pressed for the distribution of the Chyle but it diminishes the Cavity of the Breast when it resumes its natural Situation and presses the Lungs for the Expulsion of the Air in Expiration SECT III. Of the Pleura Mediastinum and Thymus Of the Pleura THE Pleura is a double Membrane which covers all the Cavity of the Thorax it arises from the Vertebrae of the Back ascends on each side upon the Ribs to the middle of the Sternum It is fixed to the Periostium of the Ribs to the internal intercostal Muscles and it covers the Midriff It s side towards the Cavity is smooth and equal but that which is fixed to the Ribs is rough The Vessels which run betwixt its Duplicature are Veins from Vena Azygos and upper intercostal Vein Arteries from the Inferior and Superior intercostal Arteries and Nerves from the twelfth Pair of the Back from the intercostal Pair and from the eighth Pair Of the Mediastinum The Mediastinum is a double Membrane formed by the continuation of the Pleura it comes from the Sternum and goes straight down thorow the middle of the Thorax to the Vertebrae dividing the Cavity in two It contains in its doubling the Heart in its Pericardium the Vena Cava the Oesophagus and the Stomachick Nerves The Membranes of the Mediastinum are finer and thinner than the Pleura and they have a little Fat The Mediastinum receives branches of Veins and Arteries from the Mammillary and Diaphragmatick and one Proper called Mediastina its Nerves come from the Stomachick it has also some Lymphaticks which open in the Thoracick Duct The Mediastinum divides the Thorax in two Parts to the end that one Lobe of the Lungs may officiate if the other be hindered by a Wound on the other side of the Thorax it fixes the Heart in its Pericardium and preserves them from external Injuries Sometimes there is a matter contained betwixt its Membranes immediately under the Sternum which may occasion the Trepaning of this place Of the Thymus The Thymus passes for a Conglomerate Gland a little softer than the Pancreas situated in the upper Part of the Thorax under the Claviculae where the Cava and Aorta divide into the Subclavian branches This Gland is big in Infants but as they grow in Age it grows less It receives Veins and Arteries from the Jugulars Nerves from the Par Vagum and Lymphatick Vessels which discharge themselves in the Subclavian Vein The use that is commonly given to the Thymus is to be a little Cushion to support the Thoracick Duct and to strengthen the Cava and Aorta at their Divisions in the Subclavian Vessels to defend them against the hardness of the Vertebrae But 't is probable that its principal use is to filtrate or separate some Liquor which is not yet known SECT IV. Of the Pericardium Heart and its Parts Of the Pericardium THE Pericardium is a thick Membrane of a Conick Figure it resâ—mbles a Purse and contains the Heart in its Cavity It s Basis is pierced in five places for the Passage of the Vessels which enter and come out of the heart it is fixed to the Mediastinum and to the Midriff It receives its Vessels from the Axillaries and Phrenicae Nerves from the recurrent and Diaphragmatick It has Lymphaticks which discharge themselves in the Thoracick Duck. It defends the Heart from external Injuries Of the Water contained in the Pericardium In the bottom of the Pericardium there is a clear and sweet tasted Water but in some tinctured a little with Blood It is found in abundance in the Pericardium of Women and Old Men but there is little of it in those that are Hectick and Pleuritick When it is in too great quantity it causes a Palpitation of the Heart and sometimes Death Authors do not agree about the rise of this Water Some say that it comes from the Extremities of the Arteries others that it comes thorow the Substance of the Heart but it 's more probable that it is filtrated thorow the Glands which are at the basis of the heart and that it may not abound too much nor putrify by standing too long it is taken up by some small Glands which are in the Membrane of the Pericardium and from them carried by the Lymphaticks into the Thoracick Duct Of the Situation Figure and Connexion of the Heart The Heart is situated in the middle of the Thorax between the two Lobes of the Lungs it is of a Conick Figure It s basis is the upper end and its Apex or Point is the lower end which is turned a little to the left side therefore its motion is best felt there It is tied to the Mediastinum to the Pericardium and sustained by the great Vessels which bring and carry back the Blood It is covered by a Membrane which is the proper Membrane of the Muscles its basis is always surrounded with Fat in which there are some small Glands Of its Vessels It has two Veins which come from the Cava immediately before it opens in the Heart and they are accompanied with two Arteries from the Aorta which run thorow all the Substance of the Heart they are called the Coronal Vessels The Veins on the right side communicate at their Extremity with the Veins of the left In like manner do the Arteries of each side communicate with one another and it is the same almost in all the Parts of the Body The Heart receives a multitude of small Nerves from the eighth Pair particularly they creep in great numbers about the Aorta and on the left Ventricle It has also some Lymphaticks which discharge themselves in the Thoracick Duct At the basis of the Heart there are two Auriculae or little Ears Of the Auriculae one on the right the other on the left side In the right Ear opens the Vena Cava in the left the Vena Pulmonaria The first discharges the Blood that it receives from the Cava into the right Ventricle and the second thrusts the Blood that comes from the Vena Pulmonaria into the left Ventricle Their Figure is like the triangle Ambligonium the left is less but thicker than the right Their Substance is composed of two Orders of muscular Fibres which terminate in the tendon in the basis of the Heart and at the right Ear there is a circle like to a tendon where the Cava ends Their external Surface is smooth their internal is unequal full of small fleshy Pillars which send out small Fibres that cross and go thwart one another and betwixt these Pillars there are as many furrows which are more in the left than in the right Ear they receive Nerves from the branches of the eighth Pair They have the same motions of Systole and Diastole as the Heart which we shall explain afterwards Their Vse Their Use is to receive the Blood which is brought by the Veins and by them to be thrust
into the Ventricles of the Heart Of the Ventricles of the Heart In the Heart there are two Cavities or Ventricles which answer to the two Ears one on each side the sides of these Cavities are very unequal full of Fibres and little fleshy Productions long and round of a different Figure and bigness called Columnae or Pillars Betwixt these Fibres there are several furrows in the sides of the Ventricles especially in the left Ventricle they are deeper and larger they contribute much to the close contraction of the Ventricles And because the side of the right Ventricle is much thinner than the left therefore there are often two or three fleshy Fibres which come from the middle Partition to its opposite side to hinder it from dilating too much The right Ventricle seemeth wider than the left which is longer and narrower than the right and its sides stronger and thicker The two Ventricles are separated by the Septum Medium which is properly the inside of the left Ventricle being its Fibres are continued with the Fibres of the opposite side of the same Ventricle The Vessels which enter and come out of the Heart are the Vena Cava the Arteria and Vena Pulmonaria and the Aorta or Arteria Magna Of the right Ventricle and of its Valves The right Ventricle receives the Blood from the Vena Cava thorow the right Ear and at the mouth of the Ventricle there are placed three Valves made of a thin Membrane they are of a triangular Figure and are called Tricuspides their bases are fixed to the mouth of the Ventricle and their Points tied by small Fibres to the fleshy Productions so that when the Heart contracts its Point approaches its basis the fleshy Productions move upwards therefore the Fibres of these Valves are relaxed and the Valves lifted up by the