spirits so consequently the continuall nourisher of the vitall heate the first living and last dying which because it must have a naturall motion of it self was made of a dense solide and more compact substance than any other part of the body The flesh thereof is woven with three sorts of fibers for it hath the right in the inner part descending from the basis into the point that they might dilate it and so draw the blood from the hollow veine into the receptacles thereof and the breath or aire from the lungs by the Arteria venosa it hath the transverse without which passe through the right at right angles to contract the Heart and so drive the vitall spirits into the great Artery Aorta and the cholericke blood to the Lungs by the vena arteriosa for their nourishment It hath the oblique in the midst to containe the Aire and blood drawne thither by the forementioned vessels untill they be sufficiently claborate by the heart All these fibers doe their parts by contracting themselues towards their originall as the right from the point of the heart towards the basis whereby it comes to passe that by this contraction of the fibers the heart dilated becomes shorter but broader no otherwise than it is made more long and narrow by the contraction of the transverse but by the drawing of the oblique it is lessened in that part which lookes towards the vertebra's which chiefly appeares in the point thereof It is of an indifferent bignes but yet in some bigger in some lesse according to the diverse temper of Cold or hot men as wee noted in the liver The figure thereof is Pyramidall that is it is broader in the basis and narrower at his round point It is composed of the most dense flesh of all the body by the affusion of blood at the divisions and foldings of the vessels and there concrete as it happens also to the other Entrailes For the blood being there a litle more dryed than that which is concrete for the making of the Liver turnes into a fleshy substance more dense than the common flesh even as in hollow ulcers when they come to a cicatrize It hath the Coronall veines and arteryes which it receives either on the right side from the hollow veine or on the left from the basis at the entranc of the Artery Aorta You cannot by your Eye discerne that the Heart hath any other Nerves than those which come to it with the Pleura Yet I have plainely enough observed others in certaine beasts which have great Hearts as swine they appeared seated under the fat which covers the vessels and basis of the heart lest the humid substance of these parts should be dissolved and dissipated by the burning heat of the Heart Whereby you may perceive that the heat of the heart is different from the Elementary heat as that which suffers fat to grow about this Entraile where otherwise it doth not concrete unlesse by cold or a remisse heat which thing is chiefly worth admiration The Heart is one alone scituate most commonly upon the fourth Vertebra of the Chest which is in the midst of the Chest Yet some thinke that it inclines some-what to the left side because we there feele the motion or beating thereof but that happens by reason of its left ventricle which being it is filled with many spirits and the beginning of the arteryes it beats far more vehemently than the right It required that seat by the decree of Nature because that Region is the most safe and armed and besides it is here on every side covered as it were with the hands of the Lungs It hath connexion with the fore mentioned Vertebra's but by the parts composeing it with those parts from whence it hath them with the Lungs by the Vena arteriosa and the Arteria venosa and lastly with all the parts of the body by the Arteries which it sends to them all It is of a hot and moist temper as every fleshy part is The action thereof is first to prepare the blood in its right ventricle for the fit nourishment of the Lungs for from hence it is that Galen saith this right ventricle was made for the necessity of the lungs Secondly to generate the vitall spirits in its left ventricle for the use of the whole body But this spirit is nothing els than a certaine middle substance between aire and blood fit to preserve and carry the native heat wherefore it is named the vitall as being the author and preserver of life In the inner parts of the heart there present themselves to our consideration the ventricles and the parts contained in the ventricles and between them such are the Valvulae or valves the vessels and their mouthes their distribution into the lungs the wall or partition and the two productions or Eares of the heart which because they are doubtfull whether they may be reckoned amongst the externall or internall parts of the heart I will here handle in the first place Therefore these Auriculae or Eares are of a soft and nervous substance compact of three sorts of fibers that so by their softnesse they might the more easily follow the motions of the heart and so breake the violence of the matters entring the heart with great force when it is dilated For otherwise by their violent and abundant entrance they might hurt the heart and as it were overwhelme and suffocate it but they have that capacity which we see given by nature that so they might as it were keep in store the blood and aire and then by litle and litle draw it forth for the use or necessity of the heart But if any enquire if such matters may be drawne into the heart by the only force of the Diastole ad fugam vacui for avoiding of emptinesse I will answere that that drawing in or attraction is caused by the heat of the heart which continually drawes these matters to it no otherwise than a fire drawes the adjacent Aire and the flame of a candle the tallow which is about the weake for nourishments sake Whilest the heart is dilated it drawes the aire whilest it is drawne togeather or contracted it expells it This motion of the heart is absolutely naturall as the motion of the Lungs is animall Some adde a third cause of the attraction of the heart to wit the similitude of the whole substance But in my judgment this rather takes place in that attraction which is of blood by the venae coronales for the proper nourishment of the heart than in that which is performed for attraction of matters for the benefit of the whole body These eares differ in quantity for the right is far more capacious than the left because it was made to receive a greater aboundance of matter They are two in number on each side one scituate at the Basis of the heart The greater at
the entrance of the hollow veine into the heart the lesse at the entrance of the veinous and of the great Artery with which parts they both have connexion We have formerly declared what use they have that is to break the violence of the matters and besides to bee stayes or props to the Arteria venosa and great Arterye which could not sustaine so rapid and violent a motion as that of the Heart by reason of their tendernesse of substance Of the ventricles of the Heart THe ventricles are in number two on each side one distinguished with a fleshy partition strong enough having many holes in the superficies yet no where pearcing through The right of these ventricles is the bigger and incompassed with the softer and rarer flesh the left is the lesser but is engirt with a threefold more dense and compact flesh for the right ventricle was made for a place to receive the blood brought by the hollow veine and for distributing of it partly by the vena arteriosa into the Lungs for their nourishment partly into the left ventricle by sweating through the wall or partition to yeild matter for the generation of the vitall spirits Therefore because it was needfull there should be so great a quantity of this blood it was likewise fit that there should be a place proportionable to receive that matter And because the blood which was to bee received in the right ventricle was more thicke it was not so needfull that the flesh to containe it should be so compact but on the contrary the arterious blood and vitall spirit have need of a more dense receptacle for feare of wasting and lest they should vanish into aire and also lesse roome that so the heat being united might become the stronger and more powerfully set upon the elaboration of the blood and spirits Therefore the right ventricle of the heart is made for the preparation of the blood appointed for the nourishment of the Lungs and the generation of the vitall spirits as the lungs are made for the mitification or quallifying of the Aire Which works were necessary if the Physicall Axiome bee true That like is nourished by like as the rare and spongious lungs with more subtle blood the substance of the heart grosse and dense with the veinous blood as it flowes from the Liver that is grosse And it hath its Cororall veines from the Hollow veine that it might thence drawe as much as should be sufficient But the left ventricle is for the perfecting of the vitall spirit and the preservation of the native heat Of the Orifices and Valves of the Heart THere be foure Orifices of the heart two in the right as many in the left ventricle the greater of the two former gives passage to the veine or the blood carried by the hollow veine to the heart the lesser opens a passage to the vena arteriosa or the cholerick blood carryed in it for the nourishment of the lungs The larger of the two other makes a way for the distribution of the Artery Aorta and the vitall spirit through all the body but the lesser gives egresse and regresse to the Arteria venosa or to the aire and fuliginous vapours And because it was convenient that the matters should bee admitted into their proper ventricles by these orifices by the Diastole to wit into the right ventricle by the greater orifice and into the left by the lesser and because on the contrary it was fit that the matters should be expelled by the systole from their ventricles by the fore-mentioned orifices Therefore nature to all these orifices hath put cleaven valves that is to say sixe in the right ventricle that there might bee three to each orifice five in the left that the greater orifice might have three and the lesser two for the reason we will presently give These valves differ many wayes first in action for some of them carry in matter to the heart others hinder that which is gone out that it come not back againe Secondly they differ in site for those which bring in have membranes without looking in those which carry out have them within looking out Thirdly in figures for those which carry in have a pyramidall figure but those which hinder the comming back againe are made in the shape of the Roman letter C. Fourthly in substance for the former for the most part are fleshy or woven with fleshy fibers into certaine fleshy knots ending towards the point of the heart The latter are wholy membranous Fiftly they differ in number for therebe only five which bring in three in the right ventricle at the greater orifice and two in the left at the lesser orifice those which prohibite the comming back are sixe in each ventricle three at each orifice Lastly they differ in motion for the fleshy ones are opened in the Diastole for the bringing in of blood and spirit and contrary wise are shut in the systole that they may containe all or the greater part of that they brought in The membranous on the contrary are opened in the systole to give passage forth to the blood and spirits over all the body but shut in the Diastole that that which is excluded might not flow backe into the Heart But you shall observe that nature hath placed onely two valves at the Orifice of the Arteria Venosa because it was needfull that this Orifice should bee alwayes open either wholy or certainely a third parte thereof that the Aire might continually be drawne into the heart by this orifice in inspiration and sent forth by exspiration in the contraction of the heart Whereby we may gather this that there is but one third part of that Aire we draw into the heart in breathing sent forth againe in the forme of vapour in exspiration because nature would have but one third part of the orifice to ly open for its passage out Therefore the exspiration or breathing out and the systole of the heart and arteryes is shorter than the inspiration so that we may truely say that the inspiration or drawing the breath in is equally so long as the exspiration is together with the rest which is in the middest between the two motions CHAP. XII Of the Distribution of the Vena arteriosa and the Arteria venosa HAving hitherto shewed the originall of each of the vessels of the Heart we must now speake of their distribution The Vena arteriosa or the arterious veine and the arteria venosa or the veinous arterie each proceeding out of his proper ventricle that is the right and left are divided into two large branches one of which goes to the right and the other to the left hand the one lying crosse wayes over the other the veine alwaies riding over the arterye as you may understand better by the sight of your eyes than by reading of bookes These branches at their
Number Site Their substance Magnitudeand figure Composition The Coaâ— Erythrâ—is The Epididymis or Darteâ— The Cremaster muscles Temper Action Their substance Here the Author speakes otherwise then Galen Action Their quantity figure and composure Their temper and number Vasa ejaculatoria the ejaculatory or leading vessels Their number and action This Caruncle must be observed and distinguished from a Hypersarcosis or fleshy excrescence The Prostatae Their quantity and figurâ— Number and site An anatomicall axiome Their use Roud in method med ad morbos The substance magnitude figure and composure of the vreters Number and site Connexion Temper and use The substance Figure Composition Temper use or action Their sphincter of the bladder The necke of the bladder The connexion and use thereof The substance quantity and figure of the yarde Composure The ligaments The muscles Their Action The Nut. The Praeputium or foreskin In what the sperematicke vessels in weomen differ from those in men Why they are larger but shorter then mens In what their testicles differ from mens Lib. 14. de usu part Site Connexion Temper Their ejaculatory vessels Why they have more intricate windings Their fite Wherein the privy parts in weomen differ from those in men The substance and magnitude of the wombe Figure The hornes of the wombe Composure The veines and Arteryes Nerves The Coats No cels in the wombe The site The temper and action The Cotyledones Columbus justly reproved The orifice of the wombe The proper orifice of the wombe is not alwayes exactly shut in women with child The necke of the wombe It s magnitude Composition Number and site Temper No Hymen From whence the blood proceeds that breaks forth in some virgins in the first coition Alae 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Cleitoris tentige Their substance magnitude figure and composure Their number He shewes by three severall reasons that there is no Allantoides Their temper and use What the navell is Their Navell is the Center of the body The figure and composure Lib. de format fatus in uterâ— There is onely one veine in a childs navill but no Vrachus The conteining parts of the Chest Why nature hath made the Chest partly bony partly griâ—tâ—ely The number of the bones of the Sternon Cartilago scutiformis the brest-blade What a Gristle is The differences thereof Their two fold use The division of the chest into its parts Their substance Magnitude Figure Composure Which glandules have nerves and which have none Their Connexion How the brests and wombe communicate each with other Their temper * Recrudescere Their action and use The Nipples What a Bone is A double sense Lib. 1. de Locis affectis Why the bones have such small veine Whence the difference of bones may be taken The Clavicles or collar bones Lib. 13. da 〈◊〉 part Cap. 11. The Ribs Their consistance What the membrane investing the Ribs is It s originall Whether as there is a two-fold pleurisie so also a double Pleura The Magnitude and figure The substance and magnitude The figure The use What the midreffe is It s substance composition c. Connexion Quantity Action Why the Diaphragma was called Phrenes Their substance quantity The Lobes thereof Figure Composition The sticking of the lungs to the Ribs Their nourishment Why the lungs are light The use of Respiration or breathing Whence it hath its matter Number and connexion Vse From whence the matter of the watery humor conteined in the Pericardium The Consistence What the heart is and of what substance The three sorts of fibers of the Hearâ— The magnitude Figure Composition The proper vessels The Nerves Number and site Connexion Temper and action What the vitall spirit is The Auriculae Cordis or eares of the heart Their magnitude and numbers Their 〈◊〉 The partitiâ—… betweene the ventricules of the Heart Why the right ventricule is more capacious and lesse compact Why the right ventricle is more capaciout and lesse compact The action of the right ventricle The action of the left ventricle The uses of the foure orifices of the Heart The valves How they differ Action Site Figure Substance Number Motion Why there be onely two valves at the Arteria venosa The Artery alwayes lyes under the veine A twofold reason why the veine was made Arterious or like are Artery Why the Artery was made like a veine By what way blood may passe out of the right into the left ventricle The veine called the nurse of the Arteries Fallop initio obser Arteriarum Gal. lib. 15 de â—su part cap. 6. Gal. lib. de form saetut The greater descondent branch of the hollow veine The upper branch of the hollow veine is the lesse Venae phrenicae Coronales Vena Arteriosa Vena Azygos or sine part This Azygos sometimes two How the matter of a pleurisie may be evacuated by vrine Interrestalis Mammaria Cervicalis Musculosa In what place cupping glasses may be fitly applyed in a bastard Pleurisie Axillaris Humeralis Iugularis interna et externa Into what parts the Iugularis interna goes Into what parts the Iugularis externa goes Where the external Iugular veine may be fitly opened in inflammations of the parts of the mouth Vena recta Vena pupis Three paire of nerves of the sixt conjugation Ramus Costalis Recurrens An anatomical Axiome Why nature would have the vocall nerves recurrent Ramus stomachicus The left branch of the ascendant artery is lesse then the right The distribution of the left subclavian artery into the 1 Intercostalis 2 Mammaria 3. Cervicalis 4 Musculosa 5 Humoraria duplex 6 Theracica duplex The distribution of the right subclavian Artery The Carotides or sleepy arteries Their division The distribution of the internall branch of the sleepy arteries To what parts the externall branch of the sleepy artery arrives What the Thymus is The use The magnitude The substance Composure Why the back part of the weazon is ligamentous Why the fore-part is gristlely The number and site The division of the weazon through the Lobes of the Lungs The temper and action The substance Attractive force thereof The composure The magnitude The figure Site Temper and action Why we cannot sup and blow at one time What the head is Why seated in the highest place The figure The division thereof The â—…ining parts of the head The parts conteined What the haire is The use thereof What the hairy scalpe is It s connexion * Our Author with Fallopius and Laurentius confoundes the pericranium and periâ—stium but Vesalius Bauhinus and Bartheolinus distinguish them making the pericranium thin and soft and the periostium most thin and nervous and of most exquisite sense Why the wounds thereof must not be neglected The Pericranium and periostium of the same nature Whence all the membranes proceed Why when any membranous part is hurt in any part of the body the head is affected by consent The use of the Pericranium Their use and number Some sculls want Sutures Cels lib.
