Selected quad for the lemma: heart_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
heart_n	lung_n	right_a	ventricle_n	2,433	5	12.8369	5	false

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A29782	Nature's cabinet unlock'd wherein is discovered the natural causes of metals, stones, precious earths, juyces, humors, and spirits, the nature of plants in general, their affections, parts, and kinds in particular : together with a description of the individual parts and species of all animate bodies ... : with a compendious anatomy of the body of man, as also the manner of his formation in the womb / by Tho. Browne ...	Browne, Thomas, Sir, 1605-1682.	1657 (1657)	Wing B5065; ESTC R16043	87,410	340

is a certain partition which divides either side the vulgar call it the seventh medium which at the first sight appears crass but after a more curious inspection it is found to have many holes in it that there may be an easie passage from the left side to the right notwithstanding what the Neotericks exclaim against it and urge to the contrary 13. Furthermore there are certain appendixes membranous and full of windings leaping to each side of the ventricle which are called Auriculae not from its use or action but similitude 14. On the right side it lies open to the door of the vena cava the left is placed in the orifice of the venous artery and it is larger because it is the receptacle of gross blood the latter is the less because it contains air 15. The chief use of those Auriculars are First that they be ready receptacles of blood and air that they do not confusedly pass into the heart and so to suffocate the heart by oppression Secondly lest the vena cava and the venous artery be broken in violent motions for they have great force in drawing of blood and air in to the heart 16. The lungs E are of rare parts light and spungious and as it were concreted of spumous blood like the substance of a Snail seated in the thorax filling its whole cavity the instrument of breath and voice 17. And although it is but one in body yet it is divided into two parts by the membrane called Mediastinus the right and left 18. Either part consists of two Globes or Knots the one superior the other inferior often discernable and sometimes obscure 19. The use of these is that its flesh or substance should not be collaberated or tyred but that it may be more actively moved and that the heart be embraced on every side 20. The air is transmitted into the lungs by the asper-artery whose structure is constituted of Veins Cartilages Membranes and Nerves The Commentary A DIaphragma hath divers appellations for it is sometimes derived from the verb Diaphratto that is to fortifie because Diaphrattei that is it separates out the middle and low belly and also it is called the seventh transverse it is called Diaphragma and by ancient Medicks called Phrenas because as some judge by its inflammation the minde is hurt It s use is noble for it separates between the spiritual and vital bowels and the heart and the lungs from the naturals which separation Aristotle thinks to be made by nature lest the vapours which do exhale from meat offend the heart in which the soul he thinks doth reside But this opinion is false because the fumes do pass by the Oesophagum To conclude the Diaphragma hath two holes placed in organs ascending and descending Again it helps exspiration and inspiration for when the thorax is contracted then the inspiration is dilated but when it is laxed then inspiration is made Again it helps the ejection of the excrements by its motion with the muscles of the Abdomen Again it is the rise of the organs whereby it pleasantly affects the heart and causes laughter D The covering which defends the heart and contains it in its seat and hinders it lest it should be oppressed with its vicine members is called Capsula which contains also a certain watrish humour lest it should 〈◊〉 and dry with too much heat the substance of the heart is hard and dense lest it should be broken by its violent motions Its substance saith Aristotle is thick and spiss into which heat is received strongly and therefore its temperament is the hottest of all the members it is endowed with three kinds of fibres strait crooked and transverse that it may both draw contain and expel Now Aristotle thinks these fibres to be nerves and the principle of the nerves to be in the heart but he is deceived its figure is Pyramidal but not absolutely so in brutes but it is more flat then in a man it is placed in the thorax as the safest place and on the left side thereof C This is the shop of the vital faculty and therefore it is rightly called by Aristotle the first thing that lives and ●…he last that dies by its perpetual motion and heat it begets vital spirits for when it is dilated which motion is called Dyastole it allures unto it and draws blood by the benefit of the strait fibres from the vena cava by the venous artery but when it is constringed which is called Systole it sends blood from the right ventricle into the lungs by which they are nourished and that by the venous artery but the vital spirit out of the left by Aorta into the whole body and both ways it converts into vital spirit by attenuating the pure blood into vapour D There are two remarkable ventricles of the heart the right and the left between these there is a partition which distinguishes the one from the other which whereas it is crass and firm it is not rightly called by Aristotle the third side or belly but lest that the passages may seem to be made by this it sends out blood into another ventricle by narrow pores E The