Blood which gets underneath them because the furrows and fleshy Productions keeping the Valves at a little distance from the sides of the Ventricle give way to the Blood to pass under them and so to thrust up the Valves which shut so closely the entry into the Ventricle that the Blood cannot return the way it came in But when the Ventricle is dilated the Fibres are pulled down and the Passage made open for the Blood to enter Of the Valves of the Arteria Pulmonaria When the Heart contracts the Valves being lifted up the Blood in the right Ventricle finds an open Passage into the Arteria Pulmonaria which rises immediately out of the right Ventricle its Mouth is less than the Cava it has three Valves called Segmoidales or Semi-lunares because they resemble a Half-Moon or Segment of a circle their Substance is membranous When they separate they give passage to the Blood from the Ventricle into the Artery but they shut the Passage and are thrust together by the Blood if it endeavours to return Of the Valves of the left Ventricle The Vena Pulmonaria discharges it self thorow the left Ear into the Ventricle of the same side At the Orifice of this Ventricle there are two Valves called Mitrales because when they are joined together they resemble a Mitre they are broader than the other Valves they are situated and have the same use as the Tricuspides in the right Ventricle Of the Valves of the Aorta The Aorta or great Artery rises immediately out of the left Ventricle it has three Valves which have the same Use and Figure as the Semi-lunares in the Arteria Pulmonaria Of the Substance of the Heart and of the order of its Fibres The Heart is a compound Muscle its Substance is made of Fibres of the same Nature as those of other Muscles there are several Orders of them which have different Directions and all their Tendons are in the basis of the Heart The First or External Order is of Fibres which surround the whole Heart they go in an Oblique or Spiral Line from the left to the right except on the Surface of the right side some of its finest Fibres go in a straight Line from the basis to the Point The Second or next order surrounds also the whole heart they have a contrary Direction which is from the right to the left in an Oblique or Spiral Line The next Orders are only proper to the left Ventricle The first which is on the external side of the Ventricle goes in an Oblique Line from the left to the right The second Order is on the inside or that which makes the Septum Medium or Partition Wall of the Ventricles they go in an Oblique Line from the right to the left and they are continued with the foregoing Fibres at the Point of the Heart All these Orders of Fibres come together as to one common Centre at the Point of the Heart But Obs That all the Fibres of the same Order do not always go from the basis to the Point for some after they have gone about half way obliquely from the one side turn up obliquely and are inserted in the basis on the other side Neither do all the Fibres in the same order keep together for some intermix with the Fibres of the next Order so in separating these Orders many Fibres are broken Some of the Fibres in the internal Orders proper to the left Ventricle terminate in the fleshy Productions of the same Ventricle The Bone which is found in the basis of the Hearts of several Beasts is nothing but the tendons of the Fibres of the Heart ossifyed it is sometimes found in Men. Of the Systole and Diastole of the Heart This Muscle has two Motions which they call Systole and Diastole The Systole is when the Fibres of the Heart contract its Point approaches its basis the Heart becomes short its sides swell and its Cavities are strongly pressed on all sides The Diastole is when this Muscle ceaseth to act its Fibres are lengthened its Point retires from its basis its sides fall and its Cavities become large and wide Of the Circulation of the Blood thorow the Heart Having described the Heart and its Parts let us now consider the Circulation of the Blood which is performed by means of this Muscle the Vena Cava Ascendens and Descendens unite in one and open into the right Ear where they unite there is a little Protuberance made by their Coats on the inside of the Canal like an Isthmus which directs the Blood both of the one and the other into the Ear and so hinders them from rushing upon one another The right Ear in its Diastole receives the Blood from the Vena Cava which by its Systole is thrust into the right Ventricle for the tendinous Circle which is at the Mouth of the Cava contracts and hinders the Blood to return into it which at the same time is in its Diastole in the Systole of the right Ventricle the Blood is thrust into the Arteria Pulmonaria for it cannot return into the Ear
because of the Valvulae Tricuspides which communicates with the Vena Pulmonaria which carries back the Blood into the left Ear which in its Systole thrusts the Blood into the left Ventricle which is then in its Diastole In the Systole of this Ventricle the Blood is thrust into the Aorta for it cannot return into the Ear because of the Valunlae Mitrales which carries it thorow all the Body Now the Aorta when it comes out of the Heart ascends a little upwards and then turns downwards to form the descending Trunk because the Blood might offend the Brain if it ran with that impetuosity with which it 's thrown out of the Heart and from the upper side of this turning the Cervical and Axillary Vessels do arise by this artifice the Blood collides against the sides of the Aorta its force is broken part of it is taken in by the Mouths of the ascending branches but it s greatest part is directed downwards Of the Circulation of the Blood in the Foetus Let us now consider which way the Blood circulates in the Foetus for this you must observe that in the right Ear on the lower side of the Protuberance of the Cava just opposite to the Mouth of the Cava Descendens there is a hole called the Foramen Ovale which opens into the Vena Pulmonaria this hole has a Valve which suffers the Blood to enter the Vein but hinders it to come back again There is likewise a Passage or Canal called Ductus Bottali which comes from the Trunk of the Arteria Pulmonaria and goes to the Trunk of the Aorta Now the Blood which comes from the Placenta by the Umbilical Vein into the Porta is sent into the Cava by a Canal which goes straight from the Trunk of the Porta to the Trunk of the Cava in the Liver This ascends the Vena Cava and is directly thrown thorow the Foramen Ovale into the Vena Pulmonaria which carries it into the left Ventricle which throws it into the Aorta to be distributed thorow all the Body But the Blood which comes down the Vena Cava ascendens is diverted by the Isthmus of the Cava from the Foramen Ovale and falls into the right Ventricle which thrusts it into the Arteria Pulmonaria from whence it 's immediately carried by the Ductus Bottali into the Aorta to be mixt with the rest of the Blood By this you see that the Blood which comes from the Vena Cava descendens passes only thorow the left Ventricle whilst the Blood which comes from the Cava ascendens passes only thorow the right Ventricle Thus having shewed what way and by what means the Blood circulates thorow the Heart let us now reflect a little upon the quickness of its motion Each Ventricle will at least contain an Ounce of Blood and therefore we may safely suppose that the Heart throws into the Aorta an Ounce of Blood every time it contracts The Heart contracts 4000 times in one Hour or sometimes more and sometimes less according to the different Temperaments Sexes and Ages from which it follows that there passes thorow the Heart every hour 4000 Ounces or 350 Pound of Blood Now the whole mass of Blood is but about 25 Pound so that a quantity of Blood equal to the whole mass of Blood passes thorow the Heart 14 times in one hour which is about once every 4 minutes I say a quantity which is equal to the whole mass of Blood and not the whole mass it self for it is not to be supposed that the Blood which goes to the Extremities can return to the Heart as soon as the Blood which goes only to the Kidneys or Liver The Velocity and quantity of Blood together with the time it takes to run in different Blood Vessels differ according