entrance of the lungs are divided into two other large branches and each of them goe to his peculiar Lobe of the lungs and these againe runne almost into infinite other branches dispersed in three places over the Lungs These vessels have acquired their names by reason of that transmutation of consistence whereby the composure of a veine degenerates into an arterye and that of an arterye into a veine for the commodity of life For this is a miracle of prudent nature to change the coats of the vessels of the lungs producing a veine which in its body should imitate an arterye and an arterye which should represent a veine For if the vena arteriosae should have retained its proper consistence the arterious blood which is carried by it from the heart to nourish the lungs might by reason of its subtility penetrate through and flow away by reason of the rarity of the veinous texture and so nature should never have attained her conceived end that is to nourish the Lungs by reason of the continuall motion of their contraction and dilatation For nourishment cannot be assimulated to the part unlesse it be put and cleave to it Wherefor it was fit that nature should make the body of this veine solid that it might be immoveable unshaken and stubborne in respect of a veine which by its softnesse would have been too obsequious and yeilding to the agitation of the Lungs that so it might have nourishment which might be diffused into all parts thereof and which might neither bee drawne by its Diastole nor driven back into the heart by its systole But the arterye hath the consistence of a veine that by that veinous softnesse according to the necessity of nature it might be the more readily contracted and dilated to bring the Aire in and carry the vapours forth of the heart Here wee meet with a difficulty which is by what way the blood is carried out of the right into the left ventricle of the heart Galen thinkes that there be certaine holes in the partition made for that purpose and verily there are such but they are not perforated Wherefore Columbus hath found out a new way which is that the blood is carried to the lungs by the vena arteriosa and there attenuated and carried from thence together with the aire by the Arteria venosa to the left ventricle of the heart this he writes truely very probablely Botallus in his treatise De Catarrho hath found out a third way to wit a veine which he calls Arteriarum nutrix that is The nurse of the Arteryes which creepes a litle above the Coronall to the right eare of the Heart and then goes into the left eare thereof But yet I am very much afraid that this veine observed by Botallus is that vessell observed by Fallopius whereby the Vena arterialis is joined to the Aorta by which all the vitall blood is carryed for the forming and nourishment of the lungs whilest the infant is yet in the wombe Of which also Galen makes mention but it had laine hid from his time to this day but that Fallopius raised up the memory of it againe CHAP. XIII The distribution of the ascendent Hollow veine THe Hollow veine riseing out of the gibbous part of the Liver and resembling according to Galen the body of a tree is divided into two notable branches but not of a like bignes For the greater by the hind part of the Liver upon the back bone and by the way receives certaine other branches from the substance of the Liver which entred not into the great trunck with the rest You may often see this descendent branch even to the backe bone upon which it lyes in this its descent covered with the substance of the liver so that it may seeme that branch proceeds not from that common trunck together with the ascendant although indeed it alwayes doth But the lesser branch ascends to the upper parts and is distributed after this manner following For first ariseing into the midriffe it bestowes two small veines upon it on each side one which from that part are called Phrenicae But from thence when it arrives at the right Eare of the Heart it makes the Coronales the Coronall or Crowne veines which compasse the basis of the heart in manner of a Crowne Thirdly entring somewhat more deeply into its right Eare in its greater part it produces the vena arteriosa Fourthly lifted up above the heart on the right side it produces the veine Azygos or sine pari that is without a fellow which descending to the fourth rib reckoning from above downewards nourisheth the intercostall muscles and also the membranes of the 8 lower ribs on both sides sending a branch into each of the muscles at the lower part of the rib which may bee sufficient for their nourishment Besides also oftentimes especially in little men this veine Azygos nourishes all the spaces between all the ribs by the like branches which it sends in the same manner to the foure upper ribs Moreover also this Azygos sometimes though but seldome is found double that is on each side one Here you must chiefly observe that this veine after it hath nourished the spaces between the lower ribs in its remainder descends under the Diaphragma and is joined on the left side to the Emulgent vein by which it is manifest how an Abscesse may be critically evacuated by the urine in a pleurisye But this same Azygos is more depressed on the right side and meets with the Venae lumbares but especially with one of them which goes downe to the thigh whereby Fallopius gathers that it is very convenient in the beginnings of Pleurisyes to open the vena poplitis the veine of the Ham. Fifthly above the Azygos when it is wanting there it sends forth the branch called Intercostalis to the other spaces between the upper ribs although this is sometimes seene to come from the Axillares which Sylvius calls the subclaviae Sixtly it brings forth the Mammariae so called because in their greater part they run to the dugs between the fourth and fifth ribs for the uses formerly mentioned men and women have on each side one of these comming from the Subclaviae They are sometimes found to proceed by a certaine common orifice from the hollow veine before it be divided into the Subclavian branches but it is rather in beasts than in men these veines descending by the sides of the sternon yeild nourishment to the 2 inner muscles of the chest to the 7 intercostall muscles of the true ribs to the sternon it selfe and to its ligaments and gristles as also to the Mediastinum and the upper part of the right muscles and the adjacent parts Seaventhly it produces the Cervicalis which on both sides through the holes of the productions of the Vertebra's of the necke ascends to the head sending many
next to the first passing entire forth of the skull imparts some small branches to certaine muscles of the neck and throttle and then descending into the chest it makes the recurrent nerves and dispersed over all the parts of the two lower bellyes it passes even to the bladder and testicles as wee shewed in the former booke The seventh is inserted and spent upon the muscles of the bone Hyois the tongue and some of the throtle to give them motion it passes forth of the skull by the hole of the nowle bone at the extuberancies thereof CHAP. IX Of the Rete Mirabile or wonderfull Net and of the Wedge-bone THe Animall spirit is made of the vitall sent from the heart by the internall sleepy Arteryes to the braine For it was requisite that it should be the more elaborate because the action of the Animall is more excellent than that of the vitall nature hath framed a texture of Arteryes in many places running crosse one another in the forme of a Net diverse times doubled whereupon it had the name of the wonderfull Net that so the spirit by longer delay in these Labyrinthean or maze-like turnings might be more perfectly concocted and elaborate and attaine to a greater fitnesse to performe the Animall functions This wonderfull Net scituate at the sides of the Apophyses clinoides or productions of the wedgebone is twofold that is divided by the pituitary Glandule which is scituate betweene the said Apophyses Clinoides having the wedgebone lying under them next to the Crassa Meninx being perforated on the right and left side next to which lye bones as rare as a sponge even to the Pallate by which the Phlegme is purged by the mouth and nose and therehence I thinke that spattle flowes which such as have a moist braine continually spit out of their mouth The Eight figure of the braine A The Braine B The Cerebellum or after braine C A processe of the brain but not that which is called Mammillaris D D The marrow of the backe as it is yet within the skul E The Mammillary processe or instrument of smelling F The opticke nerve G The coate of the eye into which the opticke nerve is spread H The nerve that moveth the eye or the second payre I The third conjugation or the harder and lesser branch of the nerves of the third conjugation brought forward K The fourth conjugation or the greater and thicker nerve of the third payre bending downward L A branch of the nerve marked with I which goeth to the fore-head M Another branch of the nerve I reaching to the upper jaw NN A nerve proceeding from the branch I intexed or woven with the coat of the nose O The nerve of the temporall muscle issuing from the branch I. P A nerve contorted of the nerves K and b. Q A nerve proceeding from the branch K to the sockets of the upper teeth R A nerve creeping from the nerve K to the lower jaw S. A surcle of the branch R offered to the lower lip TT Other surcles from the branch R attaining to the lower teeth VV A branch of the nerve K diffused into the coate of the tongue X X The fourth paire of sinews which goe into the coat of the pallat Y The fifth paire of sinews which are the nerves of hearing a the membrane of the eare unto which that fifth nerve goeth b c two small branches of the fifth conjugation uniting themselves with the nerve P. à the eight conjugation or a nerve of the fifth paire attaining unto the face ee the sixt paire of nerves f A branch from the nerve e reaching to the muscles of the neck g Small branches derived unto the throttle or larynx h the byfurcation of the nerve into two branches iii An inner branch hanging to the rackbones and strengthning the intercostall nerves and is therefore called Intercostalis kk Surcles of the utter branch going to the heads of the muscles to the breast-bone and to the coller-bones l m branches of the right nerve l making the right Recurrent nerve m n the insertion of the recurrent sinews into the muscles of the larinx o p branches of the left nerve making the left recurrent sinew p. qq branches from the sixt conjugation going to the coate of the lungs r small nerves of the heart and of the purse thereof called the Pericardium as also some approaching to the coats of the lungs s nerves on either side sent to the stomack t the right stomacke nerve going to the left orifice of the stomack u u the left stomack nerve going to the right orifice of the stomack x a nerve from the branch u passing into the hollownes of the liver y the nerve belonging to the right side of the kell z the nerve belonging to the collick gut α a nerve creeping to the gut called duodenum and the beginning of the ieiunum or empty gut β a nerve implanted in the right side of the bottome of the stomacke γ a nerve belonging to the liver and bladder of gall δ a nerve reaching unto the right kidney 〈◊〉 a branch reaching the Mesenterium and the guts ζ a branch sprinkled to the right part of the bladder η a branch going through the left part of the kel θα surcles derived to the collick gut and the kel χ small branches inserted into the spleen λλ a nerve approaching to the left side of the bottome of the stomack μ a branch belonging to the left side of the Mesentery and the guts ν a branch which attaineth to the left kidney ξ small nerves creeping through the left side of the bladder o the seven paire of finewes 〈◊〉 a branch derived from the sixt coniugation to the muscles which arise from the processe called Styloides 〈◊〉 a branch of the seaventh coniugation which goeth to the muscles of the tongue of the bone hyois and of the throtle or larinx 〈◊〉 A coniunction or coition of the 6. and 7. paire into one nerve These Apophyses clinoides are certaine productions of the Osbasilare or wedge-bone called the Saddle thereof between which as I said the pituitary glandule lies with part of the wonderfull net There is a great controversie amongst Anatomists concerning this part for Vesalius denies that it is in man Columbus admits it yet hee seemes to confound it with the Plexia Choroides Truely I have observed it alwayes after the manner as Sylvius alledges against Vesalius It remaines that we recite the perforations of the skull because the knowledge of these much conduces to the understanding of the insertions of the veines arteryes and nerves CHAP. X. Of the holes of the inner Basis of the Scull IN the first place are reckoned the holes of the bone Ethmoides then those of the optick nerves thirdly of the nerves moving the eyes Fourthly of that portion of the nerves of the fourth conjugation which goe to the temporall muscles Fifthly are reckoned these holes scarse visible
the three first those which they call the Extremities neither doe they teach to what rancke of the three prime parts each extremitie should be reduced From whence many difficulties happen in reading the writings of Anatomists for shunning whereof we will prosecute as wee have said that distinction of mans body which we have touched before Wherefore as wee said before mans body is devided into three principall and generall parts Animall Vitall and Naturall By the Animall parts wee understand not onely the parts pertaining to the head which are bounded with the crowne of the head the coller-bones and the first Vertebra of the breast but also the extremities because they are organs and instruments of the motive facultie 〈…〉 seemes to have confirmed the same where hee writes Those who have a thicke and great head have also great bones nerves and limbs And in another place hâ—â—â—aith those who have great heads and when they stoope shew a long necke such have all their parts large but chiefly the animal Not for that Hippocrates would therefore have the head the beginning and cause of the magnitude and greatnesse of the bones and the rest of the members but that he might shew the equallity and private-â—are or government of nature being most just and exact in the fabricke of mans body as if she hath well framed the head it should not be unlike that shee idlely or careleâ—…y neglected the other parts which are lesse seene I thought good to dilate this passage least any might abuse that authoritie of Hippocrates and gather from thence that not onely the bones membranes ligaments gristles and all the other animall parts but also the veines and arteries depend on the head as the originall But if any observe this our distinction of the parts of the body he will understand wee have a farre other meaning By the vitall parts we understand onely the heart arteries lungs winde-pipe and other particles annexed to these But by the naturall wee would have all those parts understood which are contained in the whole compasse of the Peritonaeum or Rim of the body and the processes of the Erythroides the second coate of the Testicles For as much as belongs to all the other parts which we call containing they must be reckoned in the number of the animall which notwithstanding we must thus devide into principall sensitive and motive and againe each of these in the manner following For first the principall is devided into the imaginative which is the first and upper part of the braine with its two ventricles and other annexed particles into the reasoning which is a part of the braine lying under the former and as it were the toppe thereof with its third ventricle Into the memorative which is the cerebellâ—… or afterbraine with a ventricle hollowed in its substance Secondly the sensitive is parted into the visive which is in the eyes the auditive in the eares the smelling in the nose the tasting in the tongue and palate the tactive or touching which is in the body but most exquisite in the skinne which invests the palmes of the hands Thirdly the motive is devided into the progressive which intimates the legges and the comprehensive which intimates the hands Lastly into simply motive which are three parts called bellies for the greatest part terminating and containing for the vitall the instrument of the faculty of the heart and dilatation of the arteries are the direct or streight fibers but of the constrictive the transverse but the three kinds of fibers together of the pulsificke or if you please you may devide them into parts serving for respiration as are the lungs and weazon and parts serving for vitall motion as are the heart and arteries furnished with these fibers which we formerly mentioned The devision of the naturall parts remaines which is into the nourishing auctive and generative which againe are distributed into attractive universall and particular retentive concoctive distributive assimulative expulsive The attractive as the gullet and upper orifice of the ventricule the retentive as the Pylorus or lower passage of the stomacke the concoctive as the body of the ventricle or its inner coate the distributive as the three small guts the expulsive as the three great guts we may say the same of the liver for that drawes by the mesaraicke and gate veines retaines by the narrow orifices of the veines dispersed through the substance thereof it concocts by its proper flesh distributes by the hollow veine expels by the spleene bladder of the gall and kidneies We also see the parts in the testicles devided into as many functions for they draw by the preparing vessels retaine by the varieous crooked passages in the same vessels they concoct the seed by the power of their proper substance and facultie they distribute by the ejaculatorie at the glandules called Prostata and the hornes of the wombe supplying the place of prostates Lastly they expell or cast forth by the prostates hornes and adjoyning parts For as much as belongs to the particular attraction retention concoction distribution assimulation of each part that depends of the particular temper and as they terme it occulte propertie of each similar and simple part Neither doe these particular actions differ from the universall but that the generall are performed by the assistance of the three sorts of fibers but the speciall by the severall occult propertie of their flesh arising from their temperature which we may call a specificke propertie Now in the composition of mans body nature principally aimes at three things The first is to create parts necessary for life as are the heart braine and liver The second to bring forth other for the better and more commodious living as the eyes nose eares armes and hands The third is for the propagation and renewing the species or kind as the privie parts testicles and wombe And this is my opinion of the true distinction of mans body furnished with so many parts for the performance of so many faculties which you if you please may approve of and follow If not you may follow the common and vulgar which is into three bellies or capacities the upper middle lower that is the head breast and lower belly and the limbs or joints In which by the head we doe not understand all the Animall parts but onely those which are from the crowne of the head to the first vertebra of the necke or to the first of the backe if according to the opinion of Galen Lib. de ossibus where he makes mention of Enarthrosis and Arthrodia we reckon the necke amongst the parts of the head By the brest whatsoever is contained from the coller bones to the ends of the true and bastard or short ribbs and the midriffe By the lower belly the rest of the trunke of the body from the ends of the ribbs to the share-bones by the limbs we understand the armes and legges We will follow
little men who have a shorter Chest because the Heart is so neere as to touch the Diaphragma this Lobe is not seene yet it is alwayes found in Dogges The Lungs represent the figure or shape of an Oxes foot or hoof for like it they are thicker in their basis but slenderer in their circumference as you may see in blowing them up by the weazon with your mouth or a paire of bellowes They are compounded of a coate comming from the Pleura which on each side receives sufficient number of nerves from the sixth conjugation and also of the Vena arteriosa comming from the right ventricle of the heart and the Arteria venosa from the left as shall be shewed in the Anatomy of the heart besides the Aspera arteria or Weazon coming from the throat and lastly its owne flesh which is nothing else than the concretion of cholerick blood poured out like foame about the divisions of the fore-said vessels as we have said of other parts The body of the Lungs is one in number unlesse you will divide it into two by reason of the variety of its site because the Lobes of the Lungs stretched forth into the right left side doe almost involve all the heart that so they may defend it against the hardnes of the bones which are about it they are tyed to the heart cheifly at its basis but to the roots of the ribs and their vertebra's by the coat it hath from thence but by the vessels to these parts from whence they proceed But oft times presently from the first and naturall conformation they are bound to the circumference of the ribs by certaine thin membranous productions which descend from thence to the Lungs otherwaies they are tyed toe the ribs by the Pleura The nourishment of the Lungs is unlike to the nourishment of other parts of the body for you cannot find a part equally rare light and full of aire which may be nourished with blood equally thin and vaporous In temper they incline more to heat than to cold whether you have regard to their composure of cholerick blood or their use which is to prepare and alter the aire that it hurt not the heart by its coldnes The Lungs is the instrument of voice and breathing by the Weazon or windpipe For the Lobes are the instruments of voice and the ligaments of respiration But the Larinx or Throtle is the chiefe instrument of the voice for the Weazon first prepares the voice for the Throtle in which it being in some measure formed is perfected in the Pallate of the mouth as in the upper part of a lute or such like instrument by the help of the Gargareon or uvula as a certaine quill to play withall But as long as one holds his breath he cannot speak for then the muscles of the Larinx Ribs the Diaphragma and the Epigastrick muscles are pressed downe whence proceeds a suppression of the vocall matter which must be sent forth in making or uttering a voice Nature would have the Lungs light for many reasons the first is that seeing they are of themselves immoveable they might be more obsequious and ready to follow the motion of the chest for when it is straitened the Lungs are straitened and subside with it and when it is dilated they also are dilated and swell so big that they almost fill up all the upper capacity thereof Another cause is that by this their rarity they might more easily admit the entring Aire at such times as they have much or suddaine necessity as in running a race And lastly that in Pleurisies and other purnient abscesses of the Chest the Pus or matter poured forth into the capacity of the Chest may be suckt in by the rare substance of the Lungs and by that meanes the sooner sent forth and expectorated The use of respiration is to coole and temper the rageing heat of the Heart For it is cooled in drawing in the breath by the coole aire and in sending out thereof by avoiding the hot fuliginous vapour Therefore the Chest performes two contrary motions for whilest it is dilated it drawes in the encompassing aire and when it is depressed it expels the fuliginous vapour of the Heart which any one may easily perceive by the example of a paire of Smithes bellowes CHAP. X. Of the Pericardium or purse of the Heart THe Pericardium is as it were the house of the Heart which ariseing at the basis thereof either the ligaments of the vertebra's situate there or els the vessels of the heart yeilding it matter is of a nervous thick and dense substance without any fibers It retaines the figure of the Heart and leaves an empty space for the heart to performe its proper motions Wherefore the bignes of the Pericardium exceeds that of the heart It consists of a double coate one proper of which wee have spoken another common coming from the pleura and also of veines arteries and nerves the vessels partly comming from the mamillary partly from the Diaphragma chiefly there where it touches it the nerves come on each side from the sixt conjugation It is onely one placed about the heart and annexed to it at the Basis thereof by its membranes to the originall of the Lungs and the vertebra's lying under them and by the vessels to the parts from whence it received them It is of a cold and dry temper as every membrane is The use thereof is to cover the heart and preserve it in its native humidity by a certaine naturall moysture contained in it unles you had rather say that the moisture we see contained in the Pericardium is generated in it after death by the condenfation and concretion of the spirits Although this seemes not very likely because it growes and is heaped up in so great quantity in liveing bodyes that it hinders the motion of the heart and causes such palpitation or violent beating thereof that it often suffocates a man For this Palpitation happens also to hearty and stout men whose harts are hot but blood thin and waterish by reason of some infirmity of the stomack or Liver and this humour may be generated of vapours which on every side exhale into the pericardium from the blood boileing in the ventricules of the heart where kept in by the density thereof they turne into yellowish moisture as we see it happens in an Alembeck Nature would have the pericardium of a dense and hard consistence that by the force thereof the heart might bee kept in better state for if the Pericardium had beene bony it would have made the heart like iron by the continuall attrition on the contrary if it had beene soft and fungous it would have made it spongy and soft like the Lungs CHAP. XXX Of the Heart THe Heart the chiefe mansion of the Soule the organe of the vitall faculty the beginning of life the fountaine of the vitall
