fallynge sycknesse c. The Apothecaries are wonte to shewe a whytyshe roote called of them Meon or men for that that Vigon calleth pauce Pecten Pecten is vsed of Vigon for the bone ouer the priuie membres Pectorall Pectorall Pertaynyng to the brest Pericranium Bycause that Vigon speaketh obscurelye aboute the Anatomie of the heade we thought good here to adde somewhat The skynne that lyeth vnder the fyrste skynne of the heade and compasseth aboute the sculle is called pericranium For peri in greke sygnifyeth aboute cranion a scull There ben thre seames or cōmyssures in the heade Wherof two ben ouerthwart of whych one is in the foreparte of the heade called Stephanea or coronalis the other is in the hynder parte of the heade and is called lambdoides bycause it is lyke thys lettre Λ called lambda in greke The thyrde is stretched frō the myddel of the hynder vnto the myddell of the former and is called in greke Obeliaea in latyne sagittallis The fygure of these seames representeth thys letter Η. The bones whyche ben sette at the eares on both sydes bene called Petrosa in Greke lithoeide bycause they bene lyke stoones About the temples there are two seames called in greke lepidoeides that is lyke scales Whan the brayne pan is remoued there appere two rymes or thynne skynnes called in greke meninges The more outwarde of these two is grosser defendeth the brayn that it be not hurte agaynst the sculle it is called dura mater This rime is bored thorough aboute the bones called in greke Ethmoeide for that that they ben perced lyke a strayner or syffe and spongreide bycause they ben ful of bones lyke a sponge Vigo calleth them Basilaria The inner ryme ioyned euen vnto the brayne is thynner and weaker than the other and it is lyke the skynne wherwith a chylde is wrapped in the moothers woumbe and therefore the grecians calle it Choroeide In latine it is called tenuis membrana and pia mater The brayne it selfe is deuided into .ii. partes the former and the hynder The former is greater softer than the hinder and is deuided of dura mater The hinder brayne lyeth to the other and therfore the egiptians call it Paregcephalida the latynes bycause it is lesse than the other haue named it cerebellum The two ventricles of the former brayne labour out and finishe the animalle spirite and sende it in to the hindre brain to cause remembrance Wherfore it was nede full that a passage shulde be from thē vnto the hynder brayne some cal this passage the common sense some the third ventricle There leneth one this passage of the brayne a lytle particle or piece after the manner of a vaulte bounchy without and hollowe with in that there may be free space to motion and mouynge The bodye or substance that adioyneth to this passage where the sayde passage hath his begynnyng is called conarion in greke bycause it resembleth a pyne apple named conos There lye aboute in the sydes of the sayde myddle passage rounde bodies or substaunces called in greke Gloutia bycause they bene lyke the buttockes of a man some lyken them to the stones But ther lieth ouer the passage of the brayne a particle which obteyneth a circumscription lyke vnto a woorme engendred in wood And therfore the Anatomistes calle that bodye or substance that couereth the hole passage Excrescentiam vermicularem that is the worme out growyng There procede oute of the myddle ventricle or chamber two as it were condute pypes deriuyng superfluyties vnto the roofe of the mouth and cummyng to an hole called infundibulum that is a tunnelle bycause it is large aboue strayt beneth There ben seuen payre of synnowes whiche growe from the brayne The fyrste .ii. pertayne to the eyes and gyue them facultie of seyng these are holowe and softer than other synnowes and they ioyne them selues togyther agayne before they enter into the eyes they are deuyded representynge this greke letter Υ. The other payres are declared in Vigo Finally rhete mirabile or the merueylouse nette is made of these arteries which come into the head wheras they passyng ouer the scul meete at the fundation of the brayne For there nature hathe prepared for this nette as it were a chambre beyng enuyroned with the hard ryme dura mater Into whiche place not a lytle portion cōmeth of the arteries called carotides or head arteries whiche arteries afterwarde ben dyuided in to a plētuous generation and so by those goyng as it were lattese wyse a form of a nette is fasshoned Nowe that we haue spoken suffycyently of the anatomie of the heed we wyll also speake somewhat of the other principall membres and fyrste of the herte The herte The hert on both sydes aboute the fundament of it hath as it were eares The ryght eare with a notable braunche is ioyned vnto the hollowe veyne and vnto the ryght vētricle of the herte The left eare is ioyned to the mouth of the veynie arterie called ve nosa arteria and to the left ventricle of the hert For the hert hath two ventricles or chābres aryght and a lefte chambre and they bene deuyded and parted atweine through which pertition there ben holes by which blood is conueyed into the left