region And first of unnaturall and deformed contents in the sediment which are commonly reckoned fifteene 1. Popinjay greene or oyly sediment signifieth Colliquation of the whole body with paine an ague and pissed slowly by little and little or else collaquation of the reines or bladder onely with paine in the reines no ague and pissed fast 2. Spider webs or fatnesse swimming in the urine signifieth Consumption of the whole body with an ague Red vetches or fitches ervaceum orobeum signifie 1. Great inflammation of the liver 2. Colliquation of the whole body or of the reines onely with conditions as before in popinjay greene 4. Plates scales folium laminae squamae having bredth and length onely like scales of fishes especially a gogeon 1. Consumption or colliquation of the whole body with an ague slow pissing stinch and crudity in the rest All concurring together 2. Exulceration of the bladder pissed thicke and fast with stinke purulent matter paine and concoction Salvian 176. 3. Inflammation of the bladder or liver 5. Grosse and course branne Fursur 1. Consumption of the whole body with crudity and thin urine 2. Scabbednesse of the whole body without ague or other paine Hasfur or of the bladder onely with concoction no ague And paine of the bladder thicke and stinking an itch about the root of the yard and purulent matter was pissed before Salv. 175. 3. Great heate wasting the substance of the liver and burning the blood if the bran be red 6. Fine bran fine meale or flower simila puls {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} 1. Colliquation of the sollid parts if they be white 2. Extreame adustion of the blood if they be red and therefore long sicknesse Salvian 179. 3. Sharp sicknesse and for the most part mortall 4 Women with childe have fine meale or starch in the swimme or setling to the sediment of their urine like fine carded wooll the rest of the urine a little troubled and greenish or ash colour Fernel Looke motes in the sediment 7. Raw humor crudus humor clammy but not stinking like snevill of the nose or white of an egge 1. Exulceration of the reines and bladder without paine 2. Impostume or stone of the reins and bladder with paine 3. Multitude of raw humors somtimes causing an ague and appearing in the sediment signifie ache in the reins sciatica gout strangury tenasmus In the swimme crudity and windinesse in the stomacke with a noise and vomiting In the cloud griefe in the spirituall parts shortnesse of winde pursivenesse spitting of blood Hacfur Aegid. 4. Eating of meats hard to digest in sore labouring men Vass 74 75. 8. Rotten and purulent matter Matter of a sore pus stinking but not much clammy which when the urinall is shaken disperseth it selfe into fatty and oyly resolutions and signifieth 1. Exulceration of the reines without paine Fernel of the bladder with paine about the bladder Of the liver with paine under the right short ribs and doth not alwaies stinke liver putrefied if it be very dreggy Aegid. 69. 2. Inflammation or impostume of the lungs whose purulent matter passeth by the left cavity of the heart into the great artery and thence into the emulgent veins and so to the reines 3. Plurifie whose matter passeth as before As also by the veine without a fellow {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} rising on the right side of the hollow veine neere the heart and by the backbone nourishing eight ribs on either side and so to the midriffe and at length by divers turnings into the left emulgent veine and thence to the reine 4. Rhewme which if it be thick comming to the bladder it maketh difficulty in pissing by drops 5. Also the phrensie 6. or squinsie whose purulent matter of these three is conveyed through the jugular veines into the hollow vein and thence into the emulgent veines and so to the reines if there be paine and griefe in the lungs liver bladder in these griefes aforesaid otherwise if purulent matter be voided and no paine in these members it is certaine that nature voideth it rising of inflammations 7. or venerous and contagious flux of seed Fernel 9. Haires like pieces of flesh long slender and hairy poli carunculae filamenta onely in thicke urine Salvian 182. and signifie 1. Dissolution of the whole body with an ague colour oily or greene Hasfurt or of the reines onely without an ague the haires fatty and grosse and may bee felt betwixt the fingers like a small slender fleshy substance 2. Obstruction of the reins with grosse and clammy humors as in the strangury dysury pissing ill c. with nummednesse of that foot which is on the same side the reine is right left 3. Exulceration of the reines or bladder whence commeth purulent matter 4. Flux of seed after carnall copulation venerous pollutions on the night or filthy and exulcerate gonorrhea Fernel 5. Womens white flowers issuing or women having uncleane matrices Fern 10. Gravell sand Arenula sabulum red white or duskish browne signifieth 1. Stone breeding or dissolving either in the reines if the gravell be red yet sometimes white by filth inclosing the gravell Fernel and paine about the