great difficulty to seperate them with a Launcet Rondeletius runs into the same error altho he has examined à little better than other Authors the Pouches from which the Castoreum is taken but yet very negligently not to perceive that they are four in number for he reckons but two There are some more Modern Authors who have not gone much farther than the other contenting themselves with knowing that the Testicles are different from these Pouches and have so ill understood Dioscorides as to believe that when he says the Testicles of the Castor are hid in the Groins he took the Pouches for them But experience hath demonstrated to us that all these Authors are mistaken if all Castors are like to that which we Dissected for the Testicles were no more on the inside than the Pouches they were only a little higher at the external and lateral parts of the Os pubis in the place of the Groins where we found them wholly concealed so that they appeared not outwardly no more than the Penis before that the skin was taken off Their Figure and Shape was very like to the Stones of Dogs save that they were longer and lesser in proportion to their length They were little more than an inch long their breadth was half an inch and their thickness somewhat less As to the Epididymis and all the Vessels necessary to Generation they differed in nothing from those of Dogs The Penis appeared more singular to us In its extremity instead of the Balanus it had a Bone fourteen lines long and made like a Stylus which was two lines broad in its basis and suddainly straitning it self ended in a point There was this also remarkable that whereas the Penis of Dogs re-ascends from the Os pubis towards the Navel this descended downwards towards the passage of the Excrements where it ended It was as we have said concealed so that before the skin was taken off we perceived it not and we could not discern of what Sex this Animal was The better to examine these Parts we opened the lower venter and having traced the Spermatick Vessels to their Origine we found them like to those of Dogs and other Animals We observed likewise that the Penis was laid upon the Rectum and that it passed underneath the two first Pouches of the Castoreum to which it was closely joyned that moreover these Baggs received their Veins and Arteries from the Hypogastrick Veins and Arteries there being no appearance that there were other Vessels which could furnish the matter whereof the Castoreum is formed unless it be imagined that it is caused by the Uret which is improbable As to the other parts of the lower Venter the Muscles of the Abdomen Peritonaeum Stomach and Bladder had nothing remarkable and their Structure was altogether like that of Dogs The Intestines had little considerable except the Caecum which was two inches and a half in breadth and ten in length It was unusually ranged on the left side underneath the Spleen from whence it descended to the Cavity of the Ileum and terminated in a round point making an Appendix of an inch in length It was that which made us to distinguish this Intestine from the others It s Figure was not strait but a little crooked like the blade of a Scythe In the concave part of this bending there was a Ligament and in the convex another both like to those which are commonly found in the Colon of Men and these Ligaments were accompanied with Veins and Arteries which came from the Venae Mesentericae and spread from space to space their branches into the Body of this Intestine Two fingers underneath the great end of the Spleen there lay a little Spherical Body very extraordinary which appeared of the same Substance as the Spleen altho it was remote from it It was three lines Diameter The other Intestines were so little different from one another that we could never distinguish the Colon. They were near twenty eight foot long Having opened them we found in the inside eight Worms long and round like to Earth-worms three whereof were between seven and eight inches long and the rest about four The Spleen was laid along the left side of the Stomach to which it was fastened by eight Veins and as many Arteries which made so many Vas Breve's It s Colour was very Red Its length seven inches and its thickness almost equalled its breadth which was about ten lines We observed nothing particular in the Liver save that it was divided into five Lobes of the same Colour as the Lobes of a Dogs Liver The Gall-Bladder was hid under the hollow part of the Liver between two of its Lobes It was two inches and a half in length and near an inch in breadth All the lower Venter was overflowed with a diffused Choler which had perhaps occationed the death of this Animal The Pancreas was nothing different from that of Dogs It s length was ten inches but it exceeded not two in its greatest breadth Though this Castor was very Fat especially through the Belly and Tail yet there was found very little in the Tunica adiposa of the Kidneys and in the Epiploon Each Kidney was an inch in thickness near two in length and as much in breadth at the middle The Cartilago Xiphoides was round and fourteen lines broad but very thin and pliable Having afterwards opened the Thorax we observed little difference between all the parts which were there inclosed and those of Dogs The Lungs had six Lobes three on the right side two on the left and another little one which was in the Mediastinum near the Center of the Diaphragme That which was most remarkable in the Heart is that the left Auricle was larger than the right which is likewise seen in some other Animals but not in Man who on the contrary has the right Auricle of the Heart bigger than the left We the more carefully sought after the Foramen Ovale which several Modern Authors have averred to be found in all Amphibious Animals and even in Men who do often dive and swim a long time in the water But what exactness soever we used in the search we could not discover that hole in the Heart of our Castor It is true that as it had been several years penn'd up at Versailles without having the liberty of going into the Water it might be that this hole was closed up even as it happens to the Foetus after it is born and has breathed sometime Indeed it seemed that in this place there had formerly been a hole which was since grown up Under the Vena Coronaria we found the Valve called Noble which fills the whole Trunck of the Vena Cava and which was so disposed that the Blood might easily be carried from the Liver to the Heart by the Vena Cava but which is hindred from descending from the Heart towards the Liver through the same Vein The Heart was two inches and
Bone of a Pullets Thigh Along the Penis there were two Veins very large and full of Blood which went to the Balanus The Testicles were like to those of Dogs The Epiploon was very small It had little Fat and was a complication of Fibres and Fillets rather than a Membrane It was not laid upon the Intestines but tucked upon the Ventricle The Spleen was two inches and a half long It was of a Dark-red at the side of the Stomach in its hollow part and Blackish at the extremity in its gibbous part There was not observed any Vessels in the external Membrane of the Ventricle except the Coronaria Stomachica which appeared towards the upper Orifice and soon disappeared shooting forth a few Branches The Liver was somewhat blackish and of a Substance very Homogeneous without any appearance of Glands It had seven Lobes two great ones on the left side and five other small ones on the right side The Bladder was between the two upper Lobes The Pancreas which was fastned along the Duodenum inclining more towards the right Kidney than towards the Spleen was very small The Mesentery was all filled with a very hard Fat which inclosed and almost concealed all its Vessels The Intestines contained in all seven foot in length They were all of one thickness and had nothing which might distinguish them from each other there was no Caecum The right Kidney was a great deal higher than the left so that two Lobes of the Liver covered it The Lungs had five Lobes two on the right side and two on the left which were somewhat smaller and a fifth in the Mediastinum The Heart which resembled that of a Dog had the right Auricle extremely great In the right Ventricle and in the right Auricle there was found a great deal of slimie matter hardened The Musculus Crotophites passing under the Zygoma was fastned there It was extraordinary fleshie even to its insertion which is made by a very large tendon which was inclosed between two pieces of Flesh much thicker than those which are generally found in this place and which are thought to be there put to defend and strengthen the tendon of the Muscle of the Temples The Orbita was not Bony throughout but it was supplied in the upper part by a Crrtilaginous Ligament which joyned the Apophysis of the Os Frontis to that of the first Bone in the upper Jaw The Bone which separates the Cerebrum from the Cerebellum was as in Dogs The Dura Mater was very adherent to the Cranium The Sinus's of the Os Frontis were full of a matter like a fryable Fat. The Mamillares Processus were very large The Globe of the Eye exceeded not four lines and a half in Diameter The Aperture of the Eye-lids was larger and the Pupilla it self was not lesser than the whole Globe of the Eye The Crystalline contained three lines in breadth and two and a half in thickness and was more convex inwards than outwards This thickness of the Crystalline made the two other Humours to be less in quantity The Choroides was all over of the same colour viz. of a very brown-red without any Tapetum which is hardly ever wanting in the Eyes of other Animals The Explication of the Figure of the SEA-CALF THE lower Figure shews the difference that there is between the Fore-feet which are locked up under the skin except the Paws and hind feet which are joyned together having the form of a Fishes Tail. It may be likewise observed that the Ears do seem to have been cut off having no external Ears In the Upper Figure A. The Trunck of the Vena Cava B. The Trunck of the Aorta CC. The Venae and Arteriae Adiposae D. Ren Succenturiatus E. The right Kidney strip'd of the Membrana Adiposa and divided by the Gibbous part ffff Four small particular Pelves F. The Emulgent Vessels of the right Kidney GG The Emulgent Vessels of the left Kidney H. The left Kidney covered with its Membrana Adiposa GI The left Spermatick Vein which generally enters into the Emulgent but which has three other Branches which do fasten it to the Membrana Adiposa KL The Ventricle half of which is taken away to represent the Structure of the Internal Membrane whose wrinckles are undulated and waved in the upper part and strait in the Lower MMM The Liver N. The Gall-Bladder OO The Heart P. The Vena Cava which runs along by the Basis of the Heart QQ The Auricles of the Heart R. The Aorta making the Cross. S. The right Arteria Axillaris T. The left Axillaris Δ. The Artery of the Lungs VV. The Carotides XX. The Nervi Recurrentes YZ The Vena Cava opened at the place where it is fastned to the Heart Y. The hole which penetrates into the right Ventricle Z. The Oval hole which penetrates into the Vein of the Lungs a. An edge made by the Interiour Membrane of the Vena Cava bc One of the Hairs of the Beard represented twice as big as the Life d. Part of the Sclerotica which with the Cornea not represented makes the half of the Eye cut in two e. The Crystalline gg The Vitreous Humour hiii The other half of the Eye h. The Extremity of the Optick Nerve which enters directly at the Axis of the Eye iii. Three Branches of Blood-Vessels which do enter into the Eye with the Optick Nerve and which are ramified in the Retina Ω. The Tongue THE ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION OF A SEA-CALF RONDELETIVS has observ'd that the Sea-Calfe is of two Species one of which is found in the Mediterranean and the other in the Ocean But he makes no other difference between each of these two Species than the habit of the Body which he reports to be fuller in the Sea-Calfe of the Ocean than in that of the Mediterranean which is not so thick and short as the other The Sea-Calfe whose description we make had more resemblance with this second Species than with the first It had a long Neck and the Head farther distant from the Shoulders than it is in the Calfe of the Ocean so as it is represented in the figures we have of it and the rest of the Body was likewise straiter The Breast was broad by reason of the situation of the Omoplata which were forwarder than they are in other Animals which have the Breast Pointed and narrow when the Omoplata are backwarder The whole Animal was twenty eight Inches in length from the Nose to the end of the hind-Feet which according to the disposition that they Naturally have in this Animal were extended and joyned one to the other having in this only the forme of a Fish's Tail according to the Description of Aristotle which is contrary to that of Rondeletius who represents the Sea-Calf as well that of the Ocean as of the Mediterrrnean without hind-feet and who reprehends Aristotle for reporting that this Animal has Toes on the hind-feet like to those of the
has as yet been seen only by Amatus Lusitanus who has observed some of this Nature at the beginning of the Azygos and which he thought to serve to hinder the Bloud of the Azygos from returning into the Trunck of the Cava but this Conformation is extraordinary whatever this Author sayes who averr's himself to have seen it a thousand times because that all Anatomists with an unanimous consent do testifie and avow to have seen the contrary and never to have found Valves in the Veins whose Situation favoured not the Motion of the Bloud towards the Heart The Carotides having been opened long-ways it was observed that they had several Rays like transverse Cutts which interrupted the continuitie of the Fibres which are according to the length of the internal Membrane of this Artery which appeared to be made to knitt together these Fibres and to fortifie them even as it is seen in the Fibres of the right Muscle of the Belly which are so interrupted by the transverse lines that they are called Enervations It was searcht whether the same thing could be found in the Crural Artery but it was smooth and even and had not these Cutts The Globe of the Eye was an inch and a half in Diameter The Crystalline was more convex behind than before The Explication of the Figure of the Pintado THe Pintado which is represented in the lower Figure has no Tuft at the root of the Beak like that whose Head is represented in the upper Figure As to other particulars the Ten which we describe had all that is remarkable in this viz. the Tail turned downwards as it is in Partridges the Neck and Leggs longer than Partridges are the Feet provided with Membranes after the manner of Water-Fowl the Head covered with a Casque the top of the Beak garnished with two Appendices and the whole Plumage black or dark-gray Spekled with white Spotts In the Upper Figure A B. One of the Feathers of the Wing A is the part of the Wing which is uncovered B is that which is covered by another Feather C D. One of the Feathers of the Belly C the part of the Feather which covers the Down marked D. E F G. The Head almost as big as the life E the Tuft which grows out at the root at the Beak F. the Casque or Bonnet G The fleshy Beards g. The hole of the Ear. H H. The small Muscles of the Aspera Arteria I I. The Artery of the Lungs divided into two Branches K K. The Carotides the left of which seems to proceed immediately from the Heart L. The Cross or bending of the Aorta on the right side M N. The Heart N. The Right Auricle O O. The Liver P. The Gall-Bladder Q. The Ductus which conveys the Choler into the Intestine R. The Intestine S. The Ventricle or Gizard T T. The Venae Iliacae V. A single Testicle fastened to the Bifurcation of the Iliack Veins X X. The Emulgent Veines Y. The continuation of the Trunck of the Aorta beyond the Venae Iliacae a a. The Iliack Arteries which do serve for Emulgents b b. The Kidneys c c. The Ureters THE ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION OF TEN PINTADO'S THe Birds which we describe are a kind of Hen called Pintado by reason of the exactness of the Figures which seem as if Painted on its Plumage these figures not being irregular and as it were accidentally made as in the generality of other Birds Upon this very reason some of the Ancients made Choice of the Names which they have given to these Fowl For by Varro and Pliny they are called Variae and by Martial Guttatae by reason of the white Spots wherewith their whole body is diversified and Speckled as it were with several drops Their Eggs are likewise Painted and Chequered with white and black thus this sort of diversitie is a thing Natural and perpetual to these Birds which this particularity distinguishes from common Hens which in the Genus of Birds are almost the sole ones which have not the Plumage alwayes with the same Colours in their Species Hens being indifferently white black gray yellow or mixt with all these colours Other Authors have given to the Pintado's Appellations taken from the Country where they do generally breed which is Africa by calling them Hens of Africa Barbary Numidia Guinea Mauritania Tunis Pharos that is to say Aegypt Margravius reports that in the Kingdome of Congo it is called Quesele Pliny relates that they are also called Meleagrides because that according to the report of his time they went annually from Africa into Baeotia and come to beat themselves near the Tombe of Meleager whose Story feigns that the Sisters were changed into these Birds There are some which do think that the Meleagris is the Cocq-d'Inde or Turky-Cock which shall be examined in the Sequel The ten Pintado's whereof we have made the Dissection were of the size and almost the shape of an ordinary Hen. Some are of Opinion that they do better resemble the Partridge But the length of their Neck and Leggs which did even surpass that of the Neck and Leggs of Hens have made us to disapprove this Similitude We only found that they had the Tail bent down-wards like the Partridg and not held up like the Hen. But they have no Characteristick more particular of the Hen than the fleshy Appendices which do hang down on both sides of their Jaws which are not mett-with in any other Bird and which even in the Pintado have something different from those which are in Hens as shall hereafter be explained Their whole Plumage was only of two colours viz. White and Black. The White was every where perfectly White the Black was also in some places perfectly Black but in the most it was faint and inclining to a dark-Gray The top of the Neck instead of Feathers was only garnisht with a black Down which did better resemble Hair than Feathers These Hairs being about two lines long were turned upwards contrary to the ordinary situation of Hair and Feathers In one of our Subjects towards the hinder part of the Head these Hairs were almost an inch long and made as it were a Tuft The under part of the Neck had little dark-gray Feathers markt with White These Feathers went insensibly three inches in length and one in Breadth The half of these Feathers towards the root on both sides of the Quill or Stem was garnished with Beards or branchings like grayish white Down above half an inch long on each side Each Down or Beard was dissheivelled and divided as it were into several fine Locks or threads towards its extremity Near the Quill or Stem the roots of each beard were joyned together by the Crochets or little Fibres wherewith the Beards or branchings of the feathers which do serve for flight use to be fastened and which are described in the Ostrich The other half of these Feathers was composed of these same sort of Beards or Branchings which