to the different lengths and orifices of the Vessels according to the greater and lesser Compression the Vessels receive in the different Parts thorow which they run according to different quantity of Secretions from the Vessels in the several Parts of the Body according as the Vessels have more or less turnings and windings and according as they divide into more of fewer branches These things determinate the Velocity Time and Quantity of Blood in the several Vessels of the Body In the Blood there is much volatile Salt and Spirits some Phlegm and Sulphur a little Earth but little or no fixt Salt Alcali's dissolve it and Acids coagulate it SECT V. Of the Lungs Of the Figure of the Lungs THE Lungs are in the middle of the Cavity of the Thorax they are divided into two Lobes by the Mediastinum and the left is ordinarily subdivided into two more The Figure of both Lobes together resemble a Cows foot being a little concave betwixt the two Lobes where they embrace the Heart and behind where they lie upon the Vertebrae but before where they touch the Sternum and Ribs they are Convex The colour of the Lungs in a Foetus is of a pale red but after that the Air has once entered them Of their Colour and Connexion they lose their red and remain always pale yet in Adults they are variegated with the one and the other They are tied to the Sternum by the Mediastinum before to the Vertebrae by the Pleura behind where it rises from the Vertebrae to the Heart by the Vena and Arteria Pulmonaria and sometimes to the Pleura where it covers the Ribs particularly in the left side and especially after a Pleurisie Of the Membranes of the Lungs The Lobes of the Lungs are covered with a double Membrane the External is smooth fine but close The Internal is rough and unequal formed by the Extremities of the Vessels and Membrance which tie the Vesicles together It resembles the side of a Honey-Comb Of the Structure of the Lungs Each Lobe is subdivided into an infinite number of little Lobes disposed like so many Grapes upon the Sides and Extremities of the branches of the Bronchiae covered each with their proper Membrane and tied together by a number of Membranes which fill up the Spaces that these Lobes leave between one another Each little Lobe contains an infinite number of small and little Orbicular Vesicles which leave small Interstices between them which are full of small Membranes like those which tie the Lobes together Each Vesicle receives a twig from the branch of the Brochiae that enters the Lobe in which they are contained This twig opens in their Cavity which is divided into little Cells which communicate with one another and a twig from the Vein Nerve and Artery which are spread upon the Membranes of the Vesicle each Vesicle communicates with one another Of the Vessels of the Lungs Now the Vessels which enter the Lungs are the Trachea or Aspera Arteria which comes from the Larynx the Arteria Pulmonaria which comes from the right Ventricle and Vena Pulmonaria which comes from the left Ear
but what we call Systole and Diastole It is done as much by the Structures of the Fibres of the Heart and Arteries as by the Blood which being thrust with Violence by the Contraction of the Fibres of the Heart into the Aorta dilates its Fibres because it is thrust from a wide passage into a narrow one the Fibres being once dilated by their spring contract again and so thrust the Blood to their Extremities as fast as they receive it from the Heart The Use of the Arteries is to carry the Blood to all the Parts of the Body It is hard to distinguish the Capillary branches of the Arteries from those of the Veins if it is not by the Injection of tinctured Liquors The Capillary branches throughout all the Body unite with one another as well as with the Veins SECT XII Of the Trunk of the Aorta Ascendens THE Aorta coming from the left Ventricle of the Heart sends out two branches called Coronariae before it pierces the Pericardium but after it hath pierced it it ascends a little and then it crooks downwards and forms the Aorta Descendens From the upper side of this Crook it sends out three branches two on the left side which are one Subclavian and one Carotide one on the right side which is the right Subclavian from which immediately rises the right Carotide The Arteria Subclavia on each side send out the Mediastina the Intercostalis Superior the Mammaria the Cervicalis or Vertebralis and the Muscula which goes to the Muscles of the Neck of the Breast and to the Glandulae Thyroides After that the Subclavia hath passed thorow the Musculus Scalenus it is called Axillaris The Arteriae Carotides as they ascend on each side of the Trachea Arteria give some small branches to the Trachea Arteria to the Larynx to the Glandula Thyroides and then they divide into two branches the one Internal the other External The External Carotide sends out four branches The first goes to the Tongue to the Muscles of the Os Hyoides and to the Pharynx The second divides into two branches of which the first loses it self in the Muscles Milohyoides and Digastrici and the second goes along the basis of the lower Jaw and is lost in the Muscles of the Lips The third branch of the External Carotide divides at the Angle of the lower Jaw into two branches one enters into the lower Jaw and the other makes the Arteria Temporalis The fourth branch of the External Carotide goes to the Muscles on the hind Part of the Neck and to the Skin of the hind Head The Internal Carotide passes thorow the Canal in the Os Petrosum gives some branches to the Dura Mater joins with the Cervicalis sends out branches to the Glandula Pituitaria Plexus Choroides then it runs thorow all the Circumvolutions of the Cerebrum and Cerebellum and loses its Capillary branches in their Cortical Substance The Axillaris having pierced the Scalenum gives some little branches to the nearest Muscles it sends out the Thoracica Superior and Inferior the Scapularis and then it gives a branch which passes under the Head of the Humerus into the Musculus Longus and Brevis of the Arm. The Trunk of the Axillaris goes down the inside of the Arm giving branches by the way to the Muscles that lie upon the Humerus Above the Elbow it sends out a branch which is spread upon the Internal Condile of the Humerus At the bending of the Elbow this same Trunk divides into two branches the one External and the other Internal The External runs along the Radius it casts out a branch which goes to the Supinator and ascends to the Brachialis Internus in the rest of its course down to the Wrist it gives branches to the Longus Rotundus and benders of the Fingers Wrist and Thumb Being come to the Wrist it sends out a branch which goes to the beginning of the Tenar then it passes under the Tendon of the Flexor Pollicis it gives branches to the External Part of the Hand and it passes under the Muscles between the fore Finger and the Thumb to which it gives a branch on each side The Internal branch goes down along the Cubitus to the Wrist and is distributed to the middle Finger to the ring Finger and to the little Finger SECT XIII Of the Aorta Descendens THE Aorta Descendens sends out first the Bronchialis of M. Ruysch which accompanies all the branches of the Bronchiae A little lower it gives the Intercostalis Inferior the Phrenica which are distributed in the Diaphragma the Lumbaria which goes to the Muscles of the Loins and Psoas the Celiaca which divides into two branches the one on the right the other on the left of which the first gives the Gastrica Dextra which goes to the Stomach the Cisticae to the Gall-Bladder the Epiplois Dextra to the Omentum the Intestinalis to the Intestine Duodenum and to a Part of the Jejunum the Gastro-Epiplois to the Stomach to the Omentum and some branches to the Liver which enter the Capsula Communis to accompany the branches of the Vena Porta The left branch of the Caeliaca gives the Gastrica Dextra which is also spread on the Stomach the Epiplois Sinistra to the Omentum and the Splenica to the Substance of the Spleen Then the Aorta Descendens sends out the Mesenterica Superior the Renales or Adiposae which go to the Glandulae Renales and fat about the Reins the Emulgents to the Reins the Spermaticae to the Testicles the Lumbares Inferiores to the