Pericardium and the Pericardium closely affixed to the Perimeter or Convex Surface of the Heart by the interposition of many Membranes which are hardly broken and the Capsula not easily severed from the circumference of the Heart which I saw some years since in an Executed Felon privately Dissected by dextrous Chyrurgeons of London at the Hall where Learned Dr. Needham and many other Gentlemen were present This Disease is attended with many dismal Symptoms The symptoms of the Diseases belonging to the Pericardium difficulty of Breathing Synope Lypothymy Palpitation of the Heart and a languid intermittent Pulse which proceed from a small proportion of Blood received into the Ventricles of the Heart and Lungs by reason they cannot be expanded for the free admission of Blood as enclosed within the narrow confinement of the Pericardium compressing the Heart CHAP. XIII Of the Pericardium of other Animals THe Pericardium in greater and smaller Beasts The Pericardium of greater and smaller Animals hath great affinity with that of Man holdeth great similitude in Situation Connexion Figure and Substance with that of Man The Capsula Cordis in more perfect Animals is made up of three Tunicles The outward being fastned to the middle Coat by many fine Ligaments is beset with many Cells the allodgments of Fat. The middle Tunicle being somewhat thinner than the outward is integrated of a great number of Fibres finely spun and curiously interwoven which is interlined with a whitish Parenchyma The third Pellicle making the inside of the Pericardium in Beasts is the thinnest of all the Coats this I discovered in a Bullock to be furnished with many minute Glands which I humbly conceive may be the Colatories of the Blood transmitting its Serous parts into the Cavity interceding the Pericardium and Heart The Capsula Cordis in other greater Animals as well as Man hath a quantity of thin transparent Liquor seated in the empty space between the Pericardium and Heart as in a Cystern flowing out of the adjacent Glands The Pericardium of a Land Tortoise is thick The Pericardium of a Land Tortoise as composed of many Membranes and is sometimes distended with Wind and most of all with a large proportion of thin transparent Liquor A Lyon is furnished with a dense Pericardium The Pericardium of a Lion as made up also of many Coats closely conjoyned to each other by the interposition of many thin Ligaments and is most eminent for abundance of Fat shading the outside of this useful Integument The Capsula Cordis in Birds is very thin The Pericardium of the Heart in Birds as being one Membrane which is three in Beasts made up and curiously wrought with divers Fibrils closely united without any seam or visible commissure This fine Integument of the Heart in Birds hath but a small space running between it and the Heart So that it cannot contain any great quantity of Serous Liquor The Figure relating to the Capsula Cordis in Fish The Pericardium of the Heart in Fish is different from that of Man and other Animals which is Pyramidal but in Fish it is Triangular as holding conformity to the shape of the Heart which is Tricuspidal and endued with divers Angles The Pericardium of Fish hath great affinity with that of Birds in reference to its fineness and it is more close in Conjunction than is found between the Integument and body of the Heart in greater Animals in most Fish it is Membranous but in a Lamprey Cartilaginous Insects also as well as other Animals have a Pericardium though in some it is scarce discernible by reason of its great thinness and close union to the Heart whereupon it seemeth to be a proper Coat of the Heart The Hearts of greater and small Beasts as perfect Animals have their Pericardium free as not conjoyned to the Diaphragm as it may be seen in the Pericardium of Man to help the Diastole of the Midriff and in its Laxament to reduce it from a Plain to an Arch which is more different in Man by reason of his erect posture of Body CHAP. XIV Of the Heart THe Heart being the most noble Machine motion belonging to the excellent Fabrick of Man's Body may be truly entitled the Sun of its Microcosm from which the rays of Life seated in the Blood are displayed by Arteries into all parts of this little World and in some sort may receive the appellative of the fountain of Life and Heat The Heart is the fountain of Life and Heat as by its frequent repeated motions the innate heat vigor and spirit of the Blood are conserved and the gentle flame of Vestal Fire the preservative of Life is maintained And my intention is to treat first of its Structure as the ground and foundation of its motion afterward of its motion as the use and accomplishment of this choice Machine consisting of variety of parts disposed by the hand of the All-wise Architect in most Elegant order The first part that accosteth our fight The upper Integument of the Heart after the Pericardium is stripped off is its proper Integument which is a thin strong and dense Tunicle as made up of many Membranous close-struck Fibres very curiously interwoven in divers postures whose Interstices are filled up with a Succus Nutricius or Seminal Liquor adhering to the sides of their Coats in their first formation whereupon they are rendred plain and smooth and easie to this choice Compage as giving no discomposure to its outward parts in a constant and necessary motion This Tunicle I humbly conceive to be the same with the thin outward Coat of the Arteries which derive their origen from the Heart and doth invest the Ventricles of this noble part as well as its ambient parts As to its use it may be to give a great firmness to the Heart The use of the Coat investing the Heart as confining its spiral Fibres in their due seat and to preserve the tender branches of the Coronary Blood-vessels which sport themselves in numerous divarications through the substance of this fine Tunicle overshadowing and encircling the Perimeter of the Heart The situation of the Heart is generally conceived to be in the middle of the Thorax The situation of the Heart which must be understood of its Basis and not of its Cone which somewhat inclineth in Man toward
open entrance of the Aorta to make good the motion of the Vital Liquor into all parts of the Body The Semilunary Valves lodged in the left Ventricle of the Heart are partly made up in its lower Region of many Semicircular Fibres The Semilunary Valves of the left Ventricles and in their upper with many right fine Fibrils filling up the Surface of these Valves †T. 15. F. 2. d d d. which are three in number encompassing the Orifice of the great Artery of which the greatest is seated in the middle †T. 15. F. 2. a a a. The use of these fine Valves is to hinder the recourse of Blood out of the Orifice of the Aorta into the Cavity of the left Ventricle The use of the Semilunary Valves lodged in the left Ventricle of the Heart which may be clearly proved by the structure of the Valves which being Concave bodies seated in the entrance of the great Artery are receptive of the Blood entertained into the Aorta and moving toward the left Ventricle So that Blood being detained in these Valves as so many Receptacles doth impede its motion backward toward the left Chamber of the Heart and at the same moment the Cavity of the Aorta being straightned by many Circular Fibres doth impel the Blood more and more forward toward the ascendent and descendent Trunk of the Aorta to promote the Circulation of the Purple Liquor into the several Apartiments of the Body When the Blood is received out of the left Ventricle into the Cavity of the Aorta Nature hath provided Semilunary Valves affixed to the mouth of the great Artery which do detain some parts of the Blood beaten back by the Pulsation of the Arteries in their Cavities The use of the Semicircular and right Fibres relating to the Semilunary Vavles as so many Membranous Cells beset with divers Semicircular and right Fibres which do Contract themselves and narrow the hollowness of the Semicircular Valves and help to impel the recoiling Blood forward into the common Trunk of the great Artery and afterward into the greater and smaller Arterial Branches to give Life and Heat to all regions of the Body CHAP. XVIII Of the Motion of the Heart THe Heart is the most noble piece of Houshold-stuff The Heart is a Machine of Motion belonging to the middle Apartiment as it is a rate Machine of Motion ordained by Nature to make good the Circulation of Blood the great Preservative of Life whereupon it may justly claim to it self a Prerogative of being the chief Muscle of the whole Body as it is in perpetual motion and thereupon hath most strong Carnous Fibres considering its small bulk So that its Flesh is very solid firm and uniform tinged with a bright Red and its Prismatick Columns are so strongly conjoyned that they cannot be easily severed from their Membranes and numerous Tendinous Fibres And above all the fleshy Fibres of the Heart are so linked together in each Ventricle that they will hardly admit any separation And moreover the Fibres of this rare Engine of Motion The Fibres do not always run parallel but in irregular Lines being as it were so many minute Muscles have a different disposition and configuration from those of other Muscles as they do not run in parallel but more irregular Lines as variously intersecting each other sometimes in Obtuse and other times in right Angles and make their progress in various positions vid. right obliâ—ue transverse and spiral The Walls belonging to the Chambers of the Heart The Walls of the Heart are made of divers ranks of Fibres are framed of divers ranks of Carnous Fibres as so many Machines of Motion seated one above another which are not only affixed to each other by the interposition of strong Membranes or Ligaments but are also firmly and mutually tied by the mediation of fleshy Fibres This curious Fabrick of the Heart is contrived with wonderful Artifice speaking the infinite Wisdom of the Grand Architect and under the Membrane immediately encircling the Heart and from its Base and from the Tendinous Circular Orifices in which the Vena Cava and the Pulmonary Vein do Terminate and from the Origens of the Aorta and Pulmonary Artery is propagated a rank of fleshy Fibres The first rank of fleshy Fibres and their progress which observe a kind of equidistance from each other and passing in right Lines toward the Cone where they being variously interwoven are reflected toward the inward Walls of the Ventricles Under this outward row are seated other more inward ranks of fleshy Fibres running in oblique and spiral postures which tending toward the Cone do bend backward before they arrive its point and decussate each other with various Plexes and afterward do pass inward in oblique and spiral wreaths being in conjunction with many ranks toward the Base of the Heart and do partly make the inward Columns of the Ventricles to which the Ligaments of the Tricuspidal and Mitral Valves are affixed and the most inward ranks of these strong fleshy Fibres do integrate the Walls of the right and left Chambers of the Heart Their inward fleshy Fibres are large The inward fleshy Fibres of the Heart like so many Trunks where they are implanted into the Tendon about the right Auricle near the Base of the Heart and afterward grow less and less as they branch themselves in oblique and spiral positions toward the Cone The most inward Lair of Carnous Fibres have greatest Dimensions The most inward rank of Fibres are the greatest and the next ranks grow smaller and smaller as they more and more approach the Circumference of the Heart and all the rows of Fibers are curiously interwoven and strongly tied to each other by many Ligaments and fleshy Fibres which I have often clearly viewed upon Dissections Whereupon the many ranks of Fibres being firmly and mutually conjoyned do joyntly assist each other as one Compage in order to move the Heart which is made inward toward the Center in which the most strong Fibres are seated as most able to Contract the Ventricles of the Heart and make the more brisk impulse of the Blood into the Origens of the Arteries The Areae The Areae of the fleshy Fibres are adorned with various Figures or Interstices of the fleshy Fibres interwoven with each other in a kind of Network are endued with variety of Figures some resembling Rhomboids others Prismes a third Ovals and a fourth have several irregular shapes and different magnitudes And these fleshy Fibres have not only divers empty spaces interceding their numerous intersections The fleshy Fibres are beset with many small Pores and Plexes but the Fibres themselves are beset with numerous minute Pores capable to receive Vital Liquor which distendeth the Compage of the Fibres rendring it tense and rigid Learned Borellus Borellus his Illustration of the Motion of the Heart Mechanically by a Clue of moistned Thread
of strong Ligaments and by the entercourse of Fibres which mutually unite their several ranks So that when the Fibres grow tense and rigid by the free reception of drops of Blood through their fruitful Pores into their inward Compage the intermedial spaces of the Fibres are lessened and seeing the bodies of the Fibres being enlarged in dimensions cannot have recourse outward as being confined by the ambient parts of the Heart not capable to have their Convex Surface dilated the distended Fibres must of necessity be more and more drawn inward as they approach the Center of the Heart till the Concave Perimeter is first lessened and then taken away to discharge the Blood into the Orifices of the adjoyning Arteries for the support of the whole Body Farthermore The Septum of the Heart being thick is not easily Contracted the Septum or Partition-wall of the Heart being thick is not easily Contracted as made up of many Spiral Fibres which hinder the motion of its Extremities toward the Middle So that it is more easie according to the Mechanism of the Heart for the Walls by approaching each side of the Septum to lessen the Cavities of the Ventricles than for the Extremities of the Septum to be drawn toward the Middle Farthermore to illustrate this discourse of the Motion of the Heart I will add that the outward Perimeter of the Heart being not alterable as guarded with a multitude of Spiral Fibres and the more inward ranks acquiring greater dimensions by having their spongy substance distended with the reception of a quantity of Blood must be drawn inward by making more Corrugations as they approach the Center whereupon the sphaere relating to the Ventricles of the Heart must be lessened as being filled up by the enlarged Fibres of the Heart which being inwardly imitated by a large proportion of Blood imbibed into their inward Recesses and outwardly by a compression made by a current of Blood bearing upon the Walls of the Heart do often Contract inward appearing in repeated Vibrations to ease their Intrals and outward Surface from a load oppressing them by discharging it into the neighbouring Vessels And it is very conspicuous that the Motion of the Heart is exerted by fleshy Fibres moving in several ranks toward the Center by various Corrugations straightning the inward Perimeter of the Ventricles by making an Incision into the Ventricles whereby a Finger being immitted into either of them is highly pinched by the strong Contractions of the fleshy Fibres more and more approaching the Center The Cavities of the Ventricles are lessened in the Pulsation of the Heart And it is also agreeable to Ocular demonstration that at the same time when the divers ranks of fleshy Fibres are carried more and more inward in various Flexures toward the Center to lessen the Cavities of the Ventricles that the outward Perimeter of the Heart is neither Distended nor Contracted which I plainly saw in a Dog Dissected alive in the Theatre of the Colledge of Physicians in London And the Heart is a Machine of Motion The motion of the Heart is performed by Carnous and Tendinous Fibres not as acted alone by fleshy Fibres qua pure praecise tales but as accompanied with Nervous and Tendinous Fibres which are inserted into and mixed with Carnous and are great Auxiliaries if not principal Actors in the repeated Systoles of the Heart This may be clearly proved by a Ligature made upon the eighth Pair of Nerves in the Necks of Animals whereupon the Heart will be highly afflicted with great Palpitations faint Pulsations and difficult Breathing caused by the current of Nervous Liquor inspired with Animal Spirits much intercepted in its progress toward the Heart by a strong compress of the eighth pair of Nerves The Nervous Liquor is enobled with Animal Spirits seated in the Brain The Carnous Fibres are acted by Nervous as endued with Animal Liquor and Spirits whence they are rendred tense being a system of numerous Fibres as in a Fountain from which many constant streams of Animal juice are gently transmitted through several divarications of Nerves relating to the eighth pair and Intercostal Nerves into the fleshy Fibres and Tendons of the Heart which are rendred Tense with their Nervous Liquor expanded and invigorated with the Subtle and Elastick Particles of Animal Spirits as well as the Carnous Fibres are swelled with innumerable drops of Vital Liquor received through many Pores into their spongy substance whereby the many Lairs of fleshy Fibres fastned to each other by strong Ligaments and the mutual union of fleshy Fibres interceding them do more and more Contract toward the Center and cause the Walls of the Ventricles to make brisk Appulses upon the Blood and by a violent Compression force it out of the Cisterns of the Heart into the adjoyning Sanguiducts CHAP. XIX Of the Pathology of the Motion of the Heart HAving given a History of the Motion of the Heart Mechanically performed by the Contraction of various ranks of fleshy Fibres associated with many Tendinous and Nervous Fibres My design at this time is to speak of the Pathology of its Motion as it is after a manner abolished diminished or depraved The two first irregular Motions of the Heart may be comprised in a Syncope The Syncope and Lypothymy of the Heart do differ gradually and Lipothymy which do not formally or essentially differ but only gradually secundum Magis Minus as the first is higher than the latter So that they being both symptoms attending the Motion of the Heart are near akin to each other as proceeding from the same causes as affected with higher or lower degrees vid. From the defect of Blood or too great a quantity or from its grosness or Concretion or from Corruption or lastly by the defect or fault of the Animal Spirits The defect of Blood in the Heart The first cause of defect of Blood may proceed from a weak concoctive faculty of the Stomach derived from a want of due Ferments and kindly heat in Chronick and acute diseases whereupon a small quantity of Chyle the Materia substrata Sanguinis is produced Another cause of the defect of Blood in the Heart The second cause of the Penury of Blood may be deduced from an obstruction of the ascendent Trunk of the Vena Cava caused by some Fleshy substance or by some concreted Blood intercepting the current of Blood into the right Cistern of the Heart or by the same causes in the Pulmonary Vessels giving a check to the motion of Blood out of the Lungs into the left Ventricle An Instance may be given of the hindred circulation of Blood produced from its Coagulation in the Trunk of the Vena Cava in a Maid of Fourteen years old who after she had been highly afflicted for a day with a great heaviness and a vertiginous indisposition and frequent Syncopes took her farewell of her Friends and her miserable life and afterward she
being opened to inspect the cause of her death the Brain was found to be free from any disaffection and the Vena Cava to be filled with concreted Blood which rendred the right Ventricle empty of it which proved satal to this young Virgin Another cause of a Lipothymy or Syncope often attended with a fatal stroke may arise out of so great a torrent of Blood A second cause of a Lypothymy carried into the Ventricles that the Heart is not able to discharge it out of the right into the Pulmonary Artery nor out of the left into the Aorta whereupon a suddain Suffocation the Heart immediately ensueth and the motion of the Blood wholly taken away Sir Robert Fen a worthy Gentleman An instance of this cause and Servant of King Charles the First of most blessed Memory being subject to great Passion was so highly surprized with Fear upon the occasion of a conceived imminent loss that he fell down dead in a moment which was as I humbly conceive caused by a great sourch of Blood suddainly impelled into the right Ventricle and Suffocated the Heart A third cause of a Lipothymy or Syncope A third cause of a Lipothymy may be deduced from a grosness or concretion of Blood proceeding from an over-fibrous disposition that is from numerous Films and Vesicles containing gross Atoms of Blood full of fixed Saline Particles Coagulating the Blood in the Ventricles often producing a Polypus inducing these ill accidents of the Heart These symptoms may also be caused by some fleshy Excrescence filling up either of the Ventricles So that they are not receptive of Vital Liquor These symptoms may proceed from an Excrescence filling up either Ventricle of the Heart whereupon the Heart loseth its use and motion as being designed by Nature to transmit Blood into all parts of the Body A Woman of great Honour and Birth was frequently tortured with a pain of the Heart and great Fainting Fits which could not be taken away by the power of Art and at last the pain and Lipothymies growing more and more afflictive Death became the best remedy And afterward her Body being opened and her Heart inspected a black Flesh substance somewhat resembling a Medlie in figure was discovered in the left Sinus of the Heart Another cause of these ill symptoms of the Heart A Syncope and Lipothymy may come from Purulent Matter or Ulcer of the Heart may be taken from a Purulent Matter flowing from an Ulcer of the Heart tainting and distoning the mass of Blood passing through the Ventricles whereupon the Fibres of the Heart grow faint and at last lose their Contractions proceeding from a vitiated dispirited corrupted Blood received into their inward Compage whence follow Lipothymies Syncopes and Death it self A Citizen long afflicted with a high Hypocondriacal passion and an acute Fever accompanied with Lipothymies and Syncopes determining in a happy departure as the period of pain and misery his Body being Dissected the Cavity of the Thorax was found full of a thin red faetide humor which was also lodged in the left Ventricle of the Heart flown from an Ulcer These severe accidents of the Heart do often arise out of the Ulcers of the neighbouring parts as the Lungs Pleura Mediastine Midriff Liver These symptoms may arise out of Ulcers of the adjacent parts Spleen Pancreas which being oppressed by Ulcerous Matter do transmit it by smaller branches of Veins peculiar to the said Viscera into the ascendent Trunk of the Cava and from thence into the right Ventricle of the Heart whereby its Fibres are highly discomposed by Pus imbibed into them with the Blood These most troublesom accidents of the Heart perverting the Oeconomy of its Motion A Syncope and Lipothymy coming from Malignant steams of the Blood in Pestilential Fevers are often produced in Malignant Fevers by Venenate Steams corrupting the native disposition and distoning and destroying the Spirituous parts of the Blood whereupon it groweth Concreted in the great Vessels and Ventricles of the Heart So that the poysonous steams being received with the Blood into the substance of the fleshy Fibres do weaken if not take away their Contractions whence ensue Lipothymies and Syncopes the forerunners of Death Another cause of these dreadful Symptoms may be derived from the indisposition of the Brain The symptoms may come from the indisposition of the Brain either not generating a sufficient quantity of Nervous Liquor to invigorate the Nerves of the Heart or else if it be generated cannot be transmitted to the Cardiack Nerves caused by some obstruction of them whereupon the Fibres are not able to play their parts in the scene of repeated Motions as not impregnated with Animal Spirits which may be one cause of Lipothymies and Syncopes speaking a conclusion to Life And the motion of the Heart is not only lessened in Lipothymies The Palpitation of the Heart and abolished in Syncopes but depraved also in Palpitations which are sometimes so great that the Cone striketh the left side near the Pap with so great a violence that it may be plainly seen felt and heard too at some distance The Mechanick cause of an erection of the Heart whereby it striketh the Breast The cause of the Heart striking the lest side proceedeth very much from the oblique situation of the Heart and disposition of the Fibres which are obliquely and spirally wreathed and brought round from the right toward the left side of the Heart and this posture of the Fibres is very much assisted by the conformation of the Heart as the left Wall is more short and less Carnous and crooked in the left Ventricle of the Heart than in the right which is encompassed with two Walls as Learned Borellus hath observed Unde ait ille in Systole erigi debet Cordis mucro versus sinistram partem pectoris eamque percutere potest pro gradu violentiae qua erigitur Hoc salvari quoque potest vel adjuvari ab erectione Cordis oblique jacentis vel à situatione dispositione Fibrarum quae oblique spiraliter circumducuntur à parte dextra basis Cordis versus sinistram partem Verticis unde in inflatione Fibrarum anterius versus sinistram partem sic percussio fieri potest The erection of the Heart perverting the Oeconomy of Nature wherein the Mucro of the Heart maketh violent strokes upon the left side is called Palpitation The Palpitation proceeding from too great a quantity of Blood which may be derived from many Causes one may arise from too great a quantity of Blood which the Heart being unable wholly to discharge in every Systole is so oppressed as to make strong and frequent Contractions of its Fibres wherein the Cone of the Heart being elevated maketh strong Appulses upon the left side to discharge the exuberant Blood by most brisk Vibrations A second cause of the Palpitation of the Heart The second cause of the Palpitation may
