its cavity The grosser nutricious Juice being deposited by the Umbilical Arteries in the Amnios as soon as the Mouth Gullet and Stomach and the like are formed so perfectly that the Foetus can swallow it sucks in some of the said Juice which descending into the Stomach and Intestines is received by the Lacteal Veins as in grown Persons The Infant therefore is nourished three several ways but only by one Humour First by apposition of it while it is yet an imperfect Embrio and has not the Umbilical Vessels formed But after these are perfected it then receives the same nutricious Juice by the Umbilical Vein the more Spirituous and thin part whereof it changes into Blood and sends forth the grosser part by the Umbilical Artery into the Amnios which the Infant sucks in at its Mouth and undergoing a new Concoction in its stomach is received out of the Intestines by the Lacteal Veins as is done after the birth A Child in the Womb differs from an adult Person in many parts the parts are less the colour of the whole reddish the Bones soft and many of them gristly and flexible in the Head There are several differences First the Head in respect to the proportion of the rest of the Body is bigger the Crown is not covered with Bone but only with a Membrane the Bone of the Forehead is divided as also of the under Jaw and the Os Cuneiforme is divided into four The Bone of the hinder part of the Head is distinguished into three four or five Bones The Brain is softer and more fluid and the Nerves very soft The Bones that serve the Sense of Hearing are wonderfully hard and big the Teeth lie hid in the little holes of the Jaw-bone the Dugs swell and out of them in Infants new born whether Male or Female a serous Milk issues forth sometimes of its own accord and sometimes with a gentle pressure The Vertebrae of the Back want their spinous processes and each of them made of three distinct Bones The Heart is remarkably big and its Auriculae large There are two Unions of the greater Vessels that are not conspicuous in grown Persons First the Foramen ovale by which there is a passage open out of the Cava into the Vein of the Lungs just as each of them are opening the first into the right Ventricle and the latter into the left Ventricle of the Heart and this Foramen just as it opens into the Vein of the Lungs has a Valve that hinders any thing from returning out of the said Vein into the Foramen Secondly the Arterial Channel which two fingers breadth from the Basis of the Heart joyns the Artery of the Lungs to the Aorta it has a pretty lage Cavity and ascends a little obliquely from the said Artery to the Aorta into which it conveys the Blood that was driven into the Artery of the Lungs out of the right Ventricle of the Heart so that it never comes into the left Ventricle as the Blood that is sent out of the left Venticle into the Aorta never came in the right except a little that is returned from the nutrition of the Lungs but past immediately into it out of the Vena Cava by the Foramen ovale so that the Blood passes not through both the Ventricles as it does after the Child is born You may know whether Infants killed by Whores and which they commonly affirm were still-born were really so or no by putting the Lungs of the Infant in Water for if they were still-born the Lungs will sink if alive so as to breath never so little while they will swim The Gland Thymus is very large and consists as it were of three Glands the Umbilical Vessels go out of the Abdomen the Stomach is narrower but pretty full of a whitish liquor The Caul is scarce visible the Guts are seventimes longer than the Body the Excrements in the small Guts are flegmatick and yellow but in the thick somewhat hard and blackish sometimes greenish the Caecum is larger than usual and often fill'd with Faeces the Liver is very large and extends it self into the left side and covers all the upper part of the Stomach it has a passage which is not in grown Persons called the Veiny Channel which arising out of the Sinus of the Porta carries the greatest part of what is brought by the Umbilical Vein directly and in a full stream into the Cava above the Liver But this passage presently closes as soon as the Infant is born and turns to a ligament as doth the Urachus and the two Umbilical Arteries The Spleen is small the Gall-bladder is full of yellow or green Choler the Sweet-bread is very large and white the Kidneys are bigger and unequal in their Superficies the Renes Succenturiati are exceeding large the Ureters are wide and the Bladder stretched with Urine in Females the VVomb is depressed the Tubes long and the Testes very large the little Bones of the VVrists and Instep are gristly and not firmly joyned together Its Knees are drawn up to the Belly its Legs bending backwards its Feet across and its Hands lifted up to its head one of which it holds to the Temple or Ear the other to the Cheek where there are white spots on the Skin as if it had been rubbed