the reduplication of the Dura mater deviding the fore-part of the braine that so joined and united they may make the torcular the third ascendent is distributed upon the backe part and basis of the lower jaw to the lippes the sides of the nose and the muscles thereof and in like manner to the greater corner of the eyes to the forehead and other parts of the face and at length by meeting together of many branches it makes in the forehead the veine which is called vena recta or vena frontis that is the forehead veine The fourth ascending by the glandules behind the eares after it hath sent forth many branches to them is divided into two others one whereof passing before and the other behind the eare are at length spent in the skinne of the head The fifth and last wandring over all the lower part of the head going to the backe part thereof makes the vena pupis which extended the length of the head by the sagitall suture at the length goeth so farre that it meets with the vena frontis which meeting is the cause that a veine opened in the forehead is good in griefes of the hinder parts of the head and so on the contrary But wee must observe that in the Cranium of some the vena pupis by one or more manifest passages sends some portion thereof to the inner part of the head so that the vena pupis being opened may make revulsion of the matter which causeth the internall paines of the head CHAP. XIIII The distribution of the nerves or sinewes of the sixth coniugation BEcause the Distribution of the arteries cannot be well shewed unlesse wee violate those nerves which are carried over the Chest therefore before we shew the distribution of the arteries we will as briefely as we can prosecute the distribution of these nerves Now the sixth conjugation brings forth three paire of nerves for passing out of the skull as it comes downe to the Chest it by the way sends forth some branches to certaine muscles of the necke and to the three ascendant muscles of the Larinx on each side of the Sternon and upon the clavicles Then the remainder descending into the Chest is divided on each side into these three paire The first paire makes the Ramus costalis The second the Ramus recurrens The third paire the Ramus stomachicus The Ramus costalis or costall branch is so called because descending by the roots of the ribs even to the holy bone and joyning themselves to these which proceede from each of the Vertebra's of the spine they are carried to all the naturall parts The Recurrens or recurrent is also called because as it were starting up from the chest it runs upwards againe but these two Recurrent nerves doe not run backe from the same place but the right from below the artery called by some the axillarie by others Subclavian and the left from beneath the great artery descending to the naturall parts But each of them on each side ascending along by the weazon even to the Larinx and then they infinuate themselves by the wings of the Cartilago scutiformis and Thyroydes into the proper muscles which open and shut the Larinx By how much the nerves are nearer the originall to wit the braine or spinall marrow they are by so much the softer On the contrary by how much they are further absent from their originall they are so much the harder and stronger which is the reason that Nature would have these recurrent nerves to runne backe againe upwards that so they might be the stronger to performe the motions of the muscles of the Larinx But the Stomachicus or stomacke-branch is so called because it descends to the stomacke or ventricle For this branch descending on both sides by the sides of the gullet sends many branches from it into the inner substance of the lungs into the coate thereof into the Pericardium and heart and then comming into the upper orifice of the stomacke it is spent in many branches which folded after divers manners and wayes chiefely makes that mouth or stomacke which is the seate of the Animall apetite as they terme it and hunger and the judger of things convenient or hurtfull for the stomacke But from thence they are diversely disseminated over all the body of the ventricle Moreover the same branch sends forth some small branches to the liver and bladder of the gall giving each part by the way so much sense as should be sufficiently necessary for it Here you must note the stomacke branch descends on each side one knit to the gullet and by the way they divide themselves into two branches each of which goes to the opposite side that it may there joine itselfe to the nerve of that side To which purpose the right is carried above the gullet the left below it so that these two stomaticke become foure and againe these foure presently become two CHAP. XV. The division of the Arteries THe Artery arising forth of the left ventricle of the heart is presently the two Coronall arteries being first spred over the substance of the heart divided into two unequall branches The greater whereof descends to the lower parts being distributed as we formerly mentioned in the third Booke and 22. Chapter The lesser ascending to the upper parts is againe divided into two other unequall branches the lesser of which ascending towards the left side sends forth no artery from it untill it arive at the first rib of the Chest where it produces the subclavian artery which is distributed after the manner following First it produces the intercostall and by it imparts life to the three intercostall muscles of the foure upper ribs and to the neighbouring places Secondly it brings forth the Mammillary branch which is distributed as the Mammillary veine is Thirdly the Cervicalis which ascends along the necke by the transverse productions to the Dura mater being distributed as the vena cervicalis is Fourthly passing out of the Chest from the backe part of the Chest it sends forth the musculosa whereby it gives life to the hinde muscles of the necke even to the backe part of the head Fiftly having wholy left the Chest it sends forth the two Humerariae or shoulder arteries the one whereof goes to the muscles of the hollow part of the shoulder blade the other to the joint of the arme and the muscles situate there and the gibbous part of the shoulder blade Sixthly and lastly it produces the Thoracica which also is two fold for the one goes to the fore muscles of the Chest the other to the Latssimus as we said of the veine the remnant of it makes the Axillaris of that side The other greater branch likewise ascending by the right side even to the first ribbe of the Chest makes also the subclavian of that side which besides those
of the crural artery Σ the upper backer Tibiaea Πφ the lower and backer Tibiaea running unto the upper side of the foote at φ. ψ A propagation of the crurall artery going to the inner and upper side of the foote and sprinkling a branch unto the ankle Ω A propagation unto the lower part of the foote which affordeth surcles to each toe But we must note that there be more veines in a mans body than arteries and besides that the veines are farre thicker For there is no need for preserving the native heat in the parts themselves either of so many or so large instruments of that kinde Therefore you may often finde veines without arteries but never arteries without veines But we understand that an artery is a companion to a vein not only when it touches it or adheres to it by common membranes as usually it happens but also when it is appointed together with the veine for the use of the same part CHAP. XVI Of the Thymus THe Thymus is a glandule of a soft rare and spongeous substance of large bignesse situate in the furthest and highest part of the Chest amongst the divisions of the subclavian or Iugular veines and arteries as yet contained in the Chest for this use that it might serve these vessels for a defence against the bony hardnesse of the Chest and besides that as it were by this prop or stay the distributions of these vessels might become the stronger for so we see that nature hath provided for others especially such as are the more noble and worthy This glandule appeares very large in beasts and young men but in such as have attained to full growth it is much lesse and scarse to be seene CHAP. XVII Of the Aspera Arteria the rough Arterie or Weazon THe Aspera Arteria or Weazon seeing it is the instrument of voice and respiration is of a gristly ligamentous and wholy various substance For if it had beene one rough and continued body with the Larinx or throttle it could be neither dilated nor compressed opened nor shut neither could it order the voice according to our desire It is composed of veines from the internall Iugular of arteries arising from the Carotides and of nerves proceeding from the Recurrent branch of a double membrane of which the externall comes from the Peritonaeum the internall which is the stronger and woven with right fibers from the inner coate of the mouth the which is common with the inner coate of the oesophagus or gullet And also it consists of round gristles yet not drawne into a perfect circle composed in manner of a channell and mutually joined together in order by the ligaments that proceede from their sides and ends These same ligaments perfect the remnant of the circle of this Aspera Arteriae on that part next the gullet which is thought to be done to this end that that softnesse of a ligament might then give place when wee swallow harder and greater gobbets of meate Of the two sorts of ligaments which are annexed to the gristles of the weazon some tie and fasten together the rings or circles which give meanes both to it and these circles to be drawne out in length othersome bring these gristles into a perfect circle which also yeeld them meanes of dilatation These ligaments cover the inner superficies but the gristles are placed without to resist the incursion of externall injuries But wee must note that by this communion of the inner coates of the weazon and gullet wee reape this benefit in the commodiousnesse of the action that one of these parts being depressed the other is lifted up like a rope running in a wheele or pully For thus whilest the gullet is deprest to swallow any thing the weazon is lifted up and on the contrary when the stomacke rises up in vomiting the weazon is deprest It is onely one and that seated betweene the Larinx from which it takes its beginning and the lunges in which it ends first dividing it selfe into two large branches the right and the left and besides each of these entring into the substance of the lungs is againe divided into two others to each of the Lobes one and to conclude these be subdivided into infinite others through the substance of the Lobes All these branches are gristlely even to the ends They are situate betweene the ends of the Arteria venosa and the Vena arteriosa that the entrance of the aire into the heart by the arteria venosa might be speedier as also the passage out of the vapour by the vena arteriosa Thus it hath connexion with these in the ends or utmost parts thereof but by the other parts compassing it with the members from whence it takes them The temperament thereof is cold and drie The action is to carry the aire to and vapours from the lungs that by dilating but this by pressing the gristles together The Figure of the Aspera Arteria or Weazon A. The orifice of the great artery cut from the heart aa the coronall arteries of the heart B. C. D. the division of the great artery into two trunkes the descending C. the ascending D. E. the left axillarie or subclavian arterie F. the right axillarie or subclavian artery G. the right Carotis or sleepie artery H. the left Carotis I. the trunke of the rough artery or weazon K. L. The division of the rough artery into two branches of which the right goes into the right and the left into the left side of the lungs which branches are againe subdivided into many other M. The head of the Rough Artery called the Larinx or Throttle N. N. Certaine Glandules or Kernells at the root of it OO The right and left Nerves of the sixth and seventh conjugation P. A Revolution of small branches of the right nerve to the right Axillary Artery Q Q. The right Recurrent Nerve R. A revolution of small branches of the left nerve unto the descending trunke of the great Artery S S. The left Recurrent Nerve CHAP. XVIII Of the Gullet THe OEsophagus or Gullet which is the passage of the meat and drinke is of a middle substance betweene the flesh and sinewes because it consists of one nervous membrane and another fleshy The nervous is placed the innermost and is continued to the inner Coate of the mouth even to the Lipps whereby it comes to passe that the Lipps tremble in diseases which are ready to be judged by a criticall vomiting and to the inner part of the Aspera Arteria it consists of right Fibers for the attraction of the meat which we see is sometimes so quicke and forcible in hungry people that they have scarse time to chaw it before they find it to be pluckt downe as it were with a hand The fleshy Coate placed without is woven with transverse fibers to hasten the going of the meat into the stomacke and for
name of the villaine the author of this fact so that hee was taken and fastened to the wheele and having his limbes broken lost his wretched life for the life of the innocent wounded man who dyed the fourth day after he was hurt The like hurt befell a certaine Germane who laye at the house of one Perots in the streete of Nuts hebeing franticke in the night cut his throate with a sword I being called in the morning by his friends who went to see him drest him just after the same manner as I dressed the Englishman Wherefore he presently recovering his speech which before could not utter one sillable freed from suspition of the caime and prison the servant who lying in the same chamber with him was upon suspition committed to prison and confessing the thing as it was done living foure dayes after the wound being nourished with broathes put into his fundament like clysters and with the gratefull vapour of comfortable things as bread newly drawne out of the Oven and soked in strong wine Having thus by the Art of Chirurgery made the dumbe speake for the space of foure dayes CHAP. XXX Of the Wounds of the Chest SOme wounds of the Chest are on the fore side some behinde somepenetiatc more deepe others enter not into the capacity thereof other some peirce even to the parts contained therein as the Mediastinum Lungs heart midriffe hollow veine and ascendent artery Other some pasle quite through the body whereby it happens that some are deadly some not You shall thus know that the wound penetrates into the capacity of the Chest if that when the patients mouth and nose be shut the breath or winde breakes through the wound with noyse so that it may dissipate or blow out a lighted candle being held necre it If the patient can scarse either draw or put forth his breath which also is a signe that there is some blood fallen downe upon the Diaphragma By these signes you may know that the heart is wounded If agreat quantity of blood gush out if a trembling possesse all the members of the body if the pulse bee little and faint if the colour become pale if a cold sweate and frequent sowning assayle him and the extreame parts become cold then death 's at hand Yet when I was at Turin I saw a certaine Gentleman who fighting a Duell with another received a wound under his left brest which pierced into the substance of his heart yet for all that he strucke some blowes afterwards and followed his flying Enemie some two hundred paces untill hee fell downe dead upon the ground having opened his body I found a wound in the substance of the heart so large as would containe ones finger there was onely much blood poured forth upon the midriffe These are the signes that the Lungs are wounded for the blood comes soamie or frothy out of the wounds the patient is troubled with a cough hee is also troubled with a great difficulty of breathing and a paine in his side which hee formerly had not he lyes most at ease when he lyes upon the wound and sometimes it comes so to passe that lying so he speakes more freely and easily but turned on the contrary side he presently cannot speake When the Diphragma or midriffe is wounded the party affected is troubled with a weight or heavinesse in that place hee is taken with a Delirium or raving by reason of the sympathy of the Nerves of the sixth conjugation which are spread over the midriffe difficulty of breathing a cough and sharpe paine trouble the patient the Guts are drawne upwards so that it sometimes happens by the vehemency of breathing that the stomacke and gutts are drawne through the wound in to the capacity of the Chest which thing I observed in two The on of these was a Maison who was thrust though the midst of the midriffe where it is Nervous and dyed the third day following I opening his lower belly and no finding his stomacke thought it a monstrous thing but at length searching diligently I found it was drawne into the Chest though the wound which was scarce an inch broade But the stomacke was full of winde but little humidity in it The other was called captaine Francis d' Alon a Native of Xantoigne who before Roshell was shot with a musket bullet entring by the breast-bone neere to the sword-like Gristle and passing through the fleshy part of the midriffe went out at the space betweene the fifth and sixth bastard ribbes The wound was healed up on the out side yet for all that there remained a weakenesse of the stomacke whereupon a paine of the guttes like to the colicke tooke him especially in the Evening and on the night for which cause he durst not sup but very sparingly But on the eighth month after the paine raging more violently in his belly than it was accustomed hee dyed though for the mitigating of the vehemency thereof Simon Malmedy and Anthony du Val both learned Physitions omitted no kinde of remedy The body of the diseased was opened by the skilfull Chirurgion Iames Guillemeau who found a great portion of the collicke gut swelled with much wind gotten into the Chest through the wound of the Diaphragma for all it was so small that you could scarse put your little finger in thereat But now let us returne from whence we digressed We understand that there is blood poured forth into the capacity of the Chest by the difficulty of breathing the vehemency of the encreasing feaver the stinking of the breath the casting up of blood at the mouth and other symptomes which usually happen to these who have putrified and clotted blood poured out of the vessells into the belly infecting with the filthy vapour of the corrupt substance the partato which it shall come But also unlesse the patient cannot lye upon his backe he is troubled with a desire to vomite and covets now and then to rise whence hee often falls into a swoond the vitall faculty which fusteines the body being broken and debilitated both by reason of the wound and concreate or clotted blood for so putting on the quality of poyson it greatly dissipates and dissolves the strength of the heart It is a signe the spinall marrow is hurt when a convulsion or Palsie that is a suddaine losse of sense and motion in the parts thereunder an unvoluntary excretion of the Vrine and other excrements or a totall suppression of them seazes upon the Patient When the hollow veine and great Artery are wounded the patient will dye in a short time by reason of the suddaine and aboundant effusion of the blood and spirits which intercepts the motion of the lungs and heart whence the party dyes sufforaced CHAP. XXX Of the cure of the Wounds of the Chest WE have read in Iohn de Vigo that it is disputed amongst Chirurgions concerning the consolidation of wounds of
times of the disease the beginning encrease state and declination for each of these foure require their remedies Others are taken from the temperament of the patient so that no Chirurgion neede doubt that some medicines are fit for cholericke othersome for phlegmaticke bodyes Hither referre the indication taken from the age of the patient also it is drawn from his dyet for no man must prescribe any slender diet to one who is alwayes feeding as to him who is accustomed to cate but once or twise a day Hence it is that a dyet consisting onely of Panada's is more fit for Italians than for French men for we must give somewhat to custome which is as it were another nature Vocations and dayly exercises are referred to dyet for other things besit husband men and laboures whose flesh is dense and skin hardened by much labour than idle and delicate persons But of all other have diligent regard of that indication which is drawne from the strength of the patient for we must presently all else being neglected succour the fainting or decaying strength wherefore if it be needfull to cut off a member that is putrified the operation must bee deferred if the strength of the patient be so dejected that hee cannot have it performed without manifest danger of his life Also indication may be drawne from the encompassing ayre under which also is comprehended that which is taken from the season of the yeere region the state of the ayre and soyle and the particular condition of the present and lately by-past time Hence it is we reade in Guido that wounds of the head are cured with farre more difficulty at Paris than at Avignion where notwithstanding on the contrary the wounds of the legges are cured with more trouble than at Paris The cause is the ayre is cold and moyst at Paris which constitution seeing it is hurtfull to the braine and head it cannot but must be offensive to the wounds of these parts But the heate of the ambient ayre at Avignion attenuates and dissolves the humors and makes them flow from above downewards But if any object that experience contradicts this opinion of Guide say that wounds of the head are more frequently deadly in hot countries let him understand that this must not be attributed to the manifest naturall heate of the ayre but to a certaine maligne venenate humor or vapour dispersed through the ayre and raysed out of the Seas as you may easily observe in those places of France Italy which border upon the Mediterranean Sea An indication may also be drawne from the peculiar temper of the wounded parts for the musculous parts must be dressed after one and the bony parts after another manner The different sense of the parts indicates and requires the like variety of remedies for you shall not apply so acride medicines to the Nerves and Tendons as to the ligaments which are destitute of sense The like reason also for the dignity and function of the parts needefull for the preservation of life for oft times wounds of the braine or of some other of the naturall and vitall parts for this very reason that they are defixed in these parts divert the whole manner of the cure which is usually and generally performed in wounds Neither that without good cause for oft times from the condition of the parts we may certainely pronounce the whole successe of the disease for wounds which penetrate into the ventricles of the braine into the heart the large vessells the chest the nervous part of the midriffe the Liver ventricle small guts bladder if somewhat large are deadly as also these which light upon a joynt in a body repleate with ill humors as we have formerly noted Neither must you neglect that indication which is drawne from the situation of the part and the commerce it hath with the adjacent parts or from the figure thereof seeing that Galen himselfe would not have it neglected But wee must consider in taking these forementioned Indications whether there bee a composition or complication of the diseases for as there is one and that a simple indication of one that a simple disease so must the indication be various of a compound and complicate disease But there is observed to be a triple composition or complication of affects besides nature for either a disease is compounded with a disease as a wound or a phlegmon with a fracture of a bone or a disease with a cause as an ulcer with a defluxion or a disease with a symptome as a wound with paine or bleeding It sometimes comes to passe that these three the disease cause and symprome concurre in one case or affect In artificially handling of which we must follow Galens counsell who wishes in complicated and compounded affects that we resist the more urgent then let us withstand the cause of the disease and lastly that affect without which the rest cannot be cured Which counsell must well be observed for in this composure of affects which distracts the Empericke But on the contrary the rationall Physition hath a way prescribed in a few and these excellent words which if hee follow in his order of cure hee can scarse misse to heale the patient Symptomes truely as they are symptomes yeeld no indication of curing neither change the order of the cure for when the disease is healed the symptome vanishes as that which followes the disease as a shadow followes the body But symptomes doe often times so urge and presse that perverting the whole order of the cure we are forced to resist them in the first place as those which would otherwise encrease the disease Now all the formerly mentioned indications may be drawne to two heads the first is to restore the part to its native temper the other is that the blood offend not either in quantity or quality for when those two are present there is nothing which may hinder the repletion nor union of wounds or Vlcers CHAP. IX What remaines for the Chirurgion to doe in this kinde of wounds THe Chirurgion must first of all be skilfull and labour to asswage paine hinder defluxions prescribe a dyet in these sixe things we call Not naturall forbidding the use of hot and acrid things as also of wine for such attenuate the humors and make them more apt for defluxion Therefore at the first let his dyet be slender that so the course of the humors may bee diverted from the affected part for the stomacke being empty and not well filled drawes from the parts about it whereby it consequently followes that the utmost and remotest parts are at the length evacuated which is the cause that such as are wounded must keepe so spare a dyet for the next dayes following Venery is very pernitious for that it inflames the spirits and humors farre beyond other motions whereby it happens that the humors waxing hot are too plentifully carryed to the wounded