but the Blood is strained out of the Pores of the Fibres and Ventricles of the Heart not by various wreaths but by many corrugations of the Fibres more and more contracting as they come nearer and nearer to the Center of the Ventricles whereby their Walls are brought close and briskly dash against each other produced by the strong Contractions of many ranks of Fibres tied together by firm Ligaments and a mutual entercourse so that the sides of the Cisterns of the Heart by joynt appulses being dashed against each other do squeeze out the Blood not by Contorsion of the Fibres as when the Water is wrung out of the Interstices of a wet Cloth by the force of many Circumvolutions but by the mutual Contacts of many ranks of contracted Fibres running close to each other whereby the Concave Perimeter of the Ventricles is taken away and the Blood squeezed after the manner of a Presse into the adjoyning Blood-Vessels Learned Borellus is of an Opinion Borellus Opinion that the Constrictive Power of the Heart is less then the resistance of the Blood that the constrictive power of the Heart is less then the resistance which the Blood maketh in the Ventricles of the Heart as this renowned Author hath it Tomo 2 do De motu animalium Propos 70. P. 139. Potentia Cordis Musculum constringens minor est resistentia quam exercet sanguis in ventriculis ejus Contentus in proportione subsesquiatera which if true as I humbly conceive the Blood would be stagnant in the Ventricles as over-balancing the power of the Fibres by the resistance of its Elastick Particles countermanding the Appulses of the Fibres upon the Blood in order to its Compression and Exclusion which contradicteth Experience and Autopsy because the Fibres of the Heart do more and more contract as they come nearer to the Center of the Heart till the Concave Surface is reduced toward a Plain whereby the constrictive power of the Fibres do so highly compress the Blood that they wholly overpower the resistance it maketh in the Ventricles by impelling it into the neighbouring Sanguiducts The External Fibres of the Heart The reason of the Authors said Opinion as the said Learned Author apprehendeth do act after the manner of a Rope encircling a Globe or Cylinder so that the power contracting the External Fibres of the Heart hath the same proportion in reference to the resistence of the compressed Blood as a Semidiameter to the circumference that is saith he in the recited Page that the power of the Fibres is less by a Sixth part then the resistance of the compressed Blood Praeterea ait ille At Fibrae Cordis profundiores Externarum partes cavae agunt rugas plicas inflando adeo actione Cunei vel Emboli impellunt directo motu a peripheria ad Cordis centrum Sanguineum ei inclusum Quia vero in hac actione aequalibus momentis per eosdem diametros eodemque tempore fit impulsus repulsus ergo potentia Fibrarum internarum aequalis resistentiae Sanguinis ab eis Compressi So that here this Great Author granteth a greater constrictive power to the Fibres of the Heart then in the beginning or proposition of the Chapter where he saith it is inferior to the resistance the Blood maketh in the Ventricles of the Heart to which I have given my reply above for which I humbly beg pardon in not complying with his Learned Sense which I submit to the most Candid and Judicious Reader The manner of the Motion of the Blood having been discoursed The proportion of Blood which passeth through the Heart every Pulsation now followeth in order the Quantity of Blood that passeth through the Heart every pulsation which some Anatomists have made very inconsiderable as being a Scruple Drachme or half an Ounce And I humbly conceive that the Heart of greater Animals as endued with more large Cavities are receptive of a greater proportion of Blood of which the chief part if not all is discharged in every Sistole In every Diastole the Cisterns of the Heart are filled with Blood The Ventricles of the Heart are filled every Diastole and emptied every Systole and are emptied every Sistole into the adjoyning Sanguiducts by reason the Walls of the Ventricles are so closely conjoyned by the strong contractions of the Fibres that the Blood must be wholly squeezed out of the greater Cavities of the Heart into the smaller Cylindres of Arteries in every Pulsation This assertion may be made good in the Dissection of live Animals An Experiment in the Dissection of live Animals wherein the Cone of the Heart being cut off and a Finger immitted into the Left Ventricle it will be found to be highly pinched by the strong Contraction of Fleshy Fibres narrowing the Cavity of the Ventricle whence it may be clearly inferred by the same reason that the Blood contained in the bosom of the Heart must be discharged by a powerful Compression in every Systole This Hypothesis may be farther proved by ocular Demonstration upon the opening the Bodies of Frogs Eels Vipers Snakes c. The Motion of the Blood made good by Autopsy in live Animals wherein it may be plainly discerned that their transparent Hearts turn pale every Systole as having their Ventricles empty of Blood and their hearts grow Red again in the Diastole as filled with streams of Purple Liquor tinging them with a more vivid colour And by Analogy of Reason the Cavities of the Hearts of greater Animals are filled with Blood in every Diastole and emptied in the Systole though it cannot be discerned by reason of the thick and opace fleshy Walls within which the chambers of the Heart are enclosed These Premises being granted it will not be difficult to compute what quantity of Blood passeth through the Cysterns of the Heart into the Sanguiducts in the space of an hour and upon a supposition that Two Ounces of Blood as transmitted out of the Left Ventricle in every Pulsation as Great Dr. Harvey and Renowned Dr. The quantity of Blood received in every Diastole is wholly discharged in every Systole of the Heart Lower have observed and that all the Blood received every Diastole into the Cisterns of the Heart is discharged by every Sistole into the adjacent Sanguiducts and that in the space of an hour Two thousand Pulses being counted it will follow of necessity that Four thousand Ounces of Blood are carried through the bosom of the Heart in Threescore Minutes So that the said quantity of Blood doth amount to Three hundred thirty and two pound and it being supposed that a Man is furnished with Twenty five pound of Blood which is a liberal proportion it may be inferred The whole Mass of Blood doth probably pass Twelve times through the Heart every hour that the whole Mass of Blood doth circulate through the Ventricles of the Heart above Twelve times in an hour and oftner in Men that have quick
The Chyle meeting with the Lympha in the common receptacle is transmitted by the Chyliferous Ducts to the Subclavian Vessels when it commenceth an association with the Blood and this White Liquor being in its own nature very crude hath its spirituous Particles highly engaged or immersed in gross Oily Earthy and Saline which confine the more refined operations of the Chyle from exerting themselves till it is farther exalted by the heat of the Blood colliquating the grosser Elements of the Chyme more and more hightened by an intimate converse and mixture with the Blood made by frequent Contractions of the Heart breaking the Chyme into most minute Particles which espouse a most near conjunction as blended with and at last assimilated into Blood which I conceive is not matured when the Chyle is first entertained into an association with Blood but is more and more colliquated and attenuated in the warm Chambers of the Heart and afterward hath its crude parts rendred more spirituous by associating with nitro-aereal Particles in the substance of the Lungs and often addresses to the Heart in repeated circulation productive of greater and greater exaltation of the Chyme And the several Elements mixed with the Purple parts of the Blood being ambulatory to its temperament do fairly lead us to it which according to the Antients is a result and harmony immediately flowing from and made up of the four first qualities which being endued with contrary dispositions do act and re-act in mixto till fitly subduing each other they obtain such a Mediocrity of temper the proper instrument ministerial to all the functions of the Soul so that according to this Hypothesis the temperament of the Blood is a union of the four qualities reduced to Mediocrity which may be considered in a double Notion First when one quality somewhat over-powereth another The temperament of Justice according to Geometrical proportion The Temperaments according to Arithmetical proportion yet so far as it is consistent with the bond of Mixtion and is commonly styled Temperamentum ad justiciam in reference to distributive Justice as observing a Geometrical proportion according to the dignity of the person But the other temperament being that ad pondus is when the four first qualities equally ballance each other to a great exactness in Arithmetical proportion This temperament as I humbly conceive is meerly imaginary as being only in conceit and never in act by reason it is very difficult to reduce the contrary disposition of Elements to a perfect aequilibrium which being supposed it could not continue in that temperament a moment when the various temper of the Air and the different qualities of Aliment would soon pervert this exact Crasis of the Blood and produce a different temper which would soon debase this absolute Eucrasy And I humbly conceive that the temperament of the Blood is not only seated in the Mediocrity of the first qualities relating to the Element of vital Liquor but may have a reference to the Second too whose due proportion does produce or at least assist the intestine and local Motion of the Blood the great Instruments and Conservators of Life The Blood consisteth of Airy Oily and Saline Elements The Active and Passive Elements of the Blood as Active Principles and Serous and Earthy as Passive which being broken into small Particles do incorporate with the mass of Blood And these different if not contrary Principles being mixed in most minute Bodies duly united do countermand each others disagreeing qualities The cool and moist disposition of Air gives an allay to the hot and oily its volatil and thin parts exalt the fixed Salt and gross Oil of the Blood rendring its solid consistence more liquid and fluid as it appeareth in the Chymical operations of Spirit of Sulphur and Vitriol which forced by heat arise in dry streams and ascend the sides of the Campana where they being embodied with Air do descend in Liquid forms and are commonly called Oils but are truly Spirits arising from fluid Salts of Sulphur and Vitriol And on the other side the gross Sulphur or Oil fixed Salt and earthy Particles do depress the over fierce and thin oily and do check the extravagant volatil aspirings of the Saline and spirituous parts of the Blood by confining them to their proper stations The Air Lympha and serous Particles do moisten and attenuate the Red Crassament and crude Chyme rendring them thin and fluid by putting them into a fit capacity of Motion to comply freely with the contraction of the Heart CHAP. XXII Of the Pathology of the Heart in relation to its Substance and Blood passing through it HAving discoursed the natural Structure of the Heart as a noble Engine of Motion consisting of great variety of parts set together in an excellent order I will now use my endeavour with your leave to shew how the choice Oeconomy of Nature is discomposed by various Diseases offering many violations to the regular temper and motion of this choice Machine by which the Blood maketh its circuit through all parts of the Body to impart Life and Heat the great preservatives of the stately Fabrick of Mans Body The Diseases that principally disorder the frame of this curious Organ of Life are variety of Fevers Inflammations Abscesses Ulcers obstructions of its Ventricles produced by Worms and different kinds of concreted Matters The prime subject of Fevers is the Heart The Heart is the subject of Fevers as the Blood is acted in it with an unkindly Heat and is thence communicated by Trunks and greater and less Arterial Branches into all parts of the Body This disorderly Fermentation of the Blood is much hightned by the violent Motions of the Heart dashing the vital Liquor against the inward Walls whereupon its inflammatory disposition is highly intended appearing in stronger Pulsations and the intolerable heat of the Praecordia and vehement Thirst very much afflicting Patients in this fiery Disease This unkindly fermentation and heat of the Blood The first cause of a Fever is the unnatural temperament of the Blood The Second Cause of it iss the Blood too much exalted by Ferments vehemently troubling the Heart seemeth chiefly to depend upon two Causes either its due Crasis or Temperament is disordered by the undue mixtion of its Elements or by the too much exalted Principles of Spirit Salt and Sulphur or Secondly by the innate ferments of the Heart as famous Dr. Willis and others will have it much rarefying the Blood in its passage through the Chamber of this choice Muscle whereupon its frothy effervescence is much increased and is impelled out of the Ventricles and through the channels of various Arteries with great violence into all parts of the Body Learned Borellus maintaineth an Hypothesis Borellus his Opinion that a Fever is not produced by an undue Fermentation of the Blood but from anâ— acrimoniou nervous Liquor and proveth his Hypothesis by reason the Pus of Pleurisy doth not disaffect
in the Renal Glands do vitiate the temper of the Blood and incline its hot mass to an effervescence The mass of Blood is not only composed of different Liquors The spirituous parts of the Blood not well regulated do produce a Fever but of various Elements too of Spirit Sulphur and Salt The Spirituous as the more subtil and volatil parts of the Blood are bounded and kept in due order by the more fixed whence ariseth a good Fermentation but if heterogeneous Particles of crude Chyme not easily to be subdued be mixed with the Blood the bond of Mixtion is relaxed then the spirituous parts are too predominant and the ebullition of the Blood is raised often ending in a Fever When the sulphureous part is too much exalted The sulphureous parts of the Blood too much exalted cause a Fever as being triumphant in the mass of Blood its temperament is perverted whereupon the Chyme being not well Concocted as being over bilious doth raise a great effervescence of the Blood inducing a Fever If the saline Atomes of the Blood be too much elevated The saline parts brought to a Fluor do generate into a Fever The cause of a Fever is seated in the Blood as compounded of divers Fermentative Liquors The Nervous Liquor being soft cannot be said to be a cause of a Fever Many critical evacuations of Blood determining a Fever do shew the cause to be placed in the Blood they are brought to a Fluor and the Blood turneth Acide which is found to be the cause of a Quartane Ague These being premised it is most probable that the Causes of various Fevers are seated in the Blood as it is made up of divers fermentative Liquors and Elements producing many Feverish Inflammatory Dispositions But the nervous Liquor cannot be so truly said the cause of Fevers as most acute Borellus will have it as being a mild Liquor not consisting of many several Liquors contrary Principles and Recrements with which the Blood is endued and therefore the animal Liquor is not subject to so many various Ebullitions and Feverish indispositions Farthermore the apertion of a Vein and the critical evacuations of Blood by the Nostrils Hemorrhoids and Menstrua in Women do determine a Fever which plainly evinceth that the Morbifick cause in a Fever is seated in the mass of Blood whose hot steams and watry saline Particles are severed from the Blood in the cutaneous Glands and discharged by the excretory Ducts of the Skin And in order to the more clear understanding of the nature of Fevers consisting in the various ill Crasis of the Blood disturbing the Motion of the Heart I will give you a short History of the various constitution of the Blood as productive of its Ebullition in the Heart Galen and his followers made four Temperaments The temperament of the Blood as composed of Four Humours supposing the mass of Blood to be compounded of four distinct Liquors Phlegme Bile Melancholy and laudable or pure Blood but I conceive it will be very difficult according to this Opinion to solve the Phaenomena that may occurr so that it seemeth more probable to determine the Blood as well qualified to be one Liquor consisting of Heterogeneous parts and not of those different humors which do not constitute the mass of Blood but are only accidental to it in a depraved habit of Body in which three of those humors may be called Recrements of the Blood and not constituent parts which Nature endeavoureth to secern from it and therefore it is more consonant to Reason and Sense not to believe the Blood to be made of many distinct Humors but one Liquor consisting of different parts pituitous framed of crude indigested Chyme The melancholy constitution of the Blood or bilious made of exalted Oily Particles or melancholick compounded of Tartareous or earthy Saline put into a Fluor as the chief Spirituous and Oily parts are breathed out Hence spring the four Constitutions of the Body derived from the several Temperaments of the Blood when it is integrated of different Elements reduced to a good harmony in due proportion The constitution of hot oily and saline Particles not too much exalted nor the gross and fixed too much depressed and the solid and liquid Atomes well mixed may be truly stiled the Sanguineous temper of the Blood The sanguineous constitution of the Blood and is the rule from which the others may be termed more or less ill as they have greater or less deflections from it as being ill tempers upon which the Pathalogy of the Blood dependeth The First I will Treat of The Pituitous constitution of the Blood is the Pituitous Constitution derived from cold moist or gross Aliment not well concocted for want of a fit Menstruum or good natural heat whence proceedeth an ill prepared Chyle conveyed through proper Channels to the Heart where it being not well attenuated and colliquated runneth confused with the Blood without being broken into small particles by reason of its over viscide substance generating a crude mass of Blood which being imparted by great and less arterial Branches to the whole Body maketh a cold and moist temperament commonly called Pituitous seated in a gross mass of Blood apt to be stagnant which produceth various inflammations in reference to several parts in which the crude Blood is lodged vid. a Perinumonia in the substance of the Lungs and Pleuritis in the Pleura An Angina in the Muscles of the Larynx A Polypus in the Ventricles of the Heart and the Trunk of the pulmonary Artery and Veins An Apoplexy in the substance of the Brain and an Anasaerca in the habit of the Body Some Physicians and those Learned too do conceive the Phlegmatick mass of Blood to be composed much of Chyle or nervous Liquor as being akin in colour and manner of consistence Whereupon it being thick and indigested when extravasated and Cold doth concrete into a white and discoloured Cruor or skinny substance facing the upper region of the Blood when it is let out of the Vein into a Porringer and coagulated But upon a more curious inspection The Cause of the tough surface of the Blood this white clammy tough surface of the Blood will be found to be a Fibrous contexture made up of many thin Membranes seated one within another in whose Interstices are formed a reticular Plexe composed as it were of nervous Fibrils interspersed with divers small Cells resembling little holes interceding Combs The Compage of the Blood when it is coagulated filled with Honey in which a serous Liquor is contained This Compage of the Blood may be made evident by ocular demonstration which I saw in concreted Blood covered with a white Surface almost halfe an inch thick which was integrated of many fine Membranes as so many thin Flakes constituting this coagulated Systeme framed of numerous Filaments curiously interwoven and closely set together which I discerned by my naked Eye without
the help of a Microscope and also many small network Plexes interspersed with Areae or little Loculaments affixed to the inside of the Membranes as so many Repositories of the ichorous Liquor of the Blood And afterward upon a deeper search made into the more interior recesses of the Blood I discovered first a reticular Plexe full of Cavities tied to the inside of the Membrane constituting the lowest Membrane of the white viscide contexture finely wrought with interwoven Filaments pinked with many holes as so many allodgments of the Purple Liquor divided also into many Fibrils which run in length downward making an elegant Compage beset with curious Embroidery made up as it were of nervous Filaments adorned with Interstices of divers Figures as so many minute Receptacles big with Red Liquor in the lower region of the Blood let out into a Vessel and concreted the structure of the Blood seemeth to be more loose then the Crust swimming a top as framed of Filaments endued with larger Cavities which are receptive of the Red Crassament or rather as some will have it a black melancholy Liquor the Faeces of the Blood in whose Pores as well as in the Interstices of the white coagulated Liquor is lodged an ash-coloured pale Serum somewhat resembling the concreted albuminous matter of the Blood or the White of an Egg. And to the oblong Filamentous Productions propagated through the Red mass of coagulated Blood are appendant divers small reticular Plexes interlining the spaces of the long Fibres And the Body of the concreted Blood being washed in divers waters hued before with Red whereby the Serum being parted from its Receptacles many Plexes making the fine Network may be seen arayed in White and as they are longer and longer gently washed the Whiteness coating the fibrous contexture of the Blood may be more clearly seen And besides these white and fibrous Particles which are the first Stamina giving a bulk and body to the Blood the most eminent are the Red Particles enclosed in many Cells and Filaments and being highly attenuated with Motion do intimately associate with the albuminous part of the Blood and wholly obscure it In this Crystalline Liquor are seated the fine volatil Salts attenuated and dissolved by Heat and intestine Motion which are the chief ingredients constituting the Ferments of the Viscera helping the Stomack and Intestines in the concoction of Aliment out of which a white tincture is extracted the Materia Substrata of Blood And it is very probable that the fibrous parts of the Blood are propagated from small Capillaments which being united do constitute many thin Filmes in the Body of the vital Juyce and more thick and tough Membranes cloathing the upper region of extravasated Blood The Filaments are very visible in the Concretions of Salt The contrary Principles of the Blood affecting Dis-union and Concretion whereupon Nature hath contrived with great Artifice the Confederation of various parts by Motion which rendreth them Fluid least the Heterogeneous Elements should be divorced from each others embraces by a kind of precipitation to this end the Grand Architect hath made a great Apparatus of Organs the Heart and its appendants as so many Engines and Channels dedicated to the Motion of the Blood that its little Filaments and Filmes might be broken into small Particles and pass through the small Pores and extremities of the capillary Arteries and Veins and the Compage of the Blood gaineth a disposition to be fluid as acted with the intestine Motion of its proper parts which agreeth to all Fermented Liquors and agitateth and attenuates the integrals of fluid Bodies by bringing them to a high Comminution whereupon they become more moveable and acquire greater freedom in a restless agitation of Parts which being of a different nature are preserved in union by a constant and continued Motion On the other side the Blood groweth gross and apt to be Stagnant when the Fermentation is very much Dispirited as the several Liquors of vital Juice are not well filtred in the Interstices of the Vessels relating to the Conglobated Glands of the Viscera giving to the Blood many unnatural Films and Filaments whereby it acquireth an over-gross Fibrous disposition apt to concrete into Membranes and White conglobated Bodies producing prolypose coagulations often found in the Heart Lungs Veins and Arteries which I intend more freely to discourse in the diseases of the Heart Another ill constitution of Blood proceedeth either from a hot and sharp nourishment and more free Cups of generous Wine as also immoderate eating of Oil and Meats highly seasoned with Spices or from the inward Compage of the Blood abounding with hot oily Particles conveyed to all coasts of the Body The bilious Con itution of the Blood which do render it hot and dry called the Bilious Constitution which furnisheth the Blood with inclinations to Intermittent and Continued Fevers the First is differenced by Tertian Quotidian by reason the Quartan is proper to a melancholick temper commonly called Agues in our Tongue of which the Tertian if single is distinguished by its accession every other day and if double every day I humbly conceive the Materia Substrata of this disease is seated in an over bilious mass of Blood The oily Particles of the Blood the cause of an Intermittent Tertian Fever impregnated with large proportions of subtle oily Particles rendring it unable to subdue the quantity of indigested Chyme by not breaking it into very minute portions in reference to assimilation which cannot be accomplished by reason of the hot Diathesis of the Blood which being not capable to reduce the crude Chyme to a perfect association is put upon a great ebullition in the Heart sending forth toward the ambient parts very hot Effluvia which arriving the Membrana Carnosa force it into great Concussions commonly called Rigors which begin the Scene of the Paronysme relating to an Ague in which the more hot steams carried with great fierceness by the Capillary Arteries to the surface of the Body produce the state of the Fit and lastly the fiery exhalations being associated with the serous recrements of the Blood do end in steams of Sweat which distilling through the miliary Glands and Pores of the Cutis do freely bedew the surface of the Body whereupon the Tragick Scenes of the Fit do close in a pleasant interlude of an 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the matter of the Paronysme being breathed out by a free transpiration and the Patient is treated with a grateful Repose till a plenty of fresh Crude Alimentary Liquor is transmitted to the bilious mass of Blood which is perverted into nitrous sulphureous Particles causing an inordinate effervescence beginning a new Scene of another Paronysme of a Tertian Fever which often degenerates into a double Tertian called by some a Quotidian which in truth is very different from it as being a double Tertian because every other days Fit doth answer in Measure and Time and one