upon the Back-bone turns round the Head hanging down towards its Knees its Face commonly towards the Mothers Back but near the birth sometimes a VVeek or two before it alters its situation and tumbles down with its Head to the Neck of the VVomb and its Feet upwards then the VVomb also settles downwards and its Orifice relaxes and opens and the Infant moving up and down tears the Membrans wherein it is included and the waters flowing into the Sheath but sometimes the Membranes come forth whole at the same time the neighbouring parts are loosened and become fit for distension and the Bones near are so much relaxed in their Joynts that they make way for the Infant and the motion of it so much disturbs the VVomb that the Fibres of it and the Muscles of the Belly contract altogether to expel it CHAP. XIX Of the Management of a Woman with Child THE Woman ought to be kept in a good moderate and clear Air and she must Eat what she likes best and be sure not to Fast too long only she must observe not to eat too much at a time and to comfort the Stomach which is always weak in this condition she may Drink a little Wine or for want of it strong Beer at Meals As to Sleep a Woman with Child requires more sleep than she does at other times As to Exercise and Rest she must order her self according to the different times for at the beginning she ought to keep her self quiet and not to use Copulation Riding on Horse-back or in a Waggon or indeed in a Coach is not safe at any time of her being with Child especially when she
Chorion out of the Uterus but as soon as the Infant begins to be nourished by the Umbilical Vessels and the Urachus is permeable then presently this Membrane begins to shew it self containing a very thin Liquor which is the Urine of the Infant brought into it by the Urachus and wherewith it is filled daily more and more till the Birth It may be known from the Chorion and Amnios by this that they have numerous Vessels dispersed through them but this has not the least visible Vein or Artery it is very hard to separate the Chorion from it but towards the Birth it becomes so turgid with Urine that the Amnios which immediately contains the Infant swims 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Liquor that it contains is the Urine 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 brought hither by the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 soon as the Infant is perfect 〈…〉 its Kidneys must needs perform 〈…〉 Office of separating the Serum from the Blood for otherwise it would be affected with an Ansarca I say the Serum is separated in the Kidneys and glides down from thence into the Bladder wherein there is a pretty large quantity when the Infant is five or six months old Now it flows not out of the Bladder by its orifice because at that time the Sphincter is too contracted and narrow and if it should pass that way it would mix with the nourishing juice wherein the Infant swims in the Amnios and wherewith by taking it in by its mouth it is partly nourished and so would defile and corrupt it Nature therefore has provided it another passage by the Urachus inserted into the bottom of the Bladder which tho it grows solid like a Ligament after the Child is Born as the umbilical Vein does yet while the Infant is in the Womb it is open and conveighs the Urine into the Allantoides that is placed betwixt the Chorion and Amnios where it is collected and preserved till the Birth The Naval-string is membraneous wreathed and unequal and arises from the Navel it reaches to the Womb-cake it is about half an Ell long and a finger thick The Vessels contained in this string and covered with the common coat called Funiculus are four one Vein two Arteries and the Urachus the Vein is larger than the Aretries and arises from the Liver of the Infant at the trunk of the Vena porta and from thence passing out of the Navel it runs along the Funiculus to the Womb-cake into which it is implanted by innumerable Roots but before it reaches it it sends some little twigs into the Amnios The umbilical Vein serves for conveying to the Infant the nutricious juice separated in the Womb-cake from the Mothers Arteries but together with this juice returns so much of the Arterial blood that comes from the Infant as is not spent upon the nourishment of the Womb-cake or of the Chorion and Amnios In the Funiculus are included also two Arteries which are not both of them together so big as the Vein they spring out of the inner Iliacal branches of the great Artery and passing by the sides of the Bladder they rise up to the Navel out of which they are conducted to the Womb-cake in the same common cover with the Vein and Urachus wherewith they are twined and wreathed like a Rope Spirituous blood is driven from the Infant by the beating of its Heart to the Womb-cake and the Membranes for nourishment from which what Blood remains circulates back again to the umbilical Vein together with nutricious juice imbibed afresh