second Muscle its Action is by making its Tendon to approach towards its Origine to hinder the Cord of the first Muscle which it imbraces from hurting the Optick Nerve but its principal use is to assist the Action of the first Muscle And 't is herein that the Mechanisme is marvelous in this Structure which makes that these two Muscles joyned together do draw much farther than if it had but one For the inflexion of the Cord of the first Muscle which causes it to make an Angle on the Optick Nerve is made only for this end and a single Muscle with a strait Tendon had been sufficient if it had power to draw far enough But the Traction which must make the Eye-lid to extend over the whole Cornea being necessarily great it could not be done but by a very long Muscle and such a Muscle not being able to be lodged in the Eye all its length there was no better way than to supply the Action of a long Muscle by that of two indifferent ones and by bending one of them to give it the greater length in a little space The inspection of the Figure will serve greatly to the understanding of this Description which the novelty of the thing renders obscure in it self The use of this internal Eye-lid which till now has been described by no person is not determined Our Opinion is that it serves to clean the Cornea and to hinder that by drying it grow not less transparent Man and the Ape which are the sole Animals where we have not found this Eye-lid have not wanted this precaution for the cleansing their Eyes because that they have hands with which they may by rubbing their Eye-lids express the humidity which they contain and which they let out through the Ductus Lacrymalis which is known by experience when the sight is darkened or when the Eyes suffer any pain or itching For these Accidents do cease when the Eyes are rubbed But the Dissection has distinctly discovered to us the Organs which do particularly serve for this use and which are otherwise in Birds than in Man where the Ductus passes not beyond the Glandula Lacrymalis For in Birds it goes beyond and penetrating above half way on the internal Eye-lid it is opned underneath upon the Eye which is evidently done to spread a Liquor over the whole Cornea when this Eye-lid passes and repasses as we observed it to do every moment The Explication of the Figure of the TORTOISE THis Tortoise has several particularities which do render it different from those that we have in France It s shell is not flat but very convex It has but one Shell to cover its Back and Belly It s Tail is furnished with a Horn at the end Its Paws are not covered with Scales but with a Skin wrinkled like Spanish Leather Its Claws are not sharp but blunt and half worn away and its Jaws toothed like a Saw. In the Upper Figure A B C D. The right side of the Liver A. A little Lobe which covers the Bladder B. The Bladder C. The Trunk of the Vena Porta D. The right Ramus Hepaticus E F G. The left part of the Liver E. The left Ramus Hepaticus F. The Isthmus by which the left and right part of the Liver are joyned together G. The great Lobe of the left part of the Liver H H. The right Vena Cava I I. The left Vena Cava K. The Ductus Cysticus L. The Trunk of the Rami Hepatici M M. The Kidneys N N. The Venae Emulgentes to which are fastened two Glands O O. The Testicles P P. The Epididymides proceeding from the Kidney and fastened to the Testicles by little Ductus's Q Q. The Ureter's R R. The Bladder opned S. The Neck of the Bladder opned offering to the sight two Carunculae which are the extremities of the Ureter's and two others which are the extremities of the Deferentia T T. Two holes which are of the Origine at the Spongious Ligaments composing the body of the Penis V V. A large Muscle which includes the Rectum and Penis X X. Two other Muscles of the Penis which are interlaced with two others marked y y. Y. The extremity of the Glans Z. The great circular Appendix Δ. The little Appendix with its two Buttons Φ Φ. The extremity of the Rectum cut lengthwise to discover the body if the Penis Θ. An Aperture between the two Ligaments on which abutts the Neck of the Bladder φ. The Penis cut a cross to discover the Cavities of the two Ligaments marked ω ω and the Cavity which supplys the place of the Urethra marked Ï€. Ω Ω Ω Ω. The great Ductus's of the Lungs ξ ξ ξ. The Bladders opening into the Ductus's Λ Λ. The Auricles of the Heart seen on the side which touches the Back-bone 1. The Trunk of the left Vena Cava 2. The Trunk of the right Vena Cava 3. The Trunk of the Aorta at the going out of the Heart forming two Crosses 4. The left Aorta 5. The right Aorta 6. The conjunction of the two Aortas 7 7. The Carotides 8. The Artery of the Lungs 9 9. The Veins of the Lungs which are discharged into the Axillares 10. The Artery which goes to the Stomack 11. The Artery which goes to the Liver Pancreas Spleen c. 12. The Artery which goes to the Intestines 13. The Heart in its Natural Situation 14. The Anteriour Ventricle of the Heart 15. The Artery of the Lungs opened to shew its three Valvulae Sigmoides 16. 16. The Heart out of its Natural Situation being raised upwards and separated from its Auricles Λ Λ which are in their place 17. 18. The two Posteriour Ventricles of the Heart 19. The Aorta proceeding from the right Ventricle It is opened to represent its three Valvulae Sigmoides 20 20 20. The three Valvulae Sigmoides which are at the entrance of the Auricles of the Heart a b. Two holes which are the extremities of the Ductus by which the two Posteriour Ventricles do commnuicate c d. Two other holes which do make the Communication of the Posteriour left Ventricle with the Anteriour α α. The Cerebrum β. The Cerebellum γ γ. The Olfactory Nerves δ. The Medulla Spinalis ε ε. The Musculi Crotaphitae cut θ θ. The Os Occipitis χ. The Cartilaginous Plate oâ—… Film which stops the hole of the Ear. Ï„. A Ductus which descends into the Palate κ. The Plate or Film sustained by the â—…ony Stylus marked â—… THE ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION OF A GREAT INDIAN TORTOISE THis Tortoise was brought from the Indies it was taken on the Coast of Coromandel It was four Foot and a half long from the extremity of the Mouth to the end of the Tail and fourteen Inches thick The Shell contained three Foot in length and two in breadth How great soever this Tortoise was it came not near those of which Elian and Pliny do speak which were fifteen Cubits and every one of
Cartilages and produced only Membranous Channels very large and unequal containing even an Inch and half in some places and half an Inch only in others The Membrane that formed these Channels was transparent and thinn but solid and fortified with Ligaments linck'd together after the manner of a Nett composed of several Mashes like to those that are seen in the second Ventricle of Animals that ruminate Each of these Mashes was the border and entrance of a little Pouch which opened into a second and that somtimes into a third The Branches of the Veins and Arteries of the Lungs did run along the Ligaments of which they did accompany all the Divisions equally distributing the Blood into the whole extent of the Lungs The Authors that have thought that the Tortoise has no Blood in the Lungs have grounded this opinion on the whiteness and transparency of the Membranes whereof they are composed which do make it to appear altogether Membranous when it is swelled whereas that of other Animals appears fleshy But the truth is that the only difference is that of more and less The Lungs of Man after the same manner as that of other Animals being composed of nothing else but small Vesicles heapt one against the other amongst which the Sanguinary Vessels are interlaced in so great a number that they do form an appearance of flesh like little Lobes fastned to the Channels of the Bronchi and 't is of these little Lobes that the great Lobes of the Lungs are composed Yet this difference of more and less fill'd with Blood has seemed to us to pass for essential and sufficient to establish a Species of Lungs which is one of three to which we reduce the Lungs of the Animals that we have dissected For we have found Lungs which did appear absolutly fleshy others absolutly Membranous and others partly fleshy and partly Membranous The Lungs of all four footed Terrestrial Animals which lay no Eggs and some of the Amphibious as the Sea-Calf are of the first Species And these Lungs do absolutely appear fleshy because that the Blood is equally dispersed thro' all their Substance into which it Circulates entirely making all the Blood to pass thro' the Lungs by its Vessels from one Ventricle of the Heart to the other The Lungs of Tortoises Serpents Frogs Salamanders Camelions c. are of the second Species And they appear absolutely membranous having but very little Blood dispersed into their Substance viz. only that which is necessary for their particular Nourishment So that there is no other Circulation made in its Vessels but of this Nourishment The Lungs of Birds are of the third Species and they do appear partly fleshy and partly Membranous by reason that the part which is fastned to the Ribbs is filled with a great quantity of Vessels by which the Circulation is entirely made as in Terrestrial Animals and the other part which is divided into eight and somtimes into ten great Bladders has no Vessels and the Circulation therein is only for its peculiar Nourishment These three Species of the Lungs may be reduced to two if their differences be taken from the use which the Lungs have in relation to the entire Circulation of the Blood And in this case the Lungs of Tortoises and other Amphibious Animals of that kind will make a particular Species their Lungs being useless for the entire Circulation And the Lungs of Birds and that of Terrestrial Animals will make another Species which will be common to those whose Lungs appear absolutely fleshy and those that appear only in one part For the establishing these two Species there may be likewise added another difference taken from the Motion of the Lungs which in Terrestrial Animals even as in Birds is continual regular and periodical And in the others as in the Tortoise Camelion c. it is interrupted and so seldom and unequal that the Camelion is somtimes half a day without ones being able to discern in him any Motion for the Respiration And somtimes it is perceived to swell on a sudden and to remain a quarter of an hour in this condition The Tortoise does probably use the same manner We have a long time observed several living and entire and we have taken notice that indeed they somtimes cast forth a cold Breath thro the Nostrils but it is by intervals and without order In those which were opened alive we saw that the Lungs remained continually swelled by the exact compression of the Glottis and that it shrunk entirely and suddenly when entrance was given to the Air by cutting the Aspera Arteria When the Breast of a living Dog is opened by taking away the Sternum with the Cartilaginous Appendices of the Ribbs the Lungs are observed suddenly to sink and afterwards the Circulation of the Blood and Motion of the Heart to cease in a little time after that the right Ventricle of the Heart and its Auricle with the Vena Cava are swelled as if they were ready to burst So that to prevent the Animals Death the end of a pair of Bellows is put into the Aspera Arteria and pushing in the Air to make the Lungs swell and afterwards withdrawing them to make them sink they are Artificially made to have the Motion that they Naturally use and it is observed that the Ventricle and right Auricle of the Heart with the Vena Cava do unswell and the Heart resumes its ordinary Motion again This hapnes not to the Tortoise in which one has laid open the Lungs for whether they continue swelled or whether they do shrink the Circulation and Motion of the Heart do continue so well in their Natural manner that it was experimented that a Tortoise has lived above four days in this Condition We have also made another Experiment to know more distinctly the Necessity of the Motion of the Lungs for the entire Circulation of the Blood in Animals whose Lungs are absolutely Fleshy and which are not Amphibious An Injection being made by the right Ventricle of the Heart into the Artery of the Lungs of a dead Dog it happens that if one continues to make the Lungs rise and sink by the means of Bellows put into the Aspera Arteria the Liquor which is pushed into the Lungs does easily pass and go thro' the Vein into the left Ventricle And that when one ceases to blow it passes not but with a great deal of difficulty After having veiwed the different Structure of the Ventricles and Vessels of the Heart of the Dog and Tortoise it is easy to give some probable Reasons of the Phaenomena of these Experiments for it may be said that the Lungs of the Dog being sunk after Expiration the Vessels are compressed after such a manner that the Blood cannot pass and that it is necessary that these Vessels are dilated by Inspiration for the receiving the Blood of the right Ventricle of the Heart and that they be afterwards compressed in the Expiration to press it