Particles of the Blood being highly enraged do produce a great ebullition of Blood emulating the Fit of a Malignant Fever which was at last discharged by the eruption of numerous Pimples filled with the Serum of the Blood highly precipitated besetting the Cuticula of the whole Body Sometimes the Spirituous parts of the Blood are highly evaporated by poysonous Miasmes wherein the particles of Salt and Sulphur are so highly exalted that the Blood becometh icterical The Blood is coagulated putrefied and the bond of Mixtion highly disordered in malignant Fevers by too great an assation So that it is sometimes hued with Yellow and other times with Black And there are other Poysons of another nature which are more dangerous as destructive to the Compage of the Blood in producing first a Coagulation and afterward Putrefaction So that the Spirits of the Blood being evaporated the equal Mixtion is dissolved and the grosser parts being associated do quit the Serous Particles and the poysonous Miasmes infecting the Blood do cause it to Coagulate somewhat after the manner of Milk mixed with Runnet whereupon the red Crassament is rendred Grumous as well as the Chymous parts whence ariseth the Polypus of the Heart as also Syncopes and Lipothymies c. The way of communicating poysonous steams to the Vital and Animal Liquor in reference to the production of Malignant Epidemical Fevers The way of Infection in Malignant Fevers is from the Air by inspiration wherein many saline and sulphureous Mercurial Arsenical and other Exhalations of the same figure and nature coming from poysonous Minerals of the Earth being confederated and received into the Lungs do mix with the mass of Blood These Effluvia being of a most subtle disposition do insinuate into the Blood sometimes precipitating it by the separation of the Serous Particles from the more thick Purple Liquor and other times making it stagnant in the Vessels and Ventricles of the Heart do generate a coagulation of the Blood producing dreadful symptoms The Malignant Vapours residing in a poysonous Air make impressions more readily in ill masses of Blood full of sulphureous Particles easily breaking out into a feverish flame especially in timorous persons wherein the steams of infected Air are speedily conveyed inward with the Blood into the Chambers of the Heart CHAP. XXIV Of Intermittent Fevers HAving given in some sort a Narrative of Diseases in reference to Petuitous and Bilious Recrements I shall now take the freedom to speak somewhat of the Distempers of a Melancholick Constitution of Blood sprinkling from gross Aliment A melancholy constitution of Blood abounding with earthy parts and fixed Salt which being above measure exalted are productive of an Acid indisposition which being elevated to a great height maketh it degenerate into a Fluor wherein the Saline before espoused to the oily and earthy Particles do suffer a divorce from them So that the bond of Mixtion is in a great part dissolved in the mass of Blood and the Saline parts being not under the controul of the Elements have a kind of absolute power as commanding the Compage of the mass of Blood whereupon the spirituous and sulphureous Particles being much evaporated A Quartan Ague the Saline do exercise a dominion over the rest by inducing an Acor to the whole Mixtum relative to the Blood from whence sometimes proceedeth a Quartan Ague differing in types and periods from the Tertian as having its accession every third day and its continent cause is assigned by the Antients to a Melancholick humor putrefying in the lower apartiment of the Body But I humbly conceive it more reasonable that the origen of a Quartan Ague is in the Vital Liquor The cause of a Quartan Ague whose sweet Balsamick quality is debased into an acide and austere indisposition in which the spirituous and oily parts being much withdrawn the Tartareous consisting of earthy and Salt parts are too much heightned to a Fluor productive of Acid Particles which are carried by the greater Channels of Arteries to the smaller and cause Concussions in the Membrana Carnosa in the beginning of the Paroxysm which when violent are called Rigors when more remiss are termed Horrors and these Convulsive Motions accompany the first rise of the accession and when the heat followeth the Increment of the Fit beginneth and when the unnatural heat arriveth to a height the Fit cometh to a state and when the ebullition of the Blood is abated the declination of the Paroxysm appeareth which terminateth into a plentiful Sweat The reason why the Periods of a Quartan have longer Intervals than those of a Tertian The reason why Quartan Agues have longer intermissions than other Intermittent Fevers is because the distemper of the Blood tending to Acid is more remiss in heat disaffecting the Chyme in a less degree permitting somewhat of Assimilation into Blood and the perverting the other Particles of it do not make so great a disorder as is found in a Tertian So that the Materia Substrata of the Blood being less depraved in a Quartan doth more slowly fill the Vital Liquor with indigested Particles and the Saline Atoms being more moderate in heat require longer time before the peccant Matter is exalted producing an Ebullition in the Heart the continent cause of a Quartan which hath often a most difficult Cure and is long afflictive because it is derived from an Acid Dyscrasie of the Blood which is not easily redressed by Medicines whereas the bilious indisposition consisting in an effervescence of Vital Juyce proceeding from an association of oily Particles is more speedily discharged by a free transpiration but a Melancholick Constitution springing from a depauperated mass of Blood hath its more spirituous Particles retired from it and the saline and earthy parts are too much exalted The Cure of Quartan Agues And therefore Purgatives alone are not available in a Quartan Ague in which the fixed Saline parts of the Blood must be rendred Volatil and the lost sweet Balsamick repaired by Medicines Dulcifying the Acid and by impregnating them with oily spirituous Particles which is of as great moment as difficulty to effect And also in an acid disaffection of the Blood when its laudable portion is over-powered with a too highly exalted Salt it is rendred dispirited productive of a Fluor whence arise the great variety of Scorbutick diseases abounding in numerous symptoms Emulating divers Distempers proceeding also from concreted saline Particles transmitted from the mass of Blood and vitiating the Nervous Liquor whence is propagated a prodigious off-spring of Chronick diseases as the Strumae Rheumatisms Gouts Scabs Scurf Cancers Leprosies and the like CHAP. XXV The Cures of Intermittent Fevers THe diseases of the Blood afflicting the Heart being Intermittent Continued and Malignant Fevers I will now having heretofore discoursed their Causes propound some short means of their Cures derived from several Indications As to the most urgent and chief Indication That the great
whereas in truth it supposeth more And in like manner the Blood is carried out of the left Ventricle of the Heart into the common Trunk of the Aorta wherein it meeteth with a continued stream of Blood which by degrees is moved by divers Channels into all parts of the Body which cannot be effected any other way than by undulating Motion by pressing one part of the Blood forward after another from the beginning to the Terminations of the Arteries So that these Sanguiducts being propagated in many Flexures by reason of their numerous Divarications must necessarily give such a check to the over-hasty current of the Blood that it cannot be impelled from the Heart at one moment through all the Arteries which are seated at a great distance from the Center Whereupon I conceive that the motion of the Blood out of the left Chamber of the Heart making the Diastole vulgarly thought first in the common Trunk and afterward in the ascendent and descendent Trunk of the Aorta and divers crooked branches of the lesser Arteries is not the cause of the pulsation of the Artery which is performed in a moment in one brisk continued motion and not successively by way of Undulation which supposeth many Instants in which one part of the Artery is elevated after another as it groweth distended by a great stream of Blood The manner of the Pulsation of Arteries So that I imagine the pulsation of the Arteries doth proceed from the vigorous contraction of the right and left Ventricle of the Heart to which the Trunks of the Pulmonary and great Artery are affixed whereupon their Trunks being briskly strook by the pulsation of the Heart their continued Coats being ever distended with Vital Liquor have the Vibration immediately imparted to them in all parts after the manner of an Impulse made upon one part of an extended Musical string the same stroke is immediately transmitted to every part of it as the whole string is made up of one continued substance of a twisted Gut So that I conceive the Diastole of the Artery taken in a strict notion is not made by the successive motion of the Blood first produced in the Heart and then carried out of it into the common Trunk and afterward into the Arteries furnishing all parts of the Body but by the Systole of the Heart first making a Vibration in it which I have seen in a Dog dissected alive in the Colledg Theater imparted in the same moment to all parts of the Arteries which is the Pulse commonly felt in the Wrist and is at the same instant in all parts of the Body The Systole of the Arteries is their proper motion The Systole of the Arteries made by circular fleshy Fibres as made solely in them by their peculiar power without the assistance of the Heart causing the Diastole flowing from the vigorous motion tension and contraction of the numerous strong fleshy Fibres of the Heart but the Systole of the Arteries is a motion distinct from their Diastole formed by the transverse or rather annular fleshy Fibres of the Arteries whereby their cavity is narrowed and the Blood pressed through their Channels with a greater quickness The contraction of these circular Fibres causing the Systole of the Arteries doth very much contribute to the motion of the Blood flowing primarily from the Impulse made in the Ventricles of the Heart by strong contracted fleshy Fibres lessening their Cavities whereupon the Blood is squirted as by a Syringe out of the Right Chamber of the Heart into the Trunk of the Pulmonary Artery and out of the Left into the Aorta The current of the Blood is hastned upward especially in the Capillary Arteries of the Brain and then into all other parts of the Body which is very much promoted by the motion of Carnous Fibres encircling Artery else the Blood would have but a slow current upward through the ascendent Trunk of the Aorta and Carotide Arteries and especially in the small Capillary Arteries of the Brain in which the Blood would become stagnant if its motion were not quickned by the Systole of the Arteries produced by the Contraction of the fleshy circular Fibres CHAP. XXXIII The Pathology of the Arteries THe Arteries The obstruction of Arteries coming from a grosness of Blood being so many Cylinders as oblong round concave Bodies consisting of many Coats are liable to many Diseases some of which relate to their Cavities and others to their Tunicles As to the Cavities of Arteries their disaffections proceed chiefly either from Obstruction or Compression the first may be derived from the grossness of the Blood stagnant in small Branches or capillary Arterys intercepting the current of the vital Liquor in these obstructed Channels The obstruction of greater Arteries may be produced by some carnous substance The obstruction of the Arteries proceeding from a carnous Increscence adhering to some parts of their inward Coats and so clogging their Cavities that they are rendred dis-serviceable in order to the transmission of Blood from part to part Sometimes the course of Blood is wholly hindred by gross concreted Chyme The obstruction of the Arteries derived from concreted Chyme mixed with Blood lodged in the pulmonary Artery which I have often seen in Dissections of the heart and Lungs labouring with a Polypus proceeding from a White gross coagulated Matter stuffing up the Ventricles of the Heart and pulmonary Vessels Dr. Timothy Clark a Fellow of the Colledge of Physicians in London and one of His Majesties Physicians in Ordinary was afflicted with a high continued Fever attended with a great Thirst and difficulty of Breathing and a small quick Pulse the forerunner of a fatal stroke After which his Body being opened the Viscera of the lower Venter were ill affected with great Obstructions and the Ventricles of the Heart being opened were found filled with a thick White concreted Substance which also stuffed up the pulmonary Artery the immediate cause of his death The Cure of these Diseases Bleeding is good in obstruction of the Arteries propagated from obstruction of Arteries caused by gross concreted Blood and Chyme may be effected by Blood-letting and by aperient Diuretick Medicines mixed with well prepared Chalybeats which do correct the gross clammyness of the depauperated Blood and Chyme by rendring it Flud Volatil and Spirituous which hindreth its coagulation by making it thin and apt for Motion as readily complying with the impulse of the Heart made by the fleshy Fibres contracting its Chambers Another Disease to which the Arteries are incident in reference to their Cavities The lessening the Cavity of the Arteries by Compression may be deduced from Compression whereby the bores of the Arteries are so much lessened that they cannot freely or not at all make good the circulation of the Blood through the disaffected vessels so that the neighbouring Arteries sprouting out of the same Branch do supply their defect as having their Cavities free and
of the Veins may proceed also from a crude Chyme Obstructions of the Veins coming from a crude Chyme mixed with Blood obstructing them in which it is sometimes concreted which I have seen in the pulmonary Vein obstructed with a White coagulated substance wholly intercepting the Current of Blood in the Lungs toward the Left Ventricle of the Heart This Disaffection may be cured before it cometh to a hight by prescribing a thin Diet of easy â—igestion which maketh a well concocted Chyle and attenuateth the mass of Blood which is effected also by purging Antiscorbutick Diuretick and Chalybeat Medicines refining the Blood and preparing good Ferments for the Stomach consisting in the more mild Particles of the Blood and good nervous Liquor associated in the glandulous Coat of the Stomach and conveyed into its Cavity by proper Ducts or Pores Another Disease of the Veins cometh by their Compression The Compression of the Veins whereby their Cavities are lessened by the neighbouring parts which frequently happeneth in very corpulent persons whose lumps of Fat adjoyning to the Veins do highly retard the motion of the Blood rendring the pulsation of the Heart very slow whereupon all the Body becometh Languid by want of a due supplement of vital Liquor A gross habit of Body surcharged with over much Fat as lessened by spare Diet and constant exercise and proper Purgatives and Diet-drinks which give an allay to the excessive oily Particles of the Blood the Materia Substrata of Fat which are extravasated sulphureous Atomes of vital Liquor concreted in proper Receptacles The Compression of the Veins derived from the Tumor of the adjacent parts which is much alleviated if not cured by Bleeding Another Disease denoting Bleeding to which the Veins are incident by Compression may be deduced from the tumors of adjacent parts to the Veins as from the inflammation of the Musculous Psoas which bordering upon the ascendent Trunk of the Vena Cava doth narrow its Cavity and hinder the free recourse of the Blood to the Heart in like manner all Inflammations of the Viscera do hinder in some degree or other the refluxe of Blood toward the Center This Disease denoteth Bleeding as it floweth from a quantity of Blood setled in the Interstices of the Vessels by reason the opening a Vein doth lessen the quantity of Blood and diverteth the course of it from the part affected whereupon it is most readily relieved by taking away the Tumor so that the neighbouring Veins are freed from Compression and regain their proper use and liberty of transmitting Blood toward the Heart A Disaffection of this kind may proceed from the great distention of the Womb caused by a great Faetus compressing the Iliack Branches A Cempression of the Iliack Veins and the ascendent Trunk of the Cava in the time of Gestation The cause of the Tumors called Varices Venarum and the ascendent Trunk of the Vena Cava whereby the ascent of the Blood toward the Center is very much hindred producing a languid Pulse in the Heart and Arteries And on the other side the Veins are not lessened only by the Compression of the adjacent parts but dilated too by a gross mass of Blood making Varices to which the Veins of the Tibiae are very much incident whence Knots and Tumors arise in small Veins from a quantity of Faeculent Blood stagnant in some parts of the Veins whereupon they grow sometimes very much distended from the Knee to the Ankle-bone which giveth a great discomposure in walking In this case a straight Stockin may be used and astringent Plaisters prescribed and in some Varices the Tumors may be opened after Ligatures have been above and below the swellings and proper Medicines endued with astringent qualities may be applied As Learned Paraeus hath advised in Lib. 12. De Ulceribus Fistulis c. Cap. 20. P. 390. Cum multi Varices varie impliciti in crucibus existunt thromboso saepe resiccato sanguine tument doloremque faciunt qui incessu Compressione exacerbatur Ejusdem Varices scalpello divisa vena aperiendi sunt Compressione sursum deorsumque facta sanguis ille exp rimendus atqué vacuandus And addeth afterward at the end of the Chapter Peracto opere vid. incisione varicis adstringens medicamentum vulneri vicinisque partibus imponitur neque nisi exacto triduo circa vulnus quicquam movetur Caetera deinde quae reliquis communia sunt peraguntur Tumors also arise in many parts of the Body Tumors in the Body deâ—ived from the laceration of Veins as in the Membranes Muscles and Viscera produced from a large quantity of Blood flowing from the laceration of Veins upon great Contusions in this case a Vein is proper to be opened and a quantity of Blood let out to divert the current of Blood from the swelled bruised part Inflammations also proceed from a large proportion Inflammations proceeding from a quantity of Blood coming from the obstructed Origens of the Veins in which case Bleeding is good or the grossness of extravasated Blood lodged in the substance of the solid parts whereupon they grow distended by reason the Origens of the Veins are either obstructed by some crass Matter or as too small to give reception to the thick melancholick Purple Liquor In this case also Bleeding freely is very good and safe and afterward cooling Juleps to contemper the hot mass of Blood and take away the Symptomatick Fever which is an attendant of Inflammations and I am here very concise in the Cure of this Disease because I have advised in it more largely heretofore CHAP. XXXVI Of the Blood-Vessels of other Animals THE Blood-Vessels of other perfect Animals hold great Analogy with those of Man The Blood-Vessels of perfect Animals are very like those of Man both above the Heart in the ascendent Trunk of the Aorta and its great Branches of Subclavian Axillary and Carotide Arteries of the Brain and also in their Associates the descendent Trunk of the Vena Cava the Subclavian Axillary and Jugular Veins answering the Carotide Arteries of the Brain And not only the Sanguiducts of other Animals observe a great likeness with those of Man above the Heart but below it too in the descendent Trunk of the great Artery and the ascendent Trunk of the Vena Cava and their Intercostal Phrenick Mesenterick Emulgent Spermatick Iliack Hypogastrick Crural Branches of Arteries and Veins In Fish the pulmonary Arteries and Veins are deficient The pulmonary Vessels are wanting in Fish and are supplyed with the Sanguiducts of the Gills and are supplied with numerous Branches and divarications of the Blood-vessels seated in the Gills which are substituted by Nature for the passage and refinement of the Blood instead of the Lungs In Fish the Subclavian Axillary and the Crural Arteries and Veins are wanting by reason they are destitute of Lungs In Insects these Arteries and Veins are not only deficient The Insects have
many Blood-Vessels wanting which are found in more perfect Animals but the Splenick Hepatick and Emulgent Arteries And these minute Animals are accommodated with less variety of Blood-vessels as having small Trunks and less Divarications more minute Branches running through the Heart Stomach Intestines Genitals of both kinds below and through the Brain above The Heart in Insects as well as other more perfect Animals The motion of the Blood through the Heart into the Arteries and Veins of Insects doth impell Blood through the Arterial Trunks and Branches into all parts of the Body which is afterward received into the extremities of the Veins and brought back again to the Heart so that their gentle flame of Life is as well preserved in them by motion as in greater Animals And I humbly conceive that in these fine Epitomes of Animals The Blood-Vessels of Insects are indued with inosculations after the manner of Network the great variety of minute Branches dispersed to all parts of the Body do impart vital Liquor to each other by many inosculations curiously made after the manner of Network as it is in other Animals The vital Liquor exported and imported from and to the Heart by various Cylinders in Insects is arrayed in White or Yellow and not in Scarlet or Purple as in other Animals by reason those deeper colours are not belonging to the Essence of Blood which is white in them too in its first production in the skirts of the seminal Liquor from whence it beginneth its Motion toward the beating point and by degrees when it obtaineth greater perfection by motion it quitteth its White or Yellow array and putteth on its Scarlet or Purple Robe CHAP. XXXVII The Sap-Vessels of Plants THe various Tubes entring into the Coâ—page of Plants The various Tubes of Plants are somewhat alike to the Viscera of Animals are somewhat akin in likeness to the Viscera of other Animals which are more distinct in them as they are curious Systemes integrated of innumerable oblong round Vessels as so many Cylindrical Channels chiefly constituting the fine frame of Plants The Antients not well versed in the knowledge of the several parts belonging to Trees have treated of them in a more general notion of Wood and Bark which in truth may be more clearly distinguished into Veins or Vessels Plants are furnished with many sorts of Vessels as various lacteal Gummy and Resinous Channels transmitting divers Liquors into the Trunks and Branches of Plants which do somewhat resemble the several Vessels of Animals conveying Chyle Vital Nervous and Lymphatick Liquor so that the milky humor resembleth the Chyle and the Sap the Blood and their Resinous and Gummy Juyces being transparent do in some manner represent the Nervous and Lymphatick Juyce And these different Liquors do not only hold Analogy with those of Animals but their Vessels too in structure as they are Cylinders adorned with a round oblong Figure made up of numerous Fibres rarely interwoven with each other The Figure of the Sap-Vessels In Trees the greater Cylinders are beset with many minute Pipes The greater Sap-Vessels are beset with many small Pipes which confining close to them in an orbicular Figure do make use of the sides of the larger Tubes so that every part of a Tree is integrated of various ranks of greater and less concave Fibres resembling the larger and smaller Branches of Vessels in Animals And the various Ducts of several Liquors in Plants and Trees do not only in some sort resemble the Vessels of a humane Body in Figure The Divarications of the Sap-Vessels do somewhat resemble the Divarication of the Sanguiducts The progress of the Sap-Vessels is for the most part perpendicular and sometimes horizontal but in Divarication too because the ascendent and descendent Trunks of Arteries and Veins as well as Sap-Vessels take their progress the whole length of the Body and as Animals have fruitful Branches running horizontally from their Trunks into the Muscular parts and substance of the Viscera So in like manner in Plants and Trees the cortical Branches of Vessels are carried transversly from the Bark through the body of the Trunk toward the Pith and from it too many lignous Vessels are propagated through the Compage of the Wood to the Bark And as the Viscera of Animals are collective Bodies of different Vessel as Arteries The Vessels of Plants agree in some sort with those of Animals as containing many Liquors Veins Nerves and Lympheducts as so many Channels conveying several Liquors of Blood Sucous Nervosus Lympha so after some manner the Trunks and Branches of Firre and Pine-tree c. are alike the Viscera of Animals in their various Tubes fraught with Gumms Resine interspersed with Vessels of Sap which for the most part run perpendicularly from the Root through the Trunk to the top and some of those Vessels pass Horizontally as so many Diametral Rays from the Bark through the Body to the Pith and others from it to the Bark from the circumference to the Center so that these transverse Vessels have a semblance with the Veins and Arteries of Animals which take their progress from the Skin through the Trunk and Limbs to the inward Recesses of the Viscera The curious frame of Plants are made up of different Cylinders Between the Sap-Vessels are seated many Areae as so many Cisterns of different Liquor finely set together and Engraven with numerous Cells adorned with several shapes and sizes placed between the Sap-vessels as so many little Cisterns supplying the Vessels with different Liquors exalted by airy Particles impregnated with sulphureous and saline Atomes transmitted by proper Cylinders into the Concave Areae big with alimentary Juyces which after a due Fermentation are refined by the extremities of numerous different Sap-Vessels as so many Colatories of various Figures and Magnitudes holding Analogy in some manner with the minute Glands of the Viscera which are Systemes composed of numerous Vessels whose Extremities are distinguished by their various Perforations receptive of such Liquors as hold Conformity with them in the likeness of Shape and Size CHAP. XXVIII Of the Lungs HAving Treated of the Diaphragme as the Floor and of the Pleura as the Hanging and of the Mediastine as the Party-Wall and the Heart as a noble Utensil of the middle apartiment my aim at this time is to discourse of the Lungs as part of its choice Housholdstuff which is a Machine of Air composed of variety of rare parts This excellent Utensil of the middle Story relating to the elegant Fabrick of Man's Body may be considered according to its Situation Connexion The Situation of the Lungs Figure Membranous Substance Vessels Glands and Use The Lungs are seated near the Heart which it encircleth with Lobes as with so many wings fanning this hot Engine of Motion and it filleth up the two Chambers of the middle apartiment except that part of them possessed with the Pleura Mediastine and Heart This