reines in the backe no ague and the gravell being taken out of the urinall and dried in a shadowie place are hard in touching Or in the bladder if the gravell be white and pain in the bladder about the share where the haire groweth Yet those men whose passages of urine are wide and open and expulsive faculty strong and making such sandy urine freely and without paine in good quantity are seldome troubled with the stone because their reines and bladder are hereby clensed and the gravell not suffered to stay so long to unite and gather together to make the stone but such gravell doth argue great heate of the liver or reines and abundance of raw and grosse humors fit to breed the stone if the passages of urine should be obstructed or expulsive faculty weakened Salv. For abundance of tough and viscous superfluities straitnesse of passage and weakenesse of the expulsive faculty are three especiall causes of the stone Aegid. But least the contents mixed with urine which for the most part come from the vessels of urine should deceive him that would rightly judge of other parts of the body I will repeat the whole cause and order of the effects from the beginning Red gravell come from the reines which being many and thicke doe threaten the stone of those growing together groweth a stone as big as a graine of millet or barley corne which being extruded out of the substance of the reines into a larger place doth make the urine thicke troubled red or blackish a forerunner of the disease of the reines the same being thrust into the head of the water pipe ureter causeth great paine and then the urine is white and thinne as in obstructions the same growing bigger
THE DIFFERENCES CAVSES AND IVDGEMENTS OF VRINE ACCORDING TO THE BEST WRITERS THEREOF BOTH OLD and new summarily collected BY I. Fletcher LONDON Printed by Iohn Legatt 1641. The contents of this Booke AN admonition to the Reader of the order of the booke and authors from whence it was gathered A preface wherein the judgement by urine is preferred before that by the pulse Also the generation of urine in mans body Cap. 1. Generall considerations in judgement of urines how many things hinder judgement in respect of the urinall physitian and urine it self to the 5. page and how many things alter the urine in respect of age sexe complexion time of the yeare kinde of life c. to the 10. page 2. Of the substance of urine thin to the 14. page thicke to the 17. page and meane to the 19. 3 Of clearenesse and darkenesse of urine to the 24. page 4. Of 21. colours of urine pag. 25. where the reader must adde after pale subspicous subpallidus these words If you seethe a piece of the rinde of pomegranate and then put to it thrice as much clean water it will make a pale colour Also at flaxen spiceus adde these words But if you put thereto a little or none of cleane water it will be flaxen colour 5 Of substance and colour ioyntly together and first of thin urine with his colours to the 34. page thicke with his colours to the 44. page 6 Quantity of urine much to the 48. page little to the 49. page 7 Of the contents of the urine in generall and first where contents want the division of the contents page 53. of their colour 53. substance thicke 55. thin 56. quantity 57. 8 Of contents in speciall and first of the 15. deformed contents in the sediment to the 77. page In the middle region page 77. in the uppermost region pag. 79. and here of the colours 80. deformed contents 81. of the crowne 82. his colours 83. of fome froth bubbles 85. and 3. differences 89. Drops of fat 90. 9 Smell of urine 90. 10 Manner of pissing 95. 11 Suppression of urine 98. 12 Of what parts of the body urine giveth signification 101. 13 Of concoct crude and dangerous urines 101. 14 A methodicall practise in judgement of urine 107. 15 Of the qualities commodities and medicines of urine and of diseases touching urine and the remedies thereof 117. An Alphabeticall Table to the whole Booke An admonition to the READER THis Treatise following I first digested into tables for mine own privat use which afterwards was by my friend converted into this forme to fit the presse And therefore the studious reader must still remember how one part followeth another in order and that which is spoken generally before a division to be understood of all the members following under that head according to the law of method A word is enough to him that is acquainted with tables The Treatise it selfe is an abridgement wholly gathered out of other mens writings I challenge nothing to my selfe but the collection and disposition hereof Wherein for better satisfaction of the Reader I have many times cited the Author whose testimony I use and now and then I have quoted the page of such books as I then followed and whereof I set downe the catalogue where when and in what forme they were printed Willichius and Reusner Basileae 1592. 8. Argenterius de urinis 1591. 8. Record in English London 8. Actuarius Parisiis 1548. 8. Aegidius Basileae 1506. 8. Weckers Syntaxis Basileae 1582. fol. Fernelius Francofurti 1593. 8. Montanus de Excrementis Venetiis 1554. 