ventricle In eche of the ventricles there are two vessels For a noble veyne entreth into the ryght ventricle which bringeth blood from the lyuer and distributeth it to all the veynes within without the hert And there cōmeth out of the same ventricle an arterious veyne which caryeth blood to the longes It is called arteriosa vena bycause that in respect of his vse it is a veine but in respecte of his two tunicles or skynnes it is an arterie A veynye arterie is planted in the left ventricle which bryngeth ayre from the lōges to the herte And it is called venosa arteria bycause that yf ye regard his vse it is an arterie but yf ye regarde his tunicle or skynne which is syngle and one onely it is a veyne The greatest arterie of all called aorta the heed spryng of all other issueth out of this ventricle whereof one parte goeth to the canell bone and the other is wrythed to the backe bone The liuer The liuer for the most parte is deuyded into fyue lappes called lobi Howebeit in some it hath but two in some foure in some none but is al togyther round From the hollow parte of the greater lappe a lytle pype deriueth cholere to a bladder called cistis cholidochos whiche hangeth by the sayde lappes From the bunchie part of the liuer there issueth the greatest veyne of all the body and it is called the hollowe veyne The stomake The inner skynne of the stomak being thynne hath streygth filmes the outwarde whiche is grosser hathe ouerthwart filmes Fyrst than the stomake draweth meate stretchyng out the streyght fylmes Secondlye it retayneth and embraceth the meate be-being drawē in with the ouertwhart fylmes And it
copyously at the begynnynge accordynge to the age and strength of the patient The profyte of flebotomy there comme thereby two great profytes to nature The fyrste is that the corrupted bloode is drawē from a principal membre to the emūctories which thynge nature enforced hyr selfe to doe The seconde is that nature hathe discharged hyr selfe of thys venimous mattyer so that afterwarde suche corruption canne not extende it selfe vpon the membre wherefore ye ought to be ware that ye lette bloode none otherwyse than we haue sayde For yf the Carbuncle be founde in the emunctories of the brayne as in the ryght syde yf nowe ye open the veyne cardiake or basilike in the lyfte syde ye shal drawe the infected bloode to the harte or lyuer And yf the Carbuncle be vndre the ryght arme hole and ye open the lyfte Cardiake or lyfte Basilyke ye shall drawe the venimous mattyere to the pryncypall membres If the Aposteme be in the flankes and ye open the veyne called Basylyke it draweth the mattyer to the lyuer Therefore whan the Aposteme is in the Flankes it is better to open the veyne Sciatyke or Saphena For in drawynge the sayde bloude ye shall ayde nature greatlye Wherefore it appeareth that in thys case to committe any error is the cause of deathe Furthere it is to be noted that yf ye canne not lette bloode thorough the weakenes of the patient or for some other cause Than in the steede of Flebotomye it is good to boxe or cuppe the place wyth depe scarificatyon Boxinge or applicatiō of Ventoses as for the emunctoryes of the heade ye muste boxe and make scarificatyon vpon the necke For the emunctoryes of the harte ye muste laye the same ventoses vpon the shulders For the emunctoryes of the Lyuer boxe the buttockes or the thyghes Thus we conclude that we muste euer lette bloode in the sore place for the alleged causes After lettynge of bloode dygeste the mattyer after thys sorte Digestyue yf the disease gyue leysure to take a medicine ℞ of Syrupe of vinaigre of the iuyce of endiuie and of Syrupe of vinaygre called Acetosus symplex or fumiterre Ana ℥ ss of the waters of Endiuie buglosse and hoppes Ana ℥ j. Purgation mengle them After that the patient hath vsed thys Syrupe foure or fyue dayes lette hym take thys potyon yerlye in the mornynge ℞ of Cassia of diacatholicon Ana ʒ v. of electuarye of Roses after Mesue ʒ ij and. ss wyth the decoctyon of cordiall stoures and frutes addynge of Syrupe of Violettes ℥ j. and. ss The nexte daye after the takynge of thys medicine it is verye good to take a clyster Lenityue Whan the mattyer is malygne and furious so that it is not a Carbuncle but Anthrax the mattyer muste be purged wythout digestion bycause Anthrax gyueth no leysure to the patient to digeste the mattyer Wherefore Hypocrates sayde wel that we shuld purge thynges digested and not moue rawe thynges excepte it were verye expedyent Ye shall note that there ben foure cases Howe a purgatyon maye be geuē without a digestiue in whyche ye maye gyue a purgatyon wythout digestyon goynge before The fyrst is whan the mattyer is in great quantyte The seconde whan the mattyere is furyous The thyrde whan the mattyer is venimous as in Anthrax other diseases procedynge of venimous mattier The fourthe is whan the disease is caused of mattyer deryued of a pryncypall membre hurtynge the same As it chaunseth in the pestilence whan a noble membre is touched of infectyon it sendethe the same infectyon to the emunctoryes and ingendreth in them a