Selected quad for the lemma: heart_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
heart_n	lung_n	right_a	ventricle_n	2,433	5	12.8369	5	false

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A10510	The manuall of the anatomy or dissection of the body of man containing the enumeration, and description of the parts of the same, which usually are shewed in the publike anatomicall exercises. Enlarged and more methodically digested into 6. books. By Alexander Read, Doctor of Physick, a fellow of the Physitians College of London, and a brother of the Worshipfull Company of the Barber-Chirurgeons.	Read, Alexander, 1586?-1641.; Marshall, William, fl. 1617-1650, engraver.; Read, Alexander, 1586?-1641. Treatise of all the muscles of the whole bodie. aut	1638 (1638)	STC 20784; ESTC S115657	94,096	597

upon the forepart but the hindermost branches are bestowed upon the muscles which are placed upon the back These vessels are placed betweene the duplication of the pleura and the pleuresie it selfe is not seated in this place onely but betweene the pleura also and the intercostall muscles It hath two uses First to wrap in all the vitall parts Secondly to defend them from all externall injuries The second membrane is the mediastinum because it standeth in the middle of the brest and divideth the right side from the left In hath not onely a duplication as the pleura hath but is double also for one is in the right side the other in the left They are united according to the longitude of the vertevrae of the back but severed towards the sternum In the cavity between these parts of the mediastinum one may bee deeply wounded without any great danger of death Such a wound you shall easily discern First if small store of bloud issue out Secondly if no breath come out This cavity is seene when the Cartilago xiphoides is removed In the dropsie of the lungs and when corrupt mattet is gathered the sternum here may be tripaned The substance of it is membranous yet thinner and softer than the pleura The inner side towards the lungs is smooth and hath fat about the vessels but the exterior is rougher by reason of the fibres by the which it is tied to the pleura It reacheth from the throat to the midrife As for its vessels veins and arteries it hath from those called mammariae but small and from vena sine pari It hath one speciall vein called mediastina which springeth from the lower part of ramus subclavius The nerves called stomachici passe by the reduplication of it It hath three uses First it divideth the breast and lungs in two parts that one being wounded the other should be safe Secondly it holdeth up the pericardium firmly wherein the heart is contained that it should not rest upon the back-bone when we ly upon our back or that it should fall upon the brest bone when wee bend our selves towards the ground or touch the ribs when we ly upon our sides Thirdly it giveth a safe passage to the vessels which passe by it The third proper containing part is the pericardium so called because it compasseth the whole heart whose figure it hath for it is pyramidall It is so farre distant from the heart as is sufficient to give way to the motion of the same and the containing of the waterish humour It hath two membranes 1. Outer from the mediastinum it is tied before and behind to the pleura from whence both the mediastinum and pericardium originally spring 2. Inner from proceeding from the externall tunicles of the vessels of the heart for within the pericardium the vessels lack their common tunicle it having beene spent upon the pericardium The externall membrane is fibrous but the internall is slippery but firme and thick The motion of it is secondary from the heart It leaneth more to the left side than to the right and more to the fore than back part It cleaveth so firmly to the nervous circle of the midrife that it cannot be separat from it without renting to direct the motion of the heart It is perforat in five places In two for the entering in and passing out of the vena cava In three for vena arteriosa and arteria venosa and the passing out of the aorta It hath small veins from the phrenicae the axillar No arteries appeare because it is neere enough to the heart It hath two uses First to keepe the heart in its owne place whether we bend our body backwards forwad or to either side Secondly to containe the watrish humour which is sundry waies profitable for first it tempereth the heat of the heart Secondly it moystneth the same Thirdly it maketh it slippery Last of all the pericardia defendeth the heart as an armour from all externall injuries The watrish humour which is contained in the pericardium is like urine yet not sharp or saltish If it be thock and slimy is causeth the heart to be hairy If it be too copious it causeth the painting of the heart which is cured by phlebotomy It is too plentifull in those who have obstructions of the mesaraicall veins liver or spleene for in such the thinnest part of the chylus onely is drawne for nourishment and so the