curious Engine of Air is divided into two Regions The Lobes of the Lungs are parted by the mediastine parted by the Mediastine the one placed in the Right and the other in the Left Chamber of the middle Story and each part consisteth of two Lobes the Superior and Inferior as Partitions wisely ordered by Nature that when one Lobe is wounded or corrupted the other may be preserved The rare structure of the divided Lobes are mutually conjoyned by Membranes The Lobes of the Lungs have a mutual entercourse by Vessels and have entercourse with each other by the union of variety of Vessels importing and exporting different kinds of Liquors The Right and Left partitions of Lobes are severed from each other by the mediation of the Mediastine as by a middle Wall passing between them by whose help they are connected in their fore parts to the Sternon and in their hinder to the Vertebres of the Back below to the Midriff and above to the Neck and Back by the interposition of the Wind-pipe Learned Spigelius conceiveth the Lungs to be tied to the Pleura and Ribs The Connexion of the Lungs by Fibres which being short saith the worthy Author they produce an incurable difficulty of Breathing but with the permission of this skilful Anatomist I humbly conceive these Fibres are very rare and preternatural as proceeding either from an ill conformation in the Womb or from some Disease and if these Fibres were natural they might be discerned in all Men upon Dissection which contradicteth Autopsy The Figure of the Lungs do conform themselves to that of the Thorax The Figure of the Lungs and have their upper ambient parts invested with a convex Surface as lodged within the circular Walls of the Ribs and the lower Surface of the Lobes is Concave as fitted to receive the Heart within their soft embraces The two Lobes seated in each Chamber of the middle apartiment The two Lobes resemble the hoofs of a Bullocks Foot may be most fitly resembled to a Heart or Bullocks Hoof consisting of two Claws parted all along in the middle and begin in more large and end in more narrow Dimensions and also are covered in their upper region with a Convex and in their lower with a Concave Surface The ambient parts of the Lungs are coated with a thin Porous Membrane The Membrane of the Lungs borrowing its Origen as some will have it from the Pleura and as others from the outward Tunicle of the Vessels entring into the substance of the Lungs This Membrane is beset with many Pores which may be seen when the Lungs are blown up with a pair of Bellows and are so minute that they hold no proportion in Figure and magnitude with the Particles of Air contained within the substance of the Lungs or else they would soon transpire the Pores of the Membrane encompassing the Lungs before it had sufficiently impregnated the Blood with its Nitrous and Elastick Particles conserving the vestal flame of Life Learned Diemerbroeck asserteth that though Pus cannot be received through the Pores pinking the Coat into the substance of the Lungs yet he saith thin Liquors injected through the wound made between the Ribs in case of an Empyema into the Cavity of the Thorax may insinuate themselves through the secret Meatus of the Tunicle encircling the Lungs into their inward Recesses and Bronchia and thence into the Mouth as the renowned Author hath it in lib. 2. Cap 13. de Pulmo respirat Pag. 511. Ait ille Memini me Noviomagi sex septemve Empyricis ad puris evacuationem Thoracem inter Costas sectione aperuisse ac denique evacuato pure nonnullis eorum injectiones abstergentes amaras in Thoracis Cavitatem infudisse quaruni non tantum amarum saporem ore perceperunt quod etiam a Fernelio Paraeo Lommio aliis observatum verum bonam quoque partem per sputa rejecerunt quod certum judicium erat in illis aegre poros tunicae pulmonis adeo angusâ—os fuisse ut nullum Pus crassius sed duntaxat tenuiores liquores admittere potuerint Hypocrates the great Oracle of our Art asserted the substance of the Lungs to be glutinous and full of Cells and numerous Blood-Vessels Hypocrates's Opinion of the structure of the Lungs as he hath it Sectione Tertia lib. de carnibus his words are these in the Original 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Pulmo atem juxta Cor sic extitit quod in humido glutinosissimum erat Cor calefaciens celeriter exsicavit veluti spumam Fistulosum reddidit multisque venulis respersit I conceive the moist clammy seminal Matter according to Hypocrates is concreted by heat into a loose spungy substance of the Lungs which this great Author calleth Froth as Boys raise Bubbles out of Water impregnated with some fatty substance which are watry Vesicles filled with Air so that the soft frothy Parenchyma of the Lungs is nothing else but a spungy Systeme of many Vesicles of Air without any effusion of Blood as the Antients imagined which Cicero seemeth to assert 2. Natura Deorum raritas pulmonis celebratur Cicero his Opinion of the Lungs assiduis spongiis mollitudo adhauriendum spiritum aptissima This great Philosopher as well as Orator conceived the Lungs to be a loose Compage made up of Spunges which are loose Bodies furnished with numerous Cells the Receptacles of Air which much resembleth the Vesicles chiefly constituting the spungy body of the Lungs often filled and emptied by the many repeated Expansions and Contractions of the Lungs celebrated in inspiration and expiration the one being assisted by the Midriff and Intercostal and the other by the Abdominal Muscles Ingenious Malpighius hath given a greater Light to the more intricate and obscure Opinion of Hypocrates who left us much in the dark Malpighius Sentiments of the frame of variety of the Lungs in reference to the curious structure of the Lungs whose substance is integrated of parts Air-pipes made up of Cylinders and Orbs as also Sanguiducts and Lympheducts The Cylinders of Air are branched through the whole body of the Lungs The branches of the 〈◊〉 pipe in many Divarications highly dilated in inspiration These oblong Tubes have many Membranous appendages The Vesicles of Air appendant to the branches of the Trochâ—a affixed to them as so many Outlets and Receptacles of Air which being big with it do very much enlarge its Perimeter That I may give a more full History of these Membranous Cells relating to the Lungs as a Machine of Air I will Treat of their Situation Connexion Figure Origen Termination Substance and Use These fine Cells are seated every way near the Bronchia The seat of the Vesicles of Air. as so many appendants of them and every Cell hath a double passage an Egress from and Ingress into the Bronchia to give the Air a free play in and out upon inspiration and expiration These Membranes
of the Lungs is framed of Four Lobes the uppermost hath a kind of Semicircular Figure The uppermost Lobe of the Right Side The Second Lobe and is seated in the highest part of the Thorax The Second Lobe taketh its progress transversly toward the Right Side and is endued with an oblong narrow flat shape in its upper Region and in the lower part is adorned with a tricuspidal form somewhat like the Second Lobe of the Left Side The Third Lobe is lodged under the lowest The Third Lobe and is the most small of all the Lobes and is larger in its Origen and more narrow in its Termination and hath a ridge passing all along its upper Region The Fourth Lobe relating to the Right Side of the Lungs of a Calf The Fourth Lobe belonging to the Right Side of the Lungs of a Calf far exceedeth in Dimensions all the other Lobes belonging to it and hath a protuberance running all along and endeth in a kind of Cone and is encompassed for the most part with a thin Margent The Lungs of a Sheep do hold much Analogy with those of a Calfe as to their number of Lobes and likeness of Figure The Lungs of a Camel and Bear have much affinity with those of perfect Animals only they differ in greatness of Dimensions and as being very large have only one Lobe seated on each side In a Tigre the Lungs are found jagged and hued with a Red colour sometimes this Animal is liable to Inflammations Abscesses and Ulcers of the Lungs A Guiney Hog hath Lungs consisting of Seven Lobes Three lodged on each side of the Heart and one in the middle running up the length of the Heart toward the Cone But the Lungs of an Otter are endowed only with Six Lobes encircling each side of the Heart and arrayed with a Yellowish colour which is rare in the Lungs of Animals The Lungs of a Hare are beautified with a bright Red and the Heart is encompassed on each side with three Lobes one greater and two lesser ones and the Seventh may be discovered about the Back of a more spungy substance than the rest as Learned Thomas Bartholine hath observed An Animal called Hyaena by the Latines hath beautiful Lungs as adorned with variety of colours Brown shaded with White and bespecked with numerous Purple spots The Lungs of a Porcupine are admirable in reference to number as being Fourteen small Lobes of which Seven encompass the Heart on each side A Bever hath Lungs of a very spungy substance beautified with a Whitish colour interspersed with somewhat of Red. A Civet Cat hath each side of his Heart immured with Three Lobes endued with a Red colour interspersed with Black lines somewhat resembling a Spiders web in fineness The Lungs of a Tortois are Two on each side one of a very light and spongy substance as composed of many vesicular Sinus and take their progress from the Neck all along the Back and seem at last to be composed of divers parts which are several Vesicles of Air running one into another so that when they are blown up they seem to make but one great Bladder CHAP. XL. Of the Lungs of Birds THE Lungs of Birds are no less admirable than those of more perfect Animals in reference to their excellent structure contrived with great artifice speaking the infinite wisdom of the Omnipotent Protoplast as they are a rare Systeme composed of many pulmonary Arteries and Veins making numerous Divarications finely wrought in the form of curious Network and above all the Aspera Arteria is divided and subdivided into greater and smaller branches the associates of Arteries and Veins to which are appendant many small Cells or Vesicles of Air which is discharged out of the Ramulets of the Bronchia into these fruitful Sinus as so many receptacles of Breath in Inspiration This rare Compage of the Lungs of Birds is chiefly different from that of other more perfect Animals as it is affixed to the Back and Ribs whereas the Lungs of other Animals are left loose that they may have a freedom to be expanded and contracted in Inspiration and Expiration but the Lungs of Birds being fastned to the Back and Ribs have many perforations into the Abdomen through which the Air hath a free Egress and Ingress out and into the body of the Lungs in Inspiration and Expiration The Lungs of Birds are every way encompassed with a thin dense Membrane composed of many Fibrils running in straight oblique and transverse positions so curiously interwoven with each other that they seem to be one entire piece as the Fibrils have no visible Commissures or Seams where they are conjoyned At some distance from the Lungs is seated another more thick and strong Membrane integrated of greater membranous Fibres making their progress in various postures and curiously set together interspersed with many fleshy Fibres coming from the Ribs and inserted into this dense Membrane by which this Coat is affixed to the vertebres of the Back The Air being impelled through the greater and smaller Branches of the Bronchia terminating into common Ducts which perforating the substance and proper membrane of the Lungs do transmit Air into the Cavity of the Venter where it is stopped in its current by the interposition of the Membrane adjacent to the Lungs as by a Wall Respiration in Birds as well as other Animals consisteth of a double operation Inspiration and Expiration wherein the Lungs are expanded by the reception of Air in the First and contracted upon the exclusion of it in the Second Inspiration is performed in Birds by an impulse of Air made by the weight of the incumbent Atmosphere crouding one part after another through the Mouth and Aspera Arteria as greater Channels into the smaller Pipes of the Bronchia through which it is transmitted into a common Trunk made up of many extremities of Arterial Branches piercing the Body and Coat of the Lungs into the empty space of the lower Apartiment wherein the impelled Air sporteth and expandeth the neighbouring Membrane whereby the adjoyning Intestines being compressed do relaxe the Abdominal Muscles Expiration is a different Motion of the Lungs as following Inspiration produced by the Air after it hath been impelled through Trunks and various Ramulets of the Aspera Arteria and the common Ducts perforating the Compage and Membrane of the Lungs making a strong appulse upon the adjacent Membrane whereupon its tender Texture being irritated draweth its carnous Fibres derived from the intercostal Muscles into Consent so that these fine Engines contracting do draw the Membrane inward which is assisted by the abdominal Muscles pressing the Intestines toward the Back forcing the adjacent Membrane of the Lungs inward whereby the inspired Air is repelled through the perforations of the Lungs and common Ducts to the terminations of the Bronchia and from thence through less and greater Branches of the Aspera Arteria into the Mouth This Membrane enclosing the Lungs of Birds at
fluid and apt for motion much quickned by the active parts of Air which do not only enter by the Pores of the Bark relating to the Roots of Vegetables but also by the small Meatus of the Rine encircling their Trunks Arms and lesser Branches And herein Plants do hold some analogy with Animals through whose Pores of the Skin the Air insinuates through the Extremities and Channels of the Veins into the more inward Recesses of the Body And somewhat after this manner the Air being conveyed through the minute passages of the Bark into the more inward penetrals of Plants doth not only contribute to the Local but Intestine motion too of several alimentary Liquors as they are receptive of Fermentative dispositions chiefly imparted to them from airy Particles heightened with Celestial Emanations consisting of Heterogeneous Elements which being embodied with the Sap of Vegetables do put it into motion proceeding from contrary principles as so many Combatants endeavouring by various brisk actions to gain a Conquest upon each other for their mutual advantage of greater maturity and perfection ending in a happy reconcilement of their disagreeing Natures Hence the more spirituous and more volatil steams of Air The use of the Air-vessels being espoused to the more gross and fixed parts of Sap do attenuate and refine it and by imparting more active dispositions do render it more fluid generous alimentary and fruitful which are very much propagated from Air not only impregnated with Effluvia transpiring the Pores of the triple Family of Minerals Vegetables and Animals but are also exalted with more noble qualities flowing from Celestial Bodies whose warm and benign influences do make the Air more nimble and spirituous which being embodied with the Sap of Plants do give them nourishment growth and propagation by whose vertue they sprout blossome bear Fruit and Seeds as so many pledges of a farther production and duration in which Nature is Emulous of Eternity by a kind of resurrection from Death to Life CHAP. LI. Of Respiration NAture hath seated the Lungs near the Heart in the sacred and inward Recesses of the middle apartiment as remote from our eyes as understanding and it might be wished that our Breast had been made transparent that we might have a clear prospect of its secret Intrals and understand the nature of Respiration the end and perfection of this noble engine of Air and the great Preservative of Life To give a History of Respiration it supposeth its efficient cause productive of it Secondly the Organs Thirdly the manner how it is celebrated and the Fourth is the Use of it The efficient cause is the motive faculty The efficient cause of Respiration by which this noble operation is accomplished proceeding originally from the Animal Liquor generated in the Cortex of the Brain conveyed by Nerves into the Intercostal Muscles and Diaphragm and into the Lungs too Some hold the operation of Respiration to be Natural others Animal and a third a mixed action Learned Diemerbroeck is of an opinion that the motion of Respiration is merely animal Anatomes lib. 2. de Thorace p. 532. Ait ille de isto Respirationis motu inter Philosophos agitatur quaestio scilicet qualisnam sit actio Quippe alii naturalem The nature of Respiration in reference to its action alii animalem alii mixtam ex naturali animali esse tradunt suasque opiniones singuli plurimis rationibus confirmant quas omnes hoc referre nimis longum foret Ex modo dictis satis liquet respirationem esse actionem mere animalem quia peragitur motui animali inservientibus instrumentis scilicet Musculis pro arbitrio nostro potest accelerari tardari intendi remitti ut videmus in Cantoribus Tubicinibus aliisque quilibet in seipso experitur immo etiam ad mortem usque cohiberi potest in iis qui mori non timent Cujus exemplum habet Galenus lib. 2. de motu Musculor Cap. 6. De Servo barbaro qui respiratione cohibita sibi mortem conscivit The great difficulty that perplexeth this opinion is because this necessary motion made for the preservation of our Life is not merely arbitrary as being celebrated for the most part without the command of the Will by a kind of natural action as it is wholly found in time of repose when we have not the least apprehension of the motion of the Thorax Diaphragm or Lungs which seem to hold great similitude with that of the Heart in the time of rest as all these different Engines of Motion are acted without the least dictate of the Will The Organs of Respiration The Organs of Respiration are first the Intercostal Muscles the arched Ribs Sternon and Diaphragm as antecedent to it and the Lungs are the immediate machine whose different motion doth constitute the various kinds of Respiration The Intercostal Muscles are lodged between the Ribs and do begin and end in their several Tendons implanted into the upper and lower margent of the Ribs these long slender Organs of Motion have many fleshy Fibres decussating each other and being contracted do lift the Ribs upward and outward The Intercostal Muscles do contribute to Respiration It is a received opinion that the outward Intercostal Muscles are ministerial to the Dilatation and the inward to the contraction of the Thorax but as I humbly conceive it is moâ—◠〈…〉 reason that both the outward and inward Intercostal Muscles do assist each other in the dilatation of the Thorax by reason the Ribs elevated in order to Respiration need no Muscles to depress and restore them to their former posture which they obtain of themselves actu quodam resiliendi which is agreeable to any solid body when it is drawn by some outward principle beyond its own natural situation And moreover it is reasonable to affirm The Ribs being moved do dilate the Thorax that the Ribs being moved upward and outward do dilate the Thorax and being pulled downward do narrow the cavity of the Breast And it is very evident to any intelligible Person that hath curiously inspected a Sceleton that the Ribs especially the lower ones are most conducive to the dilatation of the Thorax and are not articulated with the Spine and Sternon according to exact right angles So that if the Ribs be elevated upward and outward by the motion of the Intercostal Muscles that then the Ribs do quit somewhat of their Semicircular Figure and come nearer to right angles in reference to their articulation with the Spine and Sternon Farthermore it may be conceived that the Ribs being lifted up to right angles that the Cavity of the Thorax is enlarged but if we suppose divers arches to be placed upon a Plain the space interceding them cannot be great because they make near approaches to each other in point of situation but if these arches be lifted up somewhat above a Plain a space must necessarily pass between them and the nearer these
swelled acquiring greater dimensions whereupon the neighbouring parts give way at the same moment for its more easie reception the Midriff contracteth it self by various Fibres and is brought to less and less Arches till it arrives a kind of Circular Plain So that the Stomach Intestines and Liver lately entertained into its arched bosom in the Thorax are now depressed into the lowest apartiment whereby the Perimeter of the middle Story is much lengthened to give a free entertainment to the greater dimensions of the Lungs and not only the Midriff hath quitted its Convex Position toward the Lungs and Concave toward the Viscera of the lowest Story but the Ribs at the same instant lose somewhat of their Arches too because they being tied to the Spine as a fixed Column the Center of Motion are pulled upward and outward by reason their Articulations are so framed with the Vertebres of the Back that they may give way to the contractions of the Intercostal Muscles bringing their inward Concave Surfaces to a Plain thereby making acute Angles whereupon the Ribs being brought in a Perpendicular toward the Neck and more horizontally toward the Back the Perimeter of the Thorax becometh greater in breadth as a more easie allodgment for the tumefied Lungs in Inspispiration In Expiration the contracted Abdominal Muscles force up the Liver Intestines and Stomach into the bosom of the Midriff which is thereby relaxed as having its Circular Plain reduced to an Arch and at the same time the decussated Fibres of the Intercostal Muscles being unbent in their repose the Ribs are brought downward and inward actu quodam resiliendi as hard Bodies from acute to obtuse Angles whereby the Perimeter of the Thorax is narrowed at the same moment in latitude by their arched Ribs The circumference of the Breast is narrowed in Respiration as well as lessened in longitude by the Convex Surface of the Midriff So that the Lobes of the Lungs are horizontally and perpendicularly compressed and the Membranous Sinus and numerous Pipes discharge the Effaete remains of Air not associated with the Blood into the greater Pipe the Aspera Arteria and thence into the Mouth And I humbly conceive that the Orbicular Tunicles The Lungs are emptied in Exspiration and the numerous smaller and greater Cylinders of Air are not only emptied by the compression of the Convex Surface of the Midriff and the Arches of the Ribs brought to obtuse Angles but also by the motion of the right and circular Fleshy Fibres contracting the Cavity of the Membranous Orbs and various Cylinders whereby the Air is squeesed out of them into the larger receptacle of the Wind-pipe In short Inspiration is made by all the Organs moving the same time while the Lungs are distended by the inflation of Air the arches of the Ribs are brought from obtuse to more acute Angles and the Concave Surface of the Midriff to a plain circular Position to give reception to the greater dimensions of the expanded Lungs In Expiration the lately distended Lungs grow soft and lank as their many round Concave Sinus and Tubes of the Bronchia are disburdened of Air by a compression made by the recoyling of the Ribs brought from acute to obtuse Angles and from the Midriff forced upward by the contracted Abdominal Muscles throwing the Viscera of the lowest Story into the bosom of the Diaphragm whereby the Perimeter of the Thorax is lessened and the Lungs compressed to expell the Effaete reliques of Air with the unprofitable steams of the Blood Having Mechanically described the motion of the Ribs Sternon and Midriff as instruments of Respiration the great difficulty remaineth which doth highly perplex us how the Lungs the curious Machine of Air and great Organ of Breathing do move which is most worthy our remark and deep inquiry The Lungs being a fine Compage of various parts The Lungs have no inward principle of Motion have no Internal principle of Motion as not being furnished with any Muscles or Muscular Fibres which are the machines consigned by Nature to the production of Local motion neither are the Lungs fastned to any neighbouring Muscles as the Intercostal and Diaphragm the one moving the Ribs and the other it self to enlarge the circumference of the Thorax to give reception to the greater bulk of the expanded Lungs Whereupon this noble Mechanism having no Muscles The Lungs are destitute of Fleshy Fibres nor fleshy Fibres which hold some analogy with them borroweth its motion from some External Principle from the fluid and elastick parts of Air expanding the rare and tensive Compage of the Lungs as composed of membranous Cylinders and Orbicular Tunicles The different parts of Breathing produce Inspiration making the Diastole of the Lungs caused by the inflation of Air and the Systole acted by the contraction of the Lungs ejecting Air out of its Concave Receptacles These different repeated motions of the Lungs do not keep time with the Diastole and Systole of the Heart The Systole and Diastole of the Lungs do not keep time with the pulsation of the Heart but have different pauses and intervals of motion as the dilatation and contraction of the Lungs are acted with more slowness quickness or magnitude as subject to the dictates of the Understanding and commands of the Will to which the meerly natural motions of the Heart are in no manner liable by reason the Heart maketh its constant uninterrupted Pulsations when the Lungs for some time do suppress their several motions in obedience to the commands of the Will Again many Pulsations are celebrated in the Heart while the Lungs have but one Diastole and Systole as any may easily experience in himself as comparing the pulsations of the Artery observed by a touch of his Finger in his Arm with the Diastole and Systole of the Lungs the expansion and contraction of them made in Inspiration and Expiration by the immission and emission of Air into and from the Bronchia and Sinus of the Lungs Farthermore The Matter and external efficient cause of Respiration the matter and external efficient cause of Respiration in terrestrial and flying Animals are the elastick particles of Air and cannot be the more gross fluid parts of Water which being immitted into the Bronchia of the Lungs will immediately confound the different motions of Respiration and produce Suffocation which is very conspicuous in drowned Animals And it is also requisite in Air that it should have a moderate consistence by reason if it be too thick as mingled with gross Vapours coming out of stagnant Waters or ill Minerals of the Earth it will produce first a difficulty of Breathing and afterwards Suffocation or at least a loss of Breath found upon the expiration of Animals long living in gross or corrupt Air. If we make an Inspection into the motion of the parts exercised in Respiration we may easily experiment in our selves The Air is immitted into the Lungs in Inspiration that the