Carbuncle or Aposteme by the waye of mutation or chaungynge Whan the mattyer is minished ye maye comme to the dygestion of euyll humours and afterwarde to purgatyon Here foloweth a purgatyon verye good for hym that hath Anthrax ℞ of Cassie of diaprunis non solutiui Purgatyon of Diacatholicon Ana ℥ ss of the confectyon of hamech of electuarye de Psillio Ana ʒ j. and. ss wyth a decoctyon of cordyal floures and frutes wherin hathe been sodden of Terebentyne and dittanye Ana ʒ j. of scabiouse of sorell and of the iuyce of Pomegranades make a smalle potion addynge of Syrupe of Vyolettes ℥ j. and. ss The thyrde intentyon whyche is to take awaye the mattyer conioynte is accomplysshed through applicatyon of conuenyent thynges aswell in the hole partes as in the sore And whan the Chyrurgyen hathe perceaued the Carbuncle or Anthrax by euydent sygnes Cornelius Celsus sayethe that there is no greater remedye nor surer waye than incontinentlye to burne the Carbuncle wyth an hote Yron comprehendynge the corrupted parte Cauterie vnto the hole or els to vse a potentyall cauterie so that ye maye see a cyrcle rounde aboute the Carbuncle For a cyrcle aboute the Carbuncle is a sygne of the termynatyon of the venimnes after the opinion of Arzi But we ought euer to be ware that the nygh and sanguine partes be not touched of thys cauterye For it wolde grieue the place wythout profytte and as Galene sayeth that shall not helpe that hathe hurte in it selfe Payne The greate payne caused by aygre medicines vpon the hole place is an euydent cause of drawynge mattyere to the sayde hole parte wythout anye succoure yea it is a cause that malignyte is ioyned to malygnyte For payne is as a cuppynge glasse drawyng humours to the paynfull place And to comme to practyce it is conuenyente to ordeyne the maners and formes whyche be requyred in the curatyon of a Carbuncle or Anthrax Fyrste laye vpon the hole parte thys defensyue Defensyue ℞ of Oyle of Roses of Oyle Mirtine Ana ℥ ij of the iuyce of plantayne and nyghschade of whyte vynegre Ana ℥ j. and. ss lette them boyle all together vnto the consumptyon of the iuyce than putte to of whyte waxe ℥ j. of all the faunders Ana ℥ j. of bole Armenye of terra Sigillata Ana ℥ ss of whyte Coralle and redde Ana ʒ j. mengle them Whan ye haue layed thys defensyue vpon the hole parte laye vpon the sore parte a playstere of floures wyth sodden wyne and a lytle lye whyche is described in the Chapitre of the cure of Cancrena and Ascachilos Also vse the corrosyue medicynes whyche shal be rehersed in thys Chapytre vntyll ye perceaue that the venimnesse of the Carbuncle is mortifyed We haue foūd thyes corrosyue medicines to be of gret vtilitie Corrosyue medicines Whan the bodye is stronge ye maye vse an actuall cauterye so that the Carbuncle be not in a Synnowie place Ye maye also vse a potentyall cauterye begynnynge at the easyest as is Vnguentum Egyptiacum of our descriptyon wryten in the Chapytre of the cure of Formica Corrosyua or with Vnguentum Egyptiacum whyche hathe in it the vertue of Arsenyke and is declared in the same Chapytre or wyth Trocisques of Minium descrybed in oure antidotarye in the Chapytre of corrosyue medicines or wyth a ruptorie of
tables that thoroughe theyr spongiosite they myghte drawe theyr nouryshment And they ben full of pores that the moyst fumes ascendynge from the brayne maye vapoure out wythout the hurte of the brayne The hed was made of sondrie bones to the entente that yf one parte were hurte it shulde not be commucated to the other And that the Anatomie of membres cōtained in the head might be more euidently declared it is profitable after that ye haue taken awaye the flesche of the sculle of the eyebrowes to diuide the brayne panne with a sawe circularely For incontinently assone as it is opened ye maye see the inner table full of pores and glassie as the outwarde and ye may see also the saide true commissures to whiche the pannicle called dura mater is knyt and ioyned Nature hathe produced thies commissures for foure causes The first is that the veynes maye entre by them whiche brynge nourishement to the brayne The seconde that the fillettes or thredes of the sinowes procedynge from the braine maye comme out and gyue felyng to the partes lying aboute The thyrde that the vapoures ascendyng to the braine may haue passage The last that the pannicle dura mater maye be holden vp that it greue not the braine By the middele or sagyttalle commyssure there passe two veynes procedynge frome the liuer and entre in vndre the sculle lyke wyse by the hole of the bone called basilare theyr commethe an Arterie procedynge frome the harte and ascendeth in to the heade vntil he ioyne hymselfe to the sinowes and veynes afore sayde Of whiche the harde pannicle called dura mater is cōpouned and is ioyned to the commissures procedynge wythout them by certaine lytle synnowes and as it were heres so that those synnowes and heere 's or thynne thredes commynge out of the commissures make a pannicle whiche couereth all the sculle and is called Gingiua mater or Pericraniū Pericraniū Therfore it