bloud becommeth watrish Some thinke it to proceed from a seminall aquosity even from the first generation as the aire within the eares is from a flatuous Others think that it is engēdered of vapours raised from the bloud and waterishnesse of the veins and arteries of the heart and condensed by the respective coldnesse of the membrane and by his meane the peritonaeum and the pleura seeme alwaies bedewed with moysture It seemeth that the first beginning of it is a seminall humidity and that is maintained afterward by the vapours Sometimes also there is contained in the capacity of the brest a bloody water to moysten and temper the heat of the lungs It is caused partly of the vapours raised from the vessels partly of that portion of drink which passeth to the lungs and by reason of this water and bloud did flow from the side of our Saviour pierced CAP. IIII. Of the truncke ascending from the Vena cava NOw the parts contained in the brest are either vasa or viscera the vessels or the entrals The vessels are in number foure the vena cava the vena arterialis the arteria venosa and the aorta or arteria magna The first is the vena cava or magna because the hollownesse of it is great It hath its beginning from the liver The orifice of it is three times as large as that of the aorta being received by the right care of the heart it is expanded into the whole right ventricle of the same About the orifice of it are placed three values called trifulcae or tri●uspides because arising from a large foot they end into a narrow top representing barbed arrowes Their situation is from without inward so that the bloud may be let in but not returne They proceed from a membranous circle annexed to the orifice They cleave to the septum of the heart towards the point of it bee strong fibres ending in round caruncules If you would see these as the rest of the values cut transversly the ventricles of the heart neere to the basis and then they will appeare It hath two trunkes one descending and this is that which is caused of a number of small veins appearing in the hollow part of the liver which meet about the middle of it in one trunck still decreasing in number and increasing in bignesse The other ascending this is procured by a

number of small veins springing from the convex part of the liver which end in like manner into one trunck about the middle of it This is bigger than the descending because all the upper parts are fed by this onely whereas most of the parts contained in the abdomen are nourished by the vena portae Although it bee not divided into branches untill it come to the throat yet it doth send forth sundry sprigs from the sides The first is called phrenica one in each side It is inserted into the diaphragma which is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by a number of twigs and from thence it bestoweth twigs upon the pericardium and mediastinum The second is called Coronaria so called because like a garland it compasseth the basis of the heart It sendeth sundry twigges to the outer parts of the heart but chiefly to the left because it needeth greater store of nourishment by reason of its stronger motion This hath a value which hindereth the returne of the bloud to the vena cava This springeth from the cava before it enter into the heart and the bloud is somewhat thick and not attenuat in the ventricles of the heart for the substance of the heart being hard and firme was to be nourished by bloud somewhat grosse The third is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or sine pari without a mate because it hath not a fellow as other veins have in the left side if you except those beasts which chew the cud This springeth from the cava as soone as it is come out of the pericardium It passeth out of the hinder and right part of the vena cava about the fift vertebra of the brest It doth not descend straight way But comming a little forward it returneth towards the spina When it is come to the eighth or ninth rib above the spina it is divided into two branches to wit the right and the left Then passing by the division of the midrife which is between the two productions of it they are spread thorow the abdomen Of these two the left is inserted into the left emulgent By this way Fallopius will have watrish pu●ulent and bloudy substances to be discharged which sometimes are contained in the brest while these branches march downeward In each side ten sprigs bud out which march thorow so many distances of so many of the inferior ribs In the lower part of the rib there is a groop to receive the sprig Wherefore when you make incision in an empiena come not neere to this part From this vein other small twigs also proceed which afford nourishment to the spinalus medulla These are called costales inferiures or the lower intercostals The vena sine pari thus being framed the cava ascendeth to the jugulum strengthned by the media stinum and the thymus which is placed in the uppermost part of the brest Here the vena cava is parted into 2. remarkable