Blood being impelled through the pulmonary Artery into the substance of the Lungs where as I humbly conceive it receiveth the Tincture of a Liquor distilling out of the nervous Fibres implanted into the Bronchia Vesicles and Coats of the Arteries of the Lungs and afterward the Blood being meliotated with nervous Liquor is received into the extremities of the pulmonary Veins and transmitted into the Left Ventricle of the Heart wherein it is farther hightened by a Juyce coming out of the Fibres ending into the inward Coat of the Left Sinus from whence it is thrown first into the common and then into the ascendent Trunk of the Aorta whose outward Coat is encircled with many divarications of Nerves inserted into the inward Recesses of this great Artery so that the Blood passing through it and the carotide Arteries is embodied with a choice Liquor dropping out of the terminations of nervous Fibrils and afterward imported into the Cortex of the Brain as a Systeme of many small Glands in which is made a percolation of the vital Liquor by severing the more mild part from the Red Crassament This gentle Liquor is exalted by the volatil Salt of the Brain and is mixed with nitrous elastick Particles of Air First imparted to the Blood in the Lungs and afterward conveyed with it through the Heart and the ascendent Trunk and carotide Arteries into the Cortex into which also the Air received by the Nostrils is carried through the Os spongiosum into the Ventricles of the Brain and through the porous parts of various Processes into the ambient parts of the Brain where the Air embodieth with the serous parts of the Blood secerned from the Purple Liquor in the substance of the Cortical Glands and highly improveth it with its active nitrous elastick Particles very much enobled with aethereal minute Bodies derived from the Caelestial Influxes of the Sun and other Planets so that this exalted spirituous Liquor is first generated in the Cortex of the Brain from whence it is transmitted into the Origens of numerous Fibrils taking their rise in the Cortical Glands and afterward propagated by many minute Fibres through the various Processes of the Brain to the Trunks of the Nerves First appearing about the Medulla oblongata and then the Animal Liquor is carried between the Filaments of greater and less branches of Nerves into all parts of the Body to give them Sense Motion and Nourishment of which I intend now to give a brief account The Parenâ—hyma of the Viscera and Muscular Parts chiefly made up of greater and smaller Vessels consisting of Trunks and many Branches Ramulets and Capillaries of Blood-vessels and Plexes and Fibres of Nerves Lymphaeducts and also Membranes which are fine Contextures composed for the most part of numerous Fibrils curiously interwoven interspersed with many Branches of various Sanguiducts The Blood is impelled out of the terminations of the Arteries The manner how Nutrition is performed into the spaces running between the Vessels wherein its more mild and cristalline part embodies with a fine Liquor distilling out of the extremities of the Nerves so that the greatest part of the Blood being mixed with the nervous Juyce in the Interstices of the Vessels insinuates it self through the minute Pores of the Coats relating to the Vessels and Fibres of Membranes so that the Atomes of the Succus nutricius agreeing in shape and size with the Pores of the Coats of the Vessels and other Membranes is carried into their most inward Recesses where it groweth more solid and by a kind of accretion uniteth it self to the body of the Vessels and Membranes and becometh one entire substance with them which is called Assimilation chiefly acted by nervous Liquor inspiring the serous parts of the Blood with Animal Spirits giving a power to the Succus nutricius fitly to accresce and configure it self to the unequal inward surfaces of the lank solid parts by replenishing their spaces rendred empty by the heat of the Blood opening the Pores of the Body and breathing out constant Effluvia CHAP. XXXVIII Of the Animal Spirits HAving Treated of the Animal Liquor I deem it methodical to give you an account of the Animal Spirits the more refined Particles of the nervous Juyce generated in the Cortex And indeed nothing I think conduceth more to the knowledge of the admirable Fabrick and use of the Cortex and all other Processes of the Brain then in some sort to be master of the subtle notion of the Animal Spirits These great Ministers of State by which the Souls Glorious Empress of this Microcosme giveth her Commands to the rational Function as the more noble and to the Sensitive as her meaner Subjects That we may more methodically proceed in the curious scrutiny of the intricate Nature of the Animal Spirits The parts of this Discourse relating to the Animal Spirits I make bold to propound these Five Remarkables to you The place of the Brain wherein they are conceived The Matter of which they are generated The manner how they are propagated The Subject in which they reside and act and the uses of them As to the place in which they have their first Conception The seat of the Animal Spirits there is a great controversy among the Masters of our Art some placing it in the Plexus Choroeides others in the Ventricles a Third in the Glandula Pinealis A Fourth in the external Arteries And a Fifth in the substance of the Brain Galenus sanguinem e corde prolatum The seat of the production of Animal Spirits is the Rete Mirabile according to Galen in reti mirabili fieri animalem asserit e quo effundatur in Ventriculos This minute Plexe of the Rete mirabile cannot furnish Blood enough it being composed of small Carotides to supply the Brain with so large a proportion of Animal Spirits as are requisite to irradiate the great Orb of the Brain and the numerous Nerves springing out of it Other eminent Physitians place it in the Plexus Choroeides Others place it in the Plexus Choroiedes conceiving the Animal Spirits to be elaborated in it which if true doth suppose a separation of the serous parts of the Blood producing the Animal Spirits from the Red Crassament but the contrary is very evident to Sense and Incision being made into the Plexus Choroeides Blood immediately gusheth out tinged with a perfect Red no way inclining to an Albuminous Colour the true hue of the nervous Liquor plainly discernible in the substance of the Brain of Fishes and Birds whose Brains upon Incision are bedewed freely with Animal Juyces distilling out of the wounded Fibrils of the Brain Regius Others place their Generation in the Ventricles of the Brain Mercatus Laurentius Riolanus and many Arabian Physitians place the generation of the Animal Spirits in the Ventricles those meaner chambers of the Brain Laurentius speaking of the Animal Spirits Fit itaque in plexibus tantum praeparatio in ventriculis
sides doth resemble a Globe or rather two Globes clapt together and not endued with one plain entire Figure but many divisions and unevennesses in which Nature seemeth to sport it self with great variety of Ridges and Furrows The unevennesses of the Cerebellum Rises and Falls Hills and Dales in which the numerous Plexes of Arteries and Veins lye intrenched to fortify themselves against outward Assaults of Strokes and Falls to prevent the ill accidents of Contusions and Lacerations The Brain is variegated with irregular Anfractus The Lamellae of the Cerebellum but the Cerebellum is ranged with more uniform ranks of Lamellae †T. 50. F. â— g g g g g g. adorning its surface in parallel lines It s former and latter region is determined into the Processus Vermiformis T. 50. F. 1. â— â— and the little Circles and as they approach these terms The Processâ—â— Vermiformis of the â—erebellum as in the two Poles are most short and from thence as they approach the top as to the Aequator the parallel Lines grow longer in the Sphaere The colour of the Lamellâ— These Lamellae as they confine on the Surface are Cortical and of a cineritious colour but the more inward are Medullary being of a Whiter hue And these Cortical and Medullary little Circles are so variegated and intermingled with each other that it is very difficult if not impossible to part them These Medullary Veins resolve themselves on both sides of the Cerebellum into two large Meditullia which are of the same colour but somewhat of a more solid substance then the Corpus callosum of the Brain The Cerebellum in some Animals is composed of an orderly Fabrick The orderly progress of the Lamella in some Animals and 〈◊〉 regular in others one part exactly answering another in uniformity and all the Lamellae running about the Surface of the Cerebellum in a parallel manner observe the same distance and proportion But in other Animals there be Globuli as it were Episphaeres adorned with lesser Circles which are fastened to a prime Sphaere beautified with greater Circles within and the smaller Circles may be called Excentrick as the Lamellae are disposed in a different Series from those great ones of the Cerebellum The Cerebellum is a Compage finely made up of a great number of Arteries springing from the Vertebral and Veins from the Jugular The vessels of the Cerebellum these vessels are seated for their better security in the Interstices of the Lamellae and being curiously branched through the Pia Mater do oftentimes acost each other being interwovenlike Net-work and at last do terminate into the Fourth Sinus This rare structure is not only composed of Arteries and Veins but also of innumerable company of nervous Fibrils as so many Laminae or Layings placed in excellent order one by another ending toward the confines of the Cerebellum The nervous Fibrils of the Cerebellum resembleth a Tree in which they are more eminent then in the Brain and present us with a pleasant prospect representing a fine Landscip consisting of many different Divarications resembling a Tree having several Ramifications and Expansions of Frondage and Foliage one sprouting out of another the smaller out of greater Fibres out of Stalks Stalks out of Twigs Twigs out of Boughs Boughs out of Arms and Arms out of Trunks The Trunks and Bodies of Nerves belonging to the Cerebellum are planted in the Processus annularis and Medulla Spinalis These Trunks being composed of numerous Fibrils divaricated through the substance of the Medulla of the Cerebellum do derive themselves from the Cortex as so many Roots out of which the innumerable Branches of nervous Filaments do spring The structure of the Cerebellum is framed of two lateral parts The lateral part of it resembling two Globes somewhat resembling two Globes joyned together and confining on the Processus Vermiformis which consisting of diverse transverse and winding Particles united with a thin Membrane do in some sort represent Worms frequenting rotten Wood from whence they borrow their denomination of Processus Vermiformis The Anterior of these being protuberant in the Fourth Ventricle adjoyneth to the Processus Natiformis of the Brain but the Posterior part of the Processus Vermiformis by reason of its blunt point doth terminate into the substance of the Cerebellum Some Physicians are of an Opinion The Distention and Contraction of the Processus Vermiformis but upon what account I cannot conjecture that this Process is distended and contracted upon the elevation and depression of the Cerebellum The Cerebellum hath no Ventricles no Plexus Choroeides passing the length of their Cavities but hath somewhat resembling that Plex The Cerebellum is beset with many Glands made up of many vertebral Arteries and Jugular Veins beset with diverse Glands somewhat larger then those of the Plexus Choroeides so that these Vessels accompanied with numerous minute Glands are rendred conspicuous when the Cerebellum is divested of the Pia Mater and then on either side of the Processus Vermiformis may be discovered Branches creeping upward and springing from the vertebral Artery lodged under the lower Region of the Medulla oblongata and the jugular Veins transmitted from each lateral Sinus The use of these Arteries and Veins seated in the whole Compage The uses of the Arteries and Veins of the Cerebellum but principally in the hinder part of the Cerebellum I conjecture to be this that the more serous part of the Blood might be protruded through the extremities of the Capillary Arteries into the substance of the Glands and the more watry Recrements might be received into the Veins and pass toward the Heart in the circulation But if there be so great a quantity of serous Liquor separated in the substance of the Glands that it cannot be re-conveyed into the small extremities of the Jugulars it exudeth as I conceive and distilleth into the Fourth Ventricle lying under the Processes of the Cerebellum and Caudex of the Medulla oblongata and is from thence conveyed through the Cerebellum The Neck of the Cerebellum which is very much smaller near its union with the Brain and may be styled the Neck of it where it hath its Origens †T. 50. F. 1. h h. and is there more protuberant then in its Posterior Regions which grow more and more enlarged as they approach the terminations †ii of it where the Lamellae are greatest and are more and more lessened as they tend to the Origens of it The Cerebellum consisteth of Two great Provinces †T. 50. F. 1 b b b b. seated on each side of the middle protuberance and each of these Provinces may be divided into Three lesser Circuits or Stories the greatest of them †e e e e. is next thetermination and the middle †d d d d. is smaller then the Posterior and greater then the Anterior
Fibrils as so many Sets placed in excellent order one by another ending toward the Cerebellum in which they are more eminent then in the Brain and present us with a pleasant prospect representing a fine Landscip consisting of many Divarications resembling a Tree The Divarications of Vessels resemble a Tree having several Ramifications and Expansions of Frondage and Foliage one sprouting out of another the smaller out of the greater Fibres which shoot out of Stalks Stalks of Twiggs Twiggs out of Boughs Boughs out of Arms and Arms out of Trunks The Trunks and bodies of Nerves belonging to the Cerebellum The Nerves of the Cerebellum are planted in the Processus Annularis and Medulla Spinalis these Trunks being composed of numerous Fibrils divaricated through the substance of the Cerebellum and do derive themselves from the Cortex as so many Roots out of which the innumerable Branches of nervous Filaments do spring Some Physicians are of an opinion Some imagine the Processes are distended and contracted upon the elevation and depression of the Cerebellum but upon what account I cannot conjecture that those Processes are distended and contracted upon the elevation and depression of the Cerebellum which hath no Ventricles no Plexus Choroeides but hath something resembling that Plex made up of many vertebral Arteries and jugular Veins beset with diverse Glands somewhat larger then those of the Plexus Choroeides so that these Vessels accompanied with numerous Glands are rendred conspicuous when the Pia Mater is stripped from the Cerebellum and then on either side of the Processus Vermiformis may be discerned Branches creeping upward and springing from the vertebral Artery lodged under the lower Region of the Medulla oblongata and the jugular Veins transmitted from each lateral Sinus The use of these Arteries and Veins seated in the whole Compage The use of the Arteries and Veins of the Cerebellum but principally in the hinder part of the Cerebellum I conjecture to be this That the more serous Blood might be protruded through the Extremities of the Capillary Arteries into the substance of the Glands that the more watry Recrements might be received into the Veins and pass toward the Heart in circulation But if there be so great a quantity of serous Liquor severed in the substance of the Glands that it cannot be reconveyed into the small Extremities of the Jugulars it exudeth and as I conceive distilleth into the Fourth Ventricle lying under the Processes of the Cerebellum and Candex of the Medulla oblongata and is from thence conveyed through the Infundibulum into the jugular Veins confining on the Glandula pituitaria The Cerebellum though it be a distinct Body within it self The Cerebellum is like the Brain in many Respects and separate from the Brain enwrapped within the Coats of the Dura and Pia mater proper to it yet it holdeth an alliance in similitude of Colour Substance Disposition and Correspondence in its converse both with the Brain and Medulla Spinalis The Connexion of the Cerebellum to whose lower region it is fastned by the interposition of the Pia Mater and entertaineth an entercourse with the Medulla oblongata by the mediation of Two Processes called by Dr. Willis Pedunculi each of which saith he is formed of Three Processes The Pedunâ—â—lus Cerebelli is made up of Three Processes In utroque Pedunculo cerebrum sustentante tres distincti Medullares Processus reperiuntur horum Primus e protuberantiis orbicularibus emissus oblique ascendit Secundus recte e cerebello descendens per priorem decussatim transiens Medullam oblongatam circundat Tertius Processus e postica cerebelli regione descendens Medullae oblongatae inseritur ejusque truncum velut Chorda ascititia exauget And the Pons Varolii like a Bridge The Pons Varolii passeth transversly over the Base of the Medulla oblongata closely twining about it like a wreath and encircling it like a ring is therefore styled the annular Process and as I conceive is framed after this manner as soon as the middle Process of the Cerebellum creeping down in a straight course landeth at the sides of the Medulla oblongata doth not seem to embody immediately with it but enlarging it self into greater Dimensions courteth the Surface of the Medulla with the embraces of many circular Fibres whereupon the Processes of the Cerebellum issuing from either side and brought down from the top of the Medulla oblongata toward its Base do meet and embody themselves constituting that circular Prominence commonly called the Processus Annularis Thus having given a rough draught of the several Anfractus Lamellae or Circles Processes Plexes of Arteries and Veins attended with many minute Glands as also the numerous ranks of nervous Fibres branched in excellent order through the Cortical and Medullary Compage of the Cerebellum I conceive it not amiss to finish this rougher draugth in giving you Natures design in framing this great variety by speaking the several uses of it The use of the various parts of the Cerebellum the chiefest being that of the Cerebellum common to it and the Brain consisting in the procreation of the Animal Spirits made of the more active and spirituous parts of the Animal Liquor the vital Liquor being impelled out of the ascendent Trunk of the Aorta into the vertebral Arteries is conveyed out of their terminations into the substance of the Glands besetting the ambient parts of the Cerebellum where the delicate part of the Blood is percolated from its more gross and fiery Particles which are separated and returned by the Jugular Veins toward the Heart while the more mild nutricious parts impregnated with volatil Saline and spirituous Particles commonly named the Animal Spirits are transmitted into the roots of the Fibres implanted into the Cortex and thence propagated by the same continued Fibres into the Medulla of the Cerebellum by whose Processes it is conveyed into the Nerves derived from the Processus annularis and also by other Fibres communicated from the Cerebellum to the Nerves of the Medulla Spinalis which is lodged within the Skull Learned Dr. Willis assigneth a peculiar Office The Nerves of the Cerebellum assigned by Dr. Willis to be instruments of involuntary Motion distinct from that of the Brain to the Cerebellum to preside and influence with Animal Spirits the Nerves consigned to all involuntary Motions and natural Actions which he discourseth in the Fifteenth Chapter of his Book De Cerebri Anatome Quod nempe Cerebellum sit Spirituum Animalium in quadam opera designatorum peculiaris scaturigo penus abipso cerebro distinctus Et Cerebelli officium esse videtur Spiritus Animales novos suppeditare quibus actiones involuntariae cujusmodi sunt Cordis pulsatio respiratio ratio 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 alimenti concoctio Chyli protrusio multae aliae quae nobis insciis aut invitis constanti ritu fiunt peraguntur These
creepeth down without any eminent ramification till it arrive over against the first or second Rib A Plex of the Par Vagum out of which many Fibres are propagated to the Heart The rise and progress of the recurrent Nerve where it formeth another Plex out of which numerous Fibres are dispensed toward the Body Auricles and Pericardium of the Heart making different divarications in both sides of it Where the Par Vagum entereth into the Cavity of the Thorax it riseth higher in the right side and is reflected like a Pully upon the Axillary Artery But the recurrent Nerve in the left side taking its rise lower is reflected about the Trunk of the Aorta So that these Nerves from their progress up and down are styled Recurrent first from their descending near the Arteries into the Cavity of the Thorax and afterward ascending have recourse into the Muscles of the Larynx into whose Origens they are implanted with fruitful Ramulets The Par Vagum in its passage up and down The Par Vagum dispenseth many Fibres into the Base Cone and anterior and posterior region of the Heart imparteth divers Fibres to the Aspera Arteria And more especially a little below the left Recurrent Nerve an eminent Branch springeth out of the Trunk of the Par Vagum dispensing divers Branches toward the hinder region as also the anterior region of the Base of the Heart enameling the whole surface of it with Fibres worked to a wonder in great divarications And there are two Plexes from which divers Branches are dispensed into the Heart The upper and larger is seated between the Aorta and the Pulmonary Artery and the Nerves composing this Plex are eminent Branches derived from the Trunk of the Par Vagum and the Intercostal Nerves Out of this Plex two or three Nerves creeping under the Aorta do pass into the left Chamber of the Heart The Branch of the Par Vagum encircleth the Pulmonary Artery And another Branch encompasseth the Pulmonary Artery as with a little handle and out of its anterior part a Branch descending about the right Trunk of the Par Vagum and another out of the Nerve destined to the hinder region of the Base of the Heart do at last all meet together and constitute the lesser Plex out of which divers Fibres are transmitted into the forepart of the right Chamber of the Heart The lesser Cardiack Plex of the Par Vagum Out of the same Trunk of the Par vagum from whence the Cardiack Nerves are derived are propagated many Branches The Branches of the Par Vagum implanted into the Stomach The cause of the Sympathy between the Heart Larynx and Stomach implanted into the Stomach whence ariseth the great sympathy between the Heart and Stomach as Learned Doctor Willis hath well observed whereupon in violent Vomitings the Stomach being highly convulsed the Patient falleth into Lypothymies Syncopes The Nerves coming from the Trunk are chiefly distributed into the upper part and Mouth of the Stomach the chief seat of Hunger as also into the Coats of the Gulet and into the Bronchia and their appendant Vesicles of Air whereupon a Cough of the Lungs often causeth Vomiting and again Vomiting often produceth a Cough as the Lungs Gulet and Stomach are endued with many Nerves propagated from the same Trunk of the Par Vagum And after many Branches are communicated to the Heart Lungs c. The rise of the upper and lower Stomacick Branch the Par Vagum from a Trunk seated below the Lungs doth emit an exterior and interior Branch which being conjoyned afterward do constitute the upper and lower Branches of Stomacick Nerves which do furnish all parts of the Stomach with numerous Fibres The Intercostal Nerve is made of many Fibres The Intercostal Nerve and its union with the Par Vagum The Ganglioform Plex. coming from the Brain and Medulla Spinalis which do associate with the Par Vagum The Intercostal Nerve not far after its egress out of the Brain doth make the Glangloiform Plex near that of the Par Vagum into which some nervous Processes are inserted which are derived from the first Verteber from this Plex one Branch is implanted into the Sphincter of the Gulet and another into the Ganglioform Plex of the Par Vagum The Intercostal Nerve descending near the Vertebres The Cervical Plex from which are derived Fibres into the Diaphragm Recurrent Nerve Wind-pipe Gulet Cardiack Plex c. maketh another greater Plex seated in the middle of the Neck into which a large Nerve coming from a near Vertebral pair is inserted From this Branch are Fibres derived which confederate with the Nerves of the Diaphragm and recurrent Nerves and toward the Aspera Arteria many Fibres of this Plex are inserted into the Coats of the Windepipe and Gulet and into the Cardiack Plex as also into the Axillary Artery and about the Roots of the first and second Rib there are four Branches coming from the Vertebral Nerves which do constitute an eminent Plex called the Intercostal The Intercostal pair The Intercostal Nerve furnisheth all the parts of the lowest Apartiment with nervous Branches passing out of the second into the third Apartiment over against the bottom of the Stomach doth send out on each side a Branch the upper maketh the Mesenterick Plexes being seven in number as Dr. Willis will have it wherein divers Fibrils every way display themselves like so many Rays and are implanted into the Stomach Spleen Liver Vesicula fellea Ductus Cholidochus Pylorus Kidneys Capsula Atrabilaria Intestines and into the Testicles in Men and Ovaries and Uterus in Women as also into the Ureters Bladder Seminal Vesicles Prostrats Penis and into all parts of the middle and lowest Venter Having given a short History of the Par Vagum The Spinal Nerve is assistant to the Par Vagum Intercostal Nerve and their progress through various parts it may not be improper to give some account of the Spinal Nerve as contributing to the operation of the Par Vagum which having its Origen composed of many Fibres The Spinal Nerve confederates with the Par Vagum with which another eminent Nerve coming out of the Medulla Spinalis espouseth an union and passeth out of the same hole of the Skull with the Par Vagum with which it Inosculates and maketh one Trunk as having one joynt office This Spinal Nerve after it hath associated some time with the Par Vagum it quitteth its converse and is reflected outward and imparteth divers Fibres to the Muscles of the Neck and bestows many Fibres to the Tenth pair of Nerves with which it is in conjunction both in Trunk and Office and is not only found in Man but in Beasts Birds and Fish As to the use Nature hath consigned this accessory Nerve it is reasonable it should take its Origen from the Spinal Marrow because it is subservient to the
Muscles of the Neck and Arms which are nearer to the Spinalis Medulla then to the Medulla oblongata or rather by reason the Hands and Arms are more highly seated in Man then the Limbs in Brutes and have a greater approximation to the Heart and Brain and therefore do more conspire with the affections of these noble parts whereupon the accessory Nerve taking its rise from the Medulla Spinalis enters into association with the Par Vagum and highly promotes its operation in point of the Muscular motion of the Heart and other Muscles of the Neck The Ninth pair of Nerves where they take their rise The Ninth pair of Nerves may be called Systems made up of many Fibres which being conjoyned do constitute Trunks out of which are dispensed many minute Fibres The Nerves of the Tongue coming from the Ninth pair into various Muscles and Coats encircling them giving the Carnous Fibres vigor to make various motions in order to the reception of Aliment and to make several appulses upon the Palate Teeth Lips as by so many stops modelling the expired Air for the articulations of Letters and Words the various expresses of our mind And for the better accomplishing of many different motions The association of a Branch of the Ninth pair with another of the Tenth A branch of the Ninth pair is distributed into a Muscle of the Larynx Another branch is dispensed into the Muscles of the Os Hioides The Tenth pair of Nerves hath many Fibres from the Spine it immits a branch downward into the Tongue besetting it with various Fibrils This branch meets with another coming from the Tenth pair of Nerves and associates with it and is afterward implanted into the Musculus Sternothyroeiâ—eus And another branch of the Ninth pair is communicated to the Muscles of the Os Hioides which are furnished from thence with a number of smaller Fibres The Tenth pair though they may seem to have many Fibres arising within the Skull yet for the most part have their Fibres sprouting out of the first and second Vertebres of the Spine and presently after their egress do send two Nerves into the Intercostal Branch but the greatest part of their Trunks doth impart many Nerves to the Muscles of the Larynx and Neck which are beset with fruitful Ramulets of Nerves propagated from the Tenth pair of Nerves CHAP. LVI Of the manner of Sensation HAving shewn you a rough draught of the Membranes and Processes of the Brain I do now take the boldness to give you an account of the Offices of them and how and where the Animal Liquor taketh its rise and how it is propagated by continued Fibrils through the whole Compage of the Brain into the Nerves and how Sensation is celebrated in the outward and inward Senses The most admirable Globe of the Brain is enwrapped within the Dura and Pia Menynx as with upper and lower Robes which are made up of innumerable company of minute nervous Fibres so closely wrought that they seem to make one entire substance interwoven with variety of small Tubes of Arteries and Veins branched and twined about the Membranes like Arbors overshading this bright Orb and importing and exporting Purple Liquor into and from the Coats and Processes of the Brain to impart Life and Heat to them These fine Vails encircling the Brain are beset both above and below with numerous small Glands which are collections of Vessels rarely arched and lodged within each other which are so many Colatories of the Blood and are so interspersed with numerous Plexes of Vessels that they are scarce discernible except in Hydropick Brains where they being rendred big with serous Liquor are more easily discovered the Glands being so many rare Compages of Vessels in whose Interstices the pure part of the Succus Nervosus being severed from the more gross distilleth into the extremities of the nervous Fibrils lodged in the ambient parts of the Brain and is thence carried through the several Processes curiously seated within each other and are framed chiefly of nervous Filaments by which they hold an entercourse one with another conveying Animal Liquor from one Process to another through the whole Compage of the Brain These nervous Fibrils interspersed with capillary Arteries and Veins are interlined with a thin soft Parenchyma and are originally formed out of the more viscid Particles of the Seminal Liquor concreted into Filaments to whose Interstices some genital Matter being somewhat indurated doth stick making the Parenchyma adherent to the outside of the nervous Fibrils whose Roots seated near the Surface of the Brain give the first reception to the Animal Liquor extracted out of the more delicate part of the Succus nutricius which was first impregnated with the volatil parts of Air associated with Blood in the substance of the Lungs which is thence carried into the Heart and afterward through the common and the ascendent Trunk of the Aorta and Carotide Arteries climbing up the sides of the Glans pituitaria making many Plexes before it entreth into the Brain to render its motion more gentle to prevent all inundation whereupon the Blood is carried up softly into the Membranes and Surface of the Brain encircled with cortical Glands as so many small Systems of various vessels running one within another in less and less Arches encompassing each other till they make an oval Figure for the most part if not wholly composed of nervous Fibrils Veins and Arteries whose extremities dispense Blood confederated with Succus nutricius into the spaces of these Vessels where it receiveth an alteration by Interstine Motion as consisting of Saline Particles made up of different Figures and Magnitudes and having disproportioned Sides and unequal Angles cannot so nearly close but they must of necessity make little Interstices in which the disagreeing Particles do play up and down and continue their motion as they are acted with volatil and more gross parts the volatil still endeavouring to quit their station were they not not confined within the walls of the more gross parts and thereupon gain the advantage of refining themselves by the agile Converse of the more spirituous Particles So that the Blood accompanied with Succus nutricius being composed of spirituous and grosser parts is transmitted into the substance of the Cortical Glands and as they are made up of different Natures have also various Figures and Magnitudes speaking disagreeing sides and unequal Angles which cannot so nearly approach each other but they must necessarily leave such spaces as are fitted for the reception of Air inspired with aethereal Particles which are first impelled through the Nostrils into the chambers of the Brain and thence transmitted through the passages of the Corpus callosum into the substance of the Cortical Glands where the Purple Liquor embodying with the nitrous parts of Air and the saline Particles of the Brain is put into an intestine Motion by rendring its gross parts more volatil and spirituous And farthermore the elastick