Uteri yet it is very true to say that the structure and use of the Tuba in Women and the Cornua in Brutes have nothing essentially different seeing that as there are some Examples of the Conception made in the Tuba we have some Observations which do manifest to us that this Tuba has sometimes also an evident Cavity We have here put the Figure of the Uterus of a Woman in which we found two apparent Cavities which made some windings eight Lines long and near two broad at their beginning which from the Fundus Uteri did Penetrate into the Tuba At the end of each of the Cornua a little below the Testicle there was a long Body of a Nervous Substance which was taken for the Ligamenta Teretia For it descended into the Groyne and was there dilated like a Goose's Foot as in Women It s original was only different in this that in Women these Ligaments proceeded from the very Body of the Uterus at the place where the Tuba began a good distance from the Testicle Soranus Writes that he had seen in a Woman this round Ligament which he calls the Cremaster of the Testicle of Women which was fastened near the Testicle even as we have Observed in our Lyonness The Mediastine was not pierced like a Net as in the first Lyon but its Membrane was thick and continued The Lungs had seven Lobes three of each side and one in the middle Those of the right side were larger than those of the left The whole Parenchyma of the Lungs was scirrhous The Vena Coronaria was very large but the Heart was much less than in the two Lyons which have been dissected The inside of the left Ventricle was scirrhous towards the mouth of the Artery of the Lungs and it seemed that the Lungs had communicated this Distemper to the Heart There were two Polypus's one in each Ventricle of the Heart All the Basis of the Heart on the out side was sirrounded with a flimy Substance which formed several unequal Protuberancies instead of the Fat which is commonly found in this place The Tongue was armed as in the Lyons with great points like Claws they were lesser softer and blunter The Ventricles of the Brain were very large and the Cavity where the Falx enters and which divides the Cereâ—…rum in two was likewise very deep containing ten Lines The Glandula Pinealis was exceeding small not exceeding a Line The Christalline Humour like as in Lyons was more convex before than behind which was not found in the other Lyonness where it was flat and more convex behind The Membrane which is put into the bottom of the Eye and laid on the Choroides which we call the Tapetum was of an Isabella Colour intermixt with a brisk Greenish Blew It was easily separable from the Choroides which remained intire with its ordinary thickness after that we had taken away the Membrane which forms this Tapetum The Optick Nerve was near the Axis of the Eye In it 's middle there was seen to appear a Foramen which disappear'd when the whole Retina was layd on one side and that it was not equally extended about the Optick Nerve on the Concavitie of the Choroides The Explication of the Figure of the CAMELION IT is represented alive perched on a Tree somewhat crooked towards the side which it ascends to discover as much as is possible the top of the Head and bottom of the Belly In The Parts which the Dissection discovers A. The Gall-Bladder B. The left Lo e of the Liver C C. The right D. The Oesophagus E. The Ventricle F. The Pylorus G. The Ductus Cholidocus h. The Vena Porta I. The Vena Cava K K K. The Intestins L M. A Membrane which held all these Parts linkt together and suspended N. The first Bone of the Sternum O. The left Lobe of the Liver P. The upper part of the Lungs blown up and speckled with red Spots Q Q Q. The rest of the Lungs blown up R. The Aspera Arteria tyed to keep the Lungs blown up S S. The Os Hyoides T. The Cartalaginous Style to which the Trunk which sustains the Tongue is fastened X X. The Tongue Y. The Trunck drawn up Z Z. The Kidneys Γ Γ. The Cornua Uteri Δ. The Neck of the Uterus K K. The Intestines Θ Θ. The Eyes λ λ. The Optick Nerves Î . The Brain We did not think that the Skeleton needed any Explication by reason of the Neatness of the Figure and the exactness wherewith it is described in the Discourse THE ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION OF A CAMELION THere is scarce any Animal more Famous than the Camelion its admirable Properties have ever been the Subject as well of Natural as Moral Philosophy The changing of its Colour and the particular manner of feeding which is attributed to it have in all Ages given great Admiration and Exercise to those that do apply themselves to the Knowledg of Nature And those Wonders which Naturalists have related of this inconsiderable Animal have made it to be the most Famous Symbole used in Rhetorick and Ethicks to represent the base compliance of Courtiers and Flatterers and the Vanity wherewith simple and light Minds do feed themselves It s very name in Tertullian is the Subject of a Serious Meditation upon False-glory and he proposes it as the Example of the Impudence of Cheats and Boasters It is not known truly why the Greeks have bestowed so fine a Name upon so vile and ugly a Beast by calling it the Little-Lyon or Dwarf-Lyon according to Isidâ—…re's Etymology Gesner says that it somewhat resembles the Lyon without mentioning wherein Panarolus would have it the Tail which is crooked at the end as he says like the Lyons But the Truth is that neither the Camelion nor the Lyon have a crooked Tail. It would be more probable to place the Resemblance on the Crest which they both have on the Top of the Head which makes a kind of Casque But it appears on the Lyons Head only when the Fleâ—…h of the Musculi Crotophitae is cutt off Licetus thinks that this Name was given it because as the Lyon Hunts and Devours other Animals so the Camelion catches Flies by the same reason that a little Worm which Hunts and takes Ants as Albertus hath described is called Formicaleon and that a little Lobster as Pliny and Athenaus report is named Lyon because it is of the same Colour The Camelion is of the kinde of four-footed Beasts which do lay Eggs as the Crocodile and Lizard which it sufficiently resembles save that its Head and Back is not flat like the Lizards who has likewise much shorter leggs with which it crâ—…wls very fast along the ground whereas the Camelion has longer leggs and goes easily only upon Trees where it delights it self much more than on the ground because that as it is sayd it fears the Serpents from which it cannot secure it selfe by flight and that from thence it spies
little one The Aqueous Humour which was in exceeding great abundance was not found congealed although the Vitreous and Crystalline were hard Frozen which demonstrates that this Humour is improperly called Aqueous and that its Substance is rather Spirituous and as it were Aetherial because that Congelation peculiarly belongs to Aqueous Liquors those which are Fat and Oleaginous being capable only of Coagulation even as those which are Spirituous and Aetherial do suffer neither Congelation nor Coagulation So that it is probable that this Substance which is lock'd up in the forepart of the Eye has nothing of Water but the Transparency and Fluidity because that it has need of an extraordinary thinness and Subtilty to serve for the Refraction which must be made in the Crystalline whose substance is thicker by establishing the diversity of the Medium which is necessary to this Operation The Choroides was brown and the Retina white The Tapetum was also of a blewish white In the place of the Optick Nerve there was observed a black point The Nerve entered into the Eye almost directly over the middle of the Tapetum The Crystalline contained five Lines Diameter and its Posteriour part was not so Convex as the Anteriour The Explication of the Figure of the Sea-Fox IN the lower Figure it is laid in such a manner that there may be seen the two Fins which it has on its Back Eye Nostril and the five Apertures of the Gills with the Teeth which are on the right side all of one single Bone making only one row and after another manner than on the left side where they are separated from each other and disposed in several rows as is seen in the upper Figure In the Upper Figure a. Is the Heart B c. The Right Lobe of the Liver c. The Gall-Bladder of which but a small part is seen it being inclosed in the Liver D D. The Left Lobe of the Liver e. The Spleen F g. The Ventricle g h. The Duodenum h I. The great Intestine j. The Auricle of the Heart K. The Aorta Ascendens L. The Cornea sunk and folding over the Crystalline M M. The Edge of the Sclerotica N. The Optick Nerve O P Q. The great Intestine part of whose coat is taken away to shew the Spiral Membrane that is within it O. The part next the Duodenum P. The beginning of the Rectum Q Q Q. The Srcew-like or Spiral Membrane THE ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION OF A SEA-FOX IN this Fish we found all the marks by which Authors describe that which they do call the Sea-Fox except some particularities which are pretended to have made it so named For they do say that it has a great deal of resemblance with the Land-Fox as well in its Tail as in its Subtilty Smell and Tast of its Flesh but none of the Company observed that it smell 't otherwise than the Generality of Sea-fish It s Flesh was found well tasted to make it to be taken as it has been by some Authors for the Accipenser or at least to make it unlike that of the Fox which is known to be very ill and it cannot be believed that this Animal can have a great deal of Subtilty if it be true that the Brain contributes to it for there was hardly any found in it As for the Tail it is indeed very strange but it nothing resembles that of a Fox The Sea-Fox is by Authors put in the unflat Cartilaginous Cetaceous Kind which are called Galeodi Their generical differences are to have two Livers five Bronchiae or Gills of each side and pendent points at the Finns which are under the Belly at the sides of the Navel in the Males These Fishes are of six Species called Canicula Acantias Mustelus Galexias Asterias and Alopecias which is our Sea-Fox whose Specifick difference as to the Figure is taken from its Tail which very perfectly represents a Sythe The length of this whole Fish was eight foot and a half and its greatest breadth directly over the Belly fourteen Inches It s Figure was such that from the end of the Nose to about the middle of its whole length it had the common form of a Fish for it grew larger toward the Belly and then it did contract to the place where the Tail of other Fishes end But there it is that his began which was almost as long as all the rest of the Body and made like a Sythe bent towards the belly At the place where this Sythe began there was a single Fin underneath which Salvian reports to be at the top where there was only an Eminence which was an Articulation that made the Spine to bend in this place higher and lower more easily than in all the rest of the Body where the Flexion was easie only to the right and left There were two Fins elevated on the Back a great one in the middle and another less towards the Tail altho Aristotle according to the report of Athenaeus says that it has not any Fin on the Back It had three Fins on each side The two next the Head were large and representing the wings of a Bird which is the reason perhaps that induced Aristotle to say that there is a Fox which like Batts hath leather wings These Fins were fifteen Inches long and five broad at their Basis. Those which were at the middle of the Belly were of a middle size They were at the side of the Navel and had each a pendent point which is proper to the Males in this sort of Fish as it has been said The last near the Tail were very small The Skin was sleek and without Scales the Crests and Fins were hard and composed of small Spines restrained by the Skin which covered them the Colour of which was all over alike of a very dark-gray blewish like Mud and not white at the Belly as in Salvian's Fox The Opening of the Mouth was five Inches and armed with two sorts of Teeth The right side of the upper Iaw to the place where are the Canini of other Animals had a row of sharp Teeth hard and firm being all of one single bone in the form of a Saw but this bone was much harder than the other bones which are fastened with a Cartilage in these sorts of Fishes The other Teeth which were on the side of this and all the lower Jaw made six rows throughout and were moveable and fastned by fleshy Membranes Their Figure was Triangular somewhat sharp and their Substance much softer than that of the others which are like a Saw especially in the inward rows where they were very brittle and softer than the Cartilage so that there were some which appeared only like an hardned Membrane The Tongue was all firmly fixed to the lower Jaw and composed of several Bones strongly articulated to each other by a fibrous Flesh. It was furnished with a hard Skin and covered with little shining points which made it very rough from the inside outwards and
Man explains himself by a Figure which leaves those who would be deceived in their Error without scandalizing them and which makes others to understand his meaning For the Proverb being that the Eye must be rubbed only with the Elbow when it is sore to signifie that it must not be touched at all he has intimated that there is no Claw of the Elk which infallibly cures the Epilepsie by saying that there is none but that on the outside of the Foot which the Elk can put into its Ear that can do it for he adds this impossible qualification to a great many others which Authors do mention and which are very difficult but absolutely necessary as it is said to make this Remedy Operate as to have been cut off with one blow of an Hatchet the Animal being alive on St. Giles's day from a Male which is at Rut and has not yet engendred to manifest that the Impostors which would sell Elks Claws have added all these difficult qualifications to the end that those who have experienced the Claw of the Elk which they made use of to signifie nothing may think that it is the want of some one of those Qualifications which is certainly in that which the Merchant presents them Having made these Reflections on the firmness of the Ligaments of the Joynts of the Elk we observed the Figure of the Eye the great Canthus or Corner of which was slit downwards a great deal more then it is in Stags Fallow-Deer and wild Goats but after a fashion very extraordinary which is that this slit was not according to the length of the Eye but made an Angle with the line which goes from one of the corners of the Eye to the other The Dissection discovered to us that this slit was proportioned to the Glandulâ—… Lachrymalis which was found to contain an inch and a half in length and seven lines in breadth The internal parts had something resembling those of an Ox especially in that which concerns the four Ventricles and Intestines Nevertheless these Parts had this particular that the first and greatest Ventricle was partly inclosed by a Membrane like a Sack which having abundance of Vessels might pass for the Epiploon and that instead of the Glands and Fat which is usually in this part there was only towards the top some Bladders full of wind about the bigness of a Chesnut The Intestines which were forty eight foot long had a Caecum without an Appendix which was thirteen inches long and five broad It nearly resembled the Figure of a Man's The Liver was small not exceeding one foot in length and seven inches in breadth It was whole without Lobes and even without any appearance of the cleft which is over the Cartilago Xiphoides It was so joyned to the Diaphragme that it was impossible to separate it from its convex part without cutting it It had no Gall-Bladder and it was all over and even to the bottom of its Parenchyma of a gray and livid Colour The Spleen was likewise very small being no more than eight inches long and six broad The Substance of these two Viscera seemed very smooth and Homogeneous but the Kidneys were in their external Substance spotted with two different Colours which made it to appear rough like Chagrin tho to the touch nothing felt rugged They were not adherent to the Loyns by the Duplicature of the Peritoneum but fastned only by their Vessels The Lungs were divided into seven Lobes of which there was three on each side and one at the middle in the Cavity of the Mediastinum The inferiour Lobes were each as big again as the superiour The Heart was seven inches long and five broad It s Figure was pointed and from the basis to the point there was an Eminence obliquely turned like a Screw which Eminence answered to the Separation of the two Ventricles so that it seemed to be a fold of the external part of the right Ventricle upon the left This Eminence which is scarcely visible in the Heart of other Animals was extraordinarily apparent in this The Septum and rest of the Parenchyma of the Heart which environed the left Ventricle had the thickness of an inch The Rings of the Aspera Artâ—…ria were imperfect The Brain comprehending the Cerebellâ—…m was but four inches in length and two and a half in breadth The smallness of this part compared with the greatness of the Glandula Lacrymalis which as has been said was an inch long seemed to us as an Argument capable of confirming the Opinion of those who believe that the greatest part of the Glands which are about the Brain do not receive from it the Humidities wherewith they usually are imbued but that they are brought to them by the Arteries or by the Nerves from which they do receive the Matter whereof they do make the Lympha The Curiosity which we had of exactly seeking out the Ductus's designed to receive and convey these Humours which must be very visible in a part so extraordinary large could not be satisfied by reason of the corruption of our Subject which had been kept so long that all the Parts began to dissolve with Putrifaction The Substance of the Brain differed not from that of the Cerebellum both being very white and firm enough notwithstanding the Corruption to make it appear very sound in an Animal so subject to some Distempers whose seat is placed in the Brain which according to Cardan is colder moister and more Phlegmatick in this Animal than in any other The Glandula Pinealis was of an extraordinary size exceeding three lines in length like that which we found in the Dromedary but its Figure was Conical as usually whereas the Glandula of the Dromedary had the form of a Trefoile This greatness which to us seemed very considerable in regard of the smalness of the rest of the Brain made us to think that those who following Erasistratus do attribute to the different Formation of the Organs of the Brain the divers Operations of the interiour Senses might fortifie themselves in their Opinion by some such like Observations considering that Lions Bears and other fierce and cruel Beasts have this part so little that it is almost imperceptible and that it is very great in those which are timerous like the Elk which is held to be so fearful that it dies with fear when it has received the least wound and it is observable that he never recovers when he sees the smallest drop of his own Blood. In the Brain we likewise found another part whose bigness had relation to the smelling which is more exquisite in the Elk than in any other Animal according to the Testimony of Pausanias as has been already declared For the Processus Mammillares which are thought to be the Organs of that Sense were without comparison greater than in any Animal that we have Dissected being above four lines in Diameter The Explication of the Figure of the Coati Mondi THe lower