was conuenient that an Arterie shulde ascende vpwarde frō the hart for if hys pulsatiue mouynge and subtile bloode shulde haue gone downewarde it wolde haue descended to hastely Therefore it is moderated by mountynge or goynge vpwarde Neuertheles it was mete that the veyne shulde goe downewarde frome the ouer parte to the nether that the grosse bloode myght easely descende Also the sayde veynes synnowes Pia mater and arteries ioyne them selues together agayne as it is sayde and make a pannicle verye thynne and subtile called pia mater whiche couerethe al the braine And than the sayd veynes and arteries goe downe to the braine and gyue it lyfe nourischement and vitall spirite procedyng from the harte And asmuche more as the braine receaueth of that vitall spirite so muche more perfecte ben the animall spirites The brayne is a substaunce full of marye diuided in to three vētricles of whyche there is one in the fore parte which is greater than the other three The brayn◠The seconde is in the myddest The thyrde hath hys resydence in the hyndre parte And therfore after Galenes iudgemēt it is the foundation of imagination and of deuysynge and of remembraunce Rasis also affyrmethe that the thyrde ventricle is the fountayne of the senses and voluntarie mouynge The Nuke is as it were a streame descendynge from the sayd partie The Nuke and the synnowes that comme frome the same are as it were lytle ryuers commynge out of a greate streame And moreouer the sayd Rasis sayeth that whan the heade sprynge that is the brayne is endammaged al the ryuers namely synnowes descendynge frome the same be also endammaged by the reason of participation But yf anye harme chaunce to the ryuers the foūtayne is not alwaye hurted but the places wherunto the synnowes are directed The substaunce of the braine is whyte and full of marye and softe and of a colde and moyste qualyte In whyche qualytee it differreth frome the maryes of other bones For it was not ordayned to nourishe the sculle but to conteyne the brayne to preserue the same And the pryncypall vtilyte of it is to tempre the heate of the vitall spirites procedynge frome the harte that the animall spyrites myght be made Of vētricles We sayed before that the brayne hathe three ventricles and the former and the hynder after the opinyon of Anatomistes ben diuided in the myddell that is to saye in the ryght syde and in the lyfte and the sydes of them ben wrapped aboute wyth the sayde pannicles goynge here and there vnto the fundation by whiche the ryght parte is diuyded frome the lyfte In the fore parte that is in the fyrste ventricle consysteth fantasie Fantasie whyche retaynethe the semblaunces of thynges receaued by syght and hearynge In the hyndre parte consisteth the vertue imaginatiue Imaginatiue vertue whyche apprehendethe thynges receaued reteyned by fantasie In the middel ventricule resteth the commune sense Commune sense whych apprehendeth the semblaūces of thinges brouze vnto hym by particulare senses and therefore it is directed to that place and there is ended And hereby appeareth the profite of this ventricle which serueth to imagination or fantasie to the cōmune sense and was produced that it shulde gyue sense animal spirite to al the instrumētes of felyng Also the accidētes which may chaūce to this ventricle ben apparant as solution of continuite euyll complectiō the payne of migraime whan there is anye hurte in the ventricle and some tymes it sufferethe Apostemes hote colde Yf the Aposteme be hote and cōsiste in the pānicles it is called Sirsen Syrsen Yf the Aposteme be colde it is called Lethargus Lethargus and inducethe forgetfulnes And yf by chaunce there be an Aposteme in the substaūce of the braine it is called a mortal Aposteme There maye also chaunce to them a disease by reason of the euyll composition with yf it bee vtterly stoppynge ether it is by vapoures Vertigo and than causeth Vertigo or scotome which is a darckenīg of the syght and a swymmyng in the head as though all thynges turned aboute Or yf it be of an euyll humour than it causeth astonishement and the Palsie Palsye And yf al the ventricles of the braine be stopped with the substaunce of the braine Apoplexie they cause a cōtinuall apoplexie Also the braine is diuided in to foure partes the former the hynder the right the lyfte in the former parte bloode raigneth in the hyndre parte flegme in the right cholere in the lifte melancholie And therefore the former parte is hotest ¶ The seconde ventricle AFter that we haue spoken of the fyrst ventricle and of the seate and complection of it and of the vtilities and diseases that maye chaunce to the same it is conuenient that we speake of the seconde vētricle In the ende of the first ventricle there ben two smal partes or substaūces after the maner of the nastrelles of a man whyche ben to the ventricle as it were a bedde