lung is called by the Greeks pneumon a pneo which is to breath because it is the organ of breathing therefore the lung ought to consist of such a substance that it may be filled and distended with air like a pair of bellows The primary Cause of which action is its proper substance which helps the motion thereof for when it is dilated it draws air and by the venal artery carries it to the heart by which the heat of the heart is allayed and the vital spirit as with food thereby cherished The figure of the Lung resembles the hoof of an ox which is divided by the Mediastinum into two parts it is the organ of voice which I prove because no animal hath a voice that hath not a lung there are some that say that there are two lungs but truly it is but one divided into two parts the right and the left And again both the parts consist of two Globes the one superior the other inferior sometimes seen open and sometimes shut the use thereof is that it may be moved more nimbly and so amplex the heart more easily CHAP. 13. Of the parts of the Animal faculty 1. VVE have spoken sufficiently of the parts of the middle belly Now we proceed to the organs of the supream region serving the animal faculty and they are such as are ●…ontained in the brain 2. The brain A is a soft part white and medullous fabricated of pure seed and spirit involved as it were in folds compassed about with a thin skin and contained in the cavity of the brain the principle of the animal faculty c. 3. And this is the highest of all the bowels and the next to heaven this is the tower of the senses the highest pinnacle the regiment of the minde 4. For the

aliment blood into the general mass of the body But here another question will arise how can the spirits flow into the inward and most remote parts but by penetration and dimension Answer Some bodies are crass and solid and some thin and tender through those that are hard they cannot penetrate but the spirits because they are thin do fly all manner of sense and are diffused without impediment in a moment this way and that way with a certain kind of celerity and do pervade the members neither by their presence filling them nor by their absence emptying them E And in this spirit all the causes come to be considered the matter is the natural spirit procreated in the liver thence carried by the vena cava with the arterious blood that is the purest of blood upwards going into the right side of the heart where it is attenuated most accurately by the passages not altogether occult but if a dog be dissected it will be found in the left side the efficient cause is the strong heat of the heart attenuating and making thin the vital spirit it 's form its rarefaction not unlike to the tenuity of a little flame its end is to conserve life diffused from the heart by the arteries into the universal body F The matter of this spirit is that vital which is carried by the crevices of the arteries to the basis of the brain and it doth slide thereinto as into a net which is placed there by nature as a labyrinth for when any matter would exactly elaborate it doth devise a longer stay in the instruments of coction and afterwards by another context is intromitted into ventricles of the brain the efficient cause is motion but chiefly the proper force of the solid substance of the brain whereby this spirit doth exactly elaborate and so become animal the form of it is rarefaction made perfect by the degeneration of the vital spirit into the animal its end is to shew a sensitive and moving faculty with great celerity from the middle ventricle of the brain by the nerves into the whole body by which spirit the animal faculty is apprehended in man of reason and memory if its force or motion be not hindred CHAP. 9. Of the similar parts of an Animate body 1. HAving expounded the contained parts the continent do follow which consist of substance by reason of that firmness and solidity they have 2. And they are either homogeneous or heterogeneous similar or dissimilar 3. A similar A part is that which may be divided into similes according to the particles of sense and into the same species 4. Of similar parts some are spermatical others carnous 5. The spermatick parts are those which are generated immediately of the crassament of seed and so coalesced into hard substances 6. Of which sort are Bones Cartilages Ligaments Membranes Nerves Arteries Veins Fibres Fat 's Skin 7. Bones are the hardest parts B of animates dry and cold begotten of the crassament of seed by exustion to the stability of the whole 8. These are endowed with no sense because first no Nerves are disseminated by their substance Secondly if they were sensible they could not endure daily labors without great pain and that sensation would either take away the greatest part of action or render it frustraneous 9. A Cartilage C is a kin to these which is a substance or part a little softer then bones and harder then any other member and flexible after a certain manner made to the keeping of motion in its destinated parts 10. A Ligament D is a simple part of the body hard and begotten of seed yet softer then a Cartilage and yielding to the touch knitting the bones together 11. A certain portion of these is called tendous which is a similar part begotten of Fibres Nerves and Ligaments mixed in a muscle all which are called articles 12. A Membrane is a similar part begotten of seed tender covering several other parts 13. The Nerves are spermatick parts arising from the brain or back-bone the interior part of the marrow the exterior of the membrane carrying the animal spirit to sense and motion 14. They