branches From whence all those veins spring which are sent either to the head or armes One branch marcheth to the right another to the left side while they remaine within the brest they are called subclavii because they march under the cannell bones but when they are come to the arme pit they are called axillares Before they come to the arme pit sundry sprigs spring from them The first is intercostalis superior this ariseth from the root of the divarication and passing by the roots of two ribs bestoweth twigs upon the distances of the two upper ribs as the vena sine part did there is one in each side The second is called mammaria this marcheth forwards towards the upper part of the bone of the brest From thence it goeth downe by the sides of it and when it is come to the cartilago mucronata about the sides of it it passeth out of the brest and marcheth by a straight way under the straight muscles to the navill where it is joyned with the vena epigastrica ascendens by inosculation which is the cause of that great consent which is betweene the paps and the matrix This before it leave the brest it bestoweth one branch upon the cartilaginous distances of seven of the costae verae where the sprigs of the vena sine pari end From these branches proceed some other remarkable twigs which are bestowed upon those muscles which are seated upon the brest and the dugs The third is called Mediastina because it is bestowed upon the mediastinum together with the left nerve of the midrife according to the length of it The fourth is called Cervicalis or vertebralis It is large in each side marching upwards obliquely towards the back part it commeth to the transverse processes of the vertebrae of the neck where passing thorow the holes of them it bestoweth branches upon the muscles which lye above the vertebrae The fifth is called Muscula inferior because it is spent upon the lower muscles of the neck which stretch out the neck and head The sixth is the internall jugular this ariseth where the cannell bone is articulat with the sternum This joyned with the nerve recurrent and the soporall artery marcheth by the side of the wind-pipe to the throat The seventh is the externall jugular this marching up under the skin and the qoadrat muscle which pulleth downe the cheeks commeth to the eare This in beasts is bigger than the internall otherwise than it is in man CAP. V. Of Vena arterialis and arteria venalis THe second vessell in the brest is Vena arterialis It is a vein from its office for it carrieth naturall blood to the lungs by the right side of the wind pipe It is called an artery because the coat of it is double not single as that of veins It doth spring from the upper part of the right ventricle of the heart and is implanted into the substance of the lungs by the right side of the wind-pipe The third vessell is arteria venalis It is called an artery because is carrieth arteriall bloud but a vein because it hath a single coat as a vein It ariseth from the upper part of the left ventricle of the heart and is implanted into the substance of the lungs by the left side of the wind-pipe The Vena arterialis hath three values called Sigmoides from the figure of the great sigma which answereth the Latine S. the figure is this C. They looke from within outwards to let out the bloud but to hinder the returne of the same The Arteria venalis hath two values called mitrales because they are like a Bishops Miter They looke from without inward to let in bloud carried from the vena arterialis They are bigger than those of vena cava and have longer filaments and to strengthen them many fleshy snippets are joyned to them It hath two values only that the fuliginous vapours might the

vena arteriosa have three Sigmoides So much then concerning the vessels of the Brest now follow the entrals CAP. VIII Of the Heart OF these there are foure the Heart the Lungs the Wind-pipe and part of the Gullet In the explication of the heart First the Swadler is to bee considered and then the substance of the heart it selfe The Swadler called Pericardium or Capsula cordis is a membrane wrapping in the whole heart having the figure of the same having such distance from the heart and to containe the watrish humour It is perforat in five places for the comming in and going out of the vena cava and for egresse of the other three The substance of it is thicke and firme The outer superficies is fibrous but the inner smooth and slippery It is tyed to the Mediastinum and adjacent parts by sundry fibres It doth cleave firmly to the sinewy circle of the midrife but not so in dogs It hath its beginning from the tunicles which compasse the vessels which proceed from the pleura for between the heart and the pericardium the membrane from the pleura is wanting It containeth a watrish substance not sharpe for the refrigeration and humefaction of the heart As in the cavity of the brest a moysture is found like water and bloud mingled together So from the side of our Saviour pierced water and bloud did flow