the Cartilaginous sides of the Vertebers concreted into Bone which goeth downward as far as the Coccyx and above also to the body of the Third and Fourth Vertebers of the Neck which exchange their soft Cartilaginous substance into a more solid bony Compage and at the same time the Atlas and Epistropheus remain Cartilaginous in the body of their Articulations But in the Fifth and Sixth Months the body of the Epistropheus groweth bony while its dentiform Process and the anterior Region of the Atlas remain Cartilaginous In the Seventh Month the dentiform protuberance of the Epistropheus In the Seventh Month the body of the upper Vertebers of the Neck turneth Bony and the body of the Atlas change their more soft substance into Bone But in the Eighth and Ninth Months the Sides and Body of the Vertebers of the Neck Back Loins and Os Sacrum too do more and more quit their grisly Compage and receive greater degrees of maturity in order to the Completion of the Bony substance except the Os Coccygis which for the most part remaineth Cartilaginous bating the inward Region where Two or Three bony points start up Thus I have given you in in some sort a History of the various substance of the Spinal Verteber in a Foetus and their causes and manner of their first Delineation Increments and farther perfection in the Uterus where they are not so absolute The various Processes of the Spine are formed after the birth but they may receive a farther accomplishment after Birth by reason the Chine though distinguished into a number of Vertebers yet wanteth the ornament of Acute Oblique and transverse which if they were produced in the Uterus the Foetus lying in a Conglobated posture The posture of the Foetus in utero is corglobated and the Spine being placed in the form of an Arch the Processes and chiefly the Acute would but out and give great disturbance to the Chorion and Amnios those sensitive Membranes which as fine thin swadling Cloaths do invest the tender Fabrick of the Foetus whom Nature being ambitious to preserve without any annoyance hath designed in the First Months only lines drawn in the middle of a Cartilaginous substance of the Vertebers The Processes of the Vertebers are adorned with variety of shapes and sizes as the rough draughts of Processes which are finished after the Birth adorning the Spondyles with variety of protuberancies beautified with fine carved Work of different Figures and Magnitudes Having discoursed of the Prima Stamina of the Chine and their Increment and how far they are accomplished in the Uterus now it may seem not improper to speak somewhat of the greater maturity of the Chine after Birth The Vertebeâ—s and Articulations grow more solid after Birth when the Bones of the Vertebers grow more great and solid and their Articulations more distinct and strong beautified with variety of protuberancies and the Figure of the Spine is more straight according to our Great Master Hipocrates who in his Book De Articulis saith 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Spina Secundum longitudinem recto obliqua est which cannot be ceceived of the Figure of the Foetus in Utero where the posture of the Chine is crooked arched and somewhat round which best suiteth the narrow Lodgings of the Uterus The Chine is straight after Birch in order to progressive motion in an erect posture Nature endeavouring to repose much in little but this Figure is changed after Birth when the Foetus quitting its former confinement the Chine hath freedom to expatiate it self and in order to Mans going in an erect posture groweth more straight yet not so absolute but the Vertebers have their position in and out sometime bending inward as in the Vertebers of the Neck to support the Gula and Aspera arteria and in the Loins to comply with the posture of the Trunks of the descending Aorta and ascending Cava But the Spondyles of the Back and Os Sacrum bear outward that by giving way they may make roome for the Heart and Lungs in the Thorax above and for the Bladder Uterus and Anus in the Pelvis below The Figure of the parts of a Verteber is various The Figure of every Verteber is embellished with great variety and are broad and plain in their upper and lower Regions where they are articulated one with another to prevent Luxation but are round and smooth in their inward Coasts that in their more easy retired posture they might give no disturbance to the noble and tender neighbouring parts of the Gula Aspera arteria Pleura Lungs and Heart in the middle and Peritonaeum Omentum and Intestines in the lower Apartiment But the outward Region of the Chine is much more remarkable then the rest The Processes are seated in the outside of the Vertebers after the manner of Carved work full of so many different yet uniform Prominencies and unevennesses as if it were wrought with excellent Carved work consisting of great variety of several Processes which run treble in every Verteber First Four oblique †T. 71. F. 4.11 Two ascendent seated in the upper and Two descedent in the lower parts of the Spondyle Next are placed Two transverse Processes †F. 4. d d. The oblique ascendent and descendent Processes springing out of the sides of the Vertebers wisely formed by the great Architect for the Origen and insertion of Muscles And last of all is seated in the back part of the Vertebers one acute Process called the Spine †F. 4. E. from which the whole frame borroweth its denomination The Chine in Salmon Cod Base Mullet Carp Tench Perch and the like is not bedecked with transverse and oblique Processes as their Vertebers have only Two acute Processes one sprouting out of the upper and the other out of the lower Region and are small oblong Bones ending in acute Angles and do all successively in their postures incline from the Head toward the Tail of the Fish But in diverse flat Fish as Turbuts Soles Place Flownders and the like the acute Processes are not sprung out of the upper and lower Regions but out of the sides of every Spondyle In a Kingston the Chine is much larger near the Head and groweth smaller after a little distance as it descendeth and then continueth of an equal Magnitude and is made up of numerous Vertebers which are so closely joyned to each other that they seem one entire Bone and are endued with a quadrangular Figure somewhat resembling a Cube though a little thinner in bulke Toward the upper Region The dentiform Processes on each side of the Chine were seated Two ranks of Processes which I conceive may be truly styled Dentiformes as resembling the Teeth of a Saw immediately under these indented Processes a Perforation is made all along not through the middle as in Man and Brutes The Fistula Sacra or Repository in which the Medulla Spinalis
more noble Utensil of the Medulla Spinalis as a part of eminent use in reference to Sense and Motion produced by numerous Nerves the out-lets of the pith Another Use of the Spine may be to strengthen the stately pile of Man's Body speaking the Great Wisdom of the Omnipotent Architect in keeping its frame in an erect posture The Second Use which giveth it State and Beauty by lifting up our Head as an elegant Orbe the palace of Virtue and Science graced with a fine Frontispiece of the Face seated upon the top of the joynted Column of the Chine framed of many Vertebers wrought in rich carved Works of various Processes A Third Use of the Chine as it is composed of many Joynts is to give the Trunk of the Body the advantage of moving inward The Third Use in bowing or stooping performed by the Musculus Psoas which being much assisted by the weight of the Body and Head the Trunk is brought forward by the Musculi mastoeidei which by their joynt Contraction do bring the straight posture of the Vertebers of the Neck to a kind of Arch by which we speak our consent and reverence The Fourth Use A Fourth Use of the fine System of Vertebers as adorned with many Sinus and Processes is to give entertainment to the Muscles of the Loins Back and Neck in various allodgments and from these numerous Spondyles the said Muscles for the most part have their Originations from and insertions into them And these Vertebers being strong and solid Bodies are the Center of Muscular Motion performed in the Trunk of the Body and Neck and are also the Hypomoclia of the erect posture of the Body which is celebrated by the Tensors of the Loins Back and Neck overpow'ring the weight of the Body till they bring it to an equal ballance The chief part of Pathology concerning the Vertebers of the Spine The Pathology of the Chine is Luxation and principally as most fatal beyond the rest is that of the first Verteber of the Neck wherein the Two Apophyses springing out of the inferior Region of the Occiput start out of their proper Sinus engraven on each side of the Medulla Spinalis The Luxation of the First Verteber caused by some great stroke or fall or some other severe accident whence the upmost Verteber being forced forward out of its proper place compresseth the Spinalis Medulla Larynx and the Musculi Cephalopharyngaei and Sphenopharyngaei and stoppeth the passage of the Aspera Arteria and hinders the Apertion and Dilatation of the Gulet attended with the loss of Sense and Motion afflicting almost all parts of the Body according to Hipocrates in his Book De Articulis 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Quod si superiori Spinae parte magis in anteriorem partem inclinatio fiat The cause of the Impotence and Stupor of the whole Body totius corporis impotentia stupor contingit I humbly conceive this to be the ground on which the meaning of this great Oracle of Art was founded Because the Brain is the fountain of nervous Liquor and Animal Spirits residing in it whence their streams do flow out of them into the Origen first and afterward into all parts of the Medulla Spinalis whereupon a Luxation being made in the upper Vertebers of the Neck immediately followeth a compression of the beginning of the Spinalis Medulla and the Head of the current of nervous Liquor being dammed up and the influx of Animal Spirits intercepted all the numerous pair of Nerves springing out of the Medulla Spinalis and afterward branched into the Muscles of the Trunk and Limbs of the whole Body grow stupid in Sense and faint in Motion upon a universal relaxation of the Spinal Nerves And the Luxation also of every Verteber of the Neck being near akin to the first The Luxation of the Vertebers of the Neck as running the same fate is accompanied with horrid symptomes of lost Respiration and Deglutition produced by the dislocated Vertebers of the Neck compressing the Aspera Arteria and Aesophagus wherein the Breath Speech and Motion of the Aliment through the Gula are intercepted by a violent crushing the Aspera Artera and by hindring the Contraction of the Musculi Aesophagi But the most common and less dangerous Luxation is that of the Back The Luxation of the Vercebers of the Back which laboureth under diverse kinds wherein the several dislocations of the Spondyles of the Back do hinder the various motions of the Vertebers and happen when they are wrinched out of their proper seats either outwardly inwardly or laterally toward the Right and Left Side caused by violent strokes falls and overmuch inflections of the Back and in Infants by the imprudence of Nurses in over-straight and unequal Swathings and in Women by overmuch Lacing their Bodies In the Dearticulation of the Back called by the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 A kind of Luxation of the Back called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Vertebers are turned out of the proper stations toward the ambient part of the Back which carrying the Origen of the Ribs with the annexed intercostal Muscles outward do hinder their free playing producing a difficulty of Respiration But if the dislocation be made inward named by the Antients 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 it is more dangerous Another kind of Luxation of the Back styled a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because by compressing the Spinalis Medulla Pleura Lungs the Aorta Vena Cava with the Heart it self it doth intercept the motion of nervous and vital Liquor and according to the various parts compressed produceth a Stupor and Paralysis in some and faintness and want of vitality in others The Luxation of the Verteber of the Loins made inwards But if a Dislocation of the Vertebers of the Loins be made inward there happens a frequent suppression of Urine and other Excrements a coldness of the Feet and Legs which do at last extinguish the purer flame of Life warranted by Hipocrates in his Book De Articulis 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 At quibus e casu aut illabente aliquo pondere vertebrae interiorem in partem obliquantur Great Luxations of the Vertebers of the Loins are attended with death and if they be less they are accompanied with suppression of Urine iis quidem plerumque vertebra non adeo multum ab aliis recedit sive vero aut una aut plures multum excesserint hominem velut ante dictum est interimunt cum in anguli non in circuli flexum haec dimotio fiat iis igitur Urina stercus magis quam quibus exteriorem in partem gibbus fit supprimitur pedesque at crura tota magis perfrigeantur potiusque ista quam quae dixi mortem afferunt The Sense of this great Author is as I conceive that upon some slight accident the Verteber is not much displaced but upon a more violent assault one or more Vertebers are much
bowed proceeding as I humbly conceive from a grosser Matter than that of Convulsive Motions so highly aggrieving the Fibrous parts that they can hardly discharge themselves from it whereupon the Muscles are put upon a constant trouble of unnatural Contractions till they can free themselves from their burden by the Extremities of the Nerves and Fibres A most remarkable Instance of great Convulsions of which I can give a notable Instance in Mrs. Susan Floide a Patient of mine Dr. Bathurst and Sir Charles Scarburgh being joyned with me who was strongly oppressed with such Hysterick Fits that produced universal Convulsions through the whole Body lying in a Tetanus eleven hours wherein the exercise of her Sense and Reason was intercepted and the whole Trunk and Limbs of her Body were so violently Contracted that they remained altogether inflexible and after the lying eleven hours in one rigid posture she began in some part to be reduced to the use of Sense and Reason and then creeping from the Bed to the Floor on which she moved divers times backward and forward upon her Hands and Feet and afterwards rising from the Floor she ran up and down the Chamber a good while and then turned round again and again about thirty times and so was restored to the exercise of all the functions of her Mind and Body for an hour in which she supplied Nature with Aliment and then returned again to lying on the Bed as before and began to act over again those sad Scenes in contracting those universal machines of Motion and those several parts before nominated which she did in the very same method and manner for every day three weeks or a month so that her Friends apprehended her to be Enchanted by reason of those wonderful symptoms which indeed were the effects of a Disease and not of Sorcery afterward plainly evinced in the sequel of the Cure Ut miserrimo huic aegrotanti horrenda symptomatum serie laboranti obsteticaremus methodo medendi ex Medicamentis faetidis variis prescribendi formulto instituta sed Eheu incassum omnia Tandem venis tribus aut quater vicibus pertusis liberali manu sanguine detraximus cujus pars serosa quae clara esset Cristallina ex naturae praescripto sed vi morbi opaca turbida evasit Latice â—â—tem tum seroso quam purpureo copiosius emissis generosa haec puella bonis avibus in pristinum salutis statum restituitur Having in some manner treated you with the Pathology of the Brain in point of Convulsions it may not be altogether impertinent to give you some account of Convulsive Motions Convulsive motions are nearly related to Convulsions which are so near akin to Convulsions that they are promiscuously used for each other by Learned Authors But in a strict Sense I humbly conceive they differ both in their Causes and Symptoms The Convulsions flowing from a more thick Matter are not easily shaken off which forcibly detein the Muscular parts in one contracted stiff posture The difference of Convulsive motions and Convulsions in reference to their various causes whereas Convulsive Motions do proceed as I conceive from some subtle Vaporous Matter quickly insinuated all along the Filaments and speedily discussed through the Extremities of the Nerves and Tendinous Fibres by many violent contractions of the Muscles which have thereupon frequent intervals of rest by the discharge of the Matter till new accessions are made by the Morbifick Matter infecting the Animal Liquor impelled into the Nerves and Fibres which giveth them a fresh trouble causing many brisk concussions of the Muscles which by divers great compressions empty the Tendinous Fibres of Spirituous Saline Particles and the Carnous of Nitrosulphureous till they receive new supplies of Nervous and Purple Liquor from the Brain and Heart by the mediation of the Nerves and Arteries Hence may be assigned the reason of Convulsive Motions Convulsive motions derived essentially from the Brain which sometimes are derived essentially from the Brain by an ill Diathesis of Humors imprinted in the substance of it creating an habitual weakness whereby it is rendred uncapable to exterminate the noysome Particles of the Blood by the Jugular Veins which are received and lodged with the Animal Liquor in Pores of the Brain which is sometimes so highly provoked by the trouble of the Matter it self and sometimes vehementibus animi pathematis wherein the Brain being highly molested endeavoureth to free it self by forcing the Heterogenous Particles embodied with the Animal Liquor into the Nervous and Tendinous Fibres producing great vibrations of the Muscles And Convulsive Motions are not only generated primarily and essentially from the Brain Convulsive motions proceed from the habitual weakness of the Brain This Disease may be derived from an acquired debility of the Brain Convulsive motions coming from the venenate nature of the Blood by reason of an habitual weakness and ill disposition which is sometimes hereditary infecting the Seminal Matter the first principle of the Brain propagated from Parents but also from an acquired debility of the Brain communicated to it vi imbecillitatis cerebri recipientis aut vitio sanguinis mandantis when its impure Particles are not discharged by the Lymphaeducts as some are of an opinion or in the return of the Blood by the Veins or excretory Vessels by Sweat and insensible transpiration whereupon the Morbifick Matter is impelled into the Brain by the internal Carotide Arteries whence the whole mass of Blood is infected with a venenate nature as in Malignant Fevers and Scorbutick and Cacochymick habits of Bodies as also in Virulent Abscesses and Ulcers of the Viscera whence arise great Ebullitions of the Blood whose venenate impure Miasms are carried out of the Ulcered Spleen by the Splenick Branches into the Porta and Cava and out of the Abscesses of the Liver immediately into the Cava and hence by the right Ventricle of the Heart into the Pulmonary Artery and Vein into the left Ventricle and the Aorta but in the Abscesses of the Lungs it hath a shorter cut when the Ulcerous Matter is immediately conveyed by the Pulmonary Veins into the left Ventricle and thence by the ascendent Trunk of the Aorta and internal Corides into the Brain whence these impurities when they cannot be otherways discharged are hurried with the Animal Liquor into the Nerves and Fibres causing impetuous motions of the Muscles which are most signally conspicuous in the Diseases of Epilepsies Malignant Fevers and Hysterick passions as to Epilepsies The nature of Epileptick Convulsive motions is very intricate their symptoms are as stupendous as their causes and nature intricate whence arise great Controversies both of parts affected and the manner how the Disease is imparted to them many do assign its chief seat to the Brain Ventricles and Coats of it others to the middle and lower Venter of which I will give you account hereafter in the Parts affected and the Causes and Symptoms of
Valley Peagles Betony Fumitery mixed with Species Diambrae Powder of Red Coral Crabs Eies prepared Pearl Crabs Claws made into an Electuary with the Syrupe of Lime-Flowers or Lily of the Valley drinking after it a draught of Milk-water made with the Leaves of Betony Water-cresses Brook-lime Ground Pine Cowslips Mountain Sage of the Flowers of Lime Lily of the Valley Sage Rorismary distilled with Milk in a Rose Still And in this case Apozemes an Apozeme may be given made of China Sarza-parilla shavings of Ivory and Harts-horn infused and boiled in Water in the Colature may be infused the Flowers of Betony Cowslips Lime and Paeony to which being strained Syrupe of Lime-Flowers may be added A Palsey taketh its rise from a Scorbutick indisposition of Body spoiling the Albuminous part of the Blood the ground of the Succus Nervosus and its more refined Particles This indisposition is regulated by proper Antiscorbuticks Antiscorbutick Juyces made of the juyces of Garden Scorby-grass Brook-lime Water-cresses Auranges which being depurated per residentiam may be given in a proper Milk-water made of Antiscorbuticks and Cephalicks distilled in a small proportion of White Wine mixed with a large quantity of Milk in a Rose Still Electuaries Antiscorbutick Electuarics made of the Conserve of Garden-Cresses Chervil Water-Cresses Garden Scorby-grass prepared with the Powder of Egg-shels Red Coral Pearl Ivory Crabs Eies made into the Consistence of an Electuary with the Syrupe of the opening Roots drinking after it a good draught of a Diet-drink A Diet-drink prepared with China Sarza-parilla Ivory and Hartshorn shavings Raisins of the Sun stoned and in the Liquor being boiled and strained may be infused the tops of Pine and Firre and the Colature being strained may be sweetned with the Syrupe of Cowslips or Lime-Flowers Pills made of testaceous Powders Millepedes formed into Pills Pills made of Millepedes and of testaceous Powders c. A Diet-drink with Venice Turpentine may be proper in a Scorbutick Palsey drinking after it a draught of Diet-drink made of China Sarza-parilla c. as above Or a Decoction made of Ground Ivy and Antiscorbuticks and Cephalicks of Mountain Sage Water-cresses Brookelime Flowers of Betony Paeony Sage Rorismary c. Diaphoreticks may be of great use in this Disease Diaphoreticks are very useful in a Palsey as Sweats do depurate the Blood and Succus Nervosus produced by Diet-drinks of Sarza-parilla China c. or by testaceous Powders Spirits and Extracts of Guaicum Flowers and Spirit of Salt Armoniack succinated Salt and Wine of Vipers Diaphoretick Antimony Bezoartick Mineral c. drinking after them a good draught of a proper Diet-drink Mercurial Medicines productive of Salivation Some propound Mercurial Medicines in a stubborn Palsey are propounded by some in desperate and habitual Palseys which method of Physick may prove fatal in weak Bodies as Mercurial Medicines highly infect the Brain Spinal Marrow and Nerves And last of all when universal evacuations have been administred Topicks may be applied when universal evacuations have been made Topicks may be applied made of Spirit of Wine in which the Flowers of Sage Rorismary Lavender may be infused As also Balsomes mixed with Oil of Fox Worms Castor the Queen of Hungarys Water with which the whole Spine is to be annointed and afterward covered with Flannel The Paralitick parts are to be warmly clothed with Furrs or the like And at other times when Ointments are not applied the Spine and Resolved parts may be invested with several sorts of Furrs which much cherish the relaxed and weakened Limbs CHAP. LXXVII Of the Scurvey HAving Treated of many Diseases relating more particularly to the Head I will conclude its Pathology with a Disease which may claim the Appellative of Universal The Scurvey is a kind of universal Disease as it not only affecteth the nervous Liquor and its more refined Particles the Animal Spirits but their subject too the fibrous Compage of the Brain lodged in the highest Apartiment and all the Viscera the choice housholdstuff of the middle and lowest story of the Body That the nature of the Scurvey may be rendred more clear I shall endeavour to give a History of its Subject Causes and Symptomes in order to a Cure As to its Subject I humbly conceive it is originally seated in the Stomach The First seat of the Scurvey as it taketh its rise from an ill Concoction producing a crude Chyle which being not well prepared in the Ventricle maketh an ill mass of Blood indisposing the Viscera as not receiving a due percolation in them whereupon the Blood is debased and depauperated as affected with gross sulphureous and saline Particles unduely exalted so that the vital and nervous Liquor being vitiated and dispirited do produce a Complication of Diseases seated in many parts of the Body commonly called the Scurvey an Imperial Malady attended with a great train of Symptomes In the highest a partiment it produceth great and periodical pains The Symptomes of the Scurvey in the Head as now and then affecting the coats of the Brain with a hot and ill mass of Blood and sometimes Drowsiness and othertimes Watchfulness Lightness of the Head Convulsions a Palsey in several parts of the Body caused by an ill Succus Nervosus the companions of this Disease are also Ulcers of the Tongue and Palate coming from sharp Recrements of the Blood depurated in the oral Glands spued out by the excretory Ducts into the skin of the Tongue and Palate which are often bedewed with a quantity of salival Liquor causing frequent Spittings attended with Ulcers of the Gums looseness of Teeth and an ill savour of the Mouth stenched with corrupt serous parts of the Blood corroding the Gums and their ligaments loosening the Teeth from their repositories whereupon they grow laxe and sometimes drop out of the Mandibles The parts of the middle Apartiment in the Scurvey The Symptomes of the Scurvey in the Thorax are afflicted with great Stiches and shooting pains of the Sides and Sternon arising from sharp Particles of Blood torturing the Pleura and Mediastine The Lungs also often labour of a great difficulty of breathing briskly endeavouring by often repeated acts of Respiration to pump the gross mass of Blood from one Cistern of the Heart through the pulmonary Artery and Veins into the other whereupon the Heart being often oppressed with too great a source of thick dispirited Blood is highly discomposed with disorderly pulsations Palpitations The Symptomes of the Scurvey in the lowest Venter Lypothymies Synocops c. The Viscera also of the lowest Apartiment are highly anoyed in this Disease The Stomach laboureth of nauseousness belchings vomiting pains proceeding from sharp and pituitous flatulent Recrements floating up and down in the Stomach the sad consequents of an ill concoctive Faculty proceeding from ill Ferments The Hypocondres are often afflicted with inflations and croakings which arise from Wind passing down the Guts often productive