Muscles of the Loins the Mesenterica Inferior which with the Superior is distributed thorow all the Mesenterium and which accompanies all the branches of the Venae Meseraicae When the Aorta is come to the Os Sacrum it divides into two branches called Iliacae and before these branches go out of the Cavity of the lower Belly to go to the Thighs it sends out 4 or 5 branches The first is the Sacra which rises near the middle of the division and is spread in the lower Belly upon the Os Sacrum The second and the greatest is the Hypogastrica 't is distributed to the Bladder to the Rectum to the outer and inner side of the Matrix and to the Os Sacrum then it gives two considerable branches which go out of the lower Belly The first passes under the Pyriformis and is distributed to the Muscles called Glutaei The second which is lower than the first gives also two branches pretty big of which the first goes to the Obturatores the second pierces the Cavity of the Abdomen under the Pyriformis and loses it self by several branches in the Glutaeus Major The third is the Pudenda which passes under the Os Pubis goes to the Privities when this branch is wanting the Hypogastrica supplies its place The fourth is the Ilias Minor or Muscula Inferior it goes to the Muscle Iliacus transversus and Obliquus Ascendens
THE ANATOMY OF THE Humane Body ABRIDGED OR A Short and Full View of all the PARTS of the BODY Together with their several Uses drawn from their Compositions and Structures Quibus autem expositis satis docuisse videor Hominis natura quanto omneis anteiret Animanteis ex quo debet intelligi nec figuram situmque Membrorum nec ingeniâ— mentisque vim talem effici potuisse fortuna Cicero de Nat. Deor. Lib. 2. LONDON Printed for William Keblewhite at the Swan in St. Paul's Church-Yard 1698. TO THE Very Worthy and Ingenious Dr. EDWARD TYSON Fellow of the COLLEGE of PHYSICIANS and of the ROYAL-SOCIETY Physician to Bethlem-HOSPITAL and Lecturer of ANATOMY at the Chirurgeons-Hall in LONDON SIR I Would scarce have adventured the Publishing of the following Sheets if after a particular and careful Perusal you had not been pleased to Advise and Encourage me to it and I desire the Favour of prefixing your Name to them that the World may know your Approbation which will sufficiently secure me from Censure and recommend them as containing something Exact and Vseful for your Skill and Judgment in this Subject is well known and abundantly demonstrated by those Treatises with which you have obliged the World and the Publick Lectures by which you have adorned the Honourable and Vseful Office you have held for several Years But yet I am not so Vain as to think there are no Slips nor Errours in this little Treatise nor will I impose so far upon your Goodness and Civility as to expect your Patronage of them I only hope that after your Example others will be so Candid and Civil as to pass them over I do also readily accept of this Occasion to pay my most hearty Acknowledgments for your private Favours and Civilities And as I have a true Esteem for your Merits so I shall be always ready to shew my self Your most humble and most Obliged Servant JAMES KEILL PREFACE ANatomy or the Knowledge of the Structure of Beasts is as old as Sacrifices which have been in use at least ever since the Fall and that of the Humane Body began with the Custom of Embalming the Dead which is also very Ancient But this Science has not had an Advancement proportionable to its Early beginning for we find it but very Imperfect under the Grecian Empire where nevertheless it was more particularly studied than for some time afterwards by the Romans who out of their too great Superstition would not allow any besides their Priests to have the Inspection of Bodies In the Days of Ignorance when all Knowledge seemed â—o be Buried this Science was also Neglected But when the Rest were Revived this was also Cultivated It has advanced daily ever since the middle of the last Century And the present Age has not only rectified the many Mistakes of the Ancients discovered several things which they might have plainly seen but also by their Glasses have far out-done the Scrutiny of the naked Eye laying open such things that the former Ages could never have known because they had no such Helps And indeed the Advantages of Anatomy are so many and so great that there is all reason to ply and promote the Knowledge of it It has been always reckoned useful to Physick because Physick cannot be rightly Administred without a due Knowledge of the Structure and Oeconomy of the Body tho' it must be confessed that the Practice of Physick is neither much altered nor improved by the late curious Discoveries of Anatomy yet they are no small Help both to Physicians and Surgeons for he who knows his Subject best can certainly Practise with greater Assurance than he who knows little or nothing of it He is not afraid of every thing which appears frightful neither does he slight things which seem to be of less moment which he knows may sometimes foretell the greatest Danger whereas it is impossible that an Ignorant Person can distinguish this because he can judge of things only by their outward Appearances But abstracting from Physick Anatomy is very Useful and therefore to be cultivated as a Special Part of Natural History which affords as much Pleasure Satisfaction and Profit as any other Part whatsoever The Structure and Contrivance of the Body is not only Admirable in it self and therefore very worthy to be considered but also of great Use for suggesting profitable Inventions and for perfecting Humane Art by shewing how it may best imitate Nature Thus Microscopes and Optick-Glasses were made in imitation of the Eye and the various Kinds of joining were taken from the different Ways the Bones are joined together Thus the Observation of the Valves of the Heart and Veins taught us to use the same Device in the Air Pump and Wind Gun and Chymists have learned their Dissolutions Digestions Secretions and other Alterations from what they find performed in the Body And without doubt after-Ages upon further Discoveries and Observations of the Structure and Oeconomy of Bodies may be directed to several Useful Contrivances for the Advantage of Life I have not adventured to Publish the following Treatise from any Disesteem of what is already published by others but as there are not so many Treatises of this Nature especially in English as to render New ones altogether Useless so I may without Vanity say that this which we here offer to the Publick is as full and at least as exact as any according to the latest Discoveries tho' it is much more brief than others which are enlarged for the most part with Dissertations which are either Frivolous and Useless or very tediously handled both which tire the Reader 's Patience and also interrupt the Series of the Description which is chiefly to be observed My Design was to give a small Pocket-Book in which one upon any Occasion without much Reading might have a full View of the Structure of any Part. And for this cause I have followed the Method of that useful Epitome written by Monsieur Bourdon who has expressed some things especially in his first Chapter so briefly and yet altogether so â—ully as that I thought I could not do better than to Copy after them Through all I have Carefully observed to give an Entire and Uninterrupted Description of such Parts as have a dependence upon one another that by passing from one thing to another in a Natural order I might avoid the Confusion which such a multiplicity of things would occasion otherwise The Osteology and Myology I think are very Plain and Exact for the Use of Surgeons and in all there are several things which have scarcely been observed before In this small Treatise there are no Cuts because I am of the Opinion that unless Cuts be extraordinarily well done they do more harm than good and to have contrived fine Cuts for so small a Volume would have been both very Difficult and Expensive This is sufficient to them who have seen Dissections And such as are curious for Cuts may have in