The Pericardium hath veins from the phrenicae and axillar No arteries appeare because it is neere enough to the heart It hath small nerves from the left recurrent As for the heart the substance of it is compact and firme and full of fibres of all sorts The upper part is called hath a small nerve from the sixt conjugation for feeling but not motion for it moveth of it selfe of all the parts of the body it is the hottest for it is the well spring of life and by arteries communicateth it to the rest of the body The heart hath two motions Diastole and Systole In Diastole or dilatation of the heart the conus is drawne from the basis to draw bloud by the cava to the right ventricle and aire by arteria venosa to the left ventricle In Systole or contraction on the conus is drawne to the basis First that the vitall spirit may be thrust from the left ventricle of the heart into the aorta Secondly that the arteriall bloud may bee thrust into the lungs by arteria venalis Thirdly that the bloud may bee pressed to the lungs in the right ventricle by vena arterialis The parts of the heart are either externall or internall The externall are the eares The eares are annexed to the firme substance of the heart about the basis of it before the mouths of the vessels They are of a nervous substance for strength yet thin and soft for the easier contraction and dilatation the left is thicker than the right When they are distended they are smooth but being contracted they are wrinckled They are storehouses of the heart for they first receive the aire and bloud lest they immediatly rushing into the heart might offend it and they strengthen the vessels These eares are two in number the right which is greatest this is before the vena cava and the left the lesser before the arteria venosa They are called eares not from the office of hearing but from the likenesse they representing the figure of an eare Death approaching when the heart is immoveable they move so we see that a small gale of wind which moveth not the tree moveth the leaves The internall parts of the heart are the ventricles or cavities and the septum The ventricles are in number two the right and the left The right is larger than the left yet the left hath thicker sides and within is more unequall than the right The right ventricle receiveth bloud from the vena cava to be sent by vena arteriosa to the lungs and reacheth not to the conus The left ventricle is not so wide as the right yet the fleshy circumference is thrice as thick as that of the right It doth elaborat the vitall spirit of the blood and aire drawne in by arteria venosa The septum so called because it separateth the right ventricle from the left is that thick and fleshy substance set between the two cavities Riolan will have the matter of the vitall bloud to passe thorow the holes or porosites of it from the right to the left ventricle but that hardly any instrument can shew them First because they goe not straight but wreathed Secondly because they are exceeding narrow in the end He affirmeth that they are more easily discerned in an Oxe heart boiled CAP. IX Of the Lungs Wind-pipe and Gullet AS for the lungs the substance of them in Infants whilest they are in the wombe is red and compact but after birth because they begin to move with the heart by heat and motion this substance beginneth to be more loose and spongious and of a pale yellow colour that they may the more easily rise and fall to receive the aire and expell superfluities The substance of the lungs is covered with a membrane communicated by the pleura for the vessels as soone as they enter into the substance of the lungs they leave the coat which they borrowed of the pleura and leave it for covering of the lungs This membrane is porous to give way to impurities contained in the cavity of the brest to passe thorow the loose substance of the lungs to be discharged by expectoration When the lungs are blowne up they fill the whole cavity of the brest In figure they are like to an Oxes hoofe The outer part is gibbous the inward hollow the lungs are divided into the right and left part each of these hath two lobes seldome three with the which as with fingers they embrace the heart Nature hath ordained this division that if one side of the lungs should be hurt the other might discharge the office The lungs and brest are divided by the benefit of the mediastinum which is a double membrane framed of the pleura for the pleura beginning at the back passeth to the sternum by the sides when it is come to the middle of the sternum it directly from thence passes to the back againe The cavity which the reduplication of the pleura leaveth here is above wider but towards the back narrower and narrower untill the membranes be united Penetrating wounds going no further than this cavity are not deadly The mediastinum is softer than the pleura The lungs are joyned to the sternum by the mediastinum behind the vertebra of the back towards the sides to the pleura by fibres sometimes they are tyed which causeth difficulty of breathing It is joyned to the heart by vena arteriosa and arteria venosa The lungs have three vessels vena arteriosa arteria venosa and trachaea arteria these two marching together have betweene them inserted a branch of the