are distinguished into softer or harder 15. They are soft which do arise from the former part of the brain 16. And they are seven conjugations for none of all the Nerves are simple but all conjugated whence they are called paria nervorum 17. The chiefest of these are inserted in the centre of the eye and are called the visive or optick nerves carrying the faculty of seeing unto them 18. The second propagation of moving of the nerves is the eyes 19. The third society is partly scattered into the tunicle of the tongue to propogate to the taste and part dispersed in other parts of the face 20. The fourth conjugation is a certain proportion dispersed in the palate 21. The fifth is carried by the auditory passage to the drum of the ears and they are called the auditory nerves 22. The sixth is a large portion of nerves wandring and running almost through all the bowels 23. The seventh arises from the hinder part of the head and the marrow of the back-bone and inserted into the muscles of the tongue and is said to move the tongue 24. The crasser nerves in which there is a more obtuser faculty and they do come out of the marrow of the back-bone carrying sense and motion to the internal parts 25. And thirty of these are alike and combined seven to the hinder part of the neck twelve to the Thorax five to the Lungs six to the sacred bones all which do disperse themselvs like boughs into the other parts of the body 26. The Arteries F are hollow vessels long having two tunicles and those crass and substantial ordained for the deducing of the vital spirit and for temperating and expurging of the heart and other parts to heat 27. And they do arise out of the heart of which two principal Arteries do spring out of the left side thereof from which two all the other take their original Arteria Aorta et Arteria venosa 28. The great Artery Aorta is the foundation of all other Arteries and doth carry the vital spirit to all the other parts of the body 29. The venous artery is stretched out like a quill from the same side of the heart into the liver from whence it brings air to cool the heart 30. A vein G is a similar part and round and hollow like to a reed arising from the liver consisting of one tunicle contexted of three Fibres carrying blood for nutriment together with the natural spirit to the several parts of the body 31. Veins are distinguished into principal and less principal 32. The Principal are those out of which as out of a trunk or stock others do arise and they are two vena porta and vena cava 33 Vena porta is a great vein coming out of the hollow part of the liver and excepting all the Mesenterian veins

of this noxious humour is gathered into the bottom of the ventricle to excite appetite the rest slides into the intestines and so is thrust out of doors 39. The reins and bladder purge out a wheyish or serose humidity 40. The reins O which are in number two are carnous parts thick and solid purging out blood with a s●…rose humor 41. Both the emulgent veins and ureteres serve to evacuate serose humidity 42. The emulgent veins do arise from the vena cava and are inserted into the reins dispersing abroad an aguous humidity with blood and carried to the reins 43. The ureteres are two urinary channels arising from the cavity of the reins white consisting of one simple tunicle deducing the urine by the force of the reins into the bladder 44. The bladder P is a nervous part consisting of two tunicles interwoven with a treble kinde of fibres round and somewhat long placed in the Hypogastria taking the urine brought from the ureteres and conveys it out of the body 45. There are two parts of it the bottom and the neck 46. In the bottom is contained the urine and this passes by degrees thorow the neck a muscle there as a portēr obstructing its fluor lest it come at unawares upon us 47. And thus much of the members of the nutritive faculty Lastly there are organs of generation which are accommodated to continue and propogate their kinde 48. And these are either common to both sexes or peculiar to one 49. The common are the seminary vessels cods and stone●… 50. The seminary vessels do ascend from the stones upwards inserted in the cods Parastaten adunoeide and the seed is the profitable superfluity of the mass of blood which is the matter of the seed and vital spirit producing heat into the act of the seed and carries it to the stones 51. And they are two the right and left the former arises immediately from the trunk of the cava the latter from a branch of the emulgent veins 52. The testicles Q are soft parts glandulous and white rare and cavernous in which the seed is perfected and cocted 53. In men they hang without the body but in women they grow on the back one on each side 54. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 R are two vessels candid cavernous and glandulous arising from the testicles carrying feed into the testicles In men they are placed at the root of the yard in women at the bottom of the matrix 55. To conclude there are members peculiar to one sex either to man or woman 56. Competent to man S is the yard which hangs on the forepart of a man of a good length fistulous on every side a fit instrument for the conveyance of seed 57. And it doth consist of two hollow neres one passage common both to the seed and urine four muscles and as many veins and nerves and lastly of a nervous membrane and skin 58. The end of it is called glans consisting of a fleshly substance which is covered by a loose skin growing over it which is called Preputium 58. Proper onely to a woman is the matrix or womb and it is the membranous