of these ends was as it were cut and this cut had a slight Cavity through the middle This Ball was of a dark Olive-Colour Velschius in his Treatise of the Balls which are found in the Ventricle of the Chamois calls them German Bezoar Cardan stiles them Cows-Eggs by reason perhaps that these Balls are sometimes found in the Ventricles of young Cows which has been observed by Pliny Barth linus says that they are frequently found in Denmark in the Bellys of Horses and Sheep He thinks that these Balls are made either of the Hair which the Cows do swallow in licking themselves or from the Wooll which the Sheep do eat from each other when they do pass away the Winter in Snowie Mountains where they can find no Grass The Ball which we found seemed not to be composed of Hairs but of lignous Fibres which was discovered by the inequality of these Fibres which were not of the same size nor of an uniform Figure like as are Hairs It must be likewise considered that these Balls are found in the Bellies of Horses which are not Animals that do lick themselves and in which they must be made of something else than Hair. Thus the generality of Authors and amongst others Camerarius and Gesner do think that these Balls are composed of the residue of the Plants which the Animals have eaten the hardest Fibres of which are undigested and they do say that these Fibres are of the Plant Doronicum which some do judge to be a kind of Aconite for tho' the leaves of the Doronicum be tender and soft they have some nervous Fibres almost like Plantain Pliny seems to confirm this Opinion when he averrs that the Chamois do's live on Poison as well as Quails for tho Botannists are not agreed upon the poyson of the Doronicum and some do question whether it is poison to Men yet they do concurr that it is poison to most Beasts It is thought that the Chamois does eat the Doronicum to secure it self from the Vertigo to which they might be subject when they do run upon the points of the high Rocks Velschius asserts that these Balls are found only in the first or second Ventricle that which we found was in the third Camerarius remarks that it is toward the Month of November that they grow there our Dissection was made in December All the Intestines together without comprehending the Caecum were forty foot long The Caecum was eight inches The Colon exceeded not a foot The Spleen was round and flat like a Cake it was eight lines thick in that half which adhered to the great Ventricle the other half which was not adherent went lessening its thickness to the end which was very thin The Liver had three Lobes two great ones and a little one The Gall-Bladder was in the middle of the right Lobe Amongst the Animals that have no Gall Pliny ranks the Goat of which the Chamois is a Species That which Bartholine Dissected had none The Kidneys were two inches long The Membrana Adiposa was not joyned and fastned as usually upon the body of the Kidney but it left a vacant space between both The same thing has been observed by Barth line in his Chamois The top of the Memorana Adiposa of the right Kidney was fastned to the little Lobe of the Liver The Cornua Uteri were extraordinary long and bent with several Folds and Circumvolutions The Testicles were joyned to the extremity of the Cornua which are properly the Uterus of Brutes The Vasa praeparantia did cast forth some Branches not only into the Testicle and Matrix but likewise into the Bladder The round Ligaments took their Origine at the sides of the Matrix or Ductus and did descend as is usual into the Groin where they were dilated to make that which is called the Goose's foot The Lungs had eight Lobes four on the right side three on the left and the eighth on the inside of the duplicature of the Mediastinum The Heart was long and pointed Towards the point there was a callous white hard and round Apophysis it proceeded out of the heart about the bigness of ones little fingers end The Brain was large in proportion to the Body containing two inches in breadth and three in length comprehending the Cerebellum The Anfractuosities were more and more diversified than they commonly are in Brutes Although the Cerebrum was divided into the right and left by a long cavity as is usual yet there was no production of the dura Mater to make that which is called the Falx there was only a line very little elevated which answered to the cavity of the Brain The Choroides was very much dilated by the affluence of the Blood which had been retained in the Vessels whereof it is composed The Glandula Pinealis was large containing a line in Diameter It s Figure was rounder than ordinary The Optick Nerve did enter into the Globe of the Eye out of the Axis a great deal more towards the Brow than towards the Jaw On the inside of the Globe of the Eye it entred through the extremity of the Tapetum which was brown of Colour The Crystallinus was more convex on the outside than on the inside It was naturally divided in three on the Superficies of its interiour part The Membrana Arachnoides was very thick and hard so that it was easily separated from the Crystallinus The Explanation of the Figure of the Porcupine and Hedgehog THE lower Figure represents the difference of these two Species of Amals which are unlike not only in their size but also in their prickles which are all of one sort in the Hedge-hog and much shorter in proportion to the Body than in the Porcupine which has great and hard prickles on the Back and Flancks and which on its Neck Head and sides of its Jaws has only long small and flexible Bristle In the Upper Figure A. The Ventricle of the Porcupine B. The Duodenum which may pass for a fourth Ventricle C. The great Spleen D. The little Spleen which is fastned on the Ventricle by its middle and joyned by its lower end to the Ilium towards E. E F G. The Ilium H. The Caecum I I. The Colon. K. The external Ear like to that of a Man's L. One of the Porcupines great Teeth as big as the Life M M. The Parastatae N N. The Testicles of the Male Porcupine O O. The Prostatae P. The Bladder q q. The Ligaments which do fasten Testicles and pass into the Thighs r. The Epididymis naturally separated from the Testicle Q Q. A piece of the Skin which seemed as it were Printed on the inside by reason that it is wrinckled in small Cavities Lozenge-wise There is likewise one of the Porcupine's prickles which was left fastned to this piece of Skin to shew how little adherent it is because of the smallness of its root which penetrates not far into the Skin R. One of the Quills which
the Kidneys which seemed drawn downwards The Bladder was very large and thick being composed of two Coats which included between them a substance spongious and somewhat fleshie In one of the Subjects as it has been already declared all the back part of it adhered to the inferiour part of the Epiploon on which it was laid The forepart which touched the Peritonaeum was less fleshie It was loose in this place without being joyned to the Peritonaeum The Testicles of the Males were long and narrow containing only four lines in breadth and an inch and half in length The Vasa Praeparantia were fastned to the inferiour part of the Testicle and did form an Epididymis separated from the Testicle This Epididymis was fastned to a Ligament which passing into the Thighs did seem to be made to strengthen the Testicle and perform the Office attributed to the round Ligament of the Uterus The Parastatae were extraordinary great they were two inches and a half long and separated into three branches and in some of our Subjects into five like branches of Coral At the end of the Penis there was a bone of an inch long In the Females the broad Ligament of the Matrix was strongly fastened to the Kidneys at the bastard-Ribs The Testicles were of a Glandulous Substance without any appearance of Bladders or Eggs. The Nervous Center of the Diaphragme was so thin and transparent that the Lungs were seen through There were five principal Lobes which were each divided into two The Rings of the Aspera Arteria were not intire The Trunck of the Arteria Venosa and its chief branches were of an extraordinary length Having tied the Azygos in one of our Subjects and put a small pipe underneath the Ligature when it was blown the Vena Cava swelled beginning to swell through the Iliaca by reason of the Communication of one branch of the Azygos which passing beyond the Diaphragme went to make an Anastomosis with one of the the branches of the Iliack The Heart was two inches in length from the Basis to the point and fourteen lines in breadth through its middle between the point and the Basis being somewhat larger in this place than at the Basis it was blunt at the end and the flesh of the left Ventricle was firm and hard It had an Eminence which made it to appear winding like a Screw The right Auricle seemed to be only a dilatation of the Cava In one of the Subjects the two Auricles of the Heart were filled with a slimy white and very solid Substance and the Ventricles with a black and congealed blood The Brain was almost like that of the Hog There was no bone between the Cerebrum and Cerebellum The Globe of the Eye exceeded not four inches Diameter it was almost Sphaerical The Cornea was elevated like a demi-globe on another Globe formed by the Sclerotica The Crystalline was likewise almost spherical in one of the Subjects being more convex before than behind In this same Subject the Crystalline had as it were a Kernel its internal part being hard after the manner of a Cartilage and not less transparent than the rest This Part thus hardened had not the Figure spherical like the whole Crystalline but it was flat and lenticular The optick Nerve entered at the middle of the Globe of the Eye The Uvea was of a dark red the Membrane which is applyed to the bottom of the Eye and which we do call the Tapetum was whitish and disseminated with several little red Spots This whitish Colour of the Tapetum made the hole of the Uvea to appear less brown than the Iris. The two Hedg-hoggs which we dissected were Male and Female they contained eight Inches from the Snowt to the end of the hind-feet extended which were not above two Inches The Nose in both was short and round better resembling the Nose of a Dog than the Snowt of a Swine so that they were of that Species of Hedg-hog called by Mathiolus Canina who makes two viz. one which partakes of the Dog and the other of the Hog and this kind seems to be more common than the other because that in English the Herisson is absolutely called Hedg-hog and in Dutch Een ysere Verken that is to say a Hog covered and armed with Prickles They both had the Head Back and Flancks covered with Prikles The Nose Throat Belly and Feet were only interspersed with a very small and very white Hair. Hermolaus says that the Hedg-hog has Prickles all over the Body except on the Nose and Paws but we found this false in one of our Subjects which had no prickls on the belly but those on the Back and sides when it was heaped round the Breech and Snowt approaching each other did intirely cover the Belly The whole Animal was of one Colour the Skin Hair and Prickcles being of a dark yellowish Gray The Prickles were an Inch and a half long and very different from those of the Porcupine for they were somewhat flattish and very like to the Prickles of the outward Shells of ChesNuts The Paws were composed of five Toes of which there were three great ones in the middle and two little ones one on each side They had long pointed and hollow Claws making the Figure of a Pen. The Teeth were disposed in such a manner that below there was only the Molares and Incisores These last were but two which were somewhat longer than the Molares At the top there were no Incisores but only two Canini which left a vacancy in which the Incisores of the lower Jaw were lodged The Canini which were longer than the Incisores had each also a place to lye in in the lower Jaw between the Canini and Incisores with an Interval for that purpose The Female had eight Teats four on each side disposed in two ranges along the Belly and Breast the two highest being seated on the Pectoral Muscle Having taken off the Skin there appeared a Musculus Carnosus which as in the Porcupine was extended from the Ossa Innominata to the Ear and Nose running along the Back-bone without being fastned thereunto which shews that this Muscle serves not the Hedg-hog for the shaking his Skin like the Porcupine which darts his Prickles by this Action but to bring its Head to its Breech and to gather up the whole Body like a Ball which the Hedge-Hog uses to do when it cannot save it self by flight for being in this posture it is all over covered with its Prickles and the Dogs know not how to take him without being Pricked Pliny reports that if notwithstanding this Praecaution he perceives himself in danger he let 's fly his Urine which he knows to have the quality of vitiating his Skin and making all his Prickles to fall off as it were to deprive the Hunters of the Principal Fruit of their Labour which is this Skin which the Ancients had in great esteem by reason that it served them for
Brushes to clean their Cloaths The Liver had seven Lobes one of which was divided in two The Gall-Bladder was in the middle of the two upper Lobes which were the greatest It s Forme was Ovale It was eight Lines long very full and Blewish The Venae Lacteae were White and very apparent in the Mesentery and the Receptacle of the Chyle was great ample and full The Spleen was layd on the Ventricle to which it was fastned by twelve branches from the Vas Breve It was long and cut like a Cock's Comb. The Pancreas to which it was fastned had the same Forme It differed therfrom only in Colour the Pancreas being Whitish and the Spleen of a Blackish Red. The Intestines were all alike in Substance and thickness There was no Caecum They contained all together four Feet in length The Kidneys were an inch long and eight Lines broad They were of an Olive Colour the right being situated higher that the left The Bladder was an inch and a half long and an inch broad In the Male the Testicles were in the Belly which according to Aristotle is peculiar to the Hedg-Hog which amongst all Quadrupeds that do ingender a perfect and living Animal is the only one whose Testicles are inclosed in it as in Birds These Testicles had a very larg Epididymis which received the Vasa Spermatica Praeparantia divided into four Branches and which were separately inserted into them from the basis to the greater half of their length This Epididymis was not separate from the Testicle as in the Porcupine but was therto fastned all its length The Vasa Spermatica Deferentia proceeded from the top of the Epididymis The Testicle and its Vessels were tyed and suspended by a Ligament which might passe for a Cremaster because that it was a Membrane which appeared somewhat Fleshy near the Testicle The rest of this Membrane was extended and inlarged after the manner of the broad Ligaments of the Uterus It had a great many Vessels of which two of the cheif did make a very considerable Anastomosis by crossing one another in the middle They proceeded from the Vasa Spermatica Praeparantia as from their Trunck and were distributed through this whole Membrane extended like the Wings of a Batt as in the Uterus so that considering the greatness and Number of these Vessels which were not proportionate to the quantitie of the Nourishment which the Membrane might require it might be probably thought that the use of this Structure was that the Arteria Spermatica might send to this Membrane a part of the bloud which it carryes to the Testicle to be prepared in this great Number of branches in which the remainder that cannot be imployed to the Nourishment of the Membrane seemed to be sometime retained and perfected by this long retention to be inabled afterwards to reflow into the Trunck of the Spermatick Artery and to mingle with the bloud which go's into the Testicle there being nothing to oppose this reflux of which it is necessary to suppose the liberty into all the Arteries which upon this account are destitute of the Valves which are found in the Veins and the compression that the motion of Respiration causes to all the Viscera bâ—…ing a sufficient impulsive cause for this reflux On both sides of the Neck of the Bladder there were Pouches of a Substance partly Glandulous partly Membranous They were very Yellow T was apparently the Parastatae The Prostatae were a little underneath of an extraordinary size even as the Parastatae In the Female the Uterus was composed of a Neck and two Hornes The Neck was composed of two Membranes the external was thick and Fleshy the internal was thinne Membranous and Nervous The Hornes were unequal the left being lesser than the right in which there was a Foetus The Lungs had five Lobes viz. three of a middle size at the right side and two on the left one of which was greater and the other lesser than all the rest This little one which the Cavitie of the Mediastine inclosed was forked at the end The Heart was almost round The right Auricle was of a Red almost Black. The left was whitish The Globe of the Eye exceeded not two lines in diameter it had an internal Eyelidd Of the three Humours of the Eye there appeared only the Crystalline which filled up the whole Globe without any appearance of the Aqâ—…e us or Vitreous Humour The Retina did immediately touch the Crystalline and as it were â—…tick to it on that side towards the bottom of the Eye as the Cornea did cover and touch it before The Uvea was all over black without the Tapetum it did not likewise make any fold on the fore-part to forme the Iris so that the Eye when the lidds were open did appear all Black. The Explication of the Figure of two Sapajous and two other Monkeys THe lower Figure showes how the Hands and Feet of the Ape do differ from the Hands and Feet of Man the thumb of the Hand being small and the great Toe of the Foot very large and the other Toes extraordinary long Here is not described the Figure of the fourth Ape which is the second Sapajou because that it was wholy like to that which is here represented except the Nose which was longer In the Upper Figure A. The Umbilical Veine B B. The two right Lobes of the Liver C C. The two left Lobes of the Liver D. The fifth Cleft and making as it were two Leaves E. The Gall-Bladder F. The Ductus Cysticus G G G. The three Ductus Hepatici 4. 