a nature like it selfe and venenate for as every agent imprints the force and qualities thereof in the subject patient thus poyson by the immoderation of faculties in their whole nature contrary to us changeth our substance into its nature no otherwise than fire turneth chaffe in a moment into its owne nature and so consumes it Therefore it is truly delivered by the Ancients who have diligently pryed into the faculties of naturall things that it is Poyson that may kill men by destroying and corrupting their temper and the composure and conformation of the body Now all poysons are said to proceed either from the coruptaire or from living creatures plants and mineralls or by an artificiall malignity in distilling subliming and diversly mixing of poysonous and fuming things Hence â—risesundry differences of poysons neither doe they all worke after the same manner for some corrupt our nature by the unmeasurablenesse of the manifest and elementary qualities whereof they consist others from a specifick and occult propertie Hence it is that some kill sooner than othersome neither is it true that all of them presently assaile the heart but others are naturally at deadly strife with other parts of the body as Cantharides with the bladder the sea Hare with the lungs the Torpedo with the hands which it stupefieth though the fishers rod bee betwixt them Thus of medicines there are some which are apt presently to comfort and strengthen the heart others the brain as staechas others the stomack as Cinamon Also there are some poysons which work both waies that is by manifest and occult qualities as Euphorbium for that both by the excessive heate and the whole substance or the discord of the whole substance with ours corrupts our nature An argument hereof is that Treacle which by its quality is manifestly hot infringeth the force thereof as also of all others of an occult property Poisons which work by an occult and specifick property do not therefore doe it because they are too immoderately hot cold dry moist but for that they are absolutely such and have that essence from the stars and coelestiall influence which is apt to dissolve and destroy the strength of mans body because being taken but even in a small quantity yet are they of so pernicious a quality that they kill almost in a moment Now poysons do not onely kill being taken into the body but some being put or applyed outwardly neither doe venimous creatures only harme by their stinging and biting but also by their excrements as spittle bloud the touch and breath CHAP. II. How poysons being small in quantity may by their only touch cause so great alterations IT seemeth strange to many how it may come to passe that poyson taken or admitted in a small quantity may almost in a moment produce so pernicious effects over all the body and all the parts faculties and actions so that being admitted but in a little quantity it swels up the body into a great bignesse Neither ought it to seeme lesse strange how Anridotes and Counter-poysons which are opposed to poyson can so suddenly breake and weaken the great and pernicious effects thereof being it is not likely that so small a particle of poyson or Antidote can divide it selfe into so many and so far severed particles of our body There are some saith Galen who thinke that somethings by touch onely by the power of their quality may alter those things which are next to them and that this appeares plainly in the sea Torpedo as that which hath so powerfull a quality that it can send it alongst the fishers rod to the hand and so make it become torpide or numbe But on the contrary Philosophers teach that accidents such as qualities are cannot without their subjects remove and diffuse themselves into other subjects Therefore Galens other answer is more agreeable to reason that so many and great affects of poysons and remedies arise either from a certaine spirit or â—…le huminity not truly for that this spirit and subtle humidity may be dispersed over the whole body and all the parts thereof which it affects but that little which is entred the body as cast in by the stroake of a Spider or the sting of a Scorpion infects and corrupts all the next parts by contagion with the like quality these others that are next to them untill from an exceeding small portion of the bloud if the stroake shall light into the veines it shall spread over the whole masse of bloud or of phlegme if the poyson shall chance to come to the stomacke and so the force thereof shall bee propagated and diffused over all the humours and bowels The doubt of Antidotes is lesse for these being taken in greater quantity when they shal come into the stomack warmed by the heat of the place they become hot send forth vapours which suddenly diffused over the body by the subtlety of their substance doe by their contrary forces dull and weaken the malignity of the poyson Wherefore you may often see when as Antidotes are given in lesse quantity than is fit that they are lesse prevalent neither doe they answer to our expectation in overcomming the malignity of the poyson so that it must necessarily follow that these must not onely in qualities but also in quantity bee superiour to poysons CHAP. III. Whether there be any such poysons as will kill at a set time TO the propounded question whether there may be poysons which within a certaine and definite time put case a moneth or yeare may kill men Theophrastus thus answers of poysons some more speedily performe their parts others more slowly yet may you finde no such as will kill in set limits of time according to the will and desire of men For that some kill sooner or later than others they do not this of their owne or proper nature as Physicians rightly judge but because the subject upon which they light doth more or lesse resist or yeeld to their efficacie Experience sheweth the truth hereof for the same sort of poyson in the same weight and measure given to sundry men of different tempers and complexions will kill one in an houre another in sixe houres or in a day and on the contrary will not so much as hurt some third man You may also observe the same in purging medicines For the same purge given to divers men in the same proportion will purge some sooner some later some more sparingly others more plentifully and othersome not at all also with some it will worke gently with othersome with paine and gripings Of which diversity there can no other cause be assigned than mens different natures in complexion temper which no man can so exactly know and comprehend as to have certain knowledge thereof as how much and how long the native heat can resist and labour against the strength of the poyson or how pervious or open the passages of the body may bee
forthwith I exceeding straitly bound my finger above the wound that so I might presse forth the blood and poyson lest they should diffuse themselves further over the body I dissolved old treacle in aqua vitae wherein I dipped and moistened cotton and so put it to the wound and within a few dayes I throughly recovered by this onely medicine You may use in stead of Treacle Mithridate and sundry other things which by reason of their heat are powerfull drawers as a squill rosted in hot embers garlicke and leeks beaten and applyed barly floure tempered with vinegar hony and goats dung and so applyed like a pultis Some thinke it sufficient forthwith to wash and foment the wound with vinegar salt and a little hony Galen writes that the poyson inflicted by the bite of a viper may bee drawne forth by applying to the wound the head of a viper but othersome apply the whole viper beaten to mash CHAP. XVII Of the Serpent called Haemorrhous THE Serpent Haemorrhous is so called because by his biting hee causeth blood to droppe out of all the passages of the wounded bodie hee is of a small bodie of the bignesse of a viper with else burning with a certaine fierie brightnesse and a most beautifull skinne The backe of him as Avicen writes is spotted with manie blacke and white spots his necke little and his taile verie small the part which he bites forthwith growes blackish by reason of the extinction of the native heat which is extinguished by such poison which is contrarie thereto in its whole substance Then followes a paine of the stomacke and heart these parts being touched with the pestiferous qualitie of the poison These paines are seconded by vomiting the orifice of the ventricle being relaxed by a Diarrhaea the retentive facultie of all the parts of the bellie being weakened and the veines which are spred through the guts not being able to retaine the blood conteined in them For the blood is seen to flow out as in streams from the nose mouth eares fundament privities corners of the eies rootes of the naile and gums which putrefie the teeth falling out of them Moreover there happens a difficultie of breathing and stoppage of the urine with a deadlie convulsion The cure is forthwith to scarifie and burne the bitten part or else to cut it quite off if that it may be done without danger of life and then to use powerfullie drawing Antidores The figure of the serpent Haemorrhous CHAP. XVIII Of the Serpent called Seps THe Serpent Seps is so called because it causeth the part which it bites forthwith to putrefie by reason of the cruell malignitie of its poyson It is not much unlike the Haemorrhous but that it curles or twines up the taile in divers circles Pausanias writes that this serpent is of an ash-colour a broad head small necke bigge bellie writhen taile and as he goes hee runs aside like a crabbe But his skin is variegated and spotted with severall colours like to Tapistrie By the crueltie of his causticke and putrefying venome hee burnes the part which he hath bit with most bitter paine he causeth the shedding of the haires and as Aëtius addeth the wound at the first casteth forth manifest blood but within a little while after stinking filth The putrefyed affected parts waxe white and the bodie all over becomes of the colour of that scurfe which is termed Alphos so that by the wickednesse of this putrefactive poison not onely the spirits are resolved but also the whole bodie consumed as by fire a pestilent carbuncle and other putride tumours arising from a hot and humide or suffocating constitution of the aire Now for the remedies they must be such as are formerly prescribed against the bitings of a viper The Figure of the Serpent Seps CHAP. XIX Of the Basiliske or Cockatrice THe Basiliske far exceeds all kinds of Serpents in the curstness of its poyson Therefore it is affirmed by Nicander that into what place soever he comes other venemous creatures do forthwith flie thence for that none of them can so much as endure his hissing for he is thought to kill all things even with this not with his biting and touch only besides if any of them hasten to get anie meate or drinke and perceive that the Basiliske is not farre from thence he flies back and neglects the getting of nourishment necessarie for life Galen writes that the Basilisk is a yellowish serpent with a sharpe head and three risings distinguished with white spots and rising up in forme of a crowne by reason whereof hee is stiled the King of Serpents Certainely the violence of his poyson in killing men is so great that he is therefore thought to kill men and other creatures by his sight onely Solinus affirmes that the body of a dead Basiliske hath wondrous faculties Wherefore the inhabitants of Pergamum in ancient times gave a mightie price for one to hang upon the joistes of the temple of Apollo so to drive away the Spiders and Birds lest they should there weave their webs or the other build their nests in that sacred place Verily no ravenous creature will touch their carkasse but if constrained by hunger they doe touch it then they forthwith fall downe dead in the same place and this happens not onely by eating their body but also by devouring the bodies of such beasts as are killed by their bitings They kill the trees and shrubs by which they passe not onely by their touch but even with their breath Amongst the westerne Aethiopians is the fountaine Nigris neer which there is a serpent called Catablepas small in bodie and slow having a great head which it scarce can carrie but that it lies alwaies upon the ground otherwise it would kill abundance of people for it forthwith kills all that see the eyes thereof the Basiliske hath the same force he is bred in the province of Cyrene of the length of some twelve fingers with a white spot in his head resembling a crowne he chaseth away all serpents with his hisse Weasels are the destruction of such monsters thus it pleased nature that nothing should be without its equall they assaile them in their dennes being easily knowne by the barrennesse or consumption of the soile These kill them also by their sent and they die and the fight of nature is ended thus nature to the magnanimous Lion lest there should be nothing which he might fear hath opposed the weake creature the Cocke by whose crowing onely he is terrefied and put to flight Erasistratus writes that a golden yellownesse affects the bitten part of such as are hurt by a Basiliske but a blacknesse and tumour possesseth the rest of the body all the flesh of the muscles within a while after falling away piece-meale An antidote against this must be made of a dramme of Castoreum dissolved in wine and drunken or else in
multitude of the matter with the weight whereof nature is overcome When the Moone decreaseth those that are infected with the Pestilence are in great doubt and danger of death because then the humours that were collected and gathered together before the full of the Moone through delay and abundance do swell the more and the faculties by which the body is governed become more weake and feeble because of the imbecility of the native heate which before was nourished and augmented by the light and so consequently by the heat of the full Moon For as it is noted by Aristotle the wainings of the Moone are more cold and weak and thence it is that women have their menstruall fluxes chiefly or most commonly at that time In a grosse and cloudy Aire the pestilent infection is less vehement and contagious than in a thin and subtle Aire whether that thinnesse of the Aire proceed from the heat of the Sun or from the North wind cold Therfore at Paris where naturally and also through the abundance of filth that is about the Citie the Aire is darke and grosse the pestilent infection is lesse fierce and contagious than it is in Province for the subtlety of the Aire stimulates or helps forward the Plague But this disease is mortall and pernicious wheresoever it bee because it suddenly assaulteth the heart which is the Mansion or as it were the fortresse or castle of life but commonly not befoâ—… signes and tokens of it appeare on the body and yet you shall scarce find any man that thinketh of calling the Physitian to helpe to preserve him from so great danger before the signes thereof be evident to bee seene and felt but then the heart is assaulted And when the heart is so assaulted what hope of life is there or health to be looked for Therefore because medicines come oft-times too late and this malady is as it were a sudden and winged messenger of our death it commeth to passe that so many dye thereof And moreover because at the first suspicion of this so dire and cruell a disease the imagination and minde whose force in the diversly stirring up of the humours is great and almost incredible is so troubled with feare of imminent death and dispaire of health that together with the perturbed humours all the strength and power of nature falleth and sinketh downe This you may perceive and know by reason that the keepers of such as are sicke and the bearers which are not fearefull but very confident although they doe all the basest offices which may be for the sick are commonly not infected and seldome dye thereof if infected CHAP. XVIII How a pestilent feaver comes to be bred in us THe Plague oft-times findeth fuel in our bodies and oft-times allurements to wit the putrefaction of humours or aptnesse to putrefie but it never thence hath its first originall for that comes alwaies from the defiled aire therefore a pestilent feaver is thus bred in us The pestilent Aire drawne by inspiration into the lungs and by transpiration into the utmost mouthes of the veines and arteries spread over the skin the bloud or else the humours already putrefying or apt to putrefie therein are infected and turned into a certaine kind of malignity resembling the nature of the agent These humours like unquencht lime when it is first sprinkled with water send forth a putride vapour which carryed to the principall parts and heart especially infecteth the spirituous bloud boyling in the ventricles thereof and therewith also the vitall spirits and hence proceeds a certaine feaverish heat This heat diffused over the body by the arteries together with a maligne quality taints all even the solid parts of the bones with the pestiferous venome and besides causeth divers symptomes according to the nature thereof and the condition of the body and humours wherein it is Then is the conflict of the malignity assailing nature defending manifest in which if nature prevaile it using the help of the expulsive faculty will send drive it far from the noble parts either by sweats vomits bleeding evacuation by stoole or urine buboes carbuncles pustles spots and other such kinds of breakings out over the skin But on the contrary if the malignity prevaile and nature be too weake and yeeld and that first he be troubled with often panting or palpitation of the heart then presently after with frequent faintings the patient then at length will dye For this is a great signe of the Plague or a pestilent Feaver if presently at the first with no labour nor any evacuation worth the speaking of their strength faile them and they become exceeding faint You may find the other signes mentioned in our preceding discourse CHAP. XIX Into what place the Patient ought to betake himselfe so soone as he finds himselfe infected WEE have said that the perpetuall and first originall of the pestilence commeth of the Aire therefore so soone as one is blasted with the pestiferous Aire after he hath taken some preservative against the malignity thereof hee must withdraw himselfe into some wholesome Aire that is cleane and pure from any venemous iufection or contagion for there is great hope of health by the alteration of the Aire for we doe most frequently and abundantly draw in the Aire of all things so that we cannot want it for a minute of time therefore of the Aire that is drawne in dependeth the correction amendment or increase of the Poyson or malignity that is received as the Aire is pure sincere or corrupted There bee some that doe think it good to shut the patient in a close Chamber shutting the windowes to prohibite the entrance of the Aire as much as they are able But I thinke it more convenient that those windowes should bee open from whence that wind bloweth that is directly contrary unto that which brought in the venemous Aire For although there be no other cause yet if the Aire bee not moved or agitated but shut up in a close place it will soone bee corrupted Therefore in a close and quiet place that is not subject to the entrance of the Aire I would wish the patient to make wind or to procure Aire with a thick and great cloth dipped or macerated in water and vinegar mixed together and tyed to a long Staffe that by tossing it up and downe the close chamber the wind or aire thereof may coole and recreate the patient The patient must every day bee carried into a fresh chamber and the beds and the linnen cloaths must be changed there must alwaies be a cleare and bright fire in the patients chamber and especially in the night whereby the aire may be made more pure cleane and voyd of nightly vapours and of the filthy and pestilent breath proceeding from the patient or his excrements In the meane time lest if it be in hot weather the patient should be weakened or made more faint by reason that