more readily be discharged It hath also but a single thin coat partly for the same purpose partly because the bloud sent from the vena arteriosa is cooled by the bronchia of the lungs before it entereth into arteria venalis it needeth not so thick a coat as an artery and because veins only carry in bloud and arteries carry out therefore arteria venalis is placed in the left ventricle and vena arterialis in the right Both these vessels not farre from their beginning are divided into two branches whereof the one passeth to the right part of the lungs and the other to the left and each of these is subdivided into other branches untill at the last they end in small threeds The greater branches accompany one another so that the vein still marcheth with the arteriae joyned together by many inosculations or anastomoses Betweene them the branches of aspera arteria march These vessels are great because the lungs by reason of their perpetuall motion require much nourishment First the bloud is carried into the lungs by vena arterialis and from hence to arteria venalis by sundry anastomoses and from hence to the left ventricle of the heart Where being made spirituous it is sent by the aorta to impart life to the whole body One thing is to be noted that no aire in its proper substance is carried to the heart for the bloud contained in these two vessels is sufficiently cooled by the bronchia passing between them The bloud is cooled First by staying in the lungs while it is in passing Secondly by touching the bronchia cooled by the attraction of fresh aire And thirdly by the continuall motion of the lungs One thing is to be noted that in arteria venosa a little below the values there is found a little value ever open It being removed there appeareth a hole by the which the blood passeth freely from the vena cava to it and returneth by reason of this anastomosis that the bloud in the veins may be animat CAP. VI. Of the great artery and first of the trunke ascending of the same THe fourth vessell is the great artery called aorta because it receiveth the aire It springeth from the upper part of the left ventricle of the heart where it is largest and hardest Before it come out of the Pericardium it sendeth two small twigs from each side one which compasse the basis of the heart like a garland and send down according to the length of the heart other twigs These are called Coronariae These twigs are more in number and larger about the left ventricle than the right because it requireth greater plenty of nourishment by reason of its stronger motion which digesteth much bloud It is placed between the wind pipe and the vena cava tied to the mouth of the stomack passing under the trunk of vena arteriosa upward when it hath pierced the Pericardium it is divided into two trunks whereof the one is called truncus ascendens the ascending trunk The other descendens the descending Of these two the descending is largest because it ministreth life to more parts This ascending trunk before it passe to the armes is divided into two branches whereof one passeth to the right the other towards the left arme they are called subclavii rami because they march under the canell bones When they are gone out of the brest they are called Axillares From both the lower and upper part of both these branches sundry sprigs doe spring From the upper part proceedeth intercostalis superior which bestoweth twigs upon the distances of the uppermost foure ribs From whence others are sent to the adjacent muscles and the spinalis medulla From the lower springeth that branch which is called Cervicalis but more fitly Vertebralis for it springeth behind where the vertebrae from thence marching upwards it bestoweth twigs upon the spinalis medulla which enter by the passages by the which the nerves as also upon the muscles which are placed in the hinder part of the neck and at the last entereth into the Cranium by that hole by the which the spinalis medulla descendeth from the braine This with its fellow whē it is come to the sell of the wedge-like bone on each side of it betweene the first and second paire of sinews having beene divided cause Plexus choroides The second the Arteria mammaria which accompanying the Vena mammaria is joyned with the epigastrica arteria ascending by inosculation about the navell The third is that called Muscula and is distributed upon the muscles of the neck The fourth is the Soporall one on each side so called because if they be stopped sleep doth immediatly follow These soporall arteries when they are come to the throat they are divided in two branches to wit the externall which is lesser and the internall which is larger The externall bestowed twigs upon the muscles of the face upon the roots of all the teeth of the lower jaw