5. 6. Three Branches that come out of the first H. The common Ductus I. The Ventricle K. The Spleen L. The Pancreas M. The Caecum N. The end of the Ileum O. The beginning of the Colon. P. A Gland fastned to the lower part of the Trunk of the Cava Q Q. Two other Glands fastned to the two Iliack Veines R R. The Testicles S S. The Glandulous Prostates Θ. The Bladder so turned upside down as to hide the Penis T T. The Brain t t. The back part of the Brain without Anfractuositys V. The Bladder in the Natural situation and opned to shew the Caruncle Y and the thickness of the Prostates 3. 3. X X. The Parastatae Cyrsoides Y. The Caruncle at the beginning of the Urethra 3 3. The Glandulous Prostates which look but like the thickning of the Neck of the Bladder THE ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION OF TWO SAPAJOUS AND TWO OTHER MONKEYS THe Species of Apes are very numerous Pliny reduces them under two Genus's viz. those which have Tails and those which have none The Tail-less Ape is by the Latines simply called Simiâ—… Those which have a Tail are of two Species The Latines have borrowed of the Greeks the names which they do give them for some are called Cercopitheci from the name of the Genus that is to say Tailed Apes others Cynocephali that is to say which have a head
like an Epiploon The upper part which covered the Ventricles was thin and transparent without Fat Glands or apparent Vessels the part which descended to inclose the Intestines had some Vessels and Fat but in a very little quantity The Spleen was round thin and wholly adherent to the great Ventricle It was six inches Diameter The Vessels which do make the Vas Breve were utterly imperceptible The Gibbous and upper part was fastned to the Diaphragme by three strong Ligaments The Liver had but one Lobe and was only Cleft before and quite whole within The right side was somewhat more extended that the left and made a point towards the Kidney There was no Gall-Bladder The Kidney was very large being five inches long and three broad There was no Ren Succenturiatus The Penis had no bone The proper Membrane of the Testicle was immediately fastened to the Glandulous Substance so that it was absolutely inseparable therefrom and more than usual in other Animals Over this Membrane were an infinite number of Blood-Vessels some whereof were strait and as big as a Bodkin others were undulated and as it were frizled very small about the bigness of a Pin. The Glandulous Substance of the body of the Testicle was Yellow that of the Epididymis of a pale livid Red. The Uniting of the Vasa Praeparantia was wreathed and confounded and made a Tube about the bigness of ones Finger which produced the Epididymis which covered and imbraced the top of the body of the Testicle even as the Cup of an Acorne This part resembling an Acorne did produce a body about the thickness of ones Finger which descended along the body of the Testicle being there fastened and made towards the bottom a kind of a Teat from whence it returned along the side opposite to that by which it descended and formed the Vas Deferens which was about the thickness of a Swans quill The Lungs had seven Lobes four on the right side and three on the left The Heart was very large almost round and soft because that the Ventricles were very large There was a Bone as usually in Staggs TO the Description of the Stag we do joyn that of the Hinde to discover wherein these two Animals did agree and in what they were unlike besides the difference of the Sex. The highth of this Hinde was two foot eight inches from the back to the Ground The Neck was a foot long The hind-legg from the Knee to the end of the foot was two foot and to the Heel one foot The Hair was of four Colours viz. Fallow White Black and Gray There was some white under the Belly and on the inside of the Thighs and Leggs On the Back it was of a dark fallow On the Flancks of an Isabella-fallow Both the one and the other on the Trunck of the Body was marked with White Spots of different figures along the Back there were two rows in a direct Line the rest was confusedly Speckled Along the Flanks there was on each side a White line The Neck and Head were Gray The Tail all White underneath and Black at Top the Hair being six inches long The Epiploon was fastened to the Peritonaeum directly over the Navel and inveloped the Intestines underneath It was composed of very thin Membranes and small Vessels without Fat It was double The Liver was small and like to that of the Stagg in that it was not separated into several Lobes having only the fissure which is generally at top towards the middle and an other underneath inclining to the right side There was not also any Gall-Bladder The four Ventricles were better distinguished and separated each from other than they were in the Stagg where there was distinctly seen but two The first and greatest Ventricle had on the inside a Membrane easily separable from that of the outside as in the Gazella This internal Membrane was rough by an infinite number of Asperites or Teats as is generally seen in Animals which chew the Cud. All this great Ventricle was contracted in several places and separated in different Pouches as in the Stagg it was filled with Grass amongst which there was found several pieces of Skin of shoe-Soles about the bigness of a Crown-piece some pieces of Lead about the bigness of ones Nail which seemed worn and fretted and some Fragments of slate This may make one to think that these sorts of Animals do hastily gather their Food in the Fields and that they do wait to cull it leisurely when they Chew it The second third and fourth Ventricle were not different from those of Sheep The Intestines were very long as in the Stagg but less in proportion They measured in all forty foot There were two sorts the first which made about a quarter were Grayish and plaited in Folds six inches long the others were of a dark Red and folded very small in Cells The Mesentery was composed of very fine Membranes The Spleen was covered with a hard thick and whiteish Membrane Its figure was round it was like that of the Stagg strongly knitt to the Ventricle and Diaphragme The Cornua Uteri were long and bent into several Anfractuosities Their extremity was applyed to the Testicle which was small on the inside of each of these Horns there were two folds of the internal Membrane which did forme some leaves ranged according to the length of the Hornes almost after the same manner as is seen in the third and fourth Ventricle of Animals which chew the Cudd. The Heart was extraordinary large and soft It s Ventricles were extended by a quantity of coagulated bloud which filled them The Lungs had seven Lobes The Truncks of the two Iugulars as well the internal as external had each sixteen Valves disposed in six rows about two inches distant from each other The four upper rows consisted each of three Valves the two lower ones had only two but they were larger than those of the upper rows The disposition of these Valves was such that the aperture of the Sacks which they did form was toward the Head to stop as it is probable the too great impetuositie of the Bloud which falls in its returne from the Brain into the Axillary Branches Those of the Moderns who are ignorant what is the Motion of the bloud in the Veines have attributed this use to all the Valves of these Vesseles the situation of which is found to be contrary to the Motion and course of the Bloud after the Manner as they understand it and favourable to the course which it efectively has for the Circulation that is to say for its return towards the Heart Bartholinus has remarkt two Valves in one of the Iugulars Riolanus who first found out these two Valves affirms that they are never found but in the internal Iugular although we have alwayes found them in the external as well as Internal But this situation of the Valves contrary to the Motion of the Bloud towards the Heart
Feet in found only in Animals which do love and dilight-in Watry places where it is known that the Turky-Cock takes no pleasure In fine in the exact Description which the Ancients have made of the Meleagris it is impossible if it were the Turky-Cock that they should omitt the remarkable and particular things which appear in the Turky-Cock and which are not found in the Pintado such as are the way of displaying its Tail of dragging its Wings against the ground of extending and suffering the Combe on its head to hang of having the Neck rough and wholly void of feathers and of having a Lock of black Hair at the Breast As for what respects the Inward parts we found the Oesophagus as in most Birds ranged on the right side of the Aspera Arteria It was inlarged before its entrance into the Thorax and made a Craw of the bigness of a Tennis Ball when it was blown up afterwards it was contracted to pass thro the Thorax This contracted part measured two inches and a half in length This whole Oesophagus was spread over with a great quantity of Vessels which were not visible in the passage which from the dilatation that we have taken for a Craw passed to the Gizard this passage being of a Substance hardder whiter and more Nervous than the rest The Gizard was as in the Hen. It was found for the most part filled only with Gravel It s internal Membrane was very much plaited and easily separable from the fleshy part It s substance was like to white glue so that this Membrane being separated from the Gizard was easily dryed and waxed hard and brittle like Glass The Intestines were three foot long without reckoning the two Caecums which were each six Inches The Duodenum was much larger than the others being above eight Lines The Caecum's were not of a uniform breadth as in the generality of Birds but did go inlarging They were fastned by the Membranes of the Mesentery and received vessels therefrom like the other Intestines There was no Pancreas The Liver was divided into two Lobes which at the top had each a Cavitie to receive the point of the Heart The Cavity of the right Lobe was greater and deeper than that of the left because that the point of the Heart was turned towards the right side The lower extremitie of the Lobes was fastened to the Diaphragme which descends from the top downwards and to the Bladders which the Lungs form in the lower Belly of Birds In most of our Subjects the Liver was Scirrhous and filled with a great quantity of hard yellow Grains some as large as Pease and others less We found a Gall-bladder only in two of our Subjects In the one it was nine Lines in length and six in breadth It had a Ductus from its bottom which was inserted into the Intestine near the Pylorus In the other it was an Inch and half long and four Lines broad being fastened to the hollow part of the right Lobe and the Ductus was from its middle and not from its lower extremitie and inserted it self into the Intestine four Fingers beneath the Pylorus In the other Subjects which had no Gall-bladder the ramus Hepaticus was there found very large and visible It measured five Inches in length and was inserted into the Intestine six Inches beyond the Pylorus Towards the upper part of the Gizard there was a body of an oval Figure nine Lines long and of a dark red Colour and a firm Substance It had connexion with the Trunk of the Vena Porta with that of the Cava and Aorta and with the Intestines and Ventricle by some very visible branches Some Modern Authors have observed that Birds which have a fleshy Ventricle have no Spleen Yet we are of Opinion that this body could be no other thing than a Spleen as well by reason of these Connexions as of the Sympathie which it seem'd to have with the Liver because it was found that in all the Subjects where the Liver was Scirrhous this part was after the same manner altho' the hard and compact Substance of this body in the subjects where it was Scirrhous and its Figure so regularly oval might cause a belief that it was a Testicle but there were two other round bodies four Lines Diameter couched on the Loyns and fastened to the Trunks of the Vena Cava and Aorta which were the true Testicles In one of the Subjects these round bodies were single and fastened on the place of the division of the Iliacks The Air being blown into the Aspera Arteria it made all the Bladders to swell which received the Air after it had passed thro' the Lungs and of which there are some that do descend into the lower Belly of Birds it is observed that the Pericardium was likewise blown up This Remark may be of some Importance to discover the uses of Respiration and the Advantages which the Air being by this means introduced into the Thorax may bring to the Heart by the Compression it may there cause by the Impression of its Qualities by the reception of the Fumes which it incessantly exhales in the continual heat in which it is c. The Membrane of the Pericardium was not just fit and fastened to the Heart as is usual but was a great deal extended towards the Point making a sack or Appendix half an Inch long In one of the Subjects this Appendix was a great deal longer for descending between the two Lobes of the Liver it went to be fastened to the Gizzard The Aspera Arteria after having entered the Cavity of the Thorax had two small Muscles which were knitt to its Anteriour part and which turning on the one side and the other somewhat downwards were by several Fibres united to the Vessels of the Heart These Muscles were each almost an Inch long round like a Cord and about the thickness of two thirds of a Line We have found these same Muscles in a great many Birds in most they do fasten the Aspera Arteria to the Sternum The Lungs were of Spongious flesh perforated with several little holes as bigg as the head of a small Pin regularly placed as well full as empty and covered with a very fine Tunicle They were of a Pale-red inclining to Ash-colour being two Inches and a half long and nine Lines broad and five thick The Heart measured an Inch and half in length and an Inch in breadth towards its Basis it was very pointed The Aorta being come out of the left Ventricle was turned directly forward being still in the Heart and covered with the right Auricle so that it seem'd to proceed from the right Uentricle and crossed over in this place to descend to the right side For this same reason the left Carotide did likewise appear to come from the Heart altho' it proceeded from the Trunk The division of the Trunk of the Aorta which formes the Iliack Branches was an Inch and half