be smooth and beautiful to defend the Body against external Cold and in fine to hinder too great a dissipation of the Spirits SECT VII Of the Membrana Adiposa Carnosa Communis and Propria Musculorum What a Membrane is A Membrane is a web of several sorâ— of Fibres interwoven for the covering and wraping up of some Partâ— Their membranous Fibres give them 〈◊〉 Elasticity whereby they can contraâ—â— and closely grasp the Parts they contain and their nervous Fibres give theâ— an exquisite sense which is the cause 〈◊〉 their contraction therefore they câ—â— scarcely suffer the sharpness of Medicines and they are difficultly unitâ—â— where there is a solution of continuity or loss of their Substance In their teâ—ture there are a number of small Glands which separate an humour fit for moistening the Parts which they contain Those that cover the solid Parts A distinction of Membranes are properly called Membranes and they have their particular Names as the Peritonaeum which wraps up all that is contained in the Abdomen the Pleura that which is in the Thorax the Periostium the Bones and the Pericardium the Heart Those which form the Coats of Vessels and which contain the Humours as those of the Veins Arteries Stomach Bladder Intestines Testicles c. are called Tunicles or Coats And those which cover and embrace the Brain as â—â—e Dura and Pia Mater are called Meâ—â—ages Of all these Kinds of Memâ—â—anes some are thin and some are â—â—ick and the same Membrane is thick 〈◊〉 some places and thin in other plaâ—â—s as in the Membrana Adiposa which 〈◊〉 thicker in the Neck than in any other Part of the Body The Vse of the Membranes The Use of the â—embranes is to cover and wrap up the â—arts to strengthen them to save them from External Injuries to preâ—â—rve the Natural Heat to join one â—art to another to sustain small Vessels and the Nerves which run thorow their Duplicatures to stop the returning of the Humours in their Vessels as â—he Valves stop the returning of the Blood in the Veins and Heart of the Chyle in the Lacteals and Thoracick Duct and of the Lympha in the Lymphatick Vessels The Membrana Adiposa and Carnosa The Membrana Adiposa which is said to be the basis of the Cellulae Adiposae is double and may be divided into two Parts the one is External thorow which there are a number of little Cells full of Fat the other is Internal which Anatomists have mistaken for the Membrana Carnosa because it has a greater number of blood Vessels Of the Mem. Com. Musc Anatomists do generally assert that there is a Membrana Communis Musculorum being led into that Mistake by 〈◊〉 Aponeurosis of several Muscles whereâ—â— upon stricter Observation there is no suâ—â— thing to be found Of the Membrana Propria Musculorum The Membrana Propria Musculorum is that which covâ—â— immediately all and every one of the â—â—bres of a Muscle and is closely attachâ—â— to them Of the Membrana Communis Vasculorum There is another called Membrana Communis Vasculorum which is thin Membrane and accompanies almoâ—â— all the Vessels of the Body All theâ—â— Membranes receive Veins Arteries aâ—â— Nerves from the Parts which are nearâ—â— to them CHAP. II. Of the Lower Belly SECT I. Of the Muscles in General The Definition of a Muscle A Muscle is a bundle of fleshy and often tendinous Fibres of which all in the same Plane are Parallel to one another and they are all enclosed by one proper Membrane Of the fleshy Fibres The fleshy Fibres compose that Part which is called the Body or Belly of the Muscle they are red lax and spongious containing a number of small Cavities â—â—â—y are tied together by a number of â—â—â—ll and short Threads which go from â—â—â—re to Fibre called Membranous Fiâ—â—â—s Of the tendinous Fibres The Tendinous Fibres compose 〈◊〉 two Extremities they are called 〈◊〉 Head and Tail or the two Tenâ—â—â—ns of the Muscle they are white â—â—â—d compact and closely bound toâ—â—â—ther that which makes them lefs â—â—â—an the body of the Muscles In eveâ—â—â— Tendon there are as many tendinous â—â—ores as there are fleshy Fibres in the â—â—dy of the Muscle so that every fleshy â—â—bre answers at both ends to a tendinous Fibre to which they are always â—â—n'd obliquely making equal and alâ—â—rnative Angles The Surface of the â—â—elly of the Muscles resembles a Rhomâ—â—ides or Lozenge to whose opposite â—â—des the Tendons are joined at oblique â—nd alternative Angles The Division of Muscles Muscles are either Simple or Composed the Simple have all their Fibres â—arallel and in the same Direction The â—omposed have the fleshy Fibres of several Planes crossing one another or of â—ifferent Directions and they may be divided into as many simple Muscles as there are Planes whose Fibres have different Directions The Strength of a Muscle consists in the Union of many Fibres The Motion of a Muscle is always towards its Centre The Tendons are sometimes double and triple as the Biceps and Triceps Sometime several Muscles join in one Tendon as the tendo Achillis Sometimes oâ— Muscle has two Bellies as the Digâ—stricus We find also Muscles without Tendons as the Quadratus of the Fore-aâ—â— and several of the Face Tongue aâ—â— Lower Jaw and they are only inserteâ— into the Periostium whereas those thaâ— have Tendons are inserted into the body of the Bone There are others which have only Tendons at one end as may be seen in the Myology This makes 〈◊〉 suspect that Tendons are only for thâ— conveniency of having a great number of Fibres inserted about a small Boâ—â— Those who would have a more particular Description of the Muscles may consult Steno where they will see how 〈◊〉 Muscle may swell without the addition of any New matter only by the change of their Angles The Muscles have Nerves Veins Arteries and Lymphaticks as other Parts 〈◊〉 their use is to bend and extend and to perform all the motions of the Parts SECT II. Of the Muscles of the Lower Belly â—Aving raised the Skin and Fat the the Muscles of the Lower Belly apâ—â—ar which are Five Pair in Number â—â—e first of which that presents it self is â—â—e Obliquus externus or Descendens Obliquus enternus it â—â—es its Origination from the two last â—â—ue and the five false Ribs by five or 〈◊〉 Digitations betwixt the teeth of the â—â—ratus major from the upper and foreâ—â—rt of the Spine of the Ilium its Fiâ—â—es descending obliquely are inserted 〈◊〉 along the Linea alba under the Musâ—â—li recti and to the forepart of the Os â—â—ubis It has a large Aponeurosis which â—â—vers both it's self and the Musculi â—â—cti The Linea alba is a Line which â—â—â—ches betwixt the Cartilago Xiphoides â—â—d the Os Pubis made by the union of â—â—e Tendons of the Oblique and Transâ—â—rse Muscles dividing the Abdomen in â—â—o in
other two which coâ—â— each side of the proper Membrane come from the Peritonaeum Its Vessels The branches of the Arteria Mesenterica Superior and Inferior which come from the Aorta and the Venae Mestraice which come from the Porta run upon its proper Membrane to the Intestines the Nerves which come from the Intercostals and some sprigs from those of the Vertebrae of the Loins make some Plexus from which there goes an infinite number of small twigs to the Coats of the Intestines The Venae Lactâ—â— and Lymphatick Vessels run also throw the Mesentery In it there are also a great number of Glands among which there is one bigger than the rest near its centre called by Assellius Paâ—creas These Glands are surrounded with a great deal of Fat the Lacteal Veins which come from the Intestines terminate in them and other Lacteals arise from them and go to the receptacle of the Chyle Sometimes these Glands being obstructed curn Schirrous and excessively big It s Vse The Use of the Mesentery is to keep the Intestines in order and to sustain the Meseraick Veins Arteries Lacteal and Lymphatick Vessels Of the Veâ—â—e Lacteae Assellius was the first who found out the Venae Lacteae in the Year 1622. They are so call'd because they are long transparent Vessels which appear white by the Chyle which they contain They are so small as that they cannot be seen but when they are full of Chyle They are of two Sorts They are of two Sorts the first sort are called Radicales or Venae Lacteâ— primi generis they come by little branches from the Intestines particularly from the Jejunum and Ilenum and they run betwixt the Duplicature of the Mesenterium where they unite and form great branches which go to the Glands in the Mesenterium The second Sort are