part of a woman consisting of a tunicle coagmented as it were of two things divided round and placed in the bottom of the belly forming the yong of prolifick seed and by a proper faculty cherishing the same and when it comes to maturity it excludes it The Commentary A THe aforesaid natural members are involved in three pannicles the Peritoneum Omentum and Mesenterium The Peritoneum is a thin membrane broad and continued like to a Weavers Loom or Spiders Web involving and containing all the bowels of the inferior belly binding them to the back lest they should fall down it helps also the putting forth of the excrements which when it is too little it is broken The Omentum is a double membrane arising from the Peritoneum interwoven with many nerves and arteries and covers the ventricle and intestines Its use is that it may cherish the ventricle in whose bottom it lies and holds the heat of the intestines which is shut up and so to increase with its own heat it is called with the Greeks Epiploon because of its fatness with which it overspreads the belly This tunicle is the first that appears after the incision of the belly The Mesenterium is a double member consisting of two firm tunicles of the Peritoneum and of many veins arteries and nerves placed in the middle of the intestines as its centre its use is to contain the intestines that they may not lose their proper foldings and that it may contain them more strongly it consists of a hard and double tunicle which arises from the Peritoneum the veins which are in the Mesentery do arise from vena porta and from thence do run between two of their membranes to the intestines that they may 〈◊〉 take chyle and they are called mesaraicae venae B There is onely in man one ventricle but in other animals more sometimes two sometimes three as in sheep goats oxen and harts that those hard meats wherewith they are fed may pa●…s through divers ventricles for their better preparation and coction The ventricle is called by the Greeks Gastor and Colia its substance ought to be membranous that it may be extended and again corrugated according to the plenty or scarcity of nutriment its figure is spherical or round like the form of a long gourd for the capacity of aliments for if it were square a portion of the food would remain in the angles which if it should happen man would continually be in a feaver it is long also by reason of its situation̄ and hath two orifices the one whereof is at the top for the receiving of aliment the other at the bottom to convey it to other parts of the body when it is made and converted into chyle it hath two tunicles constituted of its proper substance one whereof is internal the other external the internal is wholly nervous gross and woven with straight fibres running down the back that it may better contain humid bodies lest they pass as it were through a strainer and also that it may be extended to all positions the External is wholly carnous and soft consisting of many fibres and those transverse that after the meat is cocted it may the better be driven out it hath also a third tunicle arising from the Peritoneum and doth involve the ventricle to the duodenum intestinum of which the temperament of the ventricle doth appear which is cold and dry and therefore convenient to the nature of nerves it hath also a native heat without which it cannot make a perfect concoction which is increased from the liver and spleen and other vicine members its seat is thus the superior part of it doth touch the Diaphragma in the left side and so falls into the the right side of the liver where it rests its bottom reaches from

conveying away of excrements and like as there are three concoctions in our bodies so there are three excrements and three kinds of vessels instituted for these In the second species of concoction these excrements are generated one somewhat heavy answering to secies to wit melancholy juice another somewhat light and more of air like to flour to wit yellow choler the third watry and serous now every one of these hath distinct receptacles and because choler is expurged first of all therefore its receptacle is nigh to the liver And concerning these vessels we have before treated the use of this vessel the gall gathered therein doth shew and the cause is expounded why there is no branch carried into the ventricle from this vessel the figure of this vessel is long and round after the form of a Pear its substance is membranous that it may accordingly be filled or emptied contracted or dilated it hath one thick and proper tunicle yet notwithstanding contexted of a treble kind of fibres within it the fibres are strait whereby it allures choler into it and they are somewhat crooked by which it retains it but without they are transverse by which it protrudes it The use of this vessel of the gall is to receive choler and if it be carried over the whole body it offends because it is endowed with a fiery vertue for it hinders nutrition and inflames the body much Why gall is gathered into this vessel is upon a double necessity First that it may heat the liver and hinder putrefaction it calefies the liver because its humour is more hot and sharp then blood it hinders putrefaction because it takes away the abundant humidity of the sharp humour Secondly that it may drive out of the ventricle the chyle into the intestines together with its superfluities N The spleen is a terrestrial member because it attracts by a certain symbole to it self the terrestrial part of blood in man its flesh is obscure but in hogs it hath a white colour but in dogs a more splendid redness then the