having entered into the cavity of the mandible and going out upon the chin The internall branch when it hath about the throat it hath bestowed twigs upon the tongue and larynx about the lower part of the skull it is divided into two branches whereof the lesser and hindermost accompanying the branch of the internall jugular marcheth toward the hindermost part of the skull and entering at the second hole of the nowle entereth into the hollownesse of the dura mater The formost and the largest when it hath entered into the cavity of the skull thorow it proper hole in the parietall bone and is come to the sell of the wedge-like bone it maketh rete mirabile which in beasts is large but in man very obscure CAP. VII Of the descending trunke of the aorta THE descending trunke of the aorta about the fifth vertebra of the breast bending towards the left side marcheth downwards towards the last vertebra of the loynes In this march it sendeth forth sundry branches which are these 1. Intercostall inferior arteries in number eight 2. Phraenicae two 3. Caeliaca one 4. Mesenterica superior 5. Emulgentes two 6. Spermaticae two 7. Mesenterica inferior 8. Lumbares The inferior intercostall arteries accōpanying the veins and nerves of the same denomination march according to the length of the lower part of the ribs where there is a hollownesse to receive them and in the true ribs end where the cartilages begin but in the short ribs they goe a little further even to the sides of the lower belly These send sprigs by the holes of the nerves to the marrow of the back and to the muscles which rest upon the vertebrae of the back These not only afford spirits and bloud to the intercostall muscles but carry also quittour and water gathered in the cavity of the brest sent by the trunk of the aorta to the bladder by the emulgent arteries according to

trachaea arteria carying aire to coole them On this is to be noted that the vessels of the lungs differ from those in other parts of the body for the veins have the coats of arteries that no alimentary moysture should breathe out and the arteries have the coats of veins that the vitall bloud might the more speedily passe with the fuliginous excrements and the pure aire come in more plentifully The lungs have no faculty of themselves to move but follow the motion of the brest to shunne vacuity for when the brest doth dilate it selfe the lungs are filled with aire and raised up and when the brest contracteth it selfe they fall That the lungs follow the motion of the brest this experience sheweth Let one receive a penetrating wound in the brest if the aire enter in the lungs cannot move because the vacuity of the brest being filled with aire the motion of the brest ceasing the motion of the lungs ceaseth also A few twigs of sinews come to the membrane but none to the substance for they might have caused paine in the motion of the lungs CAP. X. Of the Wind-pipe THe third entrall contained in the brest is trachaea or aspera arteria fistula and canna pulmonis the wind-pipe It is a pipe by the which the lungs as bellowes draw the aire for the refreshing of the heart and send out fuliginous vapours turned out from the heart by arteria venosa The substance of it is cartilaginous because by it living creatures cause their noises and soundings and so it must have beene hard yet not so hard as a bone because the motion had beene painfull It is not framed of one whole piece for then it would have remained still in one positure and could not have suffered contraction and dilatation Wherefore it is made up of sundry round cartilages which are tyed together by ligaments which in men are more fleshy is beasts more membranous The fourth part of these cartilaginous ringes towards the gullet is wanting and is supplied by a membranous substance that swallowing of solid things might not be hindered It consisteth of two parts the upper is called larynx the lower bronchus because it is bedewed with some part of the drinke for if you give to a dogge saffron disolved in milk if you presently kill him and open the lungs you shall find some part of this mixture The branches of the wind-pipe disseminat thorow the lungs as placed middle between vena arteriosa which is in the hinder part and arteria venosa which is in the forepart which are joyned by anastomosis or inosculation It is girt with two membranes The externallis thin and cleaveth fast to the ligaments of the rings and guideth the recurrent nerves thither The internall is thicker and preceedeth from the membrane which covereth the roofe of the mouth This being strong is not so easily offended by salt rheumes and shin liquours It is very sensible that it might be the more easily moved to send forth things offensive It is also bedewed with an unctuous humour to withstand the injury of sharp things and to cause the voyce to be more pleasant So if salt rheumes bedew this membrane the voyce becomes hoarse if this humour be dryed in fevers squeeking Larynx is the upper part of the wind-pipe When the