called Lactea secundi generis they come from the Glands in the Mesenterium by several branches which uniting form bigge branches which carry the Chyle from the Glands to the Receptaculum They have Valves at certain distances as other Veins which hinder the Chyle to return into the Intestines The first Sort have their Orifices in the Cavity of the Intestines covered with the slime and mucosity of the inner Tunicle of the Intestines the Chyle which enters them is filtrated thorow the Glands which are in this Coat Of the Receptaculum Chyli Assellius and almost all thought That the Lacteae of the second Order carried the Chyle to the Liver But Pecquet who found out the Receptaculum Chyli in the Year 1651. hath shewed by Ligatures that they go not to the Liver but to the Receptaculum This Receptacle is easily found in Bodies that are alive but with a greater difficulty in those that are dead it is of a Vesicular Substance which is thicker in Men than in Beasts but its Cavity is bigger in these than in those Bartholine opening two Bodies immediately after their Death and about four Hours after they had Eat observed three Glands which he calls Lumbares The first which was the least was situated under the right root of the Diaphragma and the other two which were bigger were situated in the Angle made by the Aorta and Emulgents they had Communication with one another by some Lacteal Vessels these he thinks were in stead of Pecquet's Receptacle Of the Ductus Thoracicus From this Receptacle arises a Vessel called Ductus Thoracicus which is sometimes found double This Vessel ascends all along the Vertebrae of the Back under the Oesophagus between the Azygos and the Aorta and discharges it self of the Chyle which it receives from the Receptacle into the left Subclavian Vein by three or four small Pipes or Branches which have every one at their Orifices a small Valve which gives a free passage to the Chyle into the Subclavian but which shuts and hinders it to return back again This Duct is also called Ductus Communis Lymphoticus because the Lymphatick Vessels discharge themselves into it It has several Valves at certain distances which further the ascent of the Chyle towards the Subclavian by sustaining of it that it fall not back again into the Receptacle The use of the Lacteae and Ductus Thoracicus The Chyle being pressed by the Peristaltick Motion of the Guts into the Lacteae is received into the Receptacle from whence it is forced by the pressure of the Intestines and action of the Muscles of the lower Belly into the Ductus Thoracicus which carries it to the left Subclavian Vein to be carried with the Blood to the Heart SECT X. Of the Glands in General THE Modern Anatomists have reduced all the Glands of the Body to two Sorts viz. Glandulae Conglobatae and Glandulae Conglomeratae Of the Glandulae Conglobatae The Glandulae Conglobatae are formed by the several turnings of one or more particular sorts of Vessels closely tied together and wrapt up in one common Tunicle Such are the Testicles and Epididymides Of the Conglomeratae The Conglomeratae are such as are composed of many little Glands each of which is covered with its own proper Coat has its own proper Excretory Vessel which sometimes uniting with the rest form one or more Excretory Ducts and they are all closely tied to one another by Vessels and Membranes and all covered with one common Membrane such are the Pancreas the Liver the Salivares c. The use of the Glands is to separate the Humours such as the Bile Urine Spittle and others from the Blood which is brought to them by the Arteries And tho' of this there can be no Controversy yet what the inward Structure of the Glands is and how they separate these Humours is very much disputed by Anatomists There are some who will not have the Glands to differ from one another nor yet from other Vessels except only in this That their Orifices or Cavities are of different Figures that is they are either Triangular Quadrangular Septangular or such like Others again think That the Arteries and Veins are but one continued Canal and that at the Extremity of the Artery or beginning of the Vein there goes out a Vessel called the Excretory Duct through which the Humour passes and these Ducts have circular Orifices which differ from one another only in magnitude The Learned Bellinus ingeniously imagines That a Gland is only a single Cylindrical Tube which may be either Straight Spiral or otherwise Crooked from which there goes one or more Excretory Ducts as the Venae Lacteae go from the Intestines This Tube at one end is continued to the Artery and at the other to the Vein both which are of a Conical Figure There are as many or more Opinions about the way the Humours are separated The Ancients maintained that it was done by Ferments but as these Ferments must mix with the Blood to separate the Humours from it so they must be exhausted and there must be another Ferment to separate more
of the Heart each of these divides into two branches for the two great Lobes of the Lungs which being accompanied with the branches from the eighth Pair of Nerves they divide into as many branches as there are little Lobes in the Lungs Where-ever there is a branch of the Trachea there there is a branch of the Nerve Vein and Artery and the Trachea is always in the middle The branches of the Trachea Arteria which are ordinarily called Bronchiae open in the Cavity of the Vesicles and the Nerves Veins and Arteries form Plexus's upon the Membranes of the Vesicles the Arteries open into the Veins by an Anastomosis Besides these the Lungs have Lymphaticks which discharge themselves into the Thoracick Duct accompanying the Vein and they are chiefly to be seen in the External Part of the Lungs There is also a Vein which comes from the Cava that Sommichellius calls Pneumonica and an Artery that M. Ruysh calls Arteria Bronchialis which comes from the Aorta The Artery brings the Blood for the Nourishment of the Substance of the Lungs and the Vein carries back what is superfluous Of the Trachea Arteria This is the passage of the Vessels thorow the Lungs but because the Trachea Arteria has a particular Structure it demands a particular Examination It is a Canal situated in the forepart of the Neck before the Oesophagus it descends from the Larynx to the fourth Vertebrae of the Back where it divides and enters the Lungs and its branches are afterwards called Bronchiae Of its Cartilages This Canal is made of Annular Cartilages which are at small and equal distances from one another These Cartilages the nearer they are to the Larynx the bigger they are and the further they are from it the smaller they are and those of the Bronchiae are so close to one another that in expiration the second enters within the first and the third within the second and so the following always enters the preceeding Betwixt the Larynx and the Lungs these Cartilages make not compleat rings but their hind part which is contiguous to the Oesophagus is membranous that they may the better contract and dilate and give way to the Aliments as they go down the Oesophagus but the Cartilages in the Bronchiae are compleatly Annular only the Extremities of the Bronchiae a little before they open into the Vesicles have no Cartilages but instead of them they have small circular Ligaments which contract and dilate for the reception and expulsion of the Air. Of its Membranes These Cartilages are tied together by two Membranes the one external and the other internal The external is composed of circular Fibres it covers the whole Trachea externally The internal is of an exquisite sense it covers the Cartilages internally It is composed of three distinct Membranes The First is woven of two Orders of Fibres Those of the first Order are Longitudinal for the shortening the Trachea they make the Cartilages approach and enter one another The other Order is of circular Fibres for the contracting the Cartilages When these two Orders of Fibres act they help with the external Membrane in Expiration in Coughing and in the Excretion of any tickling humour The second Membrane is altogether glandulous and the Excretory Vessels of these Glands open in the Cavity of the Trachea they separate a Liquor for the moistening the Cavity and for defending it from