liver It is lax and spungeous that it may the better receive the feculent and gross humour into it self and that it may not quickly delabe out of it but continue longer in it that it may be made more apt for its nature and so be nourished by its better part O The substance of the reins are hard and dense like to the substance of the heart the humour thereof is thin and therefore with more difficulty attracted When the humour here is very watrish it cannot be expurged with a convenient celerity from one rein and therefore there are two which are placed near the spina dorsi at the beginning of the loyns the right part thereof in a man is under the liver the left under the spleen the emulgent veins and ureteres serve to evacuate the serous humidity to the reins P The substance of the bladder is nervous and membranous that it may more commodiously be extended corrugated when it is full or empty and it ought to be extended lest the water flow out at unseasonable times but contain a moderate quantity thereof it hath two tunicles the one proper and internal whose substance is densē and firm lest it should be eroded by the homour of the air and this is interwoven with fibres within strait and without transverse which are for the attraction retention and expulsion of urine the other is an exterior tunicle improperly so called and hath its rise from the Peritoneum it hath a fleshy neck having a muscle whereby it is constringed that it may hinder an involuntary flux of the urine Q The stones in both sexes are made for the ingendering of seed therefore the substance of them are glandulous white and soft that such a seed may be produced by reason of the required similitude between the generating and that which is generated but it is made crass and in colour white by reason of the exquisite coction made by the interior heat of the vessels and stones as the menstruum of the dugs is converted into milk and dealbated so the stones do make blood prepared in the spermatick vessels by coction perfect seed which becomes idoneous for generation R They are called Parastatae for their similitude for Parastatae signifies certain folds gathered within themselves S The substance of the yard of a man is spungious and rare that it may be both erected and flank stiff and soft but in other animals it is bony as in a wolf dog or sea-fox but if it were bony in a man it would be an impediment in the main business CHAP. 12. Of the parts of the middle belly serving the vital faculty 1. HAving expounded the natural members of the lowest region we proceed to the parts of the middle cavity which are called vitals and they are placed in the thorax and they are the heart and the lungs 2. But these organs are distinguished from naturals by a certain partition-wall which they call Diaphragma 3. And the A Diaphragma is a round pannicle consisting of flesh nerves and membranes going cross to the sides and tyed to the back the twelfth joynt dividing the natural members from the vitals 4. A certain thin membrane called Pleura doth succinge and embrace all the parts contained in the thorax 5. Now the heart is B a principal part of the middle belly consisting of hard dense and solid flesh woven with a treble kind of strings of a Pyramidal form not unlike to a Pine-nut and it is the house of the vital faculty 6. For it is the principle of C life the fountain of heat and nectar of life the Rhisoma or the spring head of the arteries the Primum mobile of the pulse and respiration which being ●…ively the whole body is lively ●…f faint all the parts are faint and if it perish the rest of the ●…ody perishes 7. And although the heart is ●…ut one in all animals yet it may ●…e divided D into two parts the ●…ight and the left 8. The right resembles the form of the moon increasing and it receives blood from the vena cava flowing into it and prepares it and makes it more perfect and so distributes it partly into the lungs for their nutrition and partly into the left side of the heart by passages not altogether occult and as it is with the matter of vital matters 9. The left hath the form of the Crest of an Helmet and is more overwhelmed into the substance of the heart containing the vital spirit begotten of pure blood distributed by the artery Aorta into the body and again receives the air out of the lungs by the venous artery 10. And both these sides have their vessels two whereof appear in the right side and so many in the left 11. In the right indeed there are two veins the vena cava and the vena arteriosa in the left there are two arteries the great artery and the venous artery 12. There

they cannot breath longer they cease to live But insects do live though they cannot breath for when they are cut in two parts they will live in each part whereas it is not possible that all the parts of an animal should breath Observe this last Argument to impugne all the Ancients opinion Fishes do therefore breath because the life of animals consists not without breath These are the reasons of Arist. denying fish to breath But because there is a heart in them therefore they have need to have their heat temperated and that it may be so temperated they draw in by their gills water for air and let it out by the same For as in man the lungs and the thorax are lifted up and down in breathing so the gills of fish are dilated and contracted in drawing in of water to temper the heat of the heart for when the gills are dilated they draw in some small portion of water which is conveyed by certain passages to the heart which cools the heat thereof and when their gills are contracted the water again is expelled