gullet bendeth downward in swallowing this starteth upwards to give way to swallowing it hath five cartilages 1. Scutiformis or buckler-like for within it is hollow but without embossed That part which sticketh out is called Pomum Adami Adams apple 2. Annularis because it is like a Turkish ring and compasseth the whole larynx In the hinder part it is broad and thick 3. And 4. Guttalis because it resembleth that part of the pot which is called gutturnium These two being joyned together make the chinke which fashioneth the voyce This chinke is called glottis or lingula the little tongue 5. Is Epiglottis being set above the glottis it shutteth it It is of a soft substance resembling a tongue or the leafe of the wood-bind and on every side bound with a membrane proceeding from the mouth The Larynx hath veins from the externall jugular arteries from the Soporall and nerves from the recurrent branches of the sixt paire The glandules of the larynx are either superior or inferior The superior are two one on each side of the uvula or gargareon which are called vulgarly amigdalae or the almonds these receive humidity from the braine which they turn in flegme to moisten the larynx throat tongue and gullet and to be a meane for tasting for tasting cannot be performed without moysture They are seated about the root of the tongue covered with the skin of the mouth and receive veins from the jugulars The inferior are in number two one on each side of the lower part of the larynx they are fungous and larger in women than men The larynx is framed for the voyce the remote instruments of the voice are the brest and lungs the neerer either prepare as the wind-pipe or helpe as the sinews and muscles or keepe it as the throat and mouth or immediatly forme the voyce and that is glottis for the aire being blowne out forcibly by the lungs it beating upon the chinke shut reasonably procureth the voyce CAP. XI Of the gullet OEsophagus or gula the gullet is that part by the which as a funnell meat and drink are turned down into the stomack It is framed of three tunicles The first is very thin and appeareth destitute of fibres this it hath from the peritonaeum common also to the stomack the other two are proper whereof the middlemost is more fleshy thick and soft it hath straight and long fibres The innermost is more sinewy and harder the fibres of it are transverse and circular Veins some it hath from ramus coron rius or round branch of the porta and some from cava Arteries it hath from the caeliaca and the truck descending of the Aorta Nerves it hath two sprigs of the sixt paire It is joyned with the throat and larynx by the skin of the mouth which is communicate to it and the stomack to the spondils of the back the wind-pipe and the parts adjacent by membranes which arise of the ligaments of the back To the hinder part a glandule groweth to cause more easie swallowing by moystning the part It hath foure muscles The first is the circular called by Galen Sphincter whereof we have spoken The second and third are but small ones seated in the throat and proceeding from the palat of the mouth are implanted into the beginning of the gullet The fourth proceedeth from the inner part of the chin is inserted into the gullet In swallowing then first of all the circular muscle purseth it self from whence it commeth to passe that the oblique fibres of it which passe from the gullet to the wind-pipe are made transverse and so the larynx is lifted up and the gula goeth

generation of the animall spirits 2. The lungs draw in by it the aire for the refreshing of the heart and the generation of the 〈◊〉 tall spirits 3. That by it smels might be carried to precessus mammillares 4. By it the braine dischargeth excrements 5. It furthereth the speech 6. It beautifieth the face 7. It parteth the eyes that the one should not see the other which would have hindered the sight It is a defence into them also and staigth the visible species 8. By fleering up it expresseth anger and in the Hebrew tongue is taken for anger CAP. XIII Of the Mouth IT is called Os from the letter O In pronouncing of which it openeth it selfe The mouth that serveth for breathing Secondly for receiving of food Thirdly for speaking and lastly to discharge the excrements of the braine lungs and stomack It beginneth at the lips and reacheth to the throat The parts of it are either externall or internall the externall are labia or the lips from lambo They are in number two to wit the upper and lower they have to further motions thirteen muscles whereof eight are proper and five common to the cheekes and lips The lips are of a fungous substance the skin doth firmly cleave to the muscles They are covered within with a tunicle common to the mouth and stomack And from hence commeth the trembling of the lower lip before vomiting The lips serve first for the conveniency of eating and drinking Secondly for the beautifying of the face if they bee well fashioned Thirdly to containe the spittle in the mouth Fourthly to keepe the