by its Capillaries dispersed in the Womb-cake But besides Arterial Blood there flows out of the Navel by them part of the Nutricious juice that was imported by the umbilical Vein I say flows out by these Arteries which by their branches that are dispersed through the Amnios discharge it by their little mouths into it The fourth Umbilical Vessel is the Urachus or Urinary Vessel it is a small membranous round Pipe indued with a straight cavity arising from the bottom of the Bladder up to the Navel out of which it passes along within the common cover and opens into the Allantoides These four Vessels as has been said above have one common cover which also keeps each of them from touching the other it is called Funiculus it is membranous round and hollow indifferent thick consisting of a double coat the inner from the Peritoneum and the outer from the Paniculus carnosus It has several knots which Dr. Wharton thinks are little Glands through which the nutricious juice distills out of the capacity of the Funiculus into the cavity of the Amnios Midwives guess by their number how many more Children the Mother shall have but without reason When the Infant is Born its Navel-rope is wont to be tyed about one or two fingers breadth from the Navel with a strong Thread cast about it several times and then about two or three fingers breadth beyond the Ligature to be cut off what is not cut off is suffered to remain till it drop off of its own accord As to the way how the Infant is nourished there has been great Disputes some affirm by Blood only and that received by the Umbilical Vein others by Chile only received in by the Mouth but indeed according to the different degrees of Perfection that an Egg passes from Conception to an Infant ready for the Birth it is nourished variously For First As soon as an Egg Impregnated descends into the Womb it presently imbibes through its outer Membrane some of that albugineous Liquor that at this time plentifully bedews the internal Superfices of the Womb so that as soon as the first Lineaments of an Embryo begin to be drawn out of that Humour contained in the Amnios they presently receive increase by the apposition of the said Liquor filtrated out of the Chorion through the Amnios into its cavity and this same Liquor that thus increases the first rudiments of the Embryo Dr. Harvey calls Coliquamentum But when the parts of the Embryo begin to be a little more perfect and the Chorion becomes so dense that not any more of the said Liquor is imbibed by it the Umbilical Vessels begin to be formed and to extend to the side of the Amnios which they penetrate and both the Vein and Arteries pass also through the Allantois and Chorion and are implanted into the Womb-Cake that at this time first gathering upon the Chorion joins it to the Womb and now the Hypogastrick and Spermatick Arteries that before cast the nutricious Juice into the cavity of the Womb open by the orifices into the Womb-cake where they deposite the said juice which is absorded by the Umbilical Vein and by it conveyed first to the Liver then to the Heart of the Infant where the thinner and the more spirituous part of it is turn'd into Blood but the more gross and earthy part of it descending by the Aorta enters the Umbilical Arteries and by those branches of them that run through the Amnios is discharged into
with Blood she must be blooded in the Arm and if her Body is Costive the emollient Glyster mentioned above must be used and afterwards to ease the Pain they must be anointed often with Populean Ointment mixt with a few Grains of Opium For instance Take of Populean Ointment one Dram of Opium five Grains beat them well together in a Mortar and anoint the Piles with it twice or thrice a day But if the Inflammation and the swelling are much you must apply Leeches to the part affected and let her keep her Bed If the Piles bleed of themselves immoderately for if the Flux be moderate at this time the Woman being full of Blood she may be relieved thereby a cooling and thickening course of Diet must be order'd as three parts of Fountain water and one of Milk boyl'd together and drank cold roasted Apples Barly-broths and the like also thickning and cooling Juleps and Emulsions Take of the Waters of Plantain and Cinnamon hordeated each four Ounces of distilled Vinegar half an Ounce of True-bole and Dragons-blood each half a Dram of the Liquid Laudanum mentioned in the Chapter of Hysteric Fits thirty drops of Syrup of Myrtles one Ounce and an half mix them and make a Julep let her take four or five Spoonfuls every night at Bed-time Take of the four greater cold Seeds each one Dram and an half of sweet Almonds number four of the Seeds of white Poppies two Drams Plantain Water eight Ounces of red Poppy Water four Ounces of Cinnamon Water hordeated one Ounce and an half make an Emulsion to which add three Drams of pearled Sugar and half an Ounce of the Juice of Cevil Orange mingle them let her take four Ounces thrice