Some do stifly oppugne these opinions whose reasons we shall now consider of First a Fish is an animal therefore breathing is necessary because it hath need of air I answer If by breathing or respiration they understand refrigeration then the consequence is to be received but if they mean the attraction of air I deny it for the spiration of air is onely competent to those animals endowed with lungs but Fish may be refrigerated by that water which both they draw in by the mouth and gills Secondly Air is contained under the earth therefore under the water and by consequence fish do attract it and so breath Ans. I deny the consequence though air may easily pierce into the earth which is porous cavernous and dry yet into the water it cannot pierce because of the fluidness of its body being so easily reduced to unity and so closely gathering it self together that there can be no vacuity for air for if a Staff be thrust into the water and drawn out again there will be no hol●… left or resemblance where it was but will forthwith rise up and swim at top But if it be fixed into the earth the hole whereinto it was put will remain which is immediately filled with air and therefore it is that the breathing faculty of Moles under the earth is not taken away because they always make a hole whereby they receive breath But now in water no pores or passages can be apprehended whereby air may be attracted therefore it is impossible that fish should breath therein Thirdly Fishes do breathe by their gills therefore breath is drawn by them though not in the usuall manner I answer that some spiration i●… manifest or perfect some obscure and imperfect 'T is manifest in those animals that are endowed with the organs of spiration and then it is properly called respiration but that ●…tion of the fishes gills is more rightly tearmed transpiration and onely answers by Analogy to the true spiration for as their parts viz. lungs and gills differ in species so also their functions differ for as the wings o●… birds and fins of fishes do agree analogically in themselves as to the efficient cause viz. of motion yet they are not of the same Genus because fish by their fins do not fly as birds by their wings but swim so those gills that are given to fish in stead of lungs are not of the same species with the lungs of animals The fourth is taken from Experience if fish be put into a vessel with a narrow orifice filled half full of water and so the mouth of the vessel stopped there is so great a desire in them of the injoying of the air that they strive who shall be uppermost swimming one upon another for no other cause then a desire to be next the air Scaliger answers the reason of their so much strugling is not for the injoyment of air but the avoiding of their close imprisonment endeavouring to finde a way out of the vessel to free themselves from that scarcity of water into a place of more plenty and liberty Fifthly if a vessel full of water and with a row orifice be closely covered the fish that are encloistered within are suddenly suffocated because no air can come unto them therefore 't is absolute necessary for fish to breathe under the water for the preservation of their lives This if it be true I thus answer If so then it may be judged to happen rather from the defect of the celestial light then air for thereby force and heat is added by the influence of light for all animate things stand in need of this celestial spirit for the preservation of their lives Again if it be so that fish included in a vessel are suffocated it must happen that the water being deprived of air loses it nature Scaliger Exer. 275 for it is preserved from corruption by the air as from a superiour form therefore it kills the fish But to conclude If fish should die for want of air how come they to live where the waters are frozen all over many thousands of paces together or can they receive air through the ice therefore the Objections of our Antagonists are frothy and vain L Insects are called by the Greeks Entoma because they have Bodies distinguished some into two three and some more incisures and they have in stead of blood a certain vital jui●…e or humour which is Analogous to blood which assoon as it is exhausted they perish And because those Insects want blood their natures are cold and therefore it is that they breathe not for breath is given to animals by nature to ●…ool the blood and because those insects saith Aristotle want bowels therefore they leave no respiration because they have no convenient organs for that use But against this received opinion of Aristotle Pliny objects that Insects do breathe which he maintains by two Arguments First That many kinds of Insects do put forth a certain noise as Bees and those that want wings others to sing as Grashoppers so also Gnats Flies make a certain buzzing noise which cannot be except they received air I answer When Bees and Flies make a noise it happens by the agitation of the interior spirit and not the exterior for those Insects that seem to sing as Grashoppers do make a noi●…e from the agitation of the included spirits fretting as it were against that membrane with which their bodies are wrapped for they do not make a noise by the attracting of spirit at the mouth for they alone in the Universal Genus of animals by the observation of Aristotle want mouths Secondly Insects are endowed with smelling but smelling cannot be effected but with the attraction of air by respiration therefore they breathe I answer The Sense of smelling is far different in these Insects from that in other sanguineous animals for they have this