from the Skin to shew its cavity O. The Gall-Bladder P. The Ductus Cholidochus Q. The Bladder RR. The Prostatae SS The Ligaments which joyned with the Urethra do compose the Body of the Penis T. The beginning of the Urethra V. The Balanus X. The Humor Crystallinus which was spoilt Y. The other Crystallinus which was sound â—… The Tongue Δ. The Cartilago Thyroides of the Larynx θ. The Cartilago Cricoides Λ. The Cartilago Arythenoides Ξ. The Glottis Σ. The Epiglottis Φ. The lowest part of the Stomack Î¥. The Pylorus α. The Oesophagus ββ. The Aspera Arteria γ. The left Auricle of the Heart δ. The Heart ξ. The right subclavian Artery η. The right Carotides θ. The left Carotides χ. The left subclavian Artery λλ Part of the Diaphragme μ. The superiour Orifice of the Stomach νξ. two protuberancies which were at the fore-part of the Stomach 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 The Lobes of the Lungs THE ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION OF A LYON BEfore the opening of our Lion we carefully examined all its external Parts according to the Method which we proposed to our selves to observe in all the Descriptions of the other Animals We found that the greatness of the Head which is remarkable in this Animal consisted chiefly in the extraordinary abundance of the Flesh which covered it and in the greatness of the Bones which compose the Jaws That the Breast likewise which appeared large was only by reason of the long and thick Hair which incompassed it the Sternum being compressed and much more pointed than it is in most Horses and Dogs And that by the same reason the Tail seemed not to be of equal thickness from one end to the other but by reason of the inequality of the Hair wherewith it was invironed which was shorter towards the beginning where the Flesh and Bones are thicker and which grew longer as these parts grow lesser and lesser towards the end And that this long Hair which is about the Neck and Breast did differ from that of the rest of the Body only in its length having nothing resembling Man's Hair. The Claws had no cases as Pliny reports they have to keep them from being dulled by their walking but it appears rather that these Animals as Plutarch and Solinus observe do provide for that by retracting them between their Toes by the means of the particular Articulation of the last Joynt which was such that the last Bone save one by bending it self outwards gives place to the last which is articulated to it and to which the Claw is fastened to bend it self upwards and side-ways more easily than downwards being drawn upwards by the means of a tendinous Ligament which fastens together the two last Bones in their superiour and external part only and which suffering a violent distention when the Toe is bent inwards extends this last Articulation as soon as the Musculi flexores come to slacken and strengthens the Action of the Musculi xetensores So that the Bone which is at the end of every Toe being almost continually bent upward it is not the end of the Toes which rests upon the ground but the Node of the Articulation of the two last Bones and thus in walking the Claws remain elevated and retracted between the Toe to witt all those of the right Paws towards the right side of every Toe and all those of the left Paws towards the left side The bending of the Toes to walk being caused only by the Tendons of the sublimer Muscles and those of the lower Muscle never moving but when it is necessary to extend the Claws which do proceed out of the Toes when the last Joynt is bent downwards This admirable Structure is not found in the great Toe whose last joynt bends only downwards because that this Toe rest's not on the ground being shorter than the rest and having but two Bones as is usual It had fourteen Teeth in each Jaw viz. four Incisores four Canini and six Molares The Incisores were little and the Canini very uneven having two great and two small ones The great ones which were an inch and half long like the Tusks of a Boar are those alone which Aristotle takes for Canini But each of these great Canini was accompanied with another little one which was at the side of the Incisores and which left in the upper Jaw between it and the great one as much void space on each side as was necessary to lodg and insert the hook of the great Caninus of the inferior Jaw in which there was likewise a space between the great Caninus and the first of the Molares designed to lodge the great Caninus of the upper Jaw but which was much larger to the end that the lower Jaw might be advanced forward upon occasion The Molares were likewise very uneven especially in the upper Jaw where that which stood next the Caninus was as small as the Incisores The other Molares were very large having three unequal points which represented as it were the flower de Lys. The Neck was very stiffe as Authors have remark't But the Dissection has demonstrated to us in our Lyon that this proceeded not as Aristotle and Aelian have reported from its having only one Bone but rather for that the spinous processes of the Vertebrae of the Neck were very long and bound with Ligaments so strong and hard that it seem'd composed of one single Bone. Scaliger says that he had observed the same thing in the Dissection of two Lyons And it is probable that Aristotle has so understood it when in his Physiognomie he say's that the Body of the Lyon is remarkable for the greatness and firmness of its Joynts The Tongue was rough and covered with a great many sharp points of a Substance hard and like to that of the Nails of Catts whose bigness they also had These points being hollow at their Basis and crooked towards the throat They were almost two lines in length and towards their Basis had little round Eminencies made of the fleshy skin of the Tongue The Eyes were clear and brisk after death and through the Foramen of the Vuea was seen the bottom of the Choroides which was as it were gilt The Tunica Conjunctiva was black It is probable that the reason of saying that Lyons do Sleep with their Eyes open is that without shutting the Eye-lidds they can cover them with a thick and black Membrane lay'd towards the great Cant'us which raising and stretching out it self towards the lesser can extend it self over all the Cornea as is observed in Birds and especially in Catts which have so great a conformity with the Lion that we have found that there was some ground for the fable of the Alcoran which says that the Cat was first born in the Ark by the sneezing of the Lion. For the particular structure of the Paws Teeth Eyes and Tongue which we have observed in the Lion is found to be common with the Catt
the Temples which do cover the Two sides of the Crown of the Head and in the middle of the fore-head do leave that Cavitie which Aristotle in his Physiognomy adjudgeth to be peculiar to Lions Every of these Muscles was five inches in length four and a half in breadth two in thickness and Twenty Ounces in Weight This Head thus Garnished with Flesh and Composed of Bones so firm in their structure and Substance made us to think that if the Bear according to Pliny has a Head so tender and weak that it may be Slain with a slight Blow it is probable that it would be very difficult to stun a Lion and that this was well known to Theocritus who tells Hercules that all that he could do to the Nemaean Lion with his Club was to stun him and that he could not kill him but by Strangleing him with his Hands The Bone which is found in Brutes between the Cerebrum and Cerebellum over the Satura Lambdoides was an Inch and a half long Ten lines broad and Two thick of a squarer Figure than that which is in the Scull of Cats Doggs c The Glandula Pinealis was diaphanous and so small that it exceeded not a line in length and two Thirds of a line in breadth at its Basis. The Optick Nerves appeared much thicker after their Conjunction than before Which proceeded hence that the Foramina thro' which they do enter into the Orbita are not round but like a slitt which makes them broader by flattening them Being past thro' the Foramen of the Orbita they were extended to the Globe of the Eye two Inches and a half in length It was observed that the Cavity of this Orbita was not wholly fenced with a Bone on the inside but that there was a hole towards the Temples between the Apophysis of the Os Frontis and that of the first bone of the Jaw which were not joyned more than in Cats Doggs c. The Globe of the Eye was sixteen lines Diameter The Cornea was about the third part of a line in thickness at the middle and grew thicker towards its Circumference till it came to half a line after the manner of the glasses in Spectacles The Iris was of that pale colour which is called Isabella The Tunica Choroides appeared of a Gold-colour and which had nothing of that Verdure which most Authors do give to the Eyes of the Lion. The Reverse of the Anterior Vuea in the Place it lyes upon the Crystallinus was all Black. The Crystallinus was found very flat and its greatest Convexity contrary to what is in other Animals was in its anteriour part which is also observed in the Eyes of Catts The Figurs of the Crystallinus was such that it seemed shrunk up having a Dent in the side which made the Crystallinus of the left Eye where this dent was the greatest like the Forme of an Heart But one of these Crystallinus's which began to be spoilt by a Glaucoma made us to suspect that this was Praet ernatural and particular to our Subject The Aqucous Humour was found very abundant so that it almost equal'd the sixth part of the Vitreous Humour This abundance was Judged to be the cause of the clearness which remained in the Eyes after Death which are obscured when the Cornea is dryed and contracted for want of this Humour which keep 's it extended The last Observation was that considering the Season which was hot and moist when this Dissection was made and the disposition to Putrifaction which must needs be in the body of an Animal Dead of a Disease and which all Authors report to have a breath so stinking that it Infects whatever it approaches to such a degree that other Animals do not touch the remainder of the Flesh whereof he has eaten yet there appear'd nothing to us which denoted any extraordinary Corruption its smell being less offensive than that of a Deer which must be embowelled soon after it is killed And altho' there were found some Wormes in its Flesh the fourth day it was judged that they were ingender'd of Flyes because that a piece of the Tongue wrapt up in Paper was dryed in the space of one night and was grown very hard without any smell Which made us conclude that if the Lion is subject to a Feaver it is not caused by the Corruption of Humours and is only an Ephemera altho' it is said that he has it all his life This may cause a Belief that Choller is a Balsome in the body of Animals which resists Corruption and which has this effect that Lyons in whom it is praedominant do live a long time There was likewise made another reflection upon the smalness of the Brain of this Animal of which Natural Historians do relate so many marks of Judgement and Reason and by comparing it with the abundance of that of a Calfe it was judged that the littleness of Brain is rather the sign and cause of a savage and cruel Disposition than a want of Judgment This conjecture was fortified by an other Observation which was made four dayes before upon a Sea-fox where was found hardly any Brain altho' it was thought that the Sagacitie and Subtiltie which it hath has given it this Name amongst Fishes all the Kinds of which are generally ill provided of Brain so that they have little disposition to the Society and Discipline which Terrestrial Animals are capable of THE ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION OF ANOTHER LYON THis Lyon was extraordinary large though very young It was seven Foot and a half long from the end of the Nose to the beginning of the Tail and four Foot and a half high from the top of the Back to the ground Our Observations were almost the same with those which we have already made on the first Lyon but amongst other things the straitness and narrowness of the Thorax which we have already remarkt seem'd to us very considerable in this Subject For in the inside from the one side to the other in the largest place it exceeded not seven Inches of which the Heart took up four so that there remained but three for the Lungs Pericardium Mediastinum and Vessels of the Heart The Pericardium was likewise without Water and the Intestines short in Proportion to the Body containing but Twenty five Foot in length which was just three times the length of the Body The Crystallinus was more convex on the outside than the inside What we found different is that the Liver which was of so dark a Red in the first Lyon that it appeared Black was so pale in this that it had a Feville-morte Colour That the Annular Cartilages of the Larynx which were intire in the first Lyon which nevertheless was not Old were found imperfect in this which was Younger And we were not able to resolve whether we ought to atribute to the difference of Age that which we observed in the Paws because that in those of the Young Lyon we
appeared very curious but they were strengthened by Fibres inter-woven like Nets When we ceased to blow all these Membranes falling down and lying upon one another caused all these Bladders to disappear which indeed are nothing else but the Processus of the Lungs Gesner saith that of the Intrails of a Camelion the Lungs only are visible But Aristotle has more truly observed that Quadrupeds which lay Eggs have Lungs almost invisible if they are not blown into to swell them Indeed whatever appeared in the place where the Lungs ought to be was before it was extended by blowing but like two little pieces of Rose-coloured Flesh about the bigness of a Bean situated on each side the Heart which made Panarolus to say that the Camelion has little Lungs But these little pieces of Flesh were not all the Lungs they could be taken only for the Membranes of the upper part of the Lungs plaited and heaped together which in this place were interspersed with small Red Eminences which when the Wind dilated these Membranes appeared all over the extent of their Superfices and when the Membranes subsided these little Red Eeminences approaching one another caused again this appearance of Flesh which was no spongious Substance as Panarolus would have it but only a heap of contiguous Membranes The Aspera Arteria was very short composed as is usually of Annulary Cartilages It had a Larynx at its beginning made up as it were of two Epiglottides which shut the opening or Chink making a kind of Glottis which was a transverse slit and not upright as it is in Animals that have some kind of Voice of which our Camelion was wholly destitute The Heart was very little not exceeding three Lines in length It s Point appeared as if it were cut off The Auricles of the Heart were very large especially the left and somewhat Redder than the Heart which was very pale The Vessels about the Heart were very full of Blood. The Brain was found so little that it was hardly above a Line Diameter and was not twice as large as the Spinal Marrow which was very White the Brain being of a Reddish-Gray The Optick Nerves were not so short that the Brain should be continued and fastened to the Eyes as Aristotle describes them They were not likewise as Panarolus represents them who sayth that they do proceed separately from the Brain but do not joyn again for there were two Eminences in the Brain which were the Origine and first part of the Optick Nerves and these Eminencies after joyning separated into two Strings eight Lines long a piece and inserted into the Ball of the Eye out of its Axis as is usual This Globe was covered with a Tuniâ—…a Conjunctiva underneath which was the Insertion of the Muscles of the Eye which were not fibrous as Panarolus saith nor of little pullies as Johnson would have it but a true Musculous Flesh. Over the whole Tunica Conjunctiva was an Orbicular Muscle which fastened the Lidd to the Eye to which it was so adherent that it served to give the same Motion to the Lidd as to the Eye It s particular Action was to close the little round hole of the Lidd this Muscle being raised the Iris was seen intire which Iohnston saith the Camelion wants It was of an Isabella Colour incompassed at its interior Edge with a little golden Circle which has already been mentioned The Cornea was very small the fore-part of the Sclerotica very thick and hard and the hinder part very thin The Choroides Black under the Iris and Blewish in the bottom the Retina very thick and somewhat Reddish the Humours all Aqueous so that it was impossible to didistinguish them the Crystallinus it self seem'd to be confounded with the other Humours Near the place through which the Optick Nerves do enter into the Orbitae or Eye-holes several very fine fibres of Nerves did likewise enter and passing into the Vacuity which is in the middle of the Orbitae did penitrate into a great Sinus which was in the upper Iax-Bone where are the holes of the Nostrils This Sinus was full of hard fibrous and very Red Flesh through which the passages of the Nostrils did go these passages being made thro' a very hard Yellow Membrane they were oblique ascending all the way from the hole of the Nostril into the Sinus and afterwards they descended into the Palate which by a very hard membranous production covered the Extremity of each passage in which we found nothing that could carry the Air towards any Organ for the Sense of Hearing Aristotle has observed that the generality of Fish do hear though they have no conveyance for the hearing but we have found neither any passages for sound nor any Sign in the carriage of our Camelion which could make us to think that it had the Sense of Hearing So that it is a true Saying that it is an Animal that neither receives nor makes any Noise The Nerves which proceed from the Spinal Marrow were easily seen when the Intrails were taken away They proceeded after the usual manner from the Vertebrae and some of those which were dâ—…stributed into the fore-leggs came out from the superiour Vertebrae of the Thorax because that the Vertebrae of the Neck which is very short could not sufficiently afford them They entered into the Capacity of the Thorax three on each side which first united and being afterwards divided returned towards the Omâ—…platae Those designed for the moving of the hind-legs did after the same manner enter in at the sides of the Os sacrum were united and afterwards divided to distribute themselves into the Leggs Between every Rib there was one which proceeding from the lower part of these Verteâ—…rae at the top whereof the Rib is articulated went cross-wise obliquely ascending towards the Ribs and accompanyed them to the end Aristotle says that the Camelion hath no Flesh but on the Jaws and at the beginning of the Tail Ours had all over the Body except underneath the Thorax and Belly where instead of the Musculi intercostales and those of the Abdomen there was only transparent Membranes but double and fibrous which were thought capable of assisting the Motion which the Ribs ought to have for the Respiration of the Camelion which is very slow the principal Organ of this Motion of the Ribs being a fleshy part which descended on both sides of the Back-bone near their Articulation which might be the Musculus Sacrolumbus All the Back-bone Tail upper part of the Thorax the fore and hind-legs were furnished with Musculous Red fibrous Flesh whose White and Silver-colour'd Tendons were so visible that it would have been very easy to have made a Muscular Dissection thereof all these Muscles being without Fatt of which we found no appearance in all the Animal unless one might take for Fatt four or five little Grains like to Millet which were fastened to the Membranes and filled the Intervals of the Ribs But the