for in so doing on the twentieth day you shall finde the Chicke perfectly formed with the navell That little skin that so compasseth the infant in the wombe is called the secundine or Chorion but commonly the after-birth This little skinne is perfectly made within sixe dayes according to the judgment of Hippocrates as profitable and necessary not onely to containe the seeds so mixed together but also to sucke nutriment through the orifices of the vessels ending in the wombe Those orifices the Greekes doe call Cotyledones and the Latines Acetabula for they are as it were hollowed eminences like unto those which may bee seene in the feete or snout of a Cuttle fish many times in a double order both for the working and holding of their meate Those eminences called Acetabula doe not so greatly appeare in women as in many brute beasts Therefore by these the secundine cleaveth on every side unto the wombe for the conservation nutrition and encrease of the conceived seede CHAP. VII Of the generation of the navell AFter the woman hath conceived to every one of the aforesaid eminencies groweth presently another vessell that is to say a veine to the veine and an artery to the artery these soft and yet thin vessels are framed with a little thin membrane which being spread under sticketh to them for to them it is in stead of a membrane and a ligament and a tunicle or a defence and it is doubled with the others and made of the veine and artery of the navell to compasse the navell These new small vessels of the infant with their orifices doe answer directly one to one to the cotyledones or eminences of the womb they are very swall and little as it were the hairy fibres that grow upon roots that are in the earth and when they have continued so a longer time they are combined together that of two they are made one vessell until that by continuall connexion all those vessels go and degenerate into two other great vessels called the umbilicall vessels or the vessels of the navell because they do make the navell and do enter into the childs body by the hole of the navell Here Galen doth admire the singular providence of God and Nature because that in such a multitude of vessels and in so long a passage or length that they go or are produced the vein doth never confound it selfe nor stick to the artery nor the artery to the veine but every vessell joyneth it selfe to the vessell of its owne kinde But the umbilicall veine or navell veine entering into the body of the child doth joyne it self presently to the hollow part of the liver but the artery is divided into two which joine themselves to the two iliack arteries along the sides of the bladder are presently covered with the peritonaum by the benefit thereof are annexed unto the parts which it goes unto Those small veines and arteries are as it were the rootes of the child but the veine and artery of the navell are as it were the body of the tree to bring down the nutriment to nourish the child For first we live in the wombe the life of a plant and then next the life of a sensitive creature and as the first tunicle of the child is called Chorion or Allantoides so the other is called Amnios or Agnina which doth compasse the seed or child about on every side These membranes are most thin yea for their thinnesse like unto the spiders web woven one upon another and also connexed in many places by the extremities of certaine small and hairy substances which at length by the adjunction of their like do get strength wherby you may understand what is the cause why by divers and violent motions of the mother in going and dancing or leaping and also of the infant in the wombe those membranes are not almost broken For they are so conjoyned by the knots of those hairie substances that betweene them nothing neither the urine nor the sweate can come as you may plainely and evidently perceive in the dissection of a womans body that is great with child not depending on any other mans opinion be it never so old or inveterate yet the strength of those membranes is not so great but that they may bee soone broken in the birth by the kicking of the child CHAP. VIII Of the umbilicall vessels or the vessels belonging to the navell MAny of the ancient Writers have written that there are five vessels found in the navell But yet in many nay all the bodies I sought in for them I could never finde but three that is to say one veine which is very large so that in the passage thereof it will receive the tagge of a poynt and two arteries but not so large but much narrower because the childe wanteth or standeth in need of much more bloud for his conformation and the nutriment or increase of his parts than of vitall spirit These vessels making the body of the navell which as it is thought is formed within nine or tenne dayes by their doubling and folding make knots like unto the knots of a Franciscan Friers girdle that staying the running bloud in those their knotty windings they might more perfectly concoct the same as may be seene in the ejaculatory spermatick vessels for which use also the length of the navell is halfe an ell so that in many infants that are somewhat growne is is found three or foure times doubled about their neck or thigh As long as the childe is in his mothers wombe hee taketh his nutriment onely by the navell and not by his mouth neither doth hee enjoy the use of eyes eares nostrils or fundament neither needeth hee the functions of the heart For spirituous bloud goeth unto it by the arteries of the navell and into the iliack arteries and from the iliack arteries unto all the other arteries of the whole body for by the motion of these onely the infant doth breathe Therefore it is not to bee supposed that aire is carryed or drawne in by the lungs unto the heart in the body of the childe but contrariwise from the heart to the lungs For neither the heart doth performe the generation or working of bloud or of the vitall spirits For the issue or infant is contented with them as they are made and wrought by his mother Which untill it hath obtained a full perfect and whole description of his parts and members cannot be called a child but rather an embrion or an imperfect substance CHAP. IX Of the ebullition or swelling of the seed in the wombe and of the concretion of the bubbles or bladders or the three principall entralls IN the sixe first dayes of conception the new vessels are thought to bee made and brought forth of the eminences or cotylidons of the mothers vessels and dispersed into all the whole seede as they were fibres or hairy strings Those as they
dilatations of the artery of the navell But when the mother is dead the lungs doe not execute their office and function therefore they cannot gather in the aire that compasseth the body by the mouth or aspera arteria into their owne substance or into the arteries that are dispersed throughout the body thereof by reason whereof it cannot send it unto the heart by the veiny artery which is called arteria venalis for if the heart want aire there cannot bee any in the great artery which is called arteria aorta whose function it is to draw it from the heart also by reason thereof it is wanting in the arteries of the wombe which are as it were the little conduits of that great artery whereinto the aire that is brought from the heart is derived and floweth in unto these little ones of all the body and likewise of the wombe Wherefore it must of necessity follow that the aire is wanting to the cotyledons of the secundines to the arterie of the infants navell the iliacke arteries also and therefore unto his heart and so unto all his body for the aire being drawne by the mothers lungs is accustomed to come to the infant by this continuation of passages Therefore because death maketh all the motions of the mothers body to cease it is farre better to open her body so soone as shee is dead beginning the incision at the cartelage Xiphoides or breast-blade and making it in a forme semicircular cutting the skinne muscles and peritonaeum not touching the guts then the wombe being lifted up must first be cut lest that otherwise the infant might perchance be touched or hurt with the knife You shall oftentimes finde the childe unmoveable as though hee were dead but not because he is dead indeed but by reason that he being destitute of the accesse of the spirits by the death of the mother hath contracted a great weakenesse yet you may know whether hee be dead indeed or not by handling the artery of the navell for it will beat and pant if he be alive otherwise not but if there be any life yet remaining in him shortly after he hath taken in the aire and is recreated with the accesse thereof he will move all his members and also all his whole body In so great a weakenesse or debility of the strength of the childe the secundine must not bee separated as yet from the childe by cutting the navell string but it must rather be laid close to the region of the belly thereof that thereby the heat if there be any jor remaining may bee stirred up againe But I cannot sufficiently marvaile at the insolency of those that affirme that they have seene women whose bellies and wombe have bin more than once cut and the infant taken out when it could no otherwise be gotten forth and yet notwithstanding alive which thing there is no man can perswade me can be done without the death of the mother by reason of the necessary greatnesse of the wound that must be made in the muscles of the belly and substance of the wombe for the wombe of a woman that is great with childe by reason that it swelleth and is distended with much blood must needs yeeld a great flux of blood which of necessity must be mortall And to conclude when that the wound or incision of the wombe is cicatrized it will not permit or suffer the womb to be dilated or extended to receive or beare a new birth For these and such like other causes this kinde of cure as desperate and dangerous is not in mine opinion to be used CHAP. XXXII Of superfoetation SUperfoetation is when a woman doth beare two or more children at one time in her wombe and they bee enclosed each in his severall secundine but those that are included in the same secundine are supposed to bee conceived at one and the same time of copulation by reason of the great and copious abundance of seed and these have no number of daies between their conception birth but all at once For as presently after meat the stomacke which is naturally of a good temper is contracted or drawn together about the meate to comprehend it on every side though small in quantity as it were by both hands so that it cannot rowle neither unto this or that side so the wombe is drawne together unto the conception about both the seeds as soone as they are brought into the capacity thereof and is so drawne in unto it on every side that it may come together into one body not permitting any portion thereof to goe into any other region or side so that by one time of copulation the seed that is mixed together cannot engender more children than one which are devided by their secundines And moreover because there are no such cells in the wombes of women as are supposed or rather knowne to bee in the wombs of beasts which therefore bring forth many at one conception or birth But now if any part of the womans wombe doth not apply and adjoine it selfe closely to the conception of the seed already received lest any thing should be given by nature for no purpose it must of necessity follow that it must be filled with aire which will alter and corrupt the seeds Therefore the generation of more than one infant at a time having every one his severall secundine is on this wise If a woman conceave by copulation with a man as this day and if that for a few daies after the conception the orifice of the wombe be not exactly shut but rather gape a little and if shee doe then use copulation againe so that at both these times of copulation there may be an effusion or perfect mixture of the fertile seed in the wombe there will follow a new conception or superfoetation For superfoetation is no other thing than a certaine second conception when the woman already with childe againe useth copulation with a man and so conceiveth againe according to the judgement of Hippocrates But there may be many causes alledged why the wombe which did joyne and close doth open and unlose it selfe againe For there bee some that suppose the wombe to be open at certaine times after the conception that there may be an issue out for certaine excrementall matters that are contained therein and therefore that the woman that hath so conceived already and shall then use copulation with a man againe shall also conceive againe Others say that the wombe of it selfe and of its own nature is very desirous of seed or copulation or else being heated or enflamed with the pleasant motion of the man moving her thereto doth at length unclose it selfe to receive the mans seed for like-wise it happeneth many times that the orifice of the stomack being shut after eating is presently unloosed again when other delicate meats are offered to be eaten even so may the wombe unclose it selfe againe at certain seasons
are taken from living creatures either whole and entire or else the parts and excrements of them Wee oft times use in Phisicke whole creatures as foxes whelps hedge-hogs frogs snailes wormes crabbes and other living creatures Wee also make use of some parts of them as the liver of a wolfe or goat the lungs of the foxe the bone of the stagges heart Cranium humanum fat blood flesh marrow the cods of the Castor or Beaver which is therefore termed Castoreum and such other particles that are usefull in Physicke We know also that there are some medicines taken from excrements as hornes nailes haires feathers skin as also from urine dung spittle hony egges waxe milke wooll sweat and others of this kinde under which wee may comprehend muske civet pearle oesipus and sundry others of this nature Wee take medicines from plants both whole and also from their parts whether trees shrubs or herbes For we oft times use succory marsh-mallowes mallowes plantaine and the like whole but otherwhiles onely the roots of plants their pith wood barke shoots stalkes leaves flowers seeds fruits juices gummes rosines mosses and the like Things taken from the earth for the use and matter of medicine are either earths stones or mineralls The sorts of earth are Bole armenicke Terra sigillata fullers earth chalke potters clay and such like Stones are the pumice Marchisite of gold silver brasse marble the load-stone plaister chalke sulphur vivum lapis specularis and others Metals and mineralls are gold silver tinne lead brasse iron steele antimony cerusse brimstone cinnaber litharge of gold and silver tutty true Pompholix verdigreece alume romane vitrioll coprose white and greene salts of sundry kinds both the Arsenickes and such like The following medicines are from fresh water raine water spring water river water and all things thence arising as water lentile common flagges water lillies water mints and all the creatures that live therein From the salt water are taken salt Alcyonium all sorts of corall shels of fish as also cuttle bones sponges and all creatures of the sea From waters mixt of salt and fresh the herbe Androsace which growes in plenty in the marshes at Fontignan and Cape de Sete Asphaltum which is found in the dead sea From the aire proceeds Manna therefore called melaërium i. e. hony of the aire and also all other kindes of dew that are usefull in Physicke by reason of the vertues they receive from the sunne which raiseth them up from the aire whereas they make some stay as also from the plants whereupon they fall and reside CHAP. III. The differences of simples in their qualities and effects ALL the mentioned sorts of simples are endued with one or more of the foure faculties whereof I now purpose to treat The first faculty common to all the rest and as it were their foundation flowes from the foure first qualities of the prime bodies or elements that is heat coldnesse drynesse and moisture and this either simple or compound as one or two of these prime qualities exceed in the temper of the medicine as it may appeare by the following tables The simple quality is either to Heat Coole Humect Dry. The compound arising from two joyned qualities either Heats and dries Heats and moistens Cooles and dries Cooles moistens Heat which is moderate Heats Attenuates Rarifyes Opens the passages Digests Suppurates immoderate Inflames and burnes Bites whence followes Violent attraction Rubrification Consumption Colliquation An eschar Mortification Cold which is moderate Cooleth Condenseth Obstructeth immoderare Congeales Stupefyes Mortifyes Moisture which is moderate Humects Lubricates Levigates and mitigates Glues immoderate Obstructs Lifts up into a flatulent tumour especially if it be a vaporous humidity Drynesse which is moderate Dryes Rarifyes Attenuates immoderate Binds Contracts or shrinks Causeth chops and scailes The effect of these qualities is distinguished and as Galen observes digested into these orders which wee terme Degrees so that by a certaine proportion and measure they may serve to oppugne diseases as the same Galen affirmes For to a disease for example hot in the second degree no other medicine must bee used than that which is cold in the like degree Wherefore all simple medicines are Hot Cold Moist Dry in the Beginning Middle Extreme of the first second third fourth degree The Heat of the first degree is Obscure The Coldnesse of the second degree is Manifest The Moisture of the third degree is Vehement The Drynesse of the fourth degree is Excessive An example of heat distinguished thus by degrees may bee thus Warme water is temperate that which is a little hotter is in the first degree of heat if manifestly hot it is in the second degree but if it heat more vehemently it may be thought to come to the third but if it scald then we know that it hath arrived to the fourth degree of heate Such also is the distinction of coldnesse moisture and drinesse by their degrees Wherefore it will be worth our labour to give you examples of certain medicines distinguished in their order and degree by which you may the more easily give conjecture of the rest Simple Medicines hot in the First degree Absinthium Althaea Amygdala dulcia Beta Brassica Chamaemelum Ladanum Semen Lini Saccharum Ervum sive Orobus Vinum novum For old is judged hot in the second or third degree as it is more or lesse yeares old Second degree Ammoniacum Arthemisia Anethum Foenugraecum Mastiche Salvia Marrubium Melissa Pix utraque tum arida corporibus particulisque solidioribus aptior tum liquida delicatioribus Scilla Sarcocolla Bryonia Apium Chamaepytis Crocus Ficus Thus. Myrrhae Mel. Nux moschata Sal. Opopanax Ammi Simples hot in the Third degree Abrotanum Agnus castus Anisum Asarum Aristolochia Chamaedrys Sabina Calamintha Cinamomum Iris. Juniperus Hyssopus Origanum Sagapenum Chelidonium majus Ruta saliva Fourth degree Allium Caepa Euphorbium Nasturtium Pyrethrum Sinapi Tithymalli Anacardi Chelidonium minus Galeno Yet ours by reason of the gentleness of the ayre moisture of our soile is not so acride Ruta sylvestris This as all wilde and not cultivated things becomes more strong and acride than the Garden Rue Simples cold in the First degree Atriplex Hordeum Cydonia mala Malva Pyra Pruna Rosa Viola Second degree Acacia Cucurbita Cucumis Malagranata acida dulcia enim temperata sunt potiùs Plantago Polyganum Solanum hortense nam id quod somniferum dicitur vi refrigerandi ad papaver accedit Third degree Hyoscyamus Soâ—anum somniferum Fourth degree Cicuta Papaveris genera omnia excepto Cornicula Portulaca Sempervivum Mandragora to huic enim incidendi abstergendi vim attribuit Gal. Certè nitrosum salsum gustu percipitur quo fit ut calida siccae sit naturae Opium Simples moist in the First degree Buglossum Viola Malva Rapum Spinacia Second degree Ammoniacum Lactuca Cucurbita Cucumis Melones Portulaca Simples dry in the First degree Thus.
Chamaemelum Brassica Sarcocolla Crocus Faba Faenugraecum Horaâ—â—m integrum Second degree Artemisia Orobus Balaustia Lens Mastiche Mel. Sal. Anethum Myrrha Pix arida Plantago Nux moschata Third degree Abrotonum ustum Absinthium Acetum Milium Sanguis draconis Galla. Myrtus Aloe Cuminum Sabina Fourth degree Piper Allium Nasturtium Sinapi Euphorbium Those we have mentioned have of themselves and their own nature all such qualities yet doe they produce farre other effects by accident and besides their owne nature in our bodies by reason of which they are termed accidentall causes This shall be made manifest by the following examples Externall heat by accident refrigerates the body within because it opens the passages and pores and cals forth the internall heate together with the spirits and humours by sweats whence it followes that the digestion is worse and the appetite is diminished The same encompassing heate also humects by accident whilest it diffuses the humours concrete with cold for thus Venery is thought to humect The like may be said of Cold for that it heates not by its proper and native but by an adventitious force whereof you may make tryall in Winter when as the ambient cold by shutting the pores of the body hinders the breathing forth and dissipation of the native heat Whence it is inwardly doubled and the concoction better performed and the appetite strengthened This same cold also dries by accident when as it by accident repercusses the humour that was ready to flow down into any part and whilst it concretes that which is gathered in the part for thus by the immoderate use of repercussers an oedematous tumour proceeding from gross and viscide phlegme degenerates into a scirrhus Drinesse and moisture because they are more passive qualities shew their effects by not so manifest operations as heate and cold doe but in comparison of them they are rather to be judged as matter or a subject CHAP. IV. Of the second faculties of Medicines WEe terme those the second faculties of Medicines which have dependance upon the first which are formerly mentioned as it is the part Of Heate to Rarefie Attract Open Attenuate Levigate Cleanse Of Cold to Condense Repercusse Shut up Incrassate Exasperate Constipate Of Moisture to Soften Relaxe Of Drinesse to Harden Stiffen Hence we terme that an attractive medicine which hath an attractive faculty as on the contrary that a repercussive that repels a detergent that which cleanses viscous matter We call that an Emplasticke medicine which not only shuts up the pores of the body but reduces the liquid bodies therein contained to a certaine equality of substance Thus also emollients relaxers and the rest have their denominations from their effects as we shall declare hereafter CHAP. V. Of the third faculties of Medicines THe third faculty of medicines depends for the most part upon the first and second faculties sometimes conjoyned otherwhiles separate Also sometimes it followes neither of these faculties but a certaine property and inexplicable quality which is only knowne by experience Now the operations of this third faculty are to agglutinate to fill with flesh to cicatrize to asswage paine to move or stay the urine milke seed the courses sweats vomits and performe such like operations in or about the body Thus the generation of flesh is produced by the concourse of two faculties that is of drying and cleansing But drinesse and astriction produce a glutinating and cicatrizing faculty A hot and attenuating faculty causeth sweats moves urine the courses and the like in the body but contrary faculties retarde and stop the same To mitigate paine proceeds only from the first faculty to wit from heate or a moderately heating faculty to procure rest from cold onely or coldnesse joyned with some moisture But to procure vomit proceeds neither from the first nor second faculty but from a certaine occult and essentiall property which is naturally implanted in Agaricke and other nauscous and vomitory medicines CHAP. VI. Of the fourth faculty of Medicines THe fourth faculty of medicines is not of the same condition with those that are formerly mentioned for it depends not upon them or any other manifest or elementary quality but on an occult property of the whole substance by meanes whereof it workes rather upon this than that part upon this rather than that humour Wherefore Physitians cannot by any reason finde out this faculty but only by experience as we have said a little before of medicines procuring vomit Hence it is that names are given to those medicines from those parts that they chiefly respect For they are termed Cephalicks which respect the head as Betony Marjerome Sage Rosemary Staechas Pneumonicks which respect the Lungs as Liquorice sweet Almonds Orris Elecampane Cordials that strengthen the heart as Saffron Cinamon Citrons but chiefly their rindes Buglosse Corall Ivory Stomaticall which respect the stomacke and the orifice thereof as Nutmegs Mint Anise Masticke Pepper Ginger Hepaticks which respect the Liver as Wormwood Agrimony Spikenard Succory Sanders Spleniticks which have relation to the spleene as Time Epithymum Broome flowers Cetrach Capers the barke of their rootes the barke of Tamariske Diureticks such as respect the kidneyes and urenary passages as the rootes of Smallage Asperagus Fennell Butchers brome the foure greater cold seeds Turpentine Plantaine Saxifrage Arthniticks or such as strengthen the joynts as Cowslips Chamaepytis Elecampane Calaminte Hermodactiles and the like To this ranke may be referred purging medicines which furnished with a specificke property shew their efficacy on one humour more than another humour and that impact more in one part than in another For thus Agricke chiefly drawes phlegme from the head and joynts Rubarbe drawes choller chiefly from the Liver and hurts the kidneyes But let us here forbeare the consideration of such things as not appertaining to Surgery But some medicines of this kinde are furnished with one simple faculty othersome with more and those contrary whereof your taste may give you sufficient notice for Rubarbe at the first touch of the tongue is found acride and hot but when you come to chaw and throughly to taste it you shall find it to partake of an earthy astriction Therefore because tastes give notice of the faculties of medicines therefore I have thought good to treat of them briefly CHAP. VII Of Tastes TAste as Galen delivers according to Aristotle and Theophrastus is a certaine concoction of moisture in drinesse caused by meanes of heate which we know or discerne by the tongue well tempered and fittingly furnished with spittle and his nerves There are nine differences of tastes for there are three judged hot to wit the acride bitter and salt three cold the acide austere and acâ—rbe three temperate the sweet the oily or fat and the insipide Now they are thought so many according to the different degrees of concoction for it appeares greater in hot tastes and as it were a certaine assation but lesse in cold but