where vpon it stretcheth it selfe in length whan it receaueth Imagined thynges And afterwarde it is drawen together lyke an erthe worme which thing it doeth whaÌ„ the vertu extractiue thynketh vpoÌ„ apprehended and determined thynges vntil the sentence be pronounced And it prolongethe it selfe lykewyse whaÌ„ remembraunce of thynges declared is apprehended by the thyrde ventricle Of thes two substaunces one is as a redde worme as it is afore declared and it may stretche forthe and drawe backe The other is as it were a knockle whiche closethe it selfe and openethe And this was ordayned of nature that the apprehended semblaunces shuld not passe from one veÌ„tricle to another whaÌ„ a man wil cease from exterior operatioÌ„s of the senses or thynkyng and deuysyng The saide seconde ventricle is smal and thynne and it passethe frome the fyrste to the last and toucheth bothe And therfore it is an instrument of two vertues namely of thynkyng and diuidyng and of inferrynge one thynge of another And the seconde vertue is to iudge to discerne true thynges from false ¶ Of the thyrde ventricle ¶ The thyrde ventricle hathe hys seate in the hyndre parte of the heade And in substauÌ„ce it is harder than the other wherfore the synnowes which growe out of it or out of the Nuke which is the vicarie of the sayd veÌ„tricle ben of harde nature And the ryme called pia mater is not ioyned with thys ventricle as with the other bycause it is harde ynough of his own nature The substauÌ„ce of the other is softer than of this therfore nature wolde that pia mater shulde ayde the other to coÌ„teyne the brayne It is made after the figure of a steple that is large beneth sharp aboue that it miÈt retayn in his large parte pronouÌ„ced sentences kepe theÌ„ secretly as a chest whyche couereth a treasure his coÌ„plection is colde and drie ComplectioÌ„ the coÌ„plection of the seconde veÌ„tricle is hote moyst The Nuke wrapped in two pannicles procedyng from the braine hath his begynnyng of this laste ventricle goethe downe by the hole of the bone called Basilare passethe by the middest of the spondeles vntill he touche the ende of the backe bone The said Nuke is like mary of semblable substaunce as the braine is and hath the same accidentes that the braine hathe It is necessarie to knowe that seueÌ„ payre of synnowes haue theyr generation immediatly of the brayne after the length therof and thirtie payre which passe thorough the middle of the nuke and one which hath not a felowe Further more in the extremite of the fyrst seconde veÌ„tricle in desceÌ„dyng Lacuna There is a hole called Lacuna that is a syncke in the middest wherof there is a lytle hole which coÌ„meth to the rouffe of the mouth by which superfluites beÌ„ purged it procedeth directly frome the seconde ventricle and passeth by the bone called Basilare lykewyse the paÌ„nicle named Dura mater is bored thorough in the fore parte vndre the bone of the foreheade that by it the superfluites of the ventricles might be purged by the conduyctes of the nose And another reason there was that by the conduycte of the nose the vertue of smellynge myght be made perfaicte And rounde aboute the sayd coÌ„duycte ben certayne rounde pieces of flesche standynge out whyche after Mondine ben produced to sustayne the veynes and the Arteries whyche mounte vp frome rhete mirabile to the sayde ventricles and therefore there ben glandules or kernelles hard by the Rhete mirabile Rhete mirabile The sayde Rhete mirabile is lyke a nette and is therefore called Rhete for this pannicle is compouned onlye wyth Arteries as Guido hathe declared saying that in certayne places an Arterie is diuided froÌ„ a veyne as in the middle of the arme and in Rheti mirabili ¶ The .iiij. Chap. of the Anatomie of the necke and of the throte WE haue declared in the former chapiter the Anatomie of the heade It is nowe requisite that we speke of the face of the necke of the eyes of the throte theyr partes And fyrst we must knowe that there ben in the throte two conduyctes Of whiche by one the meate and drincke passe Meri descendyng in to the stomake is called Meri or Oisophagus in Englishe the Gulle beynge coÌ„pouned of two thynne skynnes and of synnowie small thredes or fylmes Of whyche skynnes or Tunicles the one is verie synnowie in the parte touchynge the palate or rouffe of the mouthe The other is fleschie full of muscles whyche in the outwarde parte is ioyned to the pannicle of the stomake Trachea Arteria The other conduycte called Trachea Arteria or the wesaunde is that by whiche the wynde or Ayre is conueyed to the longes The fyrste conduycte called Meri is situated vpon fyue spondiles of the necke behynde and goth downewarde tyll he be ioyned to the middriffe whiche is a skynne compassynge the longes And after the opynion of Rasis The throte of that conduycte Meri the stomake procedethe The throte is the begynnynge of the sayde conduyctes in whyche there is an emptie place where the two Amigdales ben Amigdales that is to saye two pieces of flesche after the facion of two Almondes one in the right syde and the other in the lyfte And thes Amigdales ben fleschie synnowie that they may be the stronger for they gyue entraunce to mete and dryncke that they maye easely passe in to the conduycte called Meri or the Gulle and they helpe the ayre to go in to the