towards all the Males which they do keep in their Houses where they do frequently nourish these Chat-pards especially in Barbary there being some appearance that the Spermatick Vessels might have been consumed and effaced by age even as the Anastomoses of the Heart are in Animals of a short time after their Birth when these parts wanting Action and Use do wax dry and utterly Abolish But the truth is that we found not any Cicatrice in the Skin of the Belly and considering that the Umbilical Vessels do still remain altho contracted when they do no more execute the Functions for which they were employed before the Birth and that the Spermatick Vessels serving for other uses than Generation have no reason to dry up for want of Imployment when that for which they were principally designed comes to cease seeing that it is ordinarily seen that as they pass they shoot forth several branches for the nourishment of the adjoyning parts we remain in our former Opinion that this defect of such important Organs must proceed from some other part and that the Sterility which is common to some Animals which have been ingendred by the mixture of two different Species must have a particular cause in our Subject For that which renders Mules Barren is not the defect of any of the Organs which are necessary to Generation seeing that the difference which may be found in the Conformation of the Matrix of Mares and that of She-Asses cannot as some pretend be the occasion of Sterility the Mare in which something is wanting that is found in the She-Asse being not deprived of any of the parts which are absolutely necessary to Generation seeing that she ingenders and the difference of the Organs which is between the Species of Horses and that of Asses hinder's not the Generation of Mules which do proceed from the mixture of these two Species Therefore Aristotle according to Empedocles attributes this defect only to the Temper of these Animals whose parts have contracted a hardness which renders them incapable of contributing to a new mixture which this Philosopher explains by the comparison of Copper and Tin which being separately very Ductile and Malleable to be imployed in different and several works are no more in a condition of being weilded and receiving a new form by reason of a brittle hardness and sharpness which the Mass composed of these two Metals acquires when they are melted together So that if it be true that the Lupi Cervarii or Ounces which are thought to be engendred of the Wolf and Panther as Mastives of the Leopard and Bitch and the greatest part of the other Animals which are born by the mixture of two Species cease not to be fertile it must be thought that the Conformation of our Chat-pard was particular and accidental to it and that the defect of the Parts which are wanting and which made it incapable of Generation proceeded not from this mixture of Species which by changing the Conformation of the Parts could not corrupt it to the degree of rendring it useless to the Functions and which is still less capable of making a Mutilation but which may more easily cause a vice in the Temper which is a consequence very natural from the mixture and in fine it is probable that if the Mule be the only Animal which the confusion of Species makes Barren it must needs be that there is something particular in those which have ingendred it which is not found in the others 'T is that which Aristotle has observed in the Horse and Asse who hath both much less power for Generation than all other Animals seeing that in this Genus which consists of those which are short-liv'd and which ought consequently to be more readily engendred the Females do carry their Conception a great deal longer and have much more difficulty to give it its last perfection than others by reason as this Philosopher says of the hardness of their Uterus which is like an Earth which Drought and Aridity have made sterile For this being so it is found that the Mule is Barren not only by the general reason of the repugnance which is always found in the mixture of different Species but likewise by the particular defect which was in both of the Species which are assembled for Generation and which have not surmounted that repugnancy so powerfully as Leopards Dogs and Foxes which are Animals fertile enough to transmit to their Posterity the powerful dispositions which they have for Generation notwithstanding the contrariâ—…ty which the mixture of different Species may cause The Penis was extraordinary small containing from the swelling of the Ischium which is its Origine to the end but an Inch and half and but a Line and half in Diameter There was found no Bone. The Diaphragme was very fleshy and its nervous part very small The Pericardium in which there was no water was exceeding close to the Heart which happened perhaps by the swelling of this part which after the manner of all things that do congeal was puffed up For this Dissection was made the eleventh day of Ianuary 1670. at which time was felt a greater cold than ever was known The Ventricles of the Heart were filled with great plenty of congealed and hardened blood which was not in the Veins perhaps by reason of its little quantity which easily thaws in the parts which must necessarily be much handled in the Dissection and Preparation thereof The Heart was rounder and less pointed than in Cats and fierce Beasts by reason as it is probable that the extraordinary distention and enlarging of the Ventricles had made the point to shrink towards the Basis. The Lungs had eight Lobes four on the right side three on the left and the eighth in the middle in the cavity of the Mediastinum joyning the Diaphragme The Os Frontis had two very large Sinus's which were square and long adjoyning to each other There were two other Sinus's in the Os Occipitis they were of a triangular form and distant from each other being of the right and left side of the Cerebellum The Bone which separated these two Brains had two points The Brain was divided in two by the Falx which was very large and which did enter very deep therein The Anfractuosities were extended in length from the Cerebellum to the fore-part At the place where the Glandula Pinealis usually is there was found only a little point about the bigness of a pins point which was taken for this Gland The Orbite of the Eye was whole and bonie all round the Bones of the Temples and that of the Iaw being joyned but the internal and upper part was open insomuch that the Ball of the Eye touched the Muscles of the Temples The Ball of the Eye contained eleven Lines in Diameter through the middle the Cornea had nine There was an Internal Eye-lid which was seated in the great Canthus of the Eye and which advanced towards the
hardly credible of the Calves of the Stature of ours and can agree only with those which are taken near England which according to Gesner are as great as the Bears or rather with those whereof Gomara Oviedo Pedro Ciesa and the last relations of the Ant-Isles do speak which are of a size so Prodigious that there are found some twenty foot long and seven thick But Names are most frequently given to Fish by reason of some resemblances that they have as it is pretended to certain things whether that Similitude be taken from their shape or dispositions Thus the Sea-Sheep has this Appellation because it is white and has crooked Horns like that of the Land and the Sea-Calf is by some called a Wolf by reason that it lives on Rapine Nevertheless by this reason it should be called a Sheep if compared to the Sea-Sheep and the Sea-Sheep ought on the contrary to be called a Wolf because that according to Aelian the Sea-Sheep hunts the Sea-Calves and devours them The Tongue was very like to that of a Calf being large flat and smooth It was forked and cut in two at the end as Aristotle has remarqued but not double round and small as in Serpents and Lizards as Pliny describes it The Larynx had a particular formation the Epiglottis being proportionably larger than in other Animals it went half an inch in length beyond the Glottis to cover it It is probable that this is done more exactly to close the entrance of the Aspera Arteria when this Animal eats his Prey at the bottom of the Sea and to hinder the water from running into its Lungs The Ventricle was in form of an Intestine which was contracted towards its two Orifices Severinus describes it round like an Ostrich's Egg. The interiour Membrane was folded and made several wrinckles Severinus describes it without wrinckles These wrinckles from the Superiour Orifice to the middle of the Ventricle were waved and from thence unto the Pylorus they were strait This seems to have some resemblance with the Ventricles of Animals which chew the Cud in which the wrinckles of the lower Ventricle are strait and according to the length of the Ventricle whereas in the upper they are transversal and oblique In the inside of the Ventricle there was found a round bottom of the Sea-herb called by the Sea-men Wreck which is a kind of Fucus This clue or bottom was of the bigness and shape of a Nut. It closed the upper Orifice of the Ventricle insomuch that it seemed that this round lump had been push'd into this Orifice by the effort of an extraordinary compression and by the contraction of the Ventricle The Liver had six Lobes two great ones underneath and behind and four small ones at the top and before The Gall-bladder was between the great right Lobe behind and the first of the small ones which are before of the same side Belonius reports according to Aristotle that the Sea-Calf has no Gall. Pliny would have it in the Breast which agrees not with what he relates that this Animal vomits up its Gall when pursued by the Fisher-men by reason of the knowledge he has that he is taken only for his Gall which is profitable for the Cure of several Diseases for it would be impossible for him to vomit up this Gall which is in his Breast it being incredible that he can understand the intentions of the Fishermen unless that this Sagacity be peculiar to it and other Amphibia such as are the Castor Serpents and Frogs which this same Author reports to take care to get rid of the things for which they are sought after so that the Castor tears off the Pouches wherein is contained the Medicinal Liquor of the Castoreum the Serpents do swallow the precious Skin which they do cast at the Spring the Frogs do daily vomit up certain Salutiferous Liquors which are ingendred in their Bodies for fear of being killed for this Liquor The Kidneys resembled not those of the Otter as Rondeletius says because the Kidneys of the Otter are composed of several small separate ones which have each their Emulgent Vessels and particular Ureters as is represented in the Figure of the Kidneys of the Bear. The Kidneys of our Subject were more like to the Kidneys of the Land-Calf being cleft at top only in their Surface by chops which did not sink very deep but these chops were much more numerous than in the Land-Calf and they made this Kidney to seem composed of several Glands joyned together These Kidneys did likewise differ from those of the Land-Calf in that besides the great Pelvis which is in the gibbous part of that Kidney there were several other small ones scattered in several places in the Substance of the Kidney insomuch that it seemed that every of these small Pelves appertained to each of the little particular Kidneys of which the great one was composed and that the Parenchyma of every of these particular Kidneys made but one single Mass. The Membrana Adiposa of the Kidney was all interspersed with very visible Vessels which made Rondeletius to say that the Emulgents enter not into the Cavity of the Kidney in the Sea-Calf as in other Animals but that they are distributed over the whole Body of the Kidney The greatest part of these Vessels in the left Kidney were the Branches or rather the Roots of the Spermatick Vein which by reuniting did form three great Branches which the Trunck of the Spermatick Vein that proceeds from the Emulgent did by the way receive This left Kidney was accompanied with a Succenturiatus which was about the bigness of a Filbert and immediately adhering to the Trunck of the Vena Cava The Lungs had but one Lobe on each side which was only a little transversly cut through the middle The Heart was round and flat It s Ventricles appeared very large and its Auricles very small The Trunck of the Aorta proceeded from the Heart two inches in length before it returned downwards Underneath the great Aperture through which the Trunck of the Vena Cava conveyed the blood into the right Ventricle of the Heart there was another which penetrated into the Arteria Venosa and from thence into the left Ventricle and afterwards into the Aorta This hole which is called the Foramen Ovale in the Foetus makes the Anastomosis by the means of which the blood goes from the Cava into the Aorta without passing through the Lungs and it is apparently for the same use that this passage is found in the Sea-Calf and Foetus by reason of the necessity which each have of living without respiration viz. the Foetus whilst in the Womb of its Mother and the Sea-Calf whilst under water Which demonstrates that Respiration is necessary for the Circulation and that the Blood which the Lungs have received from one of the Ventricles of the Heart by being dilated is afterwards thrust into the other Ventricle by the compression of