longer yet so that the bottle bee wrapped in cotton wooll or the like soft thing that so it may not be the hardnesse and roughnesse offend the part according to Hippocrates CHAP. XXX Of Embrocations AN Embroche or Embrocation is a watering when as from on high wee as it were showre downe some moisture upon any part This kinde of remedy is chiefly used in the parts of the head and it is used to the coronall suture for that the skull is more thin in that part so that by the spiracula or breathing places of this suture more open than those of the other sutures the force of the medicine may more easily penetrate unto the Meninges or membranes of the braine The matter of Embrocations is roots leaves flowers seeds fruits and other things according to the intention and will of the Physitian They are boyled in water and wine to the halfe or third part Embrocations may also be made of Lye or Brine against the cold and humide affects of the braine Sometimes of oyle and vinegar otherwhiles of oyle onely ℞ fol. plantag solan an m. i. sem portul cucurb an ʒii myrtil ʒi flor nymph ros an p. ss fiat decot ad lb i. cum aceti ℥ ii si altè subeundum sit ex qua irrigetur pars inflammata In affects of the braine when we would repercusse we often and with good successe use oyle of Roses with a fourth part of vinegar We use Embrocations that together with the ayre drawne into the body by the Diastole of the arteries the subtler part of the humour may penetrate and so coole the inflamed part for the chiefe use of embrocations is in hot affects Also wee use embrocations when as for feare of an haemorrhagie or the flying asunder of a broken or dislocated member we dare not loose the bandages wherewith the member is bound For then wee drop downe some decoction or oyle from high upon the bandages that by these the force of the medicine may enter into the affected member CHAP. XXXI Of Epithemes EPithema or an Epitheme is a composition used in the diseases of the parts of the lower and middle belly like to a fomentation and not much unlike an embrocation They are made of waters juices and powders by means whereof they are used to the heart chest liver and other parts Wine is added to them for the more or lesse penetration as the condition of the hot or cold affect shall seeme to require for if you desire to heate more wine must bee added as in swouning by the clotting of bloud by the corruption of seed by drinking some cold poyson the contrary is to be done in a fainting by dissipation of the spirits by feaverish heates also vinegar may bee added The matter of medicines proper to the entrailes is formerly described yet we commonly use the species of electuaries as the species elect triasantali the liver being affected and Diamargariton in affects of the heart The proportion of the juices or liquors to the powders uses to be this to every pinte of them ℥ i. or ℥ i ss of these of wine or else of vinegar ℥ i. You may gather this by the following example ℞ aqu ros bugl borag an ℥ iii. succi scabios ℥ ii pul elect diamarg. frigid ʒii cort citri sicciʒi coral ras ebor an ʒss sem citri card ben an ʒiiss croci moschi an gra 5. addendo vini albi ℥ ii fiat Epithema pro corde Epithemes are profitably applyed in hecticke and burning feavers to the liver heart and chest if so be that they be rather applyed to the region of the lungs than of the heart for the heate of the lungs being by this meanes tempered the drawn in ayre becomes lesse hot in pestilent and drying feavers They are prepared of humecting refrigerating and cordiall things so to temper the heate and recreate the vitall faculty Sometimes also we use Epithemes to strengthen the heart and drive there-hence venenate exhalations lifted or raised up from any part which is gangrenate or sphacelate Some cotton or the like steeped or moistened with such liquor and powders warmed is now and then to be applyed to the affected entraile this kinde of remedy as also all other topick and particular medicines ought not to be used unlesse you have first premised generall things CHAP. XXXII Of potentiall Cauteries THat kinde of Pyroticke which is termed a Potentiall Cautery burnes and causeth an eschar The use of these kindes of Cauteries is to make evacuation derivation revulsion or attraction of the humours by those parts whereto they are applyed Wherefore they are often and with good successe used in the punctures and bites of venemous beasts in a venenous as also in a pestilent Bubo and Carbuncle unlesse the inflammation be great for the fire doth not only open the part but also retunds the force of the poyson cals forth and plentifully evacuates the conjunct matter Also they are good in phlegmaticke and contumacious tumours for by their heate they take away the force and endeavours of our weake heate Also they are profitably applyed to stanch bleeding to eate or waste the superfluous flesh of ulcers and wens to bring downe the callous lips of ulcers and other things too long here to insist upon The materials of these Cauteries are Oake ashes Pot ashes the ashes of Tartar of Tithymals or spurges the Figge-tree the stalkes of Coleworts and Beanes cuttings of Vines as also sal ammoniacum alkali axungia vitri sal nitrum Romane Vitrioll and the like for of these things there is made a salt which by its heate is causticke and escharoticke like to an hot iron and burning coale Therefore it violently looses the continuity by eating into the skinne together with the flesh there-under I have thought good here to give you divers formes of them Take of unquencht Lime extinguished in a bowle of Barbers Lye three pounds When the Lye is settled let it be strained and into the straining put of Axungia vitri or Sandiver calcined Argol of each two pounds of Sal nitrum ammoniacum of each foure ounces these things must be beaten into a grosse powder then must they be boyled over the fire and after the boyling let them remaine in the Lye for foure and twenty houres space being often stirred about and then strained through a thicke and double linnen cloth lest any of the earthy drosse get thorow together with the liquor This strained liquor which is as cleare as water they call Capitellum and they put it in a brasen Bason such as Barbers use and so set it upon the fire and as soone as it boyles they keep it with continuall stirring lest the salt should adhere to the Bason the Capitellum being halfe boyled away they put in two ounces of powdred vitrioll so to hasten the falling of the eschar and so they keep the bason
that it may not be distended and broken by the abundant flowing of vaporous spirits as it doth oft times happen another thing is that you set it in a vessell filled with cold water least it should be broken by being over hot you may easily perceive all this by the ensuing figure A Fornace or Reverberation furnished with his Retort and Receiver A. Shewes the Fornace B. The Retort C. The Receiver D. The vessell filled with cold water CHAP. XVII A table or Catalogue of medicines and instruments serving for the cure of Diseases MEdicines and medicinallmeates fit for the cure of diseases are taken from living Creatures plants and mineralls From living creatures are taken Hornes Hooves Haires Feathers Shells Sculles Scailes Sweates Skinnes Fatts Flesh Blood Entrailes Vrine Smells whether they be stincking or sweete as also poysons whole creatures themselves as Foxes Whelpes Hedgehogs Frogs Wormes Crabs Cray-fishes Scorpions Horseleaches Swallowes Dungs Bones Extreame parts Hearts Liver Lungs Braine Wombe Secundine Testicles Pizle Bladder Sperme Taile Coats of the Ventricle Expirations Bristles Silke Webbes Teares Spittle Honey Waxe Egges Milke Butter Cheese Marrow Rennet From Plants that is Trees shrubs and hearbes are taken Roots Mosse Pith. Siâ—ns Buds Stalkes Leaves Floures Cups Fibers or hairy threds Eares Seeds Barke Wood. Meale Iuices Teares Oyles Gums Rosins Rottennesses Masse or spissament Manna which falling downe like dew upon plants presently concreates Whole plants as Mallowes Onions c. Mettalls or mineralls are taken either from the water or earth and are either kinds of earth stones or mettalls c. The kinds of earth are Bole Armenicke Terra sigillata Fullers earth Chaulke Okar Plaister Lime Now the kinds of stone are Flints Lapis judaicus Lapis Lyncis The Pumice Lap. Haematites Amiantus Galactites Spunge stones Diamonds Saphire Chrysolite Topace Loadstone The Pyrites or fire-stone Alablaster Marble Cristall and many other precious stones The kinds of Salts as well naturall as artficiare Common salt Sal nitrum Sal Alkali Sal Ammoniacum Salt of Vrine Salt of tartar and generally all salts that may be made of any kind of plants Those that are commonly called mineralls are Marchasite Antimony Muscovy Glasse Tutty Arsnicke Orpiment Lazure or blew Rose agar Brimstone Quicke silver White Coprose Chalcitis Psory Roman Vitrioll Colcothar vitrioll or greene Coprose Alumen scissile Common Alome Alumen rotundum Round Alome Alumen liquidum Alumen plumosum Boraxe or Burrace Bitumen Naphtha Cinnabaris or Vermillion Litharge of Gold Litharge of Silver Chrysocolla Scandaracha Red Lead White Lead and divers other Now the Mettals themselves are Gold Silver Iron Lead Tinne Brasse Copper Steele Lattin and such as arise from these as the scailes verdegreace rust c. Now from the waters as the Sea Rivers Lakes and Fountaines and the mud of these waters are taken divers medicines as white and red Corrall Pearles and infinite other things which nature the handmayd of the great Architect of this world hath produced for the cure of diseases so that into what part soever you turne your eyes whether to the surface of the earth or the bowels thereof a great multitude of remedies present themselves to your view The choyse of all which is taken from their substance or quantity quality action place season smell taste site figure and weight other circumstances as Sylvius hath aboundantly shewed in his booke written upon this subject Of these simples are made diverse compositions as Collyria Caputpurgia Eclegmata Dentifrices Dentiscalpia Apophlegmatismi Gargarismes Pills Boles Potions Emplaisters Vnguents Cerates Liniments Embrocations Fomentations Epithemes Attractives Resolvers Suppuratives Emollients Mundificatives Incarnatives Cicatrisers Putrifiers Corrosives Agglutinatives Anodynes Apozemes Iuleps Syrupes Powders Tablets Opiates Conserves Preserves Confections Rowles Vomits Sternutatoryes Sudorifickes Glysters Pessaries Suppositoryes Fumigations Trochisces Frontalls Cappes Stomichers Bagges Bathes Halfe-bathes Virgins-milke Fuci Pications Depilatoryes Vesicatoryes Potentiall canteriâ—s Nose-gayes Fannes Cannopyes or extended cloathes to make winde Artificiall fountaines to distill or droppe downe liquors Now these that are thought to be nourishing medicines are Restauratiues Cullisses Expressions Gellyes Ptisans Barly-creames Ponadoes Almond-milkes Marchpaines Wafers Hydro sacchar Hydromel and such other drinkes Mucilages Oxymel Oxycrate Rose Vinegar Hydraelium Metheglin Cider Drinke of Servisses Ale Beere Vinegar Verjuice Oyle Steeled water Water brewed with bread crummes Hippocras Perry and such like Waters and distilled oyles and divers other Chymicall extractions As the waters and oyles of hot dry and aromaticke things drawne in a copper Alembecke with a cooler with ten times as much water in weight as of hearbes now the hearbes must be dry that the distillation may the better succeede Waters are extracted cut of flowers put in a Retort by the heate of the Sunne or of dung or of an heape of pressed out Grapes or by Balneo if there bee a receiver put and closely lured thereto All kindes of salt of things calcined dissolved in water and twise or thrise filtred that so they may become more pure and fit to yeeld oyle Other distillations are made either in Cellars by the coldnesse or moysture of the place the things being layd either upon a marble or else hangd up in a bagge and thus is made oyle of Tartar and of salts and other things of An aluminous nature Bones must bee distilled by descent or by the joyning together of vessels All woods rootes barkes shells of fishes and seedes or graines as of corne broome beanes and other things whose juice cannot be got out by expression must bee distilled by descent or by the joyning together of vessels in a Reverberatory fornace Mettalls calcined and having acquired the nature of salt ought to bee dissolved and filtted and then evaporated till they bee dry then let them bee dissolved in distilled vinegar and then evaporated and dryed againe for so they will easily distill in a Cellar upon a Marble or in a bagge Or else by putting them into a glassie retort and setting it in sand and so giving fire thereto by degrees untill all the watery humidity be distilled then change the receiver and lute another close to the Retort then encrease the fire above and below and thus there will flow forth an oyle very red coloured Thus are all metalline things distilled as Alomes salts c. Gummes axungiae and generally all rosins are distilled by retort set in an earthen vessell filled with Ashes upon a fornace now the fire must be encreased by little and little according to the different condition of the distilled matters The vessels and Instruments serving for distillations are commonly these Bottomes of Alembeckes The heads of them from whence the liquors droppe Refrigeratories Vessels for sublimation For Reverberation For distilling by descent Crucibiles and other such Vessells for Calcination Haire strainers Bagges Earthen platters Vessells for circulation as Pellicanes Earthen Basons for filtring Fornaces The secret fornaces of Philosophers The Philosophers egge Cucurbites Retorts Bolt heads Vrinalls Receivers Vessells so fitted together
by reason that the putrefying blood is turned into sanies the patient cannot lye but on his backe and he hath an often desire to vomit but if hee escape death his wound will degenerate into a Fistula and at length will consume him by little and little We may know that the Lungs are wounded by the foaming and spumous blood comming out both at the wound and cast up by vomiting hee is vexed with a greevous shortnesse of breath and with a paine in his sides We may perceive the Heart to be wounded by the aboundance of blood that commeth out at the wound by the trembling of all the whole body by the faint and small pulse palenesse of the face cold sweate with often swounding coldnesse of the extreame parts and suddaine death When the midriffe which the Latines call Diaphragma is wounded the patient feeleth a great weight in that place he raveth and talketh idlely he is troubled with shortnesse of winde a cough and fit of greevous paine and drawing of the entralls upwards Wherefore when all these accidents appeare we may certainely pronounce that death is at hand Death appeareth sodainely by a wound of the hollow Veine or the great Arterie by reason of the great and violent evacuation of blood and spirits whereby the functions of the Heart and Lungs are stopped and hindred The marrow of the backebone being pierced the patient is assaulted with a Palsie or convulsion very suddainely and sence and motion faileth in the parts beneath it the excrements of the bladder are either evacuated against the patients will or else are altogether stopped When the Liver is wounded much blood commeth out at the wound and pricking paine disperseth it selfe even unto the sword-like gristle which hath its situation at the Lower end of the brest bone called Sternon the blood that falleth from thence downe into the intestines doth oftentimes inferre most maligne accidents yea and sometimes death When the stomacke is wounded the meate and drink come out at the wound there followeth a vomiting of pure choler then commeth sweating and coldnesse of the extreame parts and therefore we ought to prognosticate death to follow such a wound When the milt or spleene is wounded blacke and grosse blood cometh out at the wound the patient will be very thirsty with paine on the left side and the blood breakes forth into the belly and there putrifying causeth most maligne and greevous accidents and often times death to follow When the guts are wounded the whole body is griped and pained the excrements come out at the wound whereat also often times the guts breake forth with great violence When the reines or Kidnyes are wounded the patient will have great paine in making his Vrine and the blood commeth out together therewith the paine commeth downe even unto the groine yard and testicles When the bladder and Vreters are wounded the paine goeth even unto the entralls the parts all about and belonging to the groine are distended the Vrine is bloody that is made and the same also commeth often times out at the wound When the wombe is wounded the blood commeth out at the privities and all other accidents appeare like as when the bladder is wounded When the sinewes are pricked or cut halfe asunder there is great paine in the affected place and there followeth a suddaine inflammation fluxe abscesse feaver convulsion and oftentimes a gangreene or mortification of the part whereof commeth death unlesse it be speedily prevented Having declared the signes and tokens of wounded parts it now remaineth that we set downe other signes of certaine kindes of death that are not common or naturall whereabout when there is great strife and contention made it oftentimes is determined and ended by the judgement of the discreete Physition or Chirurgion Therefore if it chance that a nurse either through drunkennesse or negligence lyes upon her infant lying in bed with her and so stifles or smothers it to death If your judgement be required whether the infant dyed through the default or negligence of the nurse or through some violent or suddaine diseases that lay hidden and lurking in the body thereof You shall finde out the truth of the matter by these signes following For if the infant were in good health before if he were not froward or crying if his mouth and nosethrills now being dead be moystned or bedewed with a certaine foame if his face be not pale but of a Violet or purple colour if when the body is opened the Lungs be found swolne and puffed up as it were with a certaine vaporous foame and all the other entralls found it is a token that the infant was stifled smothered or strangled by some outward violence If the body or dead corpes of a man be found lying in a field or house alone and you be called by a magistrate to deliver your opinion whether the man were slaine by lightning or some other violent death you may by the following signes finde out the certainety hereof For every body that is blasted or striken with lightning doth cast forth or breathe out an unholsome stinking or sulphureous smell so that the birdes or fowles of the ayre nor dogges will not once touch it much lesse prey or feede on it the part that was stricken often times sound and without any wound but if you search it well you shall finde the bones under the skinne to be bruised broken or shivered in peeces But if the lightening hath pierced into the body which making a wound therein according to the judgement of Pliny the wounded part is farre colder than all the rest of the body For lightning driveth the most thinne and fiery ayre before it and striketh it into the body with great violence by the force whereof the heate that was in the part is soone dispersed wasted and consumed Lightening doth alwayes leave some impression or signe of some fire either by ustion or blacknesse for no lightning is without fire Moreover whereas all other living creatures when they are striken with lightening fall on the contrary side onely man falleth on the affected side if hee be not turned with violence toward the coast or region from whence the lightening came If a man bee striken with lightening while he is asleepe hee will be found with eyes open contrarywise if hee be striken while hee is awake his eyes will be closed as Plinie writeth Philip Commines writeth that those bodyes that are stricken with lightning are not subject to corruption as others are Therefore in ancient time it was their custome neither to burne nor bury them for the brimstone which the lightning bringeth with it was unto them in stead of salt for that by the drynesse and fiery heate thereof it did preserve them from putrefaction Also it may be enquired in judgement Whether any that is dead and wounded received these wounds alive or
ministered unto them of their owne accord and so came to themselves againe In the doing of all these things Iames Guillemeau Chirurgion unto the King and of Paris and Iohn of Saint Germanes the Apothecary did much helpe and further us In the afternoone that the matter being well begunne might have good successe Iohn Hautie and Lewis Thibaut both most learned Phisitions were sent for unto us with whom we might consult on other things that were to be done They highly commending all things that we had done already thought it very convenient that cordialls should be ministered unto them which by ingendering of laudable humors might not onely generate new spirits but also attenuate and purifie those that were grosse and cloudy in their bodies The rest of our consultation was spent in the enquirie of the cause of so dire a mischance For they sayd that it was no new or strange thing that men may be smothered with the fume and cloudy vapour of burning coales For we reade in the workes of Fulgosius Volateranus and Egnatius that as the Emperour Iovinian travelled in winter time toward Rome he being weary in his journey rested at a Village called Didastanes which divideth Bithynia from Galatia where he lay in a chamber that was newly made and plaistered with lime wherein they burnt many coales for to dry the worke or plaistering that was but as yet greene on the walls or roofe of the chamber Now he dyed the very same night being smothered or strangled with the deadly and poysonous vapour of the burned charcoale in the midst of the night this happened to him in the eighth moneth of his reigne the thirtyeth yeere of his age and on the twentyeth day of August But what neede we to exemplifie this matter by the ancient histories seeing that not many yeeres since three servants dyed in the house of Iohn Bigâ—ne goldsmith who dwelleth at the turning of the bridge of the Change by reason of a fire made of coales in a close chamber without a chimney where they lay And as concerning the causes these were alleaged Many were of opinion that it happened by the default of the vapour proceeding from the burned coales which being in a place voyd of all ayre or wind inferres such like accidents as the vapour of muste or new wine doth that is to say paine and giddinesse of the head For both these kindes of vapour besides that they are crude like unto those things whereof they come can also very suddainely obstruct the originall of the Nerves and so cause a convulsion by reason of the grossnesse of their substance For so Hippocratâ—s writing of those accidents that happen by the vapour of new wine speaketh If any man being drunken doe suddainely become speechlesse and hath a convulsion he dyeth unlesse he have a feaver therewithall or if he recover not his speech againe when his drunkennesse is over Even on the same manner the vapour of the coales assaulting the braine caused them to be speechlesse unmoveable and voyde of all sense and had dyed shortly unlesse by ministring and applying warme medicines into the mouth and to the nosethrells the grossnesse of the vapour had beene attenuated and the expulsive faculties mooved or provoked to expell all those things that were noysome and also although at the first sight the Lungs appeared to be greeved more than all the other parts by reason that they drew the maligne vapour into the body yet when you consider them well it will manifestly appeare that they are not greeved unlesse it be by the simpathy or affinity that they have with the braine when it is very greevously afflicted The proofe hereof is because presently after there followeth an interception or defect of the voyce sense and motion which accidents could not bee unlesse the beginning or originall of the nerves were intercepted or letted from performing its function being burthened by some matter contrary to nature And even as those that have an apoplexie doe not dye but for want of respiration yet without any offence of the Lungs even so these two young mens deathes were at hand by reason that their respiration or breathing was in a manner altogether intercepted not through any default of the Lungs but of the braine and nerves distributing sence and motion to the whole body and especially to the instruments of respiration Others contrariwise contended and sayd that there was no default in the braine but conjectured the interception of the vitall spirits letted or hindered from going up unto the braine from the heart by reason that the passages of the Lungs were stopped to be the occasion that sufficient matter could not be afforded for to perserve and feed the animall spirit Which was the cause that those young men were in danger of death for want of respiration without the which there can be no life For the heart being in such a case cannot deliver it selfe from the fuliginous vapour that encompasseth it by reason that the Lungs are obstructed by the grossnesse of the vapour of the coales whereby inspiration cannot well bee made for it is made by the compassing ayre drawne into our bodyes but the ayre that compasseth us doth that which nature endeavoureth to doe by inspiration for it moderateth the heate of the heart and therefore it ought to bee endued with foure qualities The first is that the quantity that is drawne into the body bee sufficient The second is that it be cold or temperate in quantity The third is that it be of a thinne and meane consistence The fourth is that it be of a gentle and benigne substance But these foure conditions were wanting in the ayre which these two young men drew into their bodyes being in a close chamber For first it was little in quantity by reason that small quantity that was contained in that little close chamber was partly consumed by the fire of coales no otherwise than the ayre that is conteined in a cupping glasse is consumed in a moment by the flame so soone as it is kindled Furthermore it was neither cold nor temperate but as it were enflamed with the burning fire of coales Thirdly it was more grosse in consistence than it should bee by reason of the admixtion of the grosser vapour of the coales for the nature of the ayre is so that it may bee soone altered and will very quickly receive the formes and impressions of those substances that are about it Lastly it was noysome and hurtfull in substance and altogether offensive to the aiery substance of our bodies For Charcoale are made of greene wood burnt in pits under ground and then extinguished with their owne fume or smoake as all Colliers can tell These were the opinions of most learned men although they were not altogether agreeable one unto another yet both of them depended on their proper reasons For this at least is manifest that those passages which are common to the breast and braine were