Ribs especially the lower which are most conducive to the dilatation of the Breast are articulated with the Spine and Sternon not according to right lines whereupon the Ribs when they are elevated and carried outward do come near to Right Angles and the Thorax is dilated in breadth and enlarged in length as the Diaphragme is brought from an Arch to a Plane But the upper Ribs in their anterior parts are connected to the Sternon The cornexion of the Ribs to the Sternon by the mediation of Cartilages The Cavities of the Sternon made after the manner of obtuse angles by the interposition of Cartilages among which the Cartilages of the Second Rib being protuberant after the manner of an obtuse Triangle are received into a Sinus of the Sternon by a laxe Articulation and beside this Sinus the Sternon on each side hath many Cavities formed somewhat after the manner of obtuse Angles which are not aequidistant from each other by reason the Sinus of the Sternon engraven for the Cartilage of the third Rib hath a greater distance from the Sinus of the Second Rib then the Sinus made for the Fourth is removed from the Sinus receiving the Cartilage of the Third Rib. And again a greater space is found between the Second and Third then between the Third and Fourth Sinus of the Sternon The Sinus of the Sixth and Seventh Ribs are smaller then the rest And the Sinus of the Sternon made for the reception of the Cartilages of the First and Seventh Rib do so nearly adjoyn that they touch each other and are not so deeply hollowed as the Sinus of the Sternon relating to the Cartilages of the other Ribs The fine Compage of the Sternon is framed being Convexe above and Concave below to give way to the Viscera as well as the ranks of Ribs †T. 72. F. 3. D. D. are made as so many Arches encircling the sides of the Thorax conjoyned to the Spine of the Back wrought into fine carved work consisting of various Processes to render the Thorax firm and strong to oppose the assaults of outward accidents And the Ribs are consigned to a farther use as they are elevated and drawn outward by the contraction of the intercostal Muscles The use of the Ribs to enlarge the dimensions of the Thorax to entertain the expanded Lungs in order to Inspirations and afterward when they are carried downward and inward by a kind of recoiling as over-extended in Inspiration to depress the Lungs and make good Expiration Having given a History of the Number The Origen of the Ribs in a Foetus Magnitude Length Figure Substance and Articulation of the Ribs it may seem now proper to speak somewhat of their Origens in a Foetus and how from Month to Month step by step they come to maturity In the Second Month the Ribs belonging to a Foetus In the Second Month. have their upper and lower region Cartilaginous and the other parts Bony and a Sinus may be plainly seen through which the intercostal Nerves Arteries and Veins make their progress And the Ribs and Clavicles are for the most part very early turned into Bones that they may guard the Cavity of the Breast as a safe repository made for the entertainment of the Lungs and Heart that they may freely exert their noble operations of Respiration and Pulsation within the strong walls of the bony Arches without the least compression And in the extremities of the Ribs in the second Month no Joynts or Articulations of the Ribs appear in the hinder region with the Chine or in the Anterior extremity with the Sternon In the third Month the upper part of the Ribs is ossified The Origens of the Ribs in the Third Month. and the Inferior region hath some footstep of it and sometimes to the Fourth or Fifth Month remaineth cartilaginous which is very rare From the Fourth to the Ninth Month they are enlarged in dimensions and have greater degrees of ossification as the Ribs grow greater and more solid and firm and their heads by which they are articulated with the Chine remain cartilaginous to the time of the Birth without the least degree of Ossification The Ribs in a Foetus have a Concave Surface The Surface of the Ribs in a Foetus whereby they are made so many Arches and the Six upper Ribs tend upward in their extremities and in their middle bend downward and the Six lower Ribs contrariwise have a Convexe Surface in their middle region and ascend and in their extremities pass downward CHAP. LXXXIII Of the Os Innominatum Thigh-bone c. THE Elegant Frame of Man's Body hath its lowest Apartiment seeled above by the Diaphragm endued sometimes with an arched and other times with a more plain Surface and floored below with a system of strong Bones before with the Share-bone and behind with the Os Sacrum and below with the Coxendix The Ossa innominata so called as having no appellative in the general The Ossa Innominata The Connexion of the Os Innominatum but their parts are distinguished by proper names and are connected to the sides of the Os Sacrum with a most strong Ligament by the interposition of a Cartilage Each Os Innominatum is framed of three Bones of the Ilium Coxendix The Bones of the Os Innominatum and Share-bone closely conjoyned by Cartilages which may be separated one from another in Infants by the help of a thin Knife and their boundaries may be discovered to the Seventh year and afterward their Cartilages being dried they are turned into one strong Bone which being on each side united to the Os Sacrum maketh the Cavity called the Pelvis in which are reposed the Intestines and Bladder and Uterus too in Women The Os Ilium †T. 72. F. 7. A A. hath its denomination from the Guts called Ilia which are supported by this Bone The Os Ilium This is the upper and most large part of the Os Innominatum and its inside being endued with a concave Surface is called the Costa and hath a semicircular and uneven circumference named Spina †F. 7. b b b. whose Extremities are called Labra and Supercilia And the outward region of the whole Bone is called Dorsum †F. 7. C. This Bone besides the interposition of a Cartilage is conjoyned to the Os Sacrum by a strong membranous or rather cartilaginous Ligament The Region of the Os Ilium where it is connected to the Os Sacrum The connexion of the Os Ilium with the Os Sacrum consists of several parts And the transverse Processes of the Os Sacrum where it is conjoyned to the Ilium are very various and to each Sinus of these Processes the Protuberances of the Ilium are fitted The Protuberances and Sinus of the Os Ilium and Sacrum are mutually fitted and on the other side the Prominencies of the Processes of the Os Sacrum do agree in dimensions with the Sinus of
Vterus or body of the Womb. N N. The Cornua Uteri which are extended to a considerable length O O. The Tubae Fallopianae or deferent Vessels of the Womb. P P. The Testicula or Ovaria composed of many Seminal Vesicles or Eggs. Q. Q. Muscular Fibers that go to the Cornua Uteri S S S. Numerous branches of Blood-vessels that make their progress to the Cornua Uteri Ovaria c. T T. The Alae or Wings of the Womb. U U. Part of the Peritonaeum or Rim of the Belly Tab. 12. Tab. XIII Fig. 1. The Organs of Generation relating to Man A. THe fore-part of the Bladder of Urine B. The neck of the Bladder C C. Part of the Ureters D D. Part of the deferent Vessels carrying Seminal Liquor to the Vesicles E E. Blood-vessels running to the Seminal Vesicles F F. The Seminal Vesicles G G. The fore-part of the Prostates H. The Vrethra or passage of Urine adjoyning to its spungy part I I. The spungy part of the passage of Urine K K. The Musculi called Erectores Penis L L. The origens of the Nervous Bodies severed from the Share-bones which are blown up like Bellows when the Penis is erected M M. The Cutis of the Penis being opened is turned to each side N N. The Duplicature of the Cutis which maketh the Prepuce O O. The Cutis seated behind the Glans P P. The Dorsum or Back of the Penis Q. The Glans of the Penis R. The Urinary passage perforated in the fore-part of the Glans S S. Nerves running upon the Back of the Penis T T. Arteries divaricated upon the Dorsum Penis V. The Corpora Nervosa being united W W. Two Veins uniting run with a great Trunk upon the back of the Penis X. A Vein opened that the Valves may be discovered Fig. 2. A. Part of the deferent Vessels endued with a thick substance and small Cavity B. Part of the deferent Vessels endued with a thin substance and large Cavity C C. The Extremities of the deferent Vessels inserted with a small hole into the Seminal Vesicles D D. The neck of the Seminal Vesicles is divided into two parts by the interposition of a Membrane to keep the Semen of one side from mixing with that of the other E E E E. The Seminal Vesicles distended with Wind that their Meanders may be plainly seen F F. The Blood-vessels going to the Seminal Vesicles G G G. The Membranes keeping the deferent Vessels and Seminal Vesicles in their due situation h h. The Blood-vessels going to the sides of the deferent Vessels I I. The Prostates K. The Vrethra L. The Muscle improperly said to dilate the passage of Urine M. The same Muscle turned on one side out of its situation N. The spungy part lying under the Vrethra O O. The Vrethra with its spungy part P P. The Nervous Bodies of the Penis Q. The lower Region of the Glans r r. The Extensors improperly called the Erectors of the Penis Fig. 3. A A A A. The numerous Seminal Vessels of the Testicles runnning in various short Maeanders are disposed among the fine Membranes in excellent order B B. The Seminal Vessels passing through the membranous substance adhering to the back of the Testicle C. Part of the Seminal Vessels perforating the Albugineous Coat cut off before in Serpentine Ducts they constitute the greater Globe of the Epididymis D D D D. The Albugineous Coat of the Testicle is open in its fore-part and turned to the Sides Fig. 4. Shewing the Testicles of Bruits and their Vesicles A. The Preparing Vessels cut off B. The confused posture of the Preparing Vessels C. The branches of the Preparing Vessels tending to the Epididymis D D. The greatest branch of the Preparing Artery going through the body of the Testicle E E. The ramification of Preparing Veins F. A Dogs Testicle full of Seminal Matter G. The greater Globe of Epididymis turgid with Semen H. The lesser Globe of the Epididymis distended with equality of Genital Liquor I. The termination of the Epididymis or the beginning of the deferent Vessel K. The deferent Vessel having a Ligature that the Seminal Vessels may be more clearly discerned Tab 13 Tab. XIV The Uterus of a Virgin according to Learned Swammerdam A A. THe Spermatick Vessels of each side implanted into the Ovary Tube and Body of the Uterus B B. The Preparing Veins and Arteries of each side which constitute the Pyramidal body C. The left Testicle or Ovary with its transparent Eggs. D. The Veins and Spermatick Arteries branched through the Ovary E E E. The Membranous Ligament resembling the Wing of a Bat through which the Spermatick-vessels are carried into the Tube f f f f. The union of the Hypogastrick and Preparing-vessels climbing up the sides of the Womb under the Tube and round Ligament G G. The Hypogastrick Veins seated in each side H H. The Hypogastrick Arteries placed in each side I I I I. The Inosculations of the Arteries of the Womb. K K. The divarications of Veins of the Womb. L L. The left Fallopian Tube M. The large hole of the Tube opened attended with its Fimbriae or Fringes N. The Membrane of the right Ovary taken off and turned back that the insertion of the Spermatick-vessels into the Ovary and Eggs may be seen O. The inversion of the right Tube that the Cavity may be seen through which the Eggs pass into the Body of the Womb. P. The Fimbriae or Fringes seated in the origen of the right Tube Q. The Fundus or rather the top of the Womb obscurely swelling R. The Fundus of the Womb a little opened S. The open Orifices of the Vessels cut cross-ways in the substance of the Womb. T. Part of the Membrane covering the Intestinum Rectum VV. The round Ligaments seated in each side and terminating near the Clitoris and the Fat of the Pubes X X. The outward Thighs of the Clitoris Y Y. The inward Thighs of the Clitoris Z Z. The Vessels branched through the Clitoris a. The Bladder removed out of its place toward the right side B. The insertion of the neck of the Bladder near the Clitoris c c c c c c c c. The Ureters D D. The insertion of the Ureters into the Bladder E. The Hydatids F F. The Valves of the Veins Tab 14. Tab. XV. Fig. 1. Of the Left Ventricle of the Heart opened a. THE Foramen ovale by which the Blood of the Foetus is carried into the pulmonary Vein adjoyning to the Left Ventricle b b. The Left Auricle is endued with an oval Figure and beset with diverse ranks of fleshy Fibres lodged one above another so that it seemeth to be a kind of a little Heart c c c. The mitral Valves or Membraness encircling the Orifice of the pulmonary Vein d d d. The Ligaments arising out of the Heads of the carnous pyramidal Columns do terminate into two or three or more branches implanted into the mitral Valves e e. The
carnous Columns adorned with a pyramidal Figure their Bases enclining toward the mitral Valves and their Cones toward the Cone of the Heart f f. The Ligaments by whose mediation the carnous Columns are tied to each other g g. The Ligaments of the carnous Columns inserted into the fleshy Fibres seated on each side of them h h. The carnous Fibres placed on each side of the Columns iiii The ranks of fleshy Fibres lodged within the Columns after the manner of Lattise-work which do intersect each other and are mutually tied by strong Ligaments and Fibres k k. The Areae or Interstices of the fleshy Fibres of which most are Rhomboides some Oval and others Parallelograms Fig. 2. Of the Left Ventricle of the Heart opened and other ways described a a a. The Aorta opened which is encircled with three semi-lunary Valves of which the greatest is placed in the middle b b b. The Semi-lunary Valves consisting of many Semi-circular Fibres immuring the Orifice of the Aorta d d d. The Membranes belonging to the Semi-lunary Valves made up of many right Fibrils filling up the surface of the Valves e e e e. The Ligaments sprouting out of the carnous Columns and inserted into the mitral Valves f f. The carnous Columns endued with a pyramidal Figure g g. The fleshy Fibres seated between the Columns and resembling Lattise-work Fig. 3. Of the Left Ventricle of the Heart of a Pig opened a a. The Left Auricle consisting of many ranks of Fibres enwrapping each other b b b. The mitral Valves encompassing the pulmonary Vein c c. The Ligaments arising out of the top of the carnous Columns and implanted into the mitral Valves d d d. The carnous Columns are more small and numerous then those of greater Animals e e e. Ligaments fastning the various Columns to each other Fig. 4. Of the Left Ventricle of the Heart of a Wild-Duck opened a a. The Left Auricle of the Heart composed of many ranks of Fibres b b. The mitral Valves encompassing the pulmonary Vein c c. The Ligaments springing out of the heads of the carnous Columns and inserted into the mitral Valves d d d d. The carnous Columns beautified with a pyramidal Figure e e. The Ligaments fastening the carnous Columns to each other Fig. 5. The Heart of a Salmon opened a a. The Auricle of the Heart opened into which the orifice of the Vena cava is implanted b b. The Fibres of the Auricle propagated into greater and lesser Branches c c. The Areae running between the Fibres which are of different shapes and sizes d d. The Columns relating to the Ventricle of the Heart e e. The Fibres of the Ventricle f f. The Areae or Interstices of the Fibres endued with diverse Figures and Magnitudes wrought after the manner of Network g g. The Tendon seated near the Base of the Heart into which the Fibres are inserted h h. The two Semi-lunary Valves intercepting the retrograde motion of the Blood out of the Aorta into the Left Ventricle ii Fibres of the Origen of the Trunk of the Aorta impelling Blood through it into the Arterial branches leading into the Gills do much resemble the Left Auricle of the Heart Tab 15. Tab. XVI Fig. 1. A A A A. HAlfe a Lobe of the Lungs of a Man b b. The Trunk of the Pulmonary Artery c. A hole where the Artery is cut off d d. The Branches of the pulmonary Artery cut off e e e e. The Trunks of Arteries out of which many Branches do sprout f f f f. The Branches of the Artery g g g g. The Branches of the Bronchial Artery cut off Fig. 2. A. The Trunk of the pulmonary Artery cut off B B B. The lower part of the Artery opened by Dissection a a a. Little holes leading into diverse Branches of Blood-vessels b b b. Diverse muscular Fibres upon which other circular do rest c c. The smaller and upper Trunk of Arteries left unopened that the annular Cartilages may be discerned d d d d. The Branches of the Aspera arteria constituting the lesser Lobules in which the annular Cartilages may be discovered e e e e. Part of the arterial Branches are opened that the right muscular Fibres may be seen f f f f. Some Trunks of the Aspera arteria are cut off that the rest may be rendred more conspicuous g g g g. The secondary Lobules appendant like Grapes to the Branches of Wind-pipe which may be divided into more small Lobules whose interior Ducts do lead into the vesicular Cells of Air. h h h h. Blood-vessels shading the surface of these Lobues Fig. 3. A. The Trunk of the Wind-pipe b b b b. The Branches of the Wind-pipe sprouting out of that Trunk c c c c. The passages of those Branches leading into the orbicular Vesicles which seem to resemble bunches of Grapes d d d. Vessels distinct from the pulmonary covering the Aspera arteria Fig. 4. The pulmonary Arteries and Veins which do make numerous divarications which being interspersed with the ramifications of the Aspera Arteria do constitute the greatest part of the Compage of the Lungs Tab 16 Tab. XVII Fig. 1. The Tongue of a Lion a a. THe tip of the Tongue which is smooth near its origen b b. The pointed Protuberances seated in the middle and do bend inward c c c c. The pointed Prominencies placed on the sides of the Tongue which are more small then those of the middle d d. The pointed Protuberancies are more large toward the roots of the Tongue e. The Larynx or top of the Wind-pipe f f f f. The Cartilages of the Aspera Arteria which is almost circular Fig. 2. The Spleen of a Lion a a a. †A A. The Convex part of the Spleen furnished with an eminent Prominence †b b. The origen of the Spleen confining on the left Hypoconder d d d. The part of the Spleen growing less and less hath a more straight progress e e. The Termination of the Spleen much smaller then the Origen f f f. The Concave part of the Spleen adorned with a Semicircular figure g. The connexion of the Spleen with the Stomach in its Protuberance h h. And the connexion of the Spleen with the but-end of the Pancreas Fig. 3. The Pancreas of a Lion a a. The but-end of the Pancreas much larger then the rest b b. The small Glands seated in the but-end of the Pancreas c c c. The greater Glands of the Pancreas d d d d. The circular part of the Pancreas Tab. 17. Tab. XVIII Fig. 1. The Viscera of an Ape a. THe origen of the Stomach b b. The body of the Stomach c. The bottom of the Stomach d. The termination of the Stomach or Pylorus e e. The Duodenum E. The Spleen resembling the Heart of a Bird. f. The Base of the Spleen confining on the greater part of the Pancreas which I conceive to be its origen g. The Cone of the Spleen turned upward h. The larger part of
The Origen of the Intestines creeping out of the lower region of the Gizard †inclining toward the left side q q q. The first Gut wheeling immediately after its Origen for a little space and then goeth in a kind of a straight course r r r. The short Gyres of the Intestines lodged within the great circumvolutions r r. The oblong circumvolutions are three or four s s s. The most inmost oblong circumvolution T T T. The next Circumvolution seated in the middle u u u. The third circumvolution w w. The fourth and outmost x x. The Intestina Coeca arising out of each side of the Intestinum notum Tab 20. Tab. XXI Fig. 1. The first Figure of a Curlue relating to the Middle and lower Apartiment A. THe Aspera Arteria B. The branching of the Aspera Arteria under which the Gulet passeth C. The Gulet D. The Vena Cava E. The Arteria Magna F. The body of the Heart G. The Cone of the Heart H. The two Ligaments by which the Heart is fastned to the Stomach I. The right and longer Lobe of the Liver out of its situation K. The left and shorter Lobe of the Liver L. The origen of the Gizard or Stomach M. The upper Region of the Stomach N. The thin Membrane investing the Heart and inside of the Thorax o. Part of the Call p. The Guts running in five Arches Fig. 2. A. The smaller and upper part of the Gulet B. The part of the Gulet near its insertion into the Gizard C. The origen of the first Gut arising on the beginning toward the left side of the Gizard passing over the Gulet in the form of an Arch. D. The body of the Gizard E. The Protuberance seated near the termination of the Gizard F. The first Intestine where it appeareth again after it hath passeth under the Gizard Fig. 3. G. The Colon. H. The Intestinulum Caecum arising out of the left side of the Colon about its termination or rather the beginning of the Intestinum Rectum I. The Intestinulum Caecum ascending on the right side K. The beginning of the Intestinum Rectum where it is smaller L. The broader part or termination of the Intestinum Rectum Fig. 4. The Kidneys and Testicles of a Turkey c. a a. The Testicles seated between the originations of the Kidneys fastned to the Spine of which the left is the largest b b. The renal Glands placed above the Testicles and affixed to the Spine c c. The Glands adjoyning to the termination of the Testicles d. The right origen of the Kidneys being single and of a Conick figure e. The left origen of the Kidneys consisting of two Lobules of divers figures f f f f. The middle Lobules of the Kidneys being different in shape and size g g g g. The terminations of the Kidneys made of two Lobules G G. The outward is Semicircular and much longer then the other h h. The inward is much less and of a Pear-like figure iiii The Spine of the Back passing between the Kidneys Tab 21. Tab. XXII Fig. 1. The Body of a Heron opened by Dr. Edward Tyson A. †a a. THe Larynx or top of the Wind-pipe which had no Epiglottis but a large Glottis or Rima encompassed with two large Muscles †B B. The Aspera Arteria or Wind-pipe was long consisting of an abundance of annular Cartilages seated above the Branches C C. The Cartilages are almost Semicircular where the Wind-pipe was divided first into two Branches and afterward into many D. The Lungs which were full of holes both in the outward Surface and more inwardly E. The Heart of this Fowl is very long and large f f. The great Artery arising out of the Heart G G G. The Gulet which is inserted into the origen of the Stomach H. The Stomach being curiously enameled with Blood-vessels is outwardly Membranous and lined inwardly with a white hard Pellicle resembling that of a Gizard of other Fowls the Stomach of this Fowl being opened was found to be crammed with Water Scarabaei or Beetles and it was curious to observe toward the upper Orifice between the Coats that many small Glands were beset with Excretory Vessels spuing out a white Juice as a Ferment to open the body of the Aliment lodged in the Stomach which is the better imparted by the strong Muscles of the Gizard squeesing out a fermentative Juice into its Cavity J. The Pylorus or termination of the Stomach K K K. The Intestines are long and of one bigness and full of many Maeanders L. The Mesentery M. The Intestinum Caecum which is single and small in this Fowl and double in most others N. The Cloaca is a large bag filled with a whitish clammy mucous Matter which may be conceived to be muted on the Wings of a Hawk by a Heron soaring above her to hinder her pursuit O O. The Liver divided into two Lobes P. The Bladder or Gall. q q. Two Ductus Bilarii R. The Spleen as I conceive is of a very florid Red Colour S S. The Pancreas is very large t t t. This Bowel hath three fair Excretory Ducts of which two were seated in the Intestine near the Ductus Bilarii and the third more remote from thence U U. The Testicles W W W. The Kidneys are large in this Fowl X X. The Ureters Y. †Z. A Bladder or Bag containing a transparent Liquor which I conceive to be Urine emptied by an Orifice †into the Cloaca N. as above Tab 22. Tab. XXIII Fig. 1. Of a Parrot opened a. THE Tongue which is flat and soft b b. Some Foramina which lead into a Cavity Analogous possibly to to the Tonsils c. The Glottis or Rima into the Windpipe d d. The Os Hyoides D D. The Aspera arteria or Windpipe E. The Larynx seated at the lower extremity of the Windpipe e e. Two small Cartilages of the Larynx f f. Two Muscles which arising from the sides of the Larynx do run into the two Branches of the Bronchia The flat Tongue and contrivance of the Larynx seem particularly to be designed for the advantage of the Birds speaking seem Gastriloqui when they speak g g. The two Branches of the Bronchia or Windpipe within the Lungs H. The Lungs I. The Ovarium full of small Eggs. K K. The Kidneys L L. The Ureters M. The Choaca N. The Oviduct O O. Two Membranes that fasten the Oviduct P. The Heart Q. The Liver which had no Vesicula fellis r r. Two small Ductus Biliarii S. The Gula or Gulet T. The Ingluvies or Crop V. The Proventriculus W. The Spleen X. The Gizard Y Y. The Guts Z. The Pancreas Tab 23. Tab. XXIV Fig. 1. The Body of a Snipe opened a. THE Aspera Arteria or Wind-pipe b b. The annular Cartilages c c. The Gulet lying under the Wind-pipe d d The Branches of the Aorta e e. The Base of the Heart adjoyning to the upper part of the Thorax f f. The