the Heart And it is probable that the facility which the Sea-Calf has of Diving a long time under water must rather be attributed to this particular formation of the Vessels of the Heart and Lungs than to the smallness of the Lungs which is the reason that Pliny alledges Between these two holes which were in the Trunck of the Vena Cava there was a Membranous separation made by a fold of the interiour Coat of the Vein In the Ventricles of the Heart and in the Lungs there was found great store of Blood. Pliny reports that these parts in the Sea-Calf do contain less blood than in other Animals This blood being kept congealed very firmly Aristotle and Pliny do affirm that the Bones of the Sea-Calf are Cartilaginous we found that they were real Bones very hard especially those of the Cranium The Dura Mater was fastned to the Skull and redoubled to make the Falx There was a bone between the Cerebrum and Cerebellum like as in Dogs and other Animals which do live by Rapine and which do eat Flesh and not Grass like the Calf This Bone was flat and pointed and not round and massie so as that which is found in the Head of the Lamantin which is a kind of Sea-Calf of the West-Indies and which is held to be a Bone which has a peculiar Vertue for dissolving the Stone of the Kidneys and Bladder The Sinuosities and Cavities of the Brain were as in the Calf but there was more of the Cerebellum proportionably than there is in the head of a Calf which is unusual in Fishes which have very little Cerebellum The Glandula Pinealis was two lines in length and little less in breadth Natural-lists have observed that this Animal participates nothing of the Stupidity of Fishes but that it equalls the most subtill Sagacity of Terrestrial Animals Pliny testifies that there were shewn some at Rome which answered when they were called and which with voice and gesture saluted the People in the Theatres Gomara makes mention of a Manati or Sea-Calf of the Indies of a prodigious size which being tamed did come when it was called by its name and carried ten men upon its Back in a Lake where an Indian Prince kept it Aldrovandus reports that he saw one which did Sing for the Christian Princes and not for the Turks The Crystalline was almost Sphaerical after the usual manner of Fishes and the more convex part was before contrary to what is usual The whole Choroides was besmeared with a white and very opake substance In the Retina there were three branches of blood-vessels which did enter into the Eye with the Optick Nerve and were spread over the whole Membrane This Optick Nerve did enter into the middle of the Eye and its entrance was directly opposite to the Crystalline These two Remarks are favourable to the Opinion of those which do hold that the reception of the visual Species is made on the surface of the Retina and not the Choroides because that the Vessels which being spread into the Retina are laid upon the Choroides must by reason of their Opacity oppose the passage of the visual Species and hinder them from going to the Choroides which these Vessels do not in regard of the Retina because that it covers them with its surface which terminates and locks up the Vitreous Humour The Situation of the Optick Nerve which was found in the Axis of the Eye and which by consequence did directly receive the visual Species seems to demonstrate that it is not the Choroides which receives the Species seeing that there is no Choroides at the principal place where the Species do fall but that it is the Retina which is extended over the Optick Nerve as well as on all the other places on which the Species may fall The left Eye was contracted and a great deal less than the right and was found to have been hurt the Humours being half suppurated In the Eyes of this Subject there was not found the thousand Colours which Natualists report to be there observable The Explication of the Figure of the Barbary Cow. THE lower Figure is to discover the extraordinary length of the Head the situation of the Eyes which are very high the winding of the Horns the length of the Neck the Bunch which the Shoulders do form on the Back that which is at the Sternum as in the Camel the smallness of the Tail and other particularities which do render the Figure of the Animal different from the ordinary Cow. In the Upper Figure A Is the great Ventricle B B B. The three other Ventricles C C. The Origine of the Epiploon D D. The Pancreas E. A part of the Aspera Arteria in its natural bigness â—… â—…â—… The Membranous part of the Aspera Arteria on which the Oesophagus lies and which is towards the Vertebrae of the Neck e e e e. The Extremities of the half Rings of the Aspera Arteria flatted and inlarged making as it were the Wings which do cover the Extremitys of the other half Rings which are underneath and are represented by f f f. g g. The hollow and Chanellated part of the half Rings F F. The Liver G. The Gall-Bladder Γ. The Trunck of the Vena Porta fastned to the Liver H. Half of the Trunck of the Vena Porta loosed from the Liver to discover its interiour surface I I. The holes of the branches of the Vena Porta which do enter into the Substance of the Liver with the Valves which do half shut them K. The Head seen in another Aspect than that of the lower Figure to represent the particular winding of the Horns L L L L L. The five small Lobes of the Lungs M M. The two great Lobes n. The Ligament which fastens the two great Lobes to one another THE ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION OF A BARBARY COW THis Animal was about the size of a Cow. Its Hair was of a Fox-red paler towards the point than the root It was a little shorter than it commonly is in Cows and almost of the same bigness towards the point as the root which is contrary to the Hair of Animals which is most frequently bigger towards the root than towards the other end Yet we have before remarqued an irregularity opposite to this in the Hair of an Elk which was a great deal smaller towards the root than towards the middle The disposition of the Body Legs and Neck made it better to resemble a Stag than a Cow of which it had only the Hornes which were in a great many things different from those of Cows They were each of them a foot long and took their rise very near one another by reason the Head was in this part exceeding narrow They were very thick bent backward black wreathed like a Screw and worn before and at top so that the raised parts which formed the Screw were there wholly effaced The Tail was larger at its beginning than towards its end
out and make it pass into the left Ventricle It may be again Imagined that the Ventricles of the Heart of the Tortoise and other Animals whose Lungs are absolutely Membranous not having their walls solid like those of the Heart of the Dogg wherin the Blood has no freer passage from one Ventricle to the other but cross the Lungs but that being Porous in all their Substance and also open one into the other by very large holes it must not be thought strange that altho the Lungs remain Immoveable whether blown up or sunk the Circulation is not hindred and that in these Animals it is always performed after the same manner as it is in the Foetus Because that in the Foetus as in these Animals the Lungs receive the Blood only for their Nourishment and not for the intire Circulation so that it sends to the Heart only the remainder of what it has not consumed And in fine as the intire Circulation is not performed but by the Anastomoses of the Heart in the Foetus it is done also in the other Animals which we treat of only by particular Apertures which the Ventricles of their Heart have one into the other But to be more assured that the Blood Circulates not intirely thro' the Lungs in the Tortoise the Trunck of the Artery of the Lungs was tyed up and it was observed that the Motion of the Heart was in no manner altered and that the Circulation was continued always after the same manner Now this is easier to be seen in this Animal than in others by reason that its Heart being whitish and the Walls of the Ventricles thin before the Blood was in some sort seen to enter in and go out of the right Ventricle from which the Aorta proceeds as has been declared and this was known by a redness which happens when the point of the Heart approaches its Basis and which disappears when it is remote from it For it is easy to judg that when the point approaches the Basis 't is then that the Heart utter'd the Blood from its Ventricles because that at this very instant their Walls presing inwards and compressing the Blood did cause a redness to appear in this place The Compression being capable of making the Bodys which their Spongious consistence has rendered Opake to become diaphanous by the diminution of the Intervals which make them Spongious In fine this Circulation thus apparent which has continued for four Dayes the Lungs being opned and cut in several places has seem'd to us very clearly to Demonstrate that in the Tortoise the Lungs serve not for the Circulation of the Blood as in the Animals which have fleshy Lungs The true use of the Lungs in the Tortoise and other Animals of its Genus is a thing which has seemed to us obscure enough to excite us to examine it carefully and to allow us the boldness of promoting thoughts somewhat extraordinary following the liberty that we thought we might take to our selves in these Memoires where we do not place things as being compleated but only as materials which may be employed or rejected according as they shall be found fitt or useless or defective when time by new Experiments or better Argumentations shall better make known their Worth. We do believe then that there is no appearance that the Lungs of the Tortoise serve for the intire Circulation of the Blood for the Reasons which have been alledged neither is it made for the Voice the Tortoise being absolutely Mute And it is not conducing to the refreshment of the Internal Parts nor for the Evacuation of their Vapours seeing that it wants the continual and regulated Motion which is observed in other Animals and which is necessary for these purposes So that there remains only the compression of the Internal Parts whose uses have been explained in the Descriptions that we have made of Birds and which are reduced to the preparation and distribution of the Nourishment But we do search after another use more Important and which being more particular to the Tortoise and the other Animals of its Species does better answer to the particular Conformation of their Lungs and we have found that to this part may be attributed the faculty that the Tortoise has of raising and holding it self above the Water and of sinking to the bottom when it pleases in so much that it supplys the place of the Air-Bladder which is found in most Fishes There are several conjectures on which we found the probability of this Opinion and which do make us to think that this Bladder of Fishes and the Lungs of the Tortoise being enlarged do render the Body of these Animals light enough to Swim upon the Water and that when these parts are contracted and the Air which is capable of compression taking up less room by reason it is straitned and so the whole Body being less extended it descends to the bottom after the same manner as the little hollow Figures of Enamel enclosed in a Pipe of Glass do sink to the bottom when by pressing on the surface of the Water the Air is compressed which is enclosed in the Cavity that makes them Swim We have frequently observed that as soon as a Tortoise is put into the Water it casts forth thro' the Mouth or Nostrils several bubbles which are in all likelyhood formed by the overmuch Air that it has in its Lungs for the keeping it self in a just Equilibrium which puts it in a condition of being heavy enough to sink to the bottom at the least compression which its Muscles do make upon its Lungs just as the little Figure of Enamel descends in the Water at the smallest effort that is made to compress the Air that it encloses and it is easy to comprehend that if the Tortoise being at the bottom of the Water relaxes the Muscles that did compress its Lungs the Air by the Virtue of its Spring returning into its first State can give again to its whole Body the extent which it had when it did Swim upon the Water The probability of this Arguing has been confirmed by Experience A living Tortoise was lockt up in a Vessel full of Water on which there was with Wax exactly fastned a cover from the top of which there went a Glass Pipe. The Vessel being full so as to make the Water appear at the bottom of the Glass pipe we observed the Water did somtimes ascend into the Pipe and that somtimes it descended Now this could be done only by the augmentation and dimunition of the Bulk of the Tortoise and it is probable that when the Tortoise endeavoured to sink to the bottom the Water fell in the Pipe because that the Animal lessened its Bulk by the contraction of its Muscles and that the Water rose by the slackning of the Muscles which ceasing to compress the Lungs did permit it to return to its first size and did render the whole Body of the Tortoise lighter
Substances in the Gizzard of the Ostrich worn not corroded 225 Structure of the Hands and Feet described 43 Succenturiatus very large in the Porcupine 150 Sweet-Smells unpleasant to Country People 104 T Tail of the Castor like a Fish's 85. 90 of Birds of what use 220 of the Tortoise very strong 254 Talons of the Bustard solid 198 Two Teats in the Barbary-Cow 127 Teeth of the Sea-Colf like a Wolf 's 122 of the Sea-Fox two rows on one side and but one on the other 70 Testicles of the Coati like a Dog. 117 of the Eagle as small as a Pea. 187 In a Female Demoiselle but without Epididymis 209 of the Hedg-Hog in the Belly 153 of some Monkeys long and slender of others round 161 Thighs of the Ostrich very large 223 Toes but three in the Bustard 198 but two in the Ostrich 223 and the little one without Claw ib Thorax of a Bear larger than a Lyons 45 Tongue of a Camelion of an extraordinary make c. 27. 30 of a Cassowar like a Cock's-comb 248 of a Cormorant double 137 of a Dromedary has asperitys that turn outwards 40 of an Eagle Cartilaginous 187 of an Ostrich a little forked 222 of a Porcupine toothed 149 of a Sea-Calf forked 123 of the Tortoise has ten Muscles 266 of the Woodpecker how thrust out 30 Tortoise has no upper Eye-lid 254 wants the outward Ear-hole yet has the Sense of Hearing 266 alters his bulk in the Water proved by an Experiment 264 Tuft on the top of the Ear of the Lynx peculiar to that Animal 76 Tusk of the Coati sharp like an awl 116 V Valve in the trunk of the Vena-cava 89 In the Porta of the Barbary-Cow favouring Dr. Glissons Hypoth 129 In the Iugulars contrary to the motion of the Blood to the Heart 172 Vein goes to the Papilla of the Gazella without sending forth any Branches but disapears at once 59 Vena Cava has two trunks in the Tortoise 259 Gastrica Branches over the Stomach 62 Vena Lactea and Receptaculum Chyli very white and visible in the Hedg-Hog 153 Ventricle of Apes differs from Man's in the Pylorus 160 four in the Barbary-Cow 128 In the Bear very small 45 In the Castor like a Dogs 88 four in the Cassowar 194 In the Cormorant glandulous within 136 three in the Chamois 143 four in the Dromedary 39 four in the Elke like an Ox. 111 two in the Gazella 57 four in the Hinde 171 of the Lynx like a Catts 78 two in the Parrot 201 divided into 3 in the Porcupine 149 but two visible in the Stag. 169 In the Sea-Calfe like an Intestine 123 Longish in the Sea-fox 70 and Liver and bladder very large in the Tortoise 255 three in the heart of the Tortoise open into one another 259 Voracious animals have small Intestines 186 Vpper-lip of the Chamois cleft as in Hares 142 Of the Elke very large 109 Vpper Eye-lid of the Tortoise wanting 254 Vitreous humours of the Indian Cock hard 194 Uterus of the Gazella has several Papillae on the inside 59 of the Lynx like a Bitches 79 Of the Monkey different from Women 161 Uvea covered by a thin transparent Membrane 188 Uvula only in Apes or Men. 162 W Wings of the Bustard short in comparison of its bulk 197 and Back darkest part of the Bird. 198 Of Birds reckoned a wonder of Nature by Iob. 218 described 2â—…0 FINIS 28. Octobris 1687. Imprimatur Liber iste cui Titulus The Measure of the Earth John Hoskyns V. P. R. S. THE MEASURE OF THE EARTH BEING An Account of several OBSERVATIONS made for that Purpose by divers MEMBERS of the Royal Academy of SCIENCES at PARIS Translated out of the French by Richard Waller Fellow of the ROYAL SOCIETY LONDON Printed by R. Roberts And are to be Sold by T. Basset at the George near Temple-Bar I. Robinson at the Golden Lyon in St. Paul's Church-Yard B. Aylmer at the Three Pigeons over against the Royal Exchange I. Southby at the Harrow in Cornhil and W. Canning in the Temple MDCLXXXVIII THE MEASURE OF THE EARTH ARTICLE I. THE attempt to determine the Magnitude of the Earth is not new Many ancient Authors have made themselves famous by this enquiry But the most memorable Attempt for this purpose was that of the Arabians thus Recorded by their Geographer A great Circle on the Earth is divided into 360 parts as we also suppose those in the Heavens Ptolomy Author of the Almagest and many other of the Ancients have observed what space upon the Earth contains one of these 360 Parts or Degrees and have found it to contain 66â…” Miles Those which succeeded them willing to satisfie themselves by their own experience met by the order of Almamon in the Plains of Sanjar and having taken the height of the Pole they divided into two Troops the one marching as directly as was possible towards the North and the other towards the South till the one found the Pole one Degree more and the other one Degree less elevated then meeting again at their first station to compare their Observations they found the one had computed 56â…” Miles but the other just 56. but they agreed to account 56â…” for one Degree so that between the Observations of the Ancients and of these Moderns there is a difference of 10 Miles Now Ptolomy having establish'd the bigness of a Degree 500 Stadia for which the Arabs account 66â…” Miles it follows that the Arabian Mile was equal to 7½ Stadia but we are to seek what Stadium Ptolomy means for if it were the Greek eight of which made one ancient Italian Mile the proportion of the Arabick Mile so the Italian will be as 15 to 16 and consequently the 56â…” Miles found in a Degree by the Arabs will make but 53 â—… old Italian Miles But if more favourably to the Arabs we suppose which is most likely that the 500 Stadia of Ptolomy were the Alexandrian bigger than the Grecian according to the proportion commonly received of 144 to 125 we shall find that the Degree measured by the Arabs was 61½ Italian Miles which makes 47188 Toyses of Paris supposing that the old Roman Foot the same which Father Ricciolus after Vilalpandus would have established it was to that of Paris as 667 to 720. though the Roman Foot of which the Module is to be seen in the Capitol is to the same Parisian Foot but as 653 to 720. or thereabouts 'T is very remarkable that anciently the measure of the Earth was always upon the diminishing For if we will believe Aristotle or the most part of the Mathematicians of his time according to his report a Degree was about 1111 Stadia whereas Eratosthenes counted but 700. Possidonius 666 and in fine Ptolomy 500. In like manner the Arabs following the same example make a Degree less than all that preceded them But without entering upon the determination whether these Opinions are so different as they appear