weasauÌ„d by the Epiglotte The Epiglotte is a certayne eminence Epiglotte whych appeareth in the throte in the toppe of the wesaunde produced of nature for thys purpose that in eatynge and drynckynge nothynge entre in but the ayre And whan anye thynge goethe in it makethe a manne to coughe tyll it be out agayn And the vtilite of thys partycle is thys that by the meane thereof the bodye drawethe and retayneth ayre accordynge as it is necessarye and it helpethe also to fourme and fascion voyces In the fore parte as we haue sayde is the Trachea Arteria or wesaunde compouned of gristellye rynges ioyned one to another hauynge an inwarde pannicle whyche tyeth the sayde rynges one to another whyche ben verye rough in the inwarde parte and are ioyned to the throte gulle beynge a lytle separated the one frome the other The throte gulle is made lyke a cane compouned of veynes Arteries and synnowes procedynge of the syxe payre of synnowes whyche coÌ„me from the fore parte of the braine And on the ryght and the lyfte syde there ben certayn instrumeÌ„tal veynes called Guidegi vpon the which great Arteries are situated Guidegi And therefore the cuttynge and pryckynge of them is dangerous by reason of the nyghnes and affinitie that they haue with the lyuer and the harte For often tymes a man dyethe by suffocation or chokynge whan the veynes of the poulse
as they bene diuided from the brayn by by they ioyne them selues lyke a crosse of two one only concauite or holownes is made And deê‘tyng froÌ„ the sculle they seperate them selues from it ben wrapped in two paÌ„nicles and are called Nerui optici And these sayde sinnowes be ioyned together the one thyng shulde not seme two as MoÌ„dine sayth And eche of these sinnowes whan it goeth out of the sculle endeth at his proper eye And there is a paÌ„nicle compouned in the eye called sclirosis Sclirosis ThaÌ„ foloweth another paÌ„nicle called secuÌ„dine SecuÌ„dine or second And about that is the humour called Vitreus so named bycause it is cleare as glasse After thys foloweth the thyrd tunicle or thynne skinne called Rhetine Rhetine hauyng the facion of a nette And of that nette coÌ„sequently is engendred a tunicle called Tela aranea Tela aranea bicause it hath the semblaunce of a cobwebbe and it comprehendeth the humour Cristalline and accoÌ„plisheth the roundnes of the eye After the tunicle there is another called tunica vuea Tuneca vuea in the middeste where of there is a concauite or holownesse out of which the apple of the eye procedeth and openeth it selfe at pleasure In the sayd concauite is the humour Cristalline appreheÌ„ding visible thinges The same tunicle coÌ„prehendetth in it selfe the humour Albugineus or the white of the eye which defendeth the humoure Cristalline After thys there is another tunicle called cornea which couereth the sayd humour Cornea kepethe it that it go not out And it is called Cornea bycause it shyneth like an horne And thys pannicle is harde and ioyneth wyth the laste pannicle called coniunctina and these tye and embrace the eye comeÌ„ly beside the apple of the eye And the pannicle called coniunctina hathe hys generation of the pannicle that couerethe the sculle And hereof appeareth the helpe that commeth of cutting the veyne which is ouer the eye whan humours descende from the brayne And moreouer through the hole of the skulle procede the synnowes which gyue felynge mouynge to perceyue what thyng hurteth ¶ The Anatomie of the brest called Thorax Cap. ix The brest AFter that we haue spoken of the Anatomie of the face of the eyes of the necke of the spondiles of the synnowes and of the nuke we wyll speake of the anatomie of the breste The sayde breste is a station or standyng place of the spiritual membres In whyche there bene some partes that conteine and some that bene coÌ„teyned The partes that coÌ„teyne ben foure skinne musculous flesh the dugges and the bones The partes that bene coÌ„teyned are .ix. namely the hert the longes the paÌ„nicles the ligameÌ„tes the sinnowes the veynes the arteries Mery or the throte gulle and Trachea arteria or the wesaunde we woll begynne at the bones The breste is coÌ„plete wyth .vii. bones and in the ende of them there is a gristle Pixis And in the ouer parte there is a lytle thinge lyke a lytle boxe called Pixis in whyche the forke of the gull is fixed And in the nether parte of the same there is a softe gristle And therfore it lieth vpoÌ„ the stomake for the said bones are gathered together meete one wyth another And to the sayd seuen bones Ribbes seuen ribbes ben vnited or ioyned too of bothe sydes are knytte together wyth spondiles whiche ribbes bene croked and the fore terminatioÌ„ of them is called the brest And on the parte of the spoÌ„dyles it is called the syde of the complete ribbes And after these seueÌ„ ribbes ther ben fyue on eche syde which bene called the false ribbes And they arne ioyned together in the hyndre parte wyth fyue spondyles on eche syde and in the fore parte they bene ioyned with the lacertes of the bellie And they arne called false ribbes bycause they be not matched wyth