gums and teeth from externall injuries Fifthly to keepe the gums and teeth from externall injuries Fifthly to serve for the framing of the speech Sixthly to serve for kissing The conjuction of the lips make the laterall parts of the mouth which are called buccae the cheeks The inner parts of the mouth are these 1. Gingivae or the gums They are fleshy destitute of motion to keepe the teeth in their sockets 2. The teeth which are bony both to chew the meat and to fashion the speech each tooth hath two parts one without the gum called Basis the other within called Radix or the root The root below receiveth a little veine artery and nerve The incisores and canini have but one fang The lower molares have two fangs but the upper molares three In children from the seventh moneth untill two yeeres be compleat twenty teeth come out now one then another Of these teeth some are called incisores the first fore teeth in number foure in each gum some canini adjacent to these on each side one The rest are called molares 3. The third internall part of the mouth is palatum or the roofe of the mouth It is vauted that the aire being repercussed the voice should be the sharper It is wrinckled and rough above the bone that it might more firmly cleave to it and it might the better keepe the meat while it is a chewing 4. And 5. Of the almonds and uvula I have spoken in the discourse of the neck 6. Of the internall parts is the tongue in Latine called Lingua à lingendo from licking The flesh of it is spongious that it might receive the qualities of the sapors and judge of them In figure it is pyramidall The tunicle with the which it is covered proceedeth from the dura mater Veins it hath from the externall jugulars Under the tongue they are called ranulares from their colour The arteries come from the carotides Sinews it hath from the third and seventh paire The muscles which move it are six It is divided into two parts by a line going along it and so in hemiplegia onely one halfe may bee affected Of the ligaments the lower is called fraenum and franulum If it bee extended to the top of the tongue it hindereth sucking in children and from this they are said to be tongue-tyed In this case the ligament is to be cut The tongue hath foure uses 1. It is the instrument of tasting 2. It uttereth the speech 3. It helpeth chewing by gathering of the meat and tossing it to and fro and turning it downe to the stomack 4. It serveth for licking The fourth Book A description of the veins arteries and sinewes of the Lims CAP. I. Of the veins of the Arme. RAmus subclavius or the branch of the vena cava ascending under the cannell bone when it is come to the arme-pit it is called axillaris and it parteth it selfe in two veins the cephalica and basilica The cephalica in beasts doth wholly spring from the externall jugular but in man it receiveth only a spring from the externall jugular Wherfore in diseases of the head it is not without cause opened It passeth thorow the upper and outward part of the arme to the bending of the elbow where it is divided into two branches of the which one joyning with a branch of the basilica makes the mediana Wherefore the slope branches which usually are opened about the bending of the elbow are only branches of the cephalica and basilica which meeting make the median The other branch of the cephalica marching according to the length of the radius reacheth to the hand thorow which it is spred but chiefly that part which is betweene the ring finger and the little finger There the Salvatella is placed which is to be opened in melancholy diseases The basilica passeth thorow the inner and lower part of the arme accompanied with the artery and nerves About its beginning it maketh the thoracica which having three or foure sprigs and passing under serratus major and the subscapular muscle it is tyed to the upper intercostall and about the spina dorsi is inosculat with the twigs of vena sine pari Basilica about the bending of the elbow is divided into that which is called subcutanea and that which is called profunda Profunda the deeper is annexed to the artery about the bending of the elbow not under Then passing betweene the focils it is carried to the hand by the outer part of the ulna The subcutanea or the shallowest branch neere to the bending of the arme being turned off to the outer part of the ulna by the length of it it is carried to the hand The Modiana passed to the inside of the hand by the middle part of the ulna CAP. II. Of the arteries of it RAmus subclavius so called as that of the vena cava when it is come to the arme-pits it is called axillaris It accompanieth the basilica for there is no cephalicall artery Neere to the arme holes it yeeldeth that artery which is called thoracica from thence being carried to the bending of the arme it is parted into two branches which passe to the inner side of the hand for the outside of the hand hath neither muscles nor artery The one of these resting upon the radius is that which is felt about the wrest