8. Cappivaccius de urinis Servestae 1595. 8. Vassaeus de urinis Lugduni 1645. 16. Io. Hasfurtus Venetiis 1584. 4. Salvianus Romae 1587. 8. Blosii Hollerii theorica medicina Argentinae 1565. 8. The Preface AMongst all signes of sicknes or health wherby the skilfull Physitian is led into the knowledge of the state of the body two are of most general and certain signification which are taken from the pulse and urine without which all the knowledge of physicke besides is obscure doubtfull and uncertain Whereof the first sheweth the estate of the heart and arteries the second of the liver and veins Both of such speciall use in signification of diseases incident to mans body that joyned together they certainly instruct the Physitian whether the disease tendeth to health or death but whether of these two severally considered doth give more certain signification I had rather leave it to be determined of others who can better doe it then my selfe yet under their correction me thinke that the urine giveth the most manifest certaine and generall signification of all diseases because with the blood it is conveyed into all parts of the body and from thence returneth backe againe in the veines to the liver and vessels of urine bringing with it some note of the state and disposition of all those parts from whence it commeth Neither is there any other excrement that hath so many differences as the urine neither from which so many significatiōs may be taken as from it in the substance colour quantity contents smell manner of pissing c. in which the Physitian may with more profit exercise himselfe then in the six differences of pulses the art whereof Hippocrates either never knew or neglected And Galon confesseth of himselfe that he spent 20. yeares in study that way before he could attaine the knowledge of the systole or contraction of the pulse in the arteries which being unknowne the pulse also must remain unknowne and yet it is uncertaine whether Galen indeed ever did attain therto From Galens time for 1200. yeares after this knowledge lay buried in the black dungeon of ignorance untill Iosephus Struthius brought it to some light and no marvel for the continuall mutability and alteration of the pulse cannot be comprehended by art For as the affections of mans minde anger feare joy sorrow love hatred springing from the heart doe vary so the pulse differeth in every moment So we read that Erasistratus the Physitian perceived by the pulse of Antiochus son to the King of Syria and Persia that he was in love with Stratonica his step-mother And Galen saith that hee perceived by the often change of the pulse of a woman that she was in love with Pylades Besides that the tunicles of the arteries the skin and flesh in the wrest of the hand where the pulse is felt and the skin and flesh of the Physitians hand feeling the pulse are in some harder and in some softer Againe the patients hand differing in heate or cold or manner of position higher lower or on the one side and the Physitians hand touching the arteries softly or pressing them and infinit other circumstances which make such sudden and momentary alteration of the pulse that as in ancient time so at this present amongst us there be very few skilfull in this part of judgement But on the contrary side in urine there
the spermatike vessels in fluxe of seed the mother in tearmes suppressed and voided by urine the hemorrhoidall veins in the emeraudes the joynts in the sciatica or gout and diverse other parts of the body in evacuation criticall symptomaticall or artificiall Of all these you may finde severall examples in this treatise precedent CHAP. XIII Of crude concoct and dangerous urines BEcause mention is often made heretofore of crude concoct and dangerous urines as also that they be very needfull to be known perfectly alwayes had in memory seeing they comprehend in few words the sum of all that hath heretofore bin spoken I thought good in the end to adde the description thereof Concoct urine such as men onely make who are in some latitude of health is in colour palew light saffron substance meane contents equall white light smell not stinking pissing in due time without paine heate cold Crude urines onely Such as men make inclining to sicknes or recovering after sicknesse is in colour white pale saffron claret substance thicker thinner contents whitish pale somewhat unequall smell not much stinking pissing not in due time Vrines meane betwixt crude and concoct are of two sorts 1. For either they encline more to concoct Such as have a good colour but thin substance Also a white and light sediment but not equall 2. Or else they encline more to crude Such as have reddish colour like to water wherein raw flesh hath been washed which are made of blood not perfectly concoct Vrine Crude and dangerous such as men make who are grievously sicke and in danger not to recover is in colour greene ash colour blacke substance very thin very thicke oyly contents greene ash colour oyly blacke very unequall deformed smell very stinging pissing altogether out of due time