heads and between passeth a Fissure †separating the Hemisphaeres from each other †d. Beyond the Apices of the Hemisphaeres is seated the Os spongiosum †adorned with a Conical Figure †e e. The optick Nerves †take their rise near the Origen of the Medulla oblongata and are inserted into the inward region of the Eyes †f f. †g g. †h h. †ii The olfactory Nerves †sprout out of the sides of the Medulla oblongata and afterward pass over the optick Nerves and encircle the Os spongiosum with Arches and then associate and out of their Trunks arise on each side a branch †and terminate near the perforation of the Bill These Trunks of olfactory Nerves end in two round protuberancies †out of which do arise many nervous Fibres †terminating near the extremity of the Bill †k. Near the posterior region of the Brain is seated the Cerebellum †adorned with an Oval Figure and beset with many oblong narrow Processes somewhat like Parallellograms in shape Fig. 3. The Head of an Owl opened a a. The Dura mater endued with many branches of Blood-vessels The Brain consisteth of four Processes b b. The two anterior are beautified with an Oval Figure c c. The two posterior are adorned with a Semilunary Shape d. The Cerebellum seated beyond the posterior Processes of the Brain dressed with many Blood-vessels Fig. 4. The Body of an Owl opened A. The Neck consisting of many small muscular Fibres a. The Aspera arteria consisting of many annular Cartilages b b. The bipartite Branches of the Aspera arteria before it is divaricated into the Lungs seeming to be a Red substance interspersed with many white Cartilages c c. The Lungs hued with a slorid Red colour made up of many vesicles of Air. d d. The Blood-vessels coming out of the Base of the Heart E. The Heart endued with a pyramidal Figure e. The Auricle of the Heart f f. The Concave parts relating to the Lobes of the Liver g. The Bladder of Gall being of a bluish colour h. The Spleen clothed with a bright Red and seated in the Left side not far from the side of the Stomach i. The Gulet passing under the Liver k. The Stomach being of a membranous substance as in Carnivorous Birds Hawks c. l. The Pylorus or termination of the Stomach m. The beginning of the Guts n n n. The Guts having many circumvolutions of which the first is the greatest o. The Intestinum rectum going in a straight line p. The Cloaca into which the Guts discharge their Excrements Tab 59 Tab. LX. Fig. 1. The Head of a Dog-Fish opened UNder the Skull of a Dog-fish called Galens Laevis may be seen three sorts of clammy Liquor The First is lodged immediately under the Skull being thick and highly viscide The Second is a Cristalline Humor seated in the middle and the Third Liquor is a most glutinous gross Matter immediately covering the Coats of the Cerebrum Cerebellum and Medulla spinalis †a. †B B. The Brain of this Fish is very remarkable and very different from that of other Fish as being made of three Apartiments or large Processes which consist of diverse parts The First is adorned with a Semilunary Figure †whose Convex Surface is set upward and the Concave below encircling the upper region of the middle Province of the Brain To the Horns of the Semilunary Prominence are affixed two other Processes which resemble Legs to which are appended two Processes not unlike Feet †These parts I conceive are the Thalami nervorum opticorum †b b. The middle story of the Brain †is very Prominent and somewhat resembleth in plumpness the Breast of a fat Child its Convex part is received into the Concave bosom of the upper Province and is the Medullary substance of the Brain †C C. The Third Province of the Brain consisteth of Two Processes †much less then the other and each of them is beautified with a Semi-lunary Figure these Processes are instituted by Nature as I apprehend to supply the place of Natiform Processes †c. †d d. †e e. The Cerebellum is composed of diverse ranks of Processes a middle and two lateral ones The middle †is made up of many greater and less Semi-lunary Processes enclosed above in the Concave Surface of the Testiforme or Natiforme Processes and below to the inward rowe of lateral †c c. small Processes †which are again immured on each side with greater Processes †graced with an Oval Figure †f f. The optick Nerves †are derived from the sides of the Medulla oblongata and passing through proper perforations of the Skull are inserted into the inside of the Eyes †g g. †h h. On each side of the beginning of the Medulla Spinalis proceedeth a Nerve †covered with a Black Tunicle and passing all along the outside of the Skull over the upper part of the Eye after an Inch is inserted with many Fibrils †into the upper Mandible and assisteth its Muscles in their contraction by which it is lifted up Fig. 2. The Scales of a Gar-Fish These Scales are various in Magnitude and Figure and all consist of various Triangles dressed with several Fibrils running in variety of postures a a. Some seem to be of an Octangular Figure seated in the middle of the Scales and are beautified with different Fibrils b b b b. Scales resembling Lozanges placed on each side of the Octangular Scales which consist of various Figures dressed with diverse Triangles Fig. 3. Of the Scales of a Carpe The situation of the Scales of a Carp and other Fish is very curious as they are placed one over another after the manner of Tiles or Slates and at last inserted into the Skin a a a a. The Figure of these Scales seemeth to resemble Scolops as being narrower in the upper region and broader in the lower b b b b. They are dressed with many Filaments passing downward in length Fig. 4. Representing one Scale of a Carp The Scale of a Carp as well as other Fish is a Quadrangle made of unequal sides and composed of Four Triangles whose points are united in the Center of the Scale where they are conjoyned by a clammy Matter of a Conick Figure a a. The Superior and Inferior Triangle consisting of perpendicular lines meeting in the middle as in the Center b b. The lateral Quadrangles are framed of many Fibrils running in transverse lines and meet all in a Center Both the Superior Inferior and lateral Triangles have their straight and transverse lines covered with obscure lines running in different positions Tab 60. Tab. LXI Fig. 1. The upper Region of the Brain of a Skait taken out of the Skull THe Brain of a Skait being taken out of the Skull a Bel visto appears composed of many ranks of Processes to which are appendant as outlets the Optick and Olfactory Nerves †a a. The Brain and Cerebellum is framed of
of an ill Concoction 307 Belchings derived from bilious and pancreatick Recrements 343 The Muscles of the Belly 198 Bile is full of Salt 461 Aruginous Bile resembleth the Yolks of Eggs. 465 Several sorts of Bile proceeding from diverse degrees of heat 465 Bile is vitiated by the acide juyce of the Spleen Ibid. Bladder of Gall in Man 453 to 455 Bladder of Gall in other Animals 455 456 Bladder of Vrine 498 to 500. Bladder of Vrine in other Animals 501 502 Bladder of Gall its Figure and outward and inward Membrane 453 The dimensions colour and denominations of the Bladder of Gall The protuberance and folds in the neck of it 454 The variety of vessels belonging to the Bladder of Gall. Ibid. The Glands and use of the Bladder of Gall. 455 Two or three bilarian vessels do accompany one Branch of the Porta 458 Many strange passages out of the Bladder of Gall into the Guts 458 The Coats Connexion Dimensions and Figure of the Bladder of Vrine 499 The Cavity Perforations and bottom of the Bladder of Vrine 500 The neck of the Bladder is endued with fleshy Fibres Ibid. The body of the Bladder of Vrine is endued with circular and oblique Fibres Ibid. The vessels and use of the Bladder 500 501 The Diseases of the Bladder if Vrine Inflammations Apostemes Vlcers Scirrhus and their Indications and Cures 503 504 Bleeding proper in the small Pox upon great difficulty of breathing 64 Bleeding is not to be celebrated in the Small Pox accompanied with a malignant Fever 64 Blood is refined in the Spleen 411 Of Blood 41 And its disaffections 1150 Blood is not made in the Liver 462 Blood and how it is generated and repaired by Chyle 462 Blood is composed of many parts 135 The Blood is produced in an Embryo by the heat of the ambient parts 462 Blood is percolated in the Glands of the Liver 463 Blood is also refined in the Glands of the Viscera 464 The Blood in the Jaundies is mixed with Bile in the Vena Cava 468 Blood is depurated in the Kidneys by their Structure and by proper Ferments 478 479 The manner how Blood is depurated in the Kidney which is assisted by Inspiration 479 The over-fretting mass of Blood is the cause of a difficult Respiration in the Lungs and ill symptomes of the Heart 1206 The Blood claimeth the Primogeniture in a Humane Foetus 624 The first motion and progress of the Blood in a Foetus Ibid. The Blood is the first principle of life heat intestine and local motion 625 Blood consisting of saline and sulphureous parts of Acides and Alcalys hath intestine motion in the ventricles of the Heart promoted by various Ferments 26 The Blood is exalted by Air received into the Lungs as impregnated with various steams 40 Blood how it is supported by Chyle and refined in the Glands 41 Blood is composed of Aliment and excrementitious parts 42 The alimentary parts of the Blood is made up of a Christalline or serous part and a Red Crassament 42 and both are composed of different Elemnts Ibid. The difform parts of the Blood that cannot be assimilated are secerned in the Glands and discharged by excretory Ducts 42 Blood is vitiated by pituitous Matter and by fixed Salt and Sulphur 136 Blood embodied with effete Air hath its reak discharged through the Bronchia of the Lungs and Aspera arteria 43 The distemper of the Blood maketh a timerous disposition 1149 The Blood how it is moved and by it the Ventricles of the Heart are distended in their Diastole and emptied in their Systole and the manner how the Blood is moved in the vessels 739 Borellus Opinion that the constrictive power of the Heart is less then the resistence of the Blood and the reason of the Opinion 740 The quantity of Blood which passeth through the Heart every pulsation 739 and how it is received in its Diastole and discharged in its Systole 739 and how the whole mass of Blood passeth through the Heart twelve times in an hour and how it is performed in various Channels of Arteries and Veins 740 The motion of Blood beginneth first in the Veins and doth not pass in an Embryo through the Lungs 741 The motion of the Blood made in the Heart its progress is assisted by the contraction of the Arteaies 742. And how the veins concur 753 And the ascent of Blood is not made good only by the valves of the Veins 743 The main end of the motion of Blood is Sanguification and the manner of production of Blood 744 The ends of the motion of Blood and its constituent part 745 The various constitution of Blood and its first rise 746 The Albuminous Liquor and Red Crassament and crust of the Blood and how it consisteth of many White Filaments and how it is made Red 747 The sulphureous saline airy and spirituous parts of Blood 748 The Caput mortuum of Blood and how the volatil parts are depressed by the more gross and how it is heightened by intestine and local motion 749 The various principles of Blood and how a comminution is made of its various Elements against the sides of the Ventricles of the Heart 750 And the Active and Passive Elements of Blood 751 The Compage of the Blood when it is coagulated 757. The bilious constitution of the Blood and its oily Particles the cause of an intermittent Tertian Fever 758 Blood concreted is composed of many white Filaments 770 Blood-vessels of other Animals are like those of Man 793 Bodies porous broken into small Particles of a sphaerical Figure and affected with various Angles are subject to intestine motion 64 The Bodies of Animals are more or less perfect as they hold greater or less similitude with that of Mans 1092 The body of Man is composed of three Apartiments erected upon the Thighs and Legs as joynted Columns and the Feet as Pedestals 1077 The bodies of Birds in slight are supported by Air and how they are equally ballanced and of their center of parity 497 Bones are the centers of motion and supporters of the Body and of their description and how the Muesles are conjoyned to Bones as so many Hypomoclia 1213 The origination and frame of Bones and of their Cells the receptacles of Marrow 1214 Bones are accommodated with Veins and Arteries and how they enter by small Foramina into Bones and how Blood is transmitted by Arteries into the substance of Bones and the Medulla and returned again by Veins 1215 The alimentary Liquor of Bones and the manner how their Marrow is nourished 1216 The nutrition of Bones is performed by Blood Ibid. The entrance of the Arteries may be seen in carious Bones 1217 Bones are composed of a double substance and great ones are endued with large Cavities to render them light 1217 The body of the Bone is furnished with two extremities called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and of the Origen and description of an Apophysis
of Birds 804 805 Lungs and Gills of Fish 806 Lungs of Frogs Lizards Vipers c. 808 Lungs of Insects 809 The Lungs have no proper principle of Motion as destitute of fleshy Fibres The Lungs in their Systole and Diastole do not keep time with the pulsaâ—â—â—n of the Heart 830 Of the Pathology of the Lungs and its Cures Of an Inflammation and its causes and sometimes a Peripneumonia is accompanied with a Pleurisy and othertimes a Hemiplegia and Apoplexy follow it The Prognosticks Indications and Cures 842 843 An Abscess of the Lungs and its causes 845 The Structure Coats and Rise of the Lymphaeducts of the Liver 439 to 441 The Colour Rise and Composition of the Lympha 441 to 444 The Motion and Vse of the Lympha 443 Hydatides coming from a quantity of Lympha 446 Pathology of the Lymphaeducts 444 to 447 The Lymphaeducts are broken by a quantity of Lympha The depraved action of the Lymphaeducts 445 Lymphaeducts their rise and progress from the Liver 390 The broken Lymphaeducts are a cause of a Dropsie 446 The Lymphaeducts corroded by Vlcerous Matter 396 M. OF a Mania or Madness and how it is akin to Melancholy of its Definition Subject and Symptomes illustrated by Mineral Waters 1156. And how the Animal Spirits move in Mad persons and of the cause of this Disease 1157. And of its Origen and evident causes 1158. Of Madness succeeding Melancholy or a Phrensy flowing chiefly from an ill mass of Blood and from an ill Pancreas 1159 Madness is sometimes Hereditary and of its causes and is propagated from the venenate nature of Blood 1160 And how in this Disease the poison coming from the biting of a Mad Dog is conveyed to the Heart Ibid. The symptomes of Madness and Aetiology and the cause of the Rage in Madness and how the Brain is swelled in this disease and cometh sometimes from the putrefaction of the Coats and substance of the Brain 1161 The Indications of Madness and how Bleeding out of the Jugular and Temporal Artery are very proper and also Vomitories are very advantageous in this disease 1162 Mercurial Medicines and strong Purgatives Chalybeats clarified Whey prepared with Cephalicks Electuaries Apozemes c. 163 In Madness Hyponoticks may be administred as also Cupping-Glasses Leeches and attractive Medicines to a wounded part as also Cauteries 1164 Mamillary Processes and their Perforations and how they cannot be truly called Nerves and of the Cavities of the mamillary Processes 1040 Marriage is of Divine Institution 513 Marrow proceeds from the oily Particles of the Blood and of its use 1214 Measles and their Cure 62 63 Mediastine is a duplicature of the Pleura and of its structure 695 And of its vessels and uses 696 The Medium of Flying and Swimming agree as fluid and differ in consistence 126 The Medulla oblongata and its appendant Processes its Connexion The Thalami nervorum opticorum and the rise of the optick Nerves 1017 The Natiforme Processes are larger then the Testiforme and of their covering and colours of the inward Protuberancies and some Physicians conceive the Natiforme and Testiforme Processes to be the Origens of the Cerebellum and of the use of these Processes 1018 A Process of the Medulla oblongata called the Pons Varolii or annular Process which is a part of the Medulla oblongata and of its use and of the fourth Ventricle of the Brain 1019 Of the Medulla Spinalis or â—ith of the Back which hath not the nature of Marrow and is an elongation of the Medulla oblongata and is composed of four orbicular Processes and how the Medulla Spinalis is not the Origen of the Brain as Learned Malpighius would have it 1070 The Fibres of the Medulla Spinalis are illustrated by Malpighius according to a Cabbage but this seemeth to be strange by reason the alimentary Liquor out of the Medulla Spinalis is different in order from that of a Cabbage The Medulla Spinalis is acted by Liquor coming from the Brain 1072 The Medulla Spinalis and Brain have their Conception at the same time Ibid. The Medulla Spinalis is double and of its substance 1072 The Coats of the Medulla Spinalis and is divided into equal parts 1073 And is parted by the Pia Mater Ibid. Each side of the Medulla Spinalis hath proper Channels to convey the Latex nervosus and the Medulla Spinalis is like the Brain in substance and vessels 1074 The various Blood-vessels of the Medulla Spinalis and how the Arteries come from the ascendent and descendent Trunk of the Aorta and how the Arteries meet in a common Trunk and of the Spinal Artery 1075 The vertebral Arteries in Beasts unite in the Medulla Spinalis The third branch of the vertebral Artery is dispensed into the Chine The Arteries of the Chine do often inosculate and resemble a chain of Rings and Arteries of the Spine are implanted into the Rete mirabile and the Arteries meet and make numerous Anastomoses all along the Chine 1076 The use of the inosculations of the Spinal Arteries and of the Sinus of the Medulla Spinalis and of their use and of the first venous Channel belonging to the Sinus and of the other venous Channel and of the entercourse of the Sinus and of the veins of the Medulla Spinalis 1078 The Sinus of the Medulla Spinalis are like Veins and of their elegant divarications and how they are propagated from the Sinus Muscles are the efficient cause of local Motion 1089 Of Melancholy and its description difference and of various Fancies and how it is called Vniversal or Particular and of its Symptomes 1146 The antecedent and continent cause of Melancholy and of the cause and manner how Melancholy operates 1148 And of Melancholy coming from an Atrabilarian Humor and from the Praecordia and Blood 1149 Some conceive the Melancholy is seated in the Womb and how it proceedeth from sanious Matter 1150 Melancholy also cometh from an obstruction of the Uterus 1151 Of the Cure of Melancholy by good Diet and by Correcting the acide disposition of the Blood by Antiscorbuticks and by Chalybeats 1153 And by other methods of Physick and Medicines 1155 Melicer des 142 Membrana Adiposa 73. And is accommodated with many Cells 75. And Carnous in Bruits 74 Its Situation and Connexion 76 The Membrana Musculorum communis the common covering of the Muscles 78 79 80 Membranes are contextures of carnous Fibrils 201 Membranes endued with minute Pores may be colatories of the Blood 182 Membranes may be colatories of the Blood 76 Membranes encircling the Foetus 635 Membranes of the Ovaries of Fish 636 Menstruous Flux and its cause manner time c. 576 to 578 Pathalogy of the Menstruous Flux 579 The suppression of the Menstrua 580 The immoderate Flux of the Menstrua 582 The menstruous Flux suppressed and its causes and Cures 579 580 581 582 The menstruous Flux immoderately flowing and its cause and a Gangreen of the Womb as a consequent of it 582 583
structure and various Coates 224 And of its Fibrils consigned to Tasting 225 The Tongue is endued with Cartilaginous Processes inserted into the Glandulous Coat 232 The Tongue is furnished with diverse Muscles and many ranks of Fibres 226 227 Diseases of the Tongue Apthae Inflammations and Vlcers 249 Transparent Bodies 13 14 15 16 Of Transparency 308 Tumors are to be opened when they cannot be discussed 146 Tumors of an Erysipelas Oedema Scirrhus Cancer c. 147 148 149 into Tumors when hollow cleansing and drying Medicines are to be injected 147 Tympanitis 171 A Bastard Tympanitis proceeding from a Flatus lodged in the Stomach and Guts 171 Tympanitis arising from watry vapours is of a gentle emollient Nature without great pain 175 A true Tympanitis caused by a meer Flatus lodged in the Belly is veryrare 177 An instance of a Tympanitis commonly derived from wind and watry Humors 178 A strang History of a Tympanitis taken out of Smetius 177 U. VAcuum improbable 7 8 Vapours of a Malignant Nature are dispelled by saline Steems 34 Vapours the Materia Substrata of a Flatus 336 Vapours differ according to several subjects 137 Vegetables are a fine composition of Bark Wood and Pith 31 Vegetables have a thin Coate made up of many minute filaments interspersed with numerous Perforations 31 Vegetable Juices are inspired with Air 32 The Veins relating to the Heart the Veins implanted into the Cava the Annular fleshy Fibres of the Cava 787 The first production of the Veins their substance Coats and frame 788 The fleshy Fibres of the Cava the Valves and their use their Figure and Number and how the motion of the Blood is first performed in the Veins 787 The Pathology of the Veins and its Cures The Obstruction of the Veins 790. Their Compression various Tumors 791 The right Ventricle of the Heart and tricuspidal Valves 721 The left Ventricle and its Figure 722. Its furrows and mitral and semilunary Valves 723. The Fibres of the Semilunary Valves 724 Ventricles of the Brain which seem to be four but in truth are two and their seat and how they are equal to each other and how they are severed by the Speculum Lucidum 1009 The Third and Fourth Ventricle and of a sinus called Calamus Scriptorius and the round process to which the Cerebellum is affixed 1010 Salt Water found in the right Ventricle 1011 Of a Vertigo or Meagrum often a fore-runner of Sleepy Diseases and how it proceeds and of its Paroxysme and evident Causes 1135. Of the inward Causes making an irritation of the Nervous Fibrils 1136. And of the essence and of its seat and continent Cause of a Vertigo and of its manner how it is produced and as it is inveterate 1137 The Indications and Cure of this Disease 1133 The Viscera and Muscles are Systemes of Vessels 201 Voice is Organized by the Wind-pipe Larynx Arch of the Palate Gooms Teeth Uvula and Nose 236 Vomiting and Purging are performed by the various Motion of Fibres in the Stomach and Guts 329 In Vomiting the Fibres of the Stomach begin their Motion about the right Orifice and then move toward the left 330 Vomiting a kind of Convulsive motion of the Stomach 331 Vomitings are derived from Inflammations Abscesses Vlcers proceeding from ill Humors troubling the Nervous and Carnous Fibres of the Stomach 338 Vomiting coming from Poysonous Medicines 339 Vomiting coming from Colick pains and from Gravel and Stone 339 Vomiting proceeding from the Abscesses of the Intestines Mesentery Liver Caul c. 339 Vomiting and Purging Medicines Cure belchings coming from a foul stomach 344 Vreters 494 to 495 Vreters of other Animals 496 Vreters and their Pathology 497 498 The Vreters their Description Number Origen and Progress Connexion Figure Membranes and use 494 495 The Vreters and their Diseases Obstructions Ischury c. 495 The unnatural expansion of the Vreters 498 The Vrethra and its seat spungy and Membranous substance and Fibres 535 Vrine its Origen and parts 505 Vrine 505 to 509 The watry parts the Consistence Quantity and Quality of Vrine 506 The Colour and cause of Crude and gross Vrine 507 The Hypostasis and Contents of Vrine 508 The Vterus and its Vagina according to its seat magnitude substance inward surface and Carnous expansions Contracting the Orifice of the Vagina 563 564 with the Vessels and Action of the Vagina 565 566 The inward parts of the Vterus and its situation Connexion Figure 566 567 The Vterus of Women is void of Hornes and hath a simple Cavity without Cells 567 The Neck Orifice and inward Cavity of the Vterus 568 The substance of the Vterus groweth more thick in the time of the Foetus 568 The Coates and Glands of the Vterus 569 The Fibrous and Carnous Compage of the Vterus 570 The Vessels vid. Arterys Veins Nerves and Lymphaeducts of the Vterus 570 Diseases of the Vterus or Womb and their Causes 608 Inflammations Carnous Tumors Abscesses Vlcers of the Womb 608 609 Gangreens Cancers Dropsies of the Vterus or Womb 610 611 Vterus of Beasts and its Vagina Orifice Cavity Connexion Glands Coats Cornua and Body 640 641 642 Vterus of Birds and of its situation Coats Glands c. 644 645 The Coats of the Vterus of Fish the Chorion and Amnios 658 The Figure of the Vterus or Womb in little Worms 660 The Vmbilical Vessels of Plants 672 The Vvula is Composed of a Glandulous substance of its use according to D. Holder 222 W. THe Weight of the Body is equally received on both Limbs in an erected posture by the Muscles put into a Tonick motion 113 Whispering 237 Wind and its Causes 177 Winds have their Origen from various Exhalations 34 Wind receiveth its different sort from variety of Vapours 173 Wind how it is produced 174 Wind proceeding from exalted Vapours caused by an intrinsick heat 174 The Wind-pipe 810 811 812 Of the Larynx or Head of the Wind-pipe and of its Figure Composition the Buckler Cartilage and its four processes 813 and the Muscles of the Larynx and the several Cartilages 814 The Wind-pipe of other Animals 816 The Wind-pipe of Birds 817 818 The Wind-pipe of Fish 819 The Wind-pipe of less perfect Animals 820 Wine contributes to the Concoction of Aliment 310 Wine turneth acide in the Stomach when its parts are brought to a Fluor Ibid. Wine is kept sweet by its united saline and sulphureous parts 310 Wine resembleth the Heterogeneous parts of Blood when extraneous Ingredients are cast into it 1204 Wine and Blood are debased when their active and spirituous principles are overpowred by gross ferments 1204 Wine and Blood are dispirited by too great an Effervescense caused by exalted Oily Particles and Wine and Blood turn Acid when the saline parts overact the sulphureous Ibid. Wine and Blood grow Mucilagenous as over fermented 1205 The Wing of Birds is extended and expanded by Muscles called Tensors and the various Motions of the Wings 948 Woman and the end of her making and manner of Production 510 The first Woman full of Beauty and perfection Ib. A Woman Created to propagate Mankind 559 Woman is Created after Gods Image and full of Beauty and Vertue Ibid. Wombs seated about the Seeds of Plants 668 Wombs of Plants are furnished with variety of Vessels 671 Cells of the Womb in Plants are filled with Congulated Liquor 671 The Motion of the Womb upward is improbable 575 The Diseases of the Womb are Inflammations Abscesses Vlcers Gangreens Cancers Dropsies c. and their Cures The Womb is not carried upwards in Hysterick Fits 612 Diseases of the Womb or Hystorick Fits attributed by Sylvius to the Pancreas 613 Wood is a Compage made of many small Tubes 31 Words 236 Y. YArd or Penis its Situation Figure Structure Nervous Bodies and their Fibres Progress and dimensions 534 The Yards spungy substance 535 The Arterys of the Yard lacerated by strong Compression 535 The Glans of the Yard and its spungy substance 536 The Prepuce of the Yard and its Fraenum and Connexion 537 The Muscles of the Yard called Erectores and Acceleratores Urinae 537 Erection of the Yard and its cause and manner how it is performed 538 Diseases of the Yard Distortion Priapisme Inflammation Vlcer Gangreen and Mortification and their Cures 557 558 The End of the Second Volume