a day Bleeding in the Arm is also proper in this case to turn the Flux If a loosness comes upon a Woman with Child and continues above five days she must use Food of easie digestion and little at a time and let her Drink be Claret Wine mixt with Water wherein Iron has been quenched and now and then Milk boyl'd with thrice the quantity of Water or the white Decoction made in the following manner Take of Calcined Harts-horn powder'd two Ounces of Fountain water two quarts boyl it till half is consumed strain it gently through a linnen rag and add to it three Ounces of Syrup of Quinces And before Meals she may eat a little Marmalade of Quinces But note that before she uses these astringents it will be convenient to purge off the ill humours with the following Potion Take of Rubarb one Dram and a half of Sena two Drams boyl them in a sufficient quantity of Water to three Ounces of strain'd Liquor add one Ounce of Syrup of Succory with Rubarb and two Drams of Cinnamon-water Let it be taken in the Morning But if the Loosness turn to the Bloody-flux the case is very dangerous and therefore after the use of the purging Potion above mention'd if the Woman has strength enough to bear it you must immediately give sixteen drops of the Liquid Laudanum so often mentioned in this Treatise in two or three Spoonfuls of Cinnamon-water hordeated or the like which must be repeated every night at bedtime and in the Morning too if the Flux continue violent and to keep up the strength four or five Spoonfuls of the following Julep may be taken often Take of the Waters of Black-cherries and Strawberries each four Ounces of Epidemic water and Compound Scordium-water and of Cinnamon-water hordeated each one Ounce of Pearls prepared one Dram and an half of Chrystaline Sugar a Sufficient quantity make a Julep The VVomans Drink in this case must be the Milk water or the white Decoction above described and when she is very weak she may take for her ordinary Drink a quart of Fountain water boyl'd with half a pint of Sack and she may eat sometimes Panada and sometimes Broth made of lean Mutton and she must be kept in Bed Moreover a Glister made of half a pint of Cows Milk and an Ounce and an half of Venice-treacle must be injected daily If the VVoman has her Courses after the fourth or fifth Month of her being with Child for some VVomen have them till the Fifth Month without any manner of prejudice to themselves or their Children you must endeavour to stop them then and before too if you suppose they slow by reason of the heat and acrimony of the Blood or the weakness of the Vessels and not from an abundance of Blood which may be known by her having her Courses much when she was not with Child To stop this Flux the VVoman must be kept in bed and forbear all things that may heat the Blood especially anger she must use a strengthening and cooling Diet feeding on Meat that breeds good blood and thickens it as Broths made of Poultry Necks of Mutton Knuckles of Veal wherein may be boyl'd cooling Herbs she may eat new lay'd Eggs Gellies Rice-milk Barly-broth and the like and Iron must be quenched in her Beer and she must forbear Copulation and the Belly must be bathed about the region of the VVomb with Tent wherein Pomegranate-peel Provence Roses and Cinnamon has been boyl'd But if the VVoman be taken with Flooding the case is extreamly hazardous and if it continues violent she must be deliver'd without delay for otherwise death will necessarily follow Yet it is to be noted that it must not be done presently as soon as the Flux is perceived because some small Floodings have been sometimes suppressed by keeping quiet in bed by bleeding in the Arm and the use of Remedies above mention'd If therefore the Blood flows but in a small quantity and continues but a little while she must not be delivered but if it flows in so great abundance that she falls into Convulsions and Faintings the Operation must not be deferred whether she has pains and throws or not And because in Floodings weakness and faintings ever follow we must endeavour to preserve that little strength the VVoman has left and to increase it if possible that so she may be able to bear the Operation to which purpose there ought to be given her from time to time good strengthening Broths Gellies and a little good VVine she must always smell to Vinegar and have a warm toast dipt in VVine and Cinnamon appli'd to the region of her heart which do her more good than solid Food and to prevent the Blood from flooding in great abundance before she can be delivered a Vein in her Arm may be open'd to turn the course of it and Napkins dipt in VVater and Vinegar may be apply'd all along her Reins If the Woman be troubled with a bearing down of the Womb her best way is to keep in Bed but if she cannot conveniently do so she must wear a broad Swaith to keep up her Belly but if the bearing down proceeds from humours that relax the Ligaments of the VVomb she must be kept to a drying Diet