wrapped them in Cotton cloathes glewed together with a certaine gumme then their kinsemen placed them thus ordered in a wooden Coffinne carved like to a man This was the sacred and accustomed rite of embalming and burying dead bodyes amongst the Aegyptians which were of the richer sort Our Countrie-men the French stirred up with the like desire embalme the bodyes of their Kings and Nobles with spices and sweete oyntments Which custome they may seeme piously and christianly to have taken from the Old and New Testament and the ancient and laudible custome of the Iewes for you may reade in the New Testament that Ioseph bought a fine linnen cloath and Nicodemus brought a mixture of myrrhe and Aloes about 100. pound weight that they might embalme and bury the body of Iesus Christ our Saviour for a signe and argument of the renovation and future integrity which they hoped for by the resurrection of the dead Which thing the Iewes had received by tradition from their ancestors For Ioseph in the old Testament commaunded his Physitions they should embalme the dead body of his father with spices But the body which is to be embalmed with spices for very long continuance must first of all be embowelled keeping the heart apart that it may bee embalmed and kept as the kinsfolkes shall thinke fit Also the braine the scull being divided with a saw shall be taken out Then shall you make deepe incisions alongst the armes thighes legges backe loynes and buttockes especially where the greater Veines and Arteries runne first that by this meanes the blood may be pressed forth which otherwise would putrifie and give occasion and beginning to putrefaction to the rest of the body and then that there may be space to put in the aromaticke powders the whole body shall be washed over with a spunge dipped in Aqua vitae and strong vinegar wherein shall be boyled wormewood aloes coloquintida common salt and Alume Then these incisions and all the passages and open places of the body and the three bellyes shall be stuffed with the following spices grossely powdered R. pul rosar chamaem melil balsami menthae aneâ—hi salviae lavend rorismar majoran thymi absinthij cyperi calami aromat gentianae ireos florent assae odoratae caryophyll nucis moschat cinamoni styracis calamitae benjoini myrrhae aloes santal omnium quod sufficit Let the incisions be sowed up and the open spaces that nothing fall out then forth with let the whole body be anointed with Turpentine dissolved with oyle of roses and Chamomile adding if you shall thinke it fit some Chymicall oyles of spices and then let it be againe strewed over with the forementioned powder then wrap it in a linnen cloath and then in ceare-cloathes Lastly let it be put in a Coffin of Lead sure soudred and filled up with dry sweete hearbes But if there be no plenty of the forementioned spices as it usuall happens in beseiged townes the Chirurgion shall be contented with the powder of quenched lime common ashes made of Oake wood For thus the body being over and above washed in strong vinegar or Lie shall be kept a long time if so be that a great and dissolving heate doe not beare sway or if it be not put in a hot and moyst place And this condition of time and place is the cause why the dead bodyes of Princes and Kings though embalmed with Art and cost within the space of sixe or seaven dayes in which they are kept to bee shewed to the people after their embalming doe cast forth so greevous a sent that none can endure it so that they are forced to be put in a leaden Coffinne For the ayre which encompasseth them groweth so hot by reason of the multitude of people flowing to the spectacle and the burning of lights night and day that the small portion of the native heate which remaineth being dissipated they easily putrefie especially when as they are not first moystened macerated in the liquor of aromaticke things as the Aegyptians anciently used to doe steeping them in brine for 70 dayes as I formerly told you out of Herodotus I put in minde hereby use that so the embalming may become the more dureable to steepe the bodyes being embowelled and pricked all over with sharpe bodkinnes that so the liquor hindring putrefaction may penetrate the deeper into them in a woodden tubbe filled with strong vinegar of the decoction of aromaticke and bitter things as Aloes Rue Wormewood and Coloquintida and there keepe them for twenty dayes pouring thereinto eleven or twelve pinâ—s of Aqua vitae Then taking it forth and setting it on the feete I keepe it in a cleare and dry place I have at home the body of one that was hanged which I begged of the Shriffe embalmed after this manner which remaines sound for more than 25 yeeres so that you may tell all the muscles of the right side which I have cut up even to their heads and plucked them from those that are next them for distinctions sake that so I may view them with my eyes and handle them with my hands as often as I please that by renuing my memory I may worke more certainely and surely when as I have any more curious operation to be performed the left side remaines whole and the Lungs Heart Diaphragma stomacke spleene kidneyes beard haires yea and the nailes which being pared I have often observed to grow againe to their former bignesse And let this be the bound of this our immense labour and by Gods favour our rest to whom Almighty all powerfull immortall and invisible be ascribed all honour and glory for ever and ever Amen Labor improbus omnia vincit The end of the Treatise of reports and embalming the dead THE APOLOGIE AND TREATISE CONTAINING THE VOYAGES MADE INTO DIVERS PLACES BY AMBROSE PARE of Laval in Maine Counsellor and cheefe Chirurgion to the King THE TVVENTI NINTH BOOKE TRuely I had not put my hand to the penne to write on such a thing were it not that some have impudently injured taxed and more through particular hatred disgraced me than for zeale or love they beare to the publicke good which was concerning my manner of tying the Veines and Arteries writing thus as followeth Malè igitur nimiùm arrogdnter inconsultus temerarius quidam vasorum ustionem post emortui membri resectionem a veteribus omnibus plurimùm commendatam semper probatam damnare ausus est novum quendam deligandi vasa modum contra veteres omnes medicos sine ratione experientia judicio docere cupiens nec animadvertit majora multo pericula ex ipsa vasorum deligatione quam acu partemsanam profunde transfigendo administrari vult imminere quà m ex ipsa ustione Nam si acu nervosam aliquam partem vel nervum ipsum pupugerit dum ita novo inusitato modo venam absurde conatur constringere nova inflammatio necessariò
Martigues where I prayd him that he would take order that I might remaine neare him to dresse him which he agreed to most willingly and had as much desire I should remaine with him as I my selfe Soone after the Commissioners who had charge to elect the prisoners entred into the Castle the seaventeenth day of Iuly one thousand five hundred fifty three where they made Messieurs the Duke of Boüillon the Marquesse of Villars the Baron of Culan Monsieur du Pont commissary of the Artillery and Monsieur de Martigues and I to be taken through the request that he made to them and all other Gentlemen which they could perceive were able to pay any ransome and the most part of the Souldiers and the cheefe of the Companies having such and so many prisoners as they would Afterward the Spanish Souldiers entred by the Breach without any resistance for ours esteemed they would hold their faith and composition that they should have their lives saved They entred in with a great fury to kill pillage and rifle all they retained some hoping to have ransome they tyed their stones with Arquebuse cords which was cast over a Pike which two held upon their shoulders then pulled the said cord with a great violence and derision as if they would ring a Bell telling them that they must put themselves to the ransome and tell of what houses they were and if they saw they could have no profit made them cruelly dye betweene their hands or presently after their genitall parts would have â—alne into a Gangreene and totall mortification but they kild them all with their Daggers and cut their throats See now their great cruelty and persidiousnesse let him trust to it that will Now to returne to my purpose being lead from the Castle to the Citty with Monsieur de Martigues there was a Gentleman of the Duke of Savoyes who asked mee if Monsieur de Martigues wound was curable I answered not who presently went and told the Duke of Savoy now I thought he would send Physitions and Chirurgions to visit and dresse my said Monsieur de Martigues in the meane time I thought with my selfe whether I ought to make it nice and not to acknowledge my selfe a Chirurgion for feare least they should retaine mee to dresse their wounded and in the end they would know I was the Kings Chirurgion and that they would make me pay a great ransome On the other side I feared if I should not make my selfe knowne to bee a Chirurgion and to have carefully dressed Monsieur de Martigues they would cut my throate so that I tooke a resolution to make it appeare to them he would not dye for want of good dressing and looking to Soone after see their arrives divers gentlemen accompanied with the Physition and Chirurgion to the Emperour and those of the said Duke of Savoy with sixe other Chirurgions following the Army to see the hurt of the said Lord of Martigues and to know of mee how I had dressed him and with what medicines The Emperours Physition bid me declare the essence of the wound and how I had drest it Now all the assistance had a very attentive eare to know if the wound were mortall or not I began to make a discourse that Monsieur de Martigues looking over the wall to perceive them that did undermine it received a shot from an Arquebuse quite through the body presently I was called to dresse him I saw hee cast blood out of his mouth and his wounds Moreover he had a great difficultie of breathing and cast out winde by the said wounds with a whistling in so much that it would blow out a Candle and he said he had a most sharpe pricking paine at the entrance of the Bullet I doe beleeve and thinke it might bee some little peeces of bones which prickt the Lungs When they made their Systole and Diastole I put my finger into him where I found the entrance of the Bullet to have broken the fourth Rib in the middle and scales of bones which the said Bullet had thrust in and the outgoing of it had likewise broken the fift Rib with peeces of bones which had beene driven from within outward I drew out some but not all because they were very deepe and adherent I put in each wound a Tent having the head very large tyed with a thread least by the inspiration it might bee drawne into the capacity of the Thorax which hath beene knowne by experience to the detriment of the poore wounded for being fallen in it cannot be taken out which is the cause that engenders putrifaction a thing contrary to nature The said Tents were annointed with a medicine compos'd of yolks of Egges Venice Turpentine with a little oyle of Roses My intention for putting the Tents was to stay the flux of blood and to hinder that the outward ayre did not enter into the breast which might have cooled the Lungs and by consequent the heart The said Tents were also put to the end that issue might bee given for the blood that was spilt within the Thorax I put upon the wound great Emplasters of Diacalcitheos in which I had relented oyle of Roses and Vinigar to the avoyding of inflammation then I put great stupes of Oxycrate and bound him up but not hard to the end he might have easie respiration that done I drew from him five porrengers of blood from the Basilicke veine of the right arme to the end to make revulsion of the blood which runs from the wounds into the Thorax having first taken indication from the wounded part and cheefely his forces considering his youth and his sanguine temper Hee presently after went to stoole and by his urine and seege cast great quantity of blood And as for the paine which he said he felt at the entrance of the Bullet which was as if he had beene pricked with a bodkin that was because the Lungs by their motion beate against the splinters of the broken Rib. Now the Lungs are covered with a coate comming from the membrane called Pleura interweaved with nerves of the sixt conjugation from the braine which was cause of the extreame paine he felt likewise he he had a great difficultie of breathing which proceeded from the blood which was spilt in the capacitie of the Thorax and upon the Diaphragme the principall instrument of respiration and from the dilaceration of the muscles which are betweene each Rib which helpe also to make the expiration and the inspiration and likewise because the Lungs were torne and wounded by the Bullet which hath caused him ever since to spit blacke and putrid blood in coughing The Feaver seazed him soone after he was hurt with faintings and swoonings It seemed to mee that the said feaver proceeded from the putredinous vapours arising from the blood which is out of his proper vessells which hath fallen downe and will yet flow downe The wound of the Lungs is growne great and will grow more
great because it is in perpetuall motion both fleeping and waking and is dilated and comprest to let in the aire to the heart and cast fuliginous vapours out by the unnaturall heate is made inflammation then the expulsive vertue is constrained to cast out by cough whatsoever is obnoxious unto it for the Lungs cannot be purged but by coughing by coughing the wound is dilated and growes greater from whence the blood issues out in great aboundance which blood is drawne from the heart by the veine arteriall to give them nourishment and to the heart by the vena cava his meate was barly broth stewed prunes sometimes panado his drinke was Ptisan He could not lye but upon his backe which shewed he had a great quantity of blood spilt within the capacity of the Thorax and being spread or spilled along the spondills doth not so much presse the Lungs as it doth being laid on the sides or sitting What shall I say more but that the said Lord Martigues since the time hee was hurt hath not reposed one houre onely and hath alwayes cast out bloody urines and stooles These things then Messieres considered one can make no other prognosticke but that he will dye in a few dayes which is to my great greefe Having ended my discourse I drest him as I was wont having discovered his wounds the Physitions and other assistants presently knew the truth of what I had said The said Physitions having felt his pulse and knowne his forces to be almost spent and abolished concluded with mee that in a few dayes he would dye and at the same instant went all toward the Lord of Savoy where they all said that the said Lord Martigues would dye in a short time he answered it were possible if hee were well drest he might escape Then they all with one voyce said hee had beene very well drest and sollicited with all things necessary for the curing of his wounds and could not be better and that it was impossible to cure him and that his wound was mortall of necessity The Monsieur de Savoy shewed himselfe to bee very much discontented and wept and asked them againe if for certaine they all held him deplored and remedilesse they all answered yes Then a certaine Spanish impostor offered himselfe who promised on his life that he would cure him and if he failed to cure him they should cut him in an hundred peeces but he would not have any Physitions Chirurgions or Apothecaries with him And at the same instant the sayd Lord of Savoy told the Physitions and Chirurgions they should not in any wise goe any more to see the sayd Lord of Martigues Also he sent a Gentleman to me to forbid me upon paine of life not to touch any more the said Lord of Martigues which I promised not to doe wherefore I was very glad seeing he should not dye in my hands and commanded the said impostor to dresse the said Lord of Martigues And that he should have no other Physitions nor Chirurgions but him he came presently to the said Lord of Martigues who told him Senor Cavallero el senor Dugue me ha mandado que viniesse a curar vostra herida yo os juro á Dios que antes de acho dias yo os haga subir a Cavallo con la lansa en puno contalque no ago que yo qúos togue Comereis y bibereis todas comidas que fueren de vostro gusto y yo hare la dieta pro V. m. y desto os de veu aseguirar sobre de mi yo he sanado mun hos que tenian magores heridas que la Vostra That is to say Lord Cavalleere Monsieur the Duke of Savoy hath commanded me to come dresse thy wound I sweare to thee by God that before eight dayes I will make thee mount on horsebacke with thy Lance in thy hand provided that no man may touch thee but my selfe thou shalt eate and drinke any thing thou hast a minde to I will performe thy diet for thee and of this thou maist be assured upon my promise I have cured divers who have had greater wounds than thine and the Lord replyed God give you the grace to doe it He demanded of the sayd Lord a shirt and tore it in little ragges which hee put a crosse muttering and murmuring certaine words over the wound and having drest him permitted him to eate and drinke what he would telling him hee would observe a dyet for him which he did eating but six prunes and sixe bits of bread at a meale and drinking but beere Notwithstanding two dayes after the sayd Lord of Martigues dyed and my Spaniard seeing of him in the agony eclipst himselfe and got away without bidding farewell to any body and I beleeve if he had beene taken he had bin hang'd for his false promises which he had made to Monsieur the Duke of Savoy and to divers other gentlemen He dyed about tenne of the clocke in the morning and after dinner the sayd Lord of Savoy sent Physitions and Chirurgions and his Apothecary with a great quantity of Drogues to embalme him they came accompanied with divers gentlemen and Captaines of the Army The Emperors Chirurgion came neere to me and prayed me kindly to open the body which I refused telling him I was not worthy to carry his plaster boxe after him he prayed me againe which then I did for his sake if it so liked him I would yet againe have excused my selfe that seeing he was not willing to embalme him that he would give this charge to another Chirurgion of the company he made me yet answere that he would it should be I and if I would not doe it I might hereafter repent it knowing this his affection for feare he should not doe me any displeasure I tooke the rasor and presented it to all in particular telling them I was not well practised to doe such operations which they all refused The body being placed upon a table truely I purposed to shew them that I was an Anatomist declaring to them diverse things which should be heere too long to recite I began to tell all the company that I was sure the bullet had broken two ribs and that it had past through the Lungs and that they should finde the wound much enlarged because they are in perpetuall motion sleeping or waking and by this motion the wound was the more dilacerated Also that there was great quantity of blood spilt in the capacity of the brest and upon the midriffe and splinters of the broken ribbes which were beaten in at the entrance of the bullet and the issuing forth of it had carried out Indeed all which I had told them was found true in the dead body One of the Physitions asked me which way the blood might passe to be cast out by Vrine being contained in the Thorax I answeared him that there was a manifest conduit which is the Vena Aâ—ygos who having nourisht the ribbes the rest