other bones in the fore parte bicause they bene pliable and giue and bende them selues as the bellye wyll ¶ Of the muscles of the brest THe muscles of the brest after Auicenna bene .xviii. Muscles of the brest And of them some haue participacion with the necke some with the midriffe some with the ribbes some with the back some wyth the shulders some bene called properly the muscles of the brest and haue coniunction wyth the membres aforesayd ¶ Of the maÌ„milles or dugges THe dugges bene membres compounde of flesh thynne MaÌ„mille kernellye whyte and spongious to the whyche manye synnowes come from the brayne and manye veynes from the liuer and arteries from the herte And therfore they haue greate allyaunce wyth those membres ¶ Of the partes of the brest that conteyne ABoue al thing ye must take hede that ye cut the sayd bones of the brest wyth a sharpe instrument warely so that ye cut not the pannicle called mediastine and so to come to the hert with diligentie At whych we wyl begynne as at the principal The herte hathe a semblaunce of a Pineapple The herte and the flesh therof is very harde and full of lacertes cheifely in the roote His roote and fundation hath many lacertes and harde ligamentes and sinnowes compassynge him about Of whych the hert is not touched sauynge in the nether parte And therfore after some mens iugement it is after the nature of a gristel The fleshe of the herte is harde that it myghte the better resiste noysome thynges If the flesh had bene thinne softe man shulde haue ben of shorter lyfe And therfore Auicenna sayth that the herte can not suffre solution of continuite wythout death It was sette in the middest of the bodye that it shulde be as a kynge in the middest of a realme And Galene sayeth that it is ryght in the middest of the brest but Rasis sayth that it declineth somwhat to the lyft syde And therfore in the lifte syde greater pulses of the arteries bene felt than in the ryght And after the sentence of the sayde Rasis there ben two veÌ„tricles about the herte one in the ryghte syde another in the lyft Capsula cordis In the middest wherof ther is a thinne skinne called Capsula cordis compassed wyth lytle sinnowie pannicles And it is called of the sayde Rasis the thyrde ventricle And in the ryght ventricle there bene two holes of whyche nature hath ordeined one that the veynes proceding out of the liuer shulde conueye bloode to the said veÌ„tricle Vpon which hole also there ben thre pannicles whiche begynne wythout and ende wythin that that thynge which entreth may be returned And there is another hoole of the veyne whyche is a mouth exteÌ„dyng fro the same veÌ„tricle vnto the longes which mouth though it be of a veyne and not of an arterie yet the tunicles there of are grosse and thycke therfore it is called an arteriall veyne And the tunicles or rymes of the arteries ben of harder substaunce than the tunicles proceding froÌ„
speake of the mēbres in the belly called conteynynge And fyrst of Siphac Siphac Siphac is an harde pannicle growynge out of the midriffe which descendeth towarde the spondyles of the backe And the stomake and the guttes bene susteyned by the sayde pannicle and it endeth in the nether parte of the bellye And of the sayde Siphac the two didimes ben engēdred which descende to the stones ouer the bone called os Pectinis Didimes And the didymes ben thin skynnes which compasse the stones holde them hangyng And through the myddest of them certaine veynes arteries passe By whiche the seede is conduicted to the stones and so cōueyed to the yarde by these didymes two lytle braunches ascende from the stones which are called the vesselles of seed ¶ Of the stones THe stones ben nombred amōg the principal membres The stones which nature hath made for generacion And they ben of glandulos and whyte flesh And they are also of gret felyng by reason of the participacion that they haue with the sinnowes of Siphac and by reason of certayne small fylmes or thredes procedynge from Mirach Therfore whan the zirbus or caule descendeth with the didymes it stretcheth them oute beneth And it is the cause of greate payne so that the paciente thynketh that his guttes be rent from the fat ¶ Of the yarde and of the blader The yarde THe yarde is a membre very ful of sinnowie lacertes with many ligamentes veynes and arteries It is hollowe and that holownesse is ful of ventosite or winde engendred in the pulsyng veynes by which ventositie the eleuation of the same commeth This eleuacion procedeth chefely of the arteries whiche come from the herte for the herte gyueth volūtary motiō to the sayd arteries The ligamentes of the yarde procede frō the bones of the thighes And the synnowes growe frome the nether parte of the nuke and by reason of those sinnowes the sayd yard is of great felynge The veynes of it procede out of a greate veyne descendynge from the lyuer And the arteries procede of a great arterie descendynge from the hert whan the herte gyueth voluntarye motion to them And the sayde veynes and arteryes ben greater and euydenter in the yard and vnder the tonge then in anye