the Acrimony of the Air. The third and last is a Net of Veins Nerves and Arteries The Veins come from the Vena Cava the Nerves from the Recurrent and the Arteries from the Carotides Of the use of the Lungs Having thus considered the Structure of the Lungs 't is evident that the Air enters by the Trachea into the Vesicles and so swells and dilates the Substance of the Lungs in Inspiration but in Expiration these Vesicles contract and thrust out the Air which carries a great deal of excrementitious Vapours from the Blood along with it by the Elasticity of their Fibres by the help of the Nerves and by the pressure of the surrounding Bodies employed in respiration It is also evident that the Blood is carried from the Heart by the Arteria Pulmonaria thorow all the Substance of the Lungs and that the same Blood is taken up by the Vena Pulmonaria and carried back again to the Heart And we are sure that whilst the Blood passes thorow the Lungs that it receives some alteration for the Blood in the Arteria Pulmonaria is of a dark colour as venal Blood but that which is in the Vein is of a florid red as Arterial Blood yet how this Alteration is made is not determined by Anatomists Some considering that the Surface of venal Blood drawn in a Pellet and exposed to the Air turns to the colour of Arterial Blood do think that the nitrous Particles of the Air which we breath passes thorow the Tunicles of the Vessels and mixes with the Blood and causes this Alteration which they say is necessary for the recruiting of the Animal Spirits and for the entertaining the natural heat of the Blood by fermenting with the Sulphureous Parts of the Aliments Others explain this Alteration only by the beating and agitation of the Air upon the bloody Vessels of the Lungs which indeed is sufficient to cause this Alteration and the necessity of this beating appears by an Experiment which is this take a little new drawn Blood look to it immediately thorow a Microscope you shall see a number of small red globules swimming in a thin and clear Liquor and the longer you look the more of these Globules join in one and the bigger they grow till at last they all come into one and the Liquor is separated by its self and then the Blood is coagulated Thus the red Globules of the Blood in the Veins as they return from the Extremities grow bigger and bigger for the want of being agitated And if they were not separated and broken into many smaller Particles they would soon cause a stagnation in the Capillary Vessels So the beating of the Air in Inspiration and Expiration is necessary for the attenuating subtilizing and intimately mixing the Chyle Lympha and other Parts of the Blood SECT VI. Of the Larynx It s Situation THE upper Part of the Trachea Arteria is called the Larynx It is almost of a circular Figure lying below the root of the Tongue before the Pharynx It is composed of five Cartilages which sometimes in old Men become as hard as Bones Of the Cartilago Scutiformis The first is the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or Scutiformis because of its Figure It makes that Protuberance in the forepart of the Larynx called Pomum Adami It has four Corners It is about an inch broad but not so long It 's Concave within and Convex without It is divided in the middle by a Line from its upper to its lower Part it s four Angles have each a small
Line This Coat is loose and stretches very easily 't is not closely tied to the rest The second is a Web of small Vessels in form of a Net it furnishes the necessary Nourishment to the rest of the Coats The third is made of little Glands which separate the serosity of the Blood brought by the Vessels of the second Coat The fourth is composed of Muscular and Spiral Fibres whose Parts successively contracting hasten the Circulation of the Blood The only reason why the Veins do not beat as the Arteries do is because the Blood in the Veins runs from a narrow Channel into a broader whereas in the Arteries it runs from a wide Vessel to a narrower one Authors do not agree about the Origination of the Veins Some say that it is in the Heart and some others will have them to rise out of the Liver Others think that they come from all the Parts of the Body by their little branches which are distributed thorow it where they say they have their beginning as so many roots which join to make a Trunk or as little Brooks that produce a River But they have juster thoughts who think that they have no Origination at all no more than all the other Parts of the Body which are all formed in the Cicatriâ—â—lâ— of the Egg where they only grow and are insensibly disclosed The branches of the Veins in proportion as they recede from their Trunks they divide into an infinity of little Capillary branches which at last are imperceptible These Capillary branches are spread thorow all the Viscera in the Membranes and thorow all the Fibres of the Muscles to receive the Blood which was brought there by the Arteries The Extremities of the Veins unite to all the Extremities of the Arteries But because there are more Capillary Veins than Arteries the Veins unite with one another and so likewise do the Arteries that if one Branch be stopt the Blood may have a Passage by another These Unions Authors call Anastomosis The Veins have in their Cavities little Membranes or Valves disposed at certain distances in such a manner that they open towards the Heart and they shut towards the Extremities of the Body to hinder the Blood to return and to sustain it that by its weight it fall not back again There are more Valves in the Veins of the Thighs Legs Feet and of the Arms and Hands than in the other Parts of the Body There are none in the Vena Porta the Emulgent Veins nor in the Vena Pulmonaria The openings of the Valves are disposed alternatively to the end that the Blood which escapes or falls back from one may be stopt by the next Their Figure is almost like a Half-Moon their Substance is membranous fine and strong their number is uncertain The use of the Veins is to bring the Blood back again to the Heart from all the Parts of the Body SECT V. Of the Vena Porta ALL the Veins rise from two principal Trunks viz. The Porta and the Cava except that of the Lungs which is a particular Vein and separate from the rest The Vena Porta was so called by the Ancients because they thought that it brought the Chyle by its Meseraick branches from the Intestines to the Liver thorow whose Substance 't is spread as is said in the Section of the Liver It rises out of the Liver it sends out two small Veins to the Vesica Fellis called Cysticae Gemellae one to the Stomach called Gastrica Dextra then advancing a little to the left its trunk divides into two branches of which the least called Ramus Splenicus goes to the left Hypochondrium And the greatest called Mesenterica goes to the right The Ramus Splenicus so called because it carries the Blood from the Spleen sends out from its Trunk two branches called Gastrica Minor Maâ—â—â— which are spread thorow all the Stomach A branch of the Gastrica Major makes the Coronariae Stomachicae at the upper Orifice of the Stomach It gives three branches more two to the Omentum and Colon and the third to the Pancreas Then the Splenicus divides into two branches the one Superior the other Inferior The Superior sends out the Vas Breve and some other branches which go to the Spleen The Inferior gives two branches viz. The Epiplois Sinistra which is spread thorow the back Part of the Omentum and that Part of the Colon which is under the Stomach The other branch is the Gastro-Epiplois Sinistra which is also spread upon the Omentum and upon the Stomach it makes sometimes the Vena Haemorrhoidalis Interna The rest of this Inferior branch enters the Substance of the Spleen The right branch of the Porta called Vena Mesenterica before it divides sends out the Gastrâ—-Epiplois Dextra which is spread in the Omentum and lower Part of the Stomach it sends out also the Intestinalis which goes to the Duodenum and to the Jejunum it gives some branches to the Omentum and Pancreas Then the Mesenterica divides into three great branches which run betwixt the Duplicature of the Mesenterium two of them go towards the right side which divide into fourteen branches and these are again divided