701. Signes that iâ— flowes from the Braine or Liver ibid. How to know this or that humor accompanying the Gouty malignitie 702. Prognostickes ibid. The generall method to prevent and cure it 704. Vomiting sometimes good 705. other generall remedies 706. Diet convenient 707. What wine not good 708. How to strengthen the joynts ibid. The palliative cure thereof 709. Locall medicines in a cold Gout 710. In a hot or sanguine Goute 713. In a Cholericke Goute 714. What is to be done after the sit is over 717. Tophi or knots how caused ibid. The hip-goute or sciatica 719. The cure thereof 720 Gristles what 136. of the nose 186. of the Larinx 194 Groines their wounds 399. Their Tumors see Bubo's Guajacum The choise faculties and parts 728. The preparation of the decoction thereof 729. The use 730 Gullet and the History thereof 157. The wounds thereof 387 Gums overgrowne with flesh how to be helped 293 Guns who their inventer 406. Their force 407. The cause of their reports 415 Gunpouder not poysonous 409. 412. How made 412 Gutta rosacea what 1080. The cure 1081 Guts their substance figure and number 105 Their site and connexion 106. Action 107. How to be taken forth 115. Signes that they are wounded 396. Their cure 397. Their Vlcers 480 H. HAemorrhoides what their differences and cure 487. In the necke of the wombe 955 Haemorrhoidalis interna 112. Externa 117 Haemorrhoidalisarteria â—ive mesenteâ—ica inferior 115 Haemorrhouâ— a Serpent his bite the signes und cure 791 Haijt a strange beast 1022 Haire what the originall and use 160. How to make it blacke 1081. 1082. How to take it off 1082 Hairy sealpe the connexion and use 160. The wounds thereof not to bee neglected ibid. The cure thereof being contused 361 Hand taken generally what 208 209. The fracture thereof with the cure 577. How to supply the defect thereof 879 881 Hares how they provide for their young 61 Hare-lips what 383. Their cure 384 Harmonia what 243 Hawkes 70 Head the generall description thereof 159. The containing and contained parts thereof 160. The musculous skin thereof ibid. Why affected when any membranous part is hurt 160. The watry Tumor thereof 289. The wounds thereof 337 338 c. The falling away of the Haire and other affects thereof 637 638 c. The dislocation thereof 603 Hearing the Organe object c. thereof 24 Heart and the History thereof 144 145. The ventricles thereof 145. Signes of the wounds thereof 388 Heate one and the same the efficient cause of all humors at the same time â—14 Three causes thereof 250 Hecticke feaver with the differences causes signes and cure 393 Hedg-hogs how they provide for their young 61 Heele and the parts thereof 234. Why a fracture thereof so dangerous ibid. The dislocation thereof 632. symptomes following upon the contusion thereof ibid. Why subject to inflammation 633 Hemicrania see Megrim Hemlocke the poysonous quality thereof and the cure 806 Henbane the poysonous quality and the cure 805 Hermaphrodites 28 and 972. Herne his sight and the Falcon. 70 Hernia and the kinds thereof 304. Humoralis 313 Herpes and the kinds thereof 264. The cure 265 Hip-gout see Sciatica Hippe the dislocation thereof 623. prognostickes 624. signes that it is dislocated out-wardly or inwardly 625. dislocated forwards 626. backwards ibid. how to restore the inward dislocation 627. the outward dislocation 629. the forward dislocation ibid. the backward dislocation 630 Hippocrates his effigies 1115 Hoga a monstrous fish 1008 Holes of the inner Basis of the scull 174. of the externall Basis thereof 175. small ones sometimes remain after the cure of great wounds 384 Holy-bone his number of Vertebrae and their use 198. the fracture thereof 575 Hordeolum an affect of the Eye-lids 642 Hornes used in stead of Ventoses 696 Horse-leaches their application and use ibid. their virulency and the cure 800 Hot-houses how made 1077 Hulpalis a monstrous beast 1017 Humeraria arteria 153 Vena 210 Humours their temperaments 11. the knowledge of them necessary ibid. their definition and division 12. Serous and secundary as Ros Cambium Gluten 15. An argument of their great putrefaction 417 Humours of the eye 182 Aqueus 183 Crystallinus 184 Vitreus ibid. Hydatis 643 Hydrargyrum the choice preparation and use thereof in the Lues venerea 731 Hydrophalia whether uncureable 787 What cure must be used therein 789 Hydrocephalos what 289. The causes differences signes c. ibid. The cure 290 Hydrocele 304. 311 Hymen 130 Whether any or no 937 A history thereof 938 Hyoides os the reason of the name composure site c. thereof 191 Hypochondria their site 85 Hypochyma 651 Hypogastricae venae 117 Hypopyon 650 Hypothenar 222 I. JAundice a medicine therefore 303 Jaw the bones thereof and their productions 178 The fracture of the lower jaw 567 How to helpeit 568 The dislocation thereof 600 The cure ibid. Ibis abird the inventer of glysters 56 Ichneumon how hee armes himselfe to assaile the Crocodile 66 Idlenesse the discommodities thereof 35 Jejunum intestinum 105 Ileon 106 Iliaca arteria 115 Vena 117 Ilium os 227 Ill conformation 41 Imagination and the force thereof 897 Impostors their impudency and craft 51 372 Impostume what their causes and differences 249 Signes of them in generall 250 Prognostickes 252 What considerable in opening of them 259 Inanition see Emptinesse Incus 163. 191 Indication whence to be drawne 5. of feeding 33. what 42. the kindes 43. a table of them 48. observable in wounds by gun-shot 426 Infant what he must take before he sucke 907 their crying what it doth 912. how to be preserved in the wombe when the mother is dead 923. See Childe Inflammation of the almonds of the throat and their cure 293. 294. of the Uvula 294. of the eyes 645 Inflammation hinders the reposition or putting dislocated members into joint 619 Insessus what their manner matter and use 1073 Instruments used in Surgery for opening abscesses 258. 259 A vent for the wombe 283. 955 An iron plate and actuall cautery for the cure of the Ranula 293 Constrictory rings to bind the Columella 295 Speculum oris ibid. 332 A trunke with cautery to cauterize the Uvula 296 An incision knife 298 An actuall cautery with the plate for the cure of the Empyema 299. of a pipe to evacuate the water in the Dropsie 303. Wherewith to make the golden ligature 310. to stitch up wounds 327 A Razour or incision knife 341. A chisel ib. Radulae vel Scalpri 343. A threefooted levatory 344. Other levatories 345. 346. Sawes to divide the skull ib. a desquamatory Trepan 346. Rostra psittaci 347. Scrapers pincers and a leaden mallet ib. A piercer to enter a Trepan 365. Trepans 366. 367. Terebellum 367. A lentill-like Scraper ib. cutting compasses 368. 369. A conduit pipe syrenge 370. to depresse the dura Meninx 1373. speculum oculi 379. for making a Seton 382. Pipes used in wounds of the chest 392. to draw out bullets
What a liniment is Oyntments their differences Unguentum adstringens Unguentum nutritum Vnguentum aureum Vng Tetraphâ—…macum scu Basiâ—…m Ung. Diapompholygos Vng desiccatvum rubrum Ung. Enulatum Vng album Rhasis De Althaea Vng Populeuâ—… Vng Apostolorum Comâ—… Ung. pto stomacho Ung. ad morsus rubiosos ex li. 1. Gal. de comp sce genera 3. De comp med see gen What a Cerat is The differences Emplasters Signes of a plaster perfectly boyled The quantity of things to be put into plasters Empl. de Vigo with Mercury Ceratum oesipiex Philagrio Degratia Dei De janua seu de Betonica Emplastrum oxycroceum De cerusa Tripharmacum seu nigrum Diapalma seu diachalciteos Contrarupturam De mucaginibus De minio Diachylon magnum The use of plasters The matter of cataplasmes Their use Lib. 2. ad glaucubi deschirrho An anodine cataplasme A ripening cataplasme A discussing caplasme How pultisses differ from caplasmes A ripening cataplasme Their use 2. De victu iâ—â—cutis What an Embrocation is Their use What an Epitheme is In the sixth Chapter A cordiall Epitheme Their use The use of potentiall cauteries The matter of them The formes of them The signe of good Capitellum The faculty of the silken Cautery The cause of the name Their description The description of Mercury or Angelicall powder What vesicatorie and rubrifâ—ing medicines are The description of a vesicatory Their use What a collyrium is The difference of them Their use Their matter A repercussive collyrium An anodine A detergent What an errhine is Their differences The forme of one An errhine purging phlegme An errhine with powders A Rernutatory The matter of solid errhines Their use The manner of using them To whom they are hurtfull What an apophlegmatism is The differences The use of masticatories To whom hurtfull What a gargle is The differences thereof Their matter An astringent gargle An anodine gargle A detersive What a dentifrice is The differences The matter whereof they consist A powder for a Dentifricc Their usâ—… Whata bag or quilt is Their differences A quilt for the stomacke A cap for a cold head A quilt for the heart Their use What a fumigation is Their differences and matter A cephalicke sume For the hardnesse of the sinewes For the relicks of the Lues venerea The manner of using them The manner of a moist fumigation A moist fume for the eares What an insâ—… is The matter A halfe bath for the stone in the kidneies The use The manner of using it The faculties of Bathes Their differences Naturall Baths How to know whence the Bathes have their efficacy The condition of naturall sulphureous waters Of aluminous waters Of salt and nitious Oâ— bituminous Of brasen Of iron Of leaden Of hot baths To whom hurtfull The faculties of cold baths The Spaw Of artificiall baths The faculty of a bath of warme water Why wâ— put oile into baths Why we must not continue in the bath till we sweat A mollifying anodine bath Cautions to be observed in the use of baths The fittest time for bathing How to order the patient comming forth of the bath The differences of Stoves How made A vaporous stove or bath As the colour of the skin is such is the humour that is thereunder Waters wherewith to wash the face Compound liquors wherewith to wash the face Virgins 〈◊〉 The marrow of sheeps bones good to smooth the face How to makâ— Salcerussae How to paint the face Why worse in winter than in summer Diâ—â— Remedies An approved ointment To dry up the pustles To kill tettarâ— To smooth the skinne What things are fit to dy the haire How to wash Lime A water to black the haire To make the haire of a flaxen colour A depilatory Another Sweet waters Lavander water Clove water Sweet water What distillation is Foure degrees of heate What heate fittest for what things The matter the best for Fornaces A round forme the best for Fornaces Leaden vessells ill Brasse worse The best vessells for distillation Hot things must bee often distilled * By Aquavita in this and most other places is meant nothing but the spirit of 〈◊〉 The parts of an Alembecke Why those things that are distilled in Balneo retaine more of the strength of things What things neede not to be macerated before they bee dissolved The maceration of plants in their owne juice The varieties of stilled waters Rose water Restauratives Another way of making restorative Liquors Spirit of wine seaven times rectified The faculties of the spirit of wine The distilling of Wine and Vinegar is different The first way The second Lac Virginis Ch. 44. of suci Oiles by expression By infusion By distillation Oyle of Bay-berries Of Egges Oyle of S. Iohns wort Of Masticke What oyles are to be drawne by expression The first manner of drawing oiles by distillation Another way What oiles fall to the bottome The description of Pepper The uses thereof The Cinnamon tree 7. simp An excellent Cinnamon tree A signe that the spirit of wine hath fetcht out the strength of the ingredients A signe that the ingredients have loâ—â— their strength What a Retort is The differences of Gummes Cautions in distilling of gummes How to make oyle of Turpentinâ—… How to make oyle of waxe The faculties thereof How to make oyle of myrrhe How to give it a pleasing colour and smell Vesalius hiâ— balsame Fallopius hiâ— balsame What frankinâ—ense is The faculties thereof The signe of perfectly calcined vitrioll Why a Chirurgion must be carefull in making of Reports Why judgement is difficult Wounds teâ—med great for three respects How long a Chirurgion must suspend his judgement in some cases Generall signes whereby we judge of diseases Wounds deadly by the fault of the ayre Singnes of a fractured scull Signes of death by a wound on the head Signes that the throate is cut Signes that a wound hath pierced in the capâ—city of the chest Signes that the Lungs are wounded That the heart is wounded The midriffe The Vâ—…â—a and great Artery The spinall marrow The Liver The stomacke The spleene The guts The kidneyes The bladder The womb The Nerves Signes that an infant is smothered or over-layd Signes of such as are slaine by Lightning Lib. 2. cap. 54. Signes of wounds given to a living and dead man Signes whether on be hanged alive or dead Whether one found dead in the water came therein a live or dead 〈◊〉 such as are smothered by Charcoale Lib. 9. cap. 12. lib. 23. A history Sect. 5. Aph. 5. The occasion of the death of such as have the apoplexie Conditions of the ayre good to breath in Of the signes of virginitie Lib. de errâ—r popul Aph. 39. sect 5. Lib. 4. de hist animal cap. 20. Lib. 12. de subtilet A certificate of death Another in a doubtfull case In the losse of a member Another in the hurts of divers parts A caution in making report of a woman with child being killed The care of the
effects of winters qualities that is of cold and moisture yet by such order and providence of nature that although according to the varieties of seasons our bodies may be variously altered yet shall they receive no detriment thereby if so be that the seasons reteine their seasonablenesse from whence if they happen to digresse they raise and stirre up great perturbations both in our bodies and mindes whose malice we can scarse shunne because they encompasse us on every hand and by the law of nature enter together with the aire into the secret cabinets of our bodies both by occult and manifest passages For who is he that doth not by experience finde both for the commodity and discommodity of his health the various effects of winds wherewith the aire is commixt according as they blow from this or that Region or Quarter of the world Wherefore seeing that the South winde is hot and moist the North wind cold and dry the East wind cleare and fresh the West winde cloudy it is no doubt but that the aire which we draw in by inspiration carries together therewith into the bowells the qualities of that winde which is then prevalent When wee reade in Hippocrates that changes of times whether they happen by different windes or vicissitude of seasons chiefly bring diseases For northerly winds doe condense and strengthen our bodies and makes them active well coloured and daring by resuscitating and vigorating the native heare But southerne windes resolve and moisten our bodies make us heavy headed dull the hearing cause giddinesse and make the eyes and body lesse agile as the Inhabitants of Narbon finde to their great harme who are otherwise ranked among the most active people of France But if wee would make a comparison of the seasons and constitutions of a yeare by Hippocrates decree Droughts are more wholesome and lesse deadly than Raines I judge for that too much humiditie is the mother of putrifaction as you learne by these countries which are blowne upon by a winde from Sea For in these flesh which is kept for foode putrefies in the space of an houre and such ulcers as in other places are easily and quickly healed doe there by the conflux and collection of matter become inveterate and contumacious Therefore as when the seasons of the yeare successively fall out agreeable to their nature and when each season is seasonable then either we are not sicke at all or assuredly with lesse danger So on the contrary the perfect constitution and health of our bodies becomes worse and decaies when the seasons of the yeare are depraved and perverted in time and temper Now seeing that these many yeares the foure seasons of the yeare have wanted their seasonablenesse the summer wanting his usuall heate and the winter its cold and all things by moisture and the dominion of the southerne windes have beene humid and languide I thinke there is none so ignorant in naturall Philosophie and Astrologie who will not thinke that the causes of the malignitie and contumacie of those deseases which have so long afflicted all France are not to bee attributed to the aire and Heavens For otherwise whence have so many pestilent and contagious diseases tirannized over so many people of every age sex and condition whence have so many catarrhes coughs and heavinesses of the head so many pleurisies tumors small poxes meazells and Itches not admitting of digestion and remedies prescribed by Art Whence have we had so many venemous creatures as Toades Grashoppers Caterpillers Spiders Waspes Hornets Beetles Snailes Vipers Snakes Lizards Scorpions and Efts or Nutes unlesse from excessive putrefaction which the humidity of the aire our native heate being liquid and dull hath caused in us and the whole kingdome of France Hence also proceedes the infirmity of our native heate and the corruption of the blood and humors whereof we consist which the rainy Southwind hath caused with its sultry heate Wherefore in these last yeares I have drawne little blood which hath not presently shewed the corruption of its substance by the blacke or greenish colour as I have diligently observed in all such as I have bled by the direction of Physitions either for prevention of future or cure of present diseases Whence it comes to passe that the fleshy substance of our bodies could not but be faulty both in temper and consistence seeing that the blood whence it is generated had drawne the seeds of corruption from the defiled aire Whence it fell out that the wounds which happened with losse of substance could be scarse healed or united because of the depraved nature of the blood For so the wounds and ulcers of these which are troubled with the Dropsie whose blood is more cold or wholly waterish so of Leprous persons whose blood is corrupt and lastly of all such as have their bodies replete with ill juice or else are Cachecticke will not easily admit of cure Yea assuredly if but the very part which is hurt swerve from its native temper the wound will not easily bee cured Therefore seeing all these things both the putrefaction of the Aire and depraved humors of the body and also the distemper of the affected parts conspired together to the destruction of the wounded what marvaile was it if in these late civill warres the wounds which were for their quantity small for the condition of the wounded parts but little have caused so many and grievous accidents and lastly death it selfe Especially seeing that the Aire which encompasseth us tainted with putrefaction corrupts and defiles the wounds by inspiration and expiration the body and humours being already disposed or inclined to putrefaction Now there came such a stincke which is a most assured signe of putresaction from these wounds when they were dressed that such as stood by could scarse endure it neither could this stinke bee attributed to the want of dressing or fault of the Chirurgion for the wounds of the Princes and Nobility stunke as ill as these of the common Souldiers And the corruption was such that if any chanced to bee undrest for one day which sometimes happened amongst such a multitude of wounded persons the next day the wound would be full of wormes Besides also which furthermore argues a great putrifaction of humors many had Abscesses in parts opposite to their wounds as in the left knee when as the right shoulder was wounded in the left arme when as the right Leg was hurt Which I remember befell the King of Navarre the Duke of Nevers the Lord Rendan and divers others For all men had nature so overcharged with abundance of vicious humors that if it expelled not part thereof by impostumes to the habite of the body it certainly otherwise disposed of it amongst the inner parts of the body for in dissecting dead bodies wee observed that the Spleene Liver Lungs and other Bowells were purulent and hence it was that the patients by reason of vapours sent from them to
the heart were troubled with continuall feavers But the Liver and all the veinous parts being polluted and so the generation of the laudible blood hindred they languished for want of fitting nourishment But when the Braine by vapours was drawne in to sympathize with the rest they were molested with Ravings and Convulsions Wherefore if any thing succeeded unprosperously in so great malignancie of wounds the Chirurgion was not to be blamed for that it were a crime to fight against God and the Aire wherein the hidden scourges of the divine justice lye hid Therefore if according to the minde of the great Hippocrates who commands to bring all contused wounds to suppuration that so they may be healed wee endeavoured to cure with such medicines wounds made with Gunshot and therefore contused who can rightly be angry with us if we performed it not so well by reason of these putrifactions gangreens and mortifications which proceeded from the corrupt Aire for all that we used not onely suppuratives but were oft times forced to use other medicines so long turning aside from the cure of the disease untill we had orecome the symptomes which much endanger the patient and customarily happen upon such wounds as also upon those which are made with a sword or any other kind of weapon As shall plainly appeare in the following treatise to which it now seemes high time that we betake our selves CHAP. I. A division of wounds drawne from the variety of the wounded parts and the Bullets which wound ALl wounds which are made in mans body by Gunshot whether simple or compound are accompanied with contusion dilaceration distemper and swelling I say all these possesse eyther the noble parts or ignoble the fleshy nervous or bony some whiles with rending and tearing asunder the larger vessells sometimes without harming them Now these wounds are onely superficiary or else peirce deepe and passe quite through the body But there is also another division of these wounds taken from the variety of the Bullets wherewith they are made For some bullets are bigger some lesse some betweene both they are usually made of Lead yet sometimes of Steele Iron Brasse Tinne scarse any of Silver much lesse of Gold There arises no difference from their figure for almost all kinds of wounds of this nature are round From these differences the Chirurgion must take his Indications what to doe and what medicines to apply The first care must be that he thinke not these horrid and maligne symptomes which usually happen upon these kinds of wounds to arise from combustion or poyson carried with the Bullet into the wounded part and that for these reasons we have formerly handled at large But rather let him judge they proceede from the vehemencie of the contusion dilaceration and fracture caused by the Bullets too violent entry into the nervous and bony bodies For if at any time the bullet shall onely light upon the fleshy parts the wounds will be as easily cured as any other wound usually is which is made with a contusing and round kind of weapon as I have often found by frequent experience whilest I have followed the warres and performed the part of a Chirurgion to many Noble-men and common Souldiers according to the counsell of such Physitions as were there overseers of the cure CHAP. II. Of the signes of wounds made by Gunshot WOunds made by Gunshot are knowne by their figure which is usually round by their colour as when the native colour of the part decayes and in stead thereof a livid greenish violet or other colour succeeds by the feeling or sense of the stroke when in the very instant of the receiving thereof hee feeles a heavy sense as if some great stone or peice of Timber or some such other weightything had falne upon it by the small quantity of blood which issues out thereat for when the parts are contused within some small while after the stroake they swell up so that they will scarse admit a Tent whence it is that the blood is stopped which otherwise would flow forth of the orifice of the wound by heate which happens eyther by the violentnesse of the motion or the vehement impulsion of the aire or the attrition of the contused parts as the flesh and nerves Also you may conjecture that the wounds have beene made by Gunshot if the bones shall be broken and the splinters thereof by pricking the neighbouring bodies cause defluxion and inflammation But the cause that the Bullet makes so great a contusion is for that it enters the body not with any points or corners but with its round and sphericall body which cannot penetrate but with mighty force whence it commeth to passe that the wound lookes blacke and the adjacent parts livid Hence also proceede so many grievous symptomes as paine Defluxion Inflammation Apostumation Convulsion Phrensie Palsie Gangreen and mortification whence lastly death ensues Now the wounds doe often cast forth virulent and very much stincking filth by reason of the great contusion and the rending and tearing of the neighbouring particles A great aboundance of humors flow from the whole body and fall downe upon the affected parts which the native heate thereof being diminished forsakes and presently an unnaturall heate seazes upon it Hither also tend an universall or particular repletion of ill humours chiefely if the wounds possesse the nervous parts as the joynts Verily neither a Stagge with his horne nor a flint out of a sling can give so great a blow or make so large a wound as a Leaden or Iron Bullet shot out of a Gun as that which going with mighty violence peirces the body like a Thunderbolt CHAP. III. How these wounds must be ordered at the first dressing THe wound must forthwith be enlarged unlesse the condition of the part resist that so there may be free passage forth both for the Sanies or matter as also for such things as are farced or otherwise contained therein such as are peices of their cloathes bombast linnen paper peices of Maile or Armour Bullets Haile-shot splinters of bones bruised flesh and the like all which must be plucked forth with as must celerity and gentlenesse as may bee For presently after the receiving of the wound the paine and inflammation are not so great as they will be within a short time after This is the principall thing in performance of this worke that you place the patient just in such a posture as he was in at the receiving of the wound for otherwise the various motion and turning of the Muscles will eyther hinder or straiten the passage forth of the conteined bodies You shall if it be possible search for these bodies with your finger that so you may the more certainly and exactly perceive them Yet if the Bullet bee entred some-what deepe in then you shall search for it with a round and blunt probe lest you put the patient to paine yet often