Or not at all B. Holler 270. Cappivaâ— 195. CHAP. XIV Of methodicall practise in iudgement of Vrines BEfore you give judgement of the urine it is needfull that you meditate with your selfe on these precepts following in order 1. Remember the generall considerations in the first chapter both concerning the urinall and the urine As also which be the best urines simply and in respect of age sexe complexion time of the yeare kinde of life c. which you may have so perfectly in memory that you can presently tell how farre that urine which is brought unto you differeth from a good urine in colour substance contents c. 2. Whether the urine be altered by some externall cause mentioned in the first chapter and throughout the booke or else through default of the reines and bladder by which the urine passeth For these two impediments either severall or concurring hinder the judgement of the inner parts Fernel 443. 3. Consider what diseases are incident to the countrey where the patient dwelleth or what common disease is their stirrings as for example if the patient be an old man and in winter rainy weather and in a moist and fennish countrey it can hardly be otherwise but that he is troubled with a cough rhewme pose and lacke of digestion and the rather if he be given to surfetting much drinking and bee of a flegmatike complexion and heretofore troubled with rhewmatike diseases But contrariwise if hee be a young man and cholerike in the middle of summer hote weather hote climate after hote diet and immoderate exercise it is very likely that he is troubled with a burning ague tertian flixe or pluresie to which of these he is most subject or which at that time is most stirring in that countrey After this sort you may judge of other diseases without helpe of the urine 4. If the urine be faulty and yet neither through externall cause nor of the reines then it must needs shew some distemperature of the inward parts heart liver spleene lungs veines or other part of the body Which distemperature is either simple without mixture of humors which colour of the urine in thin substance will shew or with mixture of humors in a thicke and troubled substance or else putrefaction in a confused urine Which three be the internall causes almost of all diseases whereby you have already attained no small knowledge what to doe or what evacuation is convenient for the cure of the disease although you cannot as yet particularly understand the same Fernel 5. Of all differences of urines colour is most mutable and uncertaine of signification as being subject to many alterations of light cause As by much drinking thin drinke as water white wine or by eating of hote spices sena cassia c. yea in one day every urine that a man maketh is unlike an other in colour so that here especially the infamy that urine is a lying strumpet hath some appearance of truth Contrariwise the contents of urine are of most certaine and true signification of all other and least subject to alteration for that they are either fragments of the parts of the body or contained in the parts Of these Hippocrates and Galen especially make mention not greatly regarding the rest The other differences of urine substance perspecuity darknesse quantity smell c. are of meane signification betwixt colour and contents And yet every difference hath speciall signification above the rest in some diseases for stinking smell of urines giveth more perfit signification of putrefaction ulcers or impostumes then either colour substance or contents Suppression of urine in agues especially continuall giveth more certaine signification of death then thin substance ill colour or want of contents for these shew one crudity which in time is curable but the other happeneth through great obstructions of the reines liver or other superiour member which at that time are incurable Colours of urine collected in due time from an orderly patient giveth better signification of the humor loffending in the body then any other Lastâ—y contents issuing with the urine doe especially signifie strength of nature which in time will prevaile against the disease For when the digestive faculty is weake the matter whereof contents arise cannot be overcome and prepared to be voided So that every difference of urine hath some speciall signification above the rest Arg. 89. 6. Also you must often see the patients urine on divers daies and divers times of his sicknes and diligently marke the perseverance or alteration of the urine from time to time and whether it change from worse to better or otherwise For as the patient recovereth nature proceedeth orderly and by degrees from unperfect to perfect from sicknesse to health and so by little and little changeth the urine first the colour which is easiest secondly it waxeth cleerer thirdly the substance waxeth meane betwixt thin and thicke fourthly when concoction is stronger contents appeare And therefore if contents appeare first before colour cleernesse or substance there is the lesse security of health because this is not the orderly course of nature but some symptomaticall