into an infinity of others less which are called Meseraicae they creep upon the Jejunum Ilium Caecum and Part of the Colon. The last and third branch of the Vena Mesenterica is spread thorow the middle of the Mesenterium to that Part of the Colon which is on the left side to the Rectum down to the Anus where it forms the Haemorrhoidales Internae The Use of this Vein is to bring back to the Liver the Blood which was brought by the Arteries to these several Parts SECT VI. Of the Trunk of the Cava Ascendens ALL the little Capillary branches of the Vena Cava which are spread thorow the Substance of the Liver unite by little and little into others which grow bigger and as they approach the Convex side of the Liver where they join all together and make up one large Trunk which comes out of the Liver and divides into two great big branches one of which goes towards the Heart and forms the Trunk called Ascendens the other goes downwards and is called Descendens Both the one and the other lie upon the Body of the Vertebrae on the right side of the Porta The Vena Cava Ascendens goes to the Claviculae before it divides but as it ascends to them it casts out three branches on each side The Phrenica or Diaphragmatica the Coronaria and the Intercostalis Superior Besides these three it sends out the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or Vena fine Pari on the right side only The Phrenica comes from the Cava where it pierces the Diaphragma upon which it is spread It casts some branches to the Pericardium and Mediastinum Some Authors think that 't is by this Vein that the Pus of an Empiema is carried to the Kidneys and Bladder
Before the Cava enters the Heart it gives the Coronaria There are sometimes two Veins of that Name they surround the basis of the Heart The same Trunk as it comes out of the Heart pierces again the Pericardium and passes between the two Lobes of the Lungs sends out the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or Sine Pari from its right and backside about the fourth and fifth Vertebra of the Back it descends the Cavity of the Breast a little towards the right till about the eighth or ninth Vertebra where it casts out branches on each side of its Trunk called Intercostales because they run along the eight last Ribs and they join by Anastemosis with the branches of the Thoracica Inferior and with the Intercostal Arteries Then it divides into two branches the one goes to the right the other to the left and they both open into the Cava above and sometimes into the Emulgents by which Communication some explain the way tho contrary to the Laws of the Circulation of the Blood how the matter of an Empiema is evacuated by Urine This Vein gives some little branches to the Medulla Spinalis The Intereostalis Superior which comes from the Cava Ascendens is distributed in the Interstices of the four first Ribs to which the Azygos comes not Remark that the branches both of the one and the other run in the Sinus's which are on the lower sides of the Ribs Sanmichellius hath observed that the Trunk of the Cava Ascendens gives a branch called Pneumonica 't is this branch which accompanies the Arteria Bronchialis of M. Ruysch SECT VII Of the Venae Subclaviae Jugulares and their Branches THE Trunk of the Cava Ascendens as soon as it comes to the Claviculae where it is sustained by the Thymus is divided into two branches the one goes to the right the other to the left they are called Subclaviae which fend out several other branches The first is the Mammaria which comes sometimes from the Cava before it divides into the Subclaviae this Vein is distributed in the Dugs and frequently it goes lower and makes an Anastomosis with some branches of the Epigastrica The second is the Mediastina which is ordinarily one coming from the trunk of the Cava it goes to the Mediatâ—num and Thymus The third is the Cervicalis or Veriebralis which goes up the Vertebra of the Neck and casts some branches by the by to the Medulla Spinalis The Fourth is the Muscula Inferior which comes sometimes from the Jugulars 't is distributed throw the Inferior Muscles of the Neck and the Superior of the Breast The branch that answers this is called Muscula Posterior because 't is distributed in the Muscles which are in the hind Part of the Neck After that the Rami Subclavii are come out of the Cavity of the Breast they are called Axillares they send out the Scapularis Internus and Externus which go to the Muscles of the Scapula and to the Glands in the Arm-pits Then they are divided into two branches the Superior is called Cephalica and the Inferior Basilica From the Basilica rises the Thoracica Superior which goes to the Dugs and Muscles of the Breast The Thoracica Inferior which spreads it self upon the side of the Breast by several branches which communicate by Anastomosis with the branches of the Azygos under the Muscles of the Breast The Subclavii send out also the Jugulares externi interni which go to the Head The Jugulares externi ascend towards the Ears where they divide in two branches the one Internal the other External The Internal goes to the Muscles of the Mouth and of the Os Hyâ—ides The External lying upon the Parotides divide into two branches of which one is spread thorow all the Face and the branches of the one side unites with those on the other side and form the Vena Frontis which they open sometimes in Diseases of the Head The other branch goes to the Temples and hind Head The Jugulares interni afcend to the Basis of the Cranium where they are divided into two branches of which the greatest open into the Sinus Laterales of the Dura Mater by the holes thorow which the eighth Pair of Nerves come out the least goes to the Pia Mater by the hole which is nigh the Cella Tureica SECT VIII Of the Veins of the Arms and Hands THE Basilica and Cephalica are the two principal Veins of the Arms and Hands The Cephalica creeps along the Arm between the Skin and the Muscles it divides into two branches The External branch goes down to the Wrist where it joins the Basilica and turns up to the Back of the Hand where it gives a branch which makes the Salvitella between the ring Finger and the little Finger The ancientâ— used to open this Vein in Diseases of the Head in continued and intermitting Fevers but the Moderns approve not of this particular Practice since the Knowledge of the Circulation on the Blood there is no difference whether one be blooded in the Cephalica Mediana or Basilica The Internal branch of the Cephalica together with a branch of the Basilica makes the Mediana The Basilica which is the Inferior branch of the Axillaris divides into three branches under the Tendon of the Musculus Pectoralis The first branch accompanies the fourth branch of Nerves that goes to the Arm. The second is called Profundus it reaches below the Elbow where it divides into two branches The one External which goes to the Thumb the Fore-finger and to the Musculi Extensores Carpi The other Internal which goes to the middle Finger to the ring Finger to the little Finger and to the inner Muscles of the Hand The third branch is called Subcutaneus towards the inner Condile of the Arm it divides into the Ramus Anterior and Posterior The first goes under the Muscles of the Vlna to the little Finger where it joins a branch of the Cephalica the second near to the Elbow sends out a branch which goes to the Wrist then it unites with the Cephalica Interior and forms the Mediana The Mediana which is made of the Cephalica Interior and the second branch of the Ramus Subcutaneus of the Basilica divides into two branches upon the Radius the one External called Cephalica Pollicis which runs between the Thumb and the fore Finger The other Internal which goes between the ring Finger and the middle Finger and sometimes between this last and the fore Finger SECT IX Of the Trunk of the Cava Descendens THE Trunk of the Cava Descendens accompanies the great Artery from the Liver to the fourth Vertebra of the Loins where it divides into two great branches called Iliaci but before this Division it casts forth four branches from each side The first is the Vena Adiposa or Renalis which is spread on the Coat and Fat that covers the Reins The second is the Vena Emulgens which goes to the Kidney where it