other place of the body Therfore bycause of the synnowes it hath participacion with the nuke bycause of the veynes and arteries it hath particypacyon with the herte and the lyuer And about the yarde in the extremitie therof there is found symple flesh as we haue sayde And thus the partes of the yarde ben euydent and the profyte namelye to conserue kynde The qualitie of the sayde yarde by reson of the partes compouninge it is colde and drye The blader is a vessel compouned of two tunicles ordeyned of nature to receyue the vrine It is situated betwene the ouer part of the two bones of the thighes and the arse hole And in his mouthe called the necke of the blader there ben lytle muscles which draw the necke togyther and kepe in the vrine The vrine is conduicted from the reynes to the bladder by two emunctories or clensers called Pori vritides whiche whan they touche the bladder Pori vritides they entre throughe one of the forsayde pannicles and afterwarde they passe bytwene two tunicles of the blader tyl they come to the necke thereof In which place they pearce through an other tunicle and descende to the concauitie of the bladder conueynge the vrine thyther ¶ The Matrice or wombe THe matrice is situated betwen the blader The matrice and the gutte called intestinū rectum it is very synnowye that it may stretche out whā a woman is with chylde It hath also two ventricles which ende at one mouth and it hath lytle additions of flesh called the two hornes of the matrice and behynde them the two stones of a woman ben situated And the sayde stones ben smaller and broder than a mans but they ben not so lōg And the seed of a woman descendeth to them through the myddest of the matrice The necke of the matrice is stretched to the wycked of a woman and this necke is to the woman as the yarde is to a man Furthermore the mouthe thereof is strayte and harde in maydens hauynge fyue lytle veynes which breake whan a maiden is defloured The matrice The matrice of a woman with child is so closed that the poynt of a nedle can not entre in And therfore the accustomed purgations come not forth For whan they issue out it is a sygne that the chylde is not in helth as Hippocrates wytnesseth And whan the tyme of deliueraūce is come or whā an aborcemēt chaūceth the necke of the matrice so stretcheth out that the chylde may passe throughe The generacyon of a chylde is of Sperma or seed and it is noryshed with menstruall bloude And the fourme of a male chylde is sooner fynisshed than of a woman whyle the chylde is in the matrice certaine veynes come to the same by which the infaunt receyueth his noryshment we wyl not declare here howe it receyueth hys norysshment for that pertayneth more to phisitions than to Chyrurgeins Neuerthelesse thus moche ye shall knowe that the sayd veynes by which the chylde receyueth nourysshmente breake whan the tyme is come that the chylde shal be borne ¶ The .xiii. and .xiiii. Chapter of bones and of the muscles of all the bodye WE sayde in the first Chapiter of simple membres that there bene in mans body two hūdred fourtie and eight bones besides the bones called laude and Sisamina bycause the Chyrurgians name them cōmunely in latin we thought good so to ordre them in latin as it foloweth A Os coronale .i. B Ossa parietalia .ii. C Ossa petrosa .ii. D Os laude .i. E Os basilare .i. F Ossa paris .iiii. G Ossa nasi .ii. H Ossa colatorii .ii. I Ossa mādibule superioris .xx. K Ossa mandibule inferioris .ii. L Spondilia vera et mēdosa .xxx. M Ossa furcule .ii. O Ossa vtriusque spatule .ii. P Os vtriusque adiutorii .ii. Q Os vtriusque focilis .ii. R Ossa rasete manuum .xviii. S Ossa pectinis manuum .x. T Ossa digitorum manuū .xxx. V Os focile minus brachiorū .ii. X Caste vere et mendose .xxiiii. Y Ossa thoracis .vii. Z Os cordis .i. Os Epiglottale .i. 9 Ossa ancarum .ii. a Ossa coxarum .ii. b Rotula genuum .ii. c Minor canna tibiarum .ii. d Os chaab tibiarum .ii. e Os nauicularis tibiarum .ii. f Ossa pectinis pedum .viii. g Ossa calcanei pedum .ii. h Maior canna tibiarum .ii. i Ossa caude .iii. k Os pectinis .i. l Ossa digitorum pedū .xxviii. m Dentes .xxxii. ¶ The .xiii. Chapter of muscles WE said before that the muscles of mānes bodye bene in nōbre .431 Muscle A muscle is a membre cōpouned of flesh synowe ligamente synnowye fylmes and of a Pannicle couerynge the sayde partyes And
agues by the waye of crysis and somtime they appere in women after theyr delyueraunce of chyldren The sygnes are manifest in syght and in touchynge for some tyme they are harde and stretched oute chefelye when they be full of bloode and the coloure of them is blackyshe and sometyme they come to vlceracyon cause greate payne and are harde to be cured and there ensueth often a fluxe of bloode which is also of harde curacyon and though it be cured it commeth agayne with more malignitie so that when we wolde cure the sayde vlceration we haue ben constrayned to purge the matter by the places that lye aboute namelye by an issue Lykewyse besyde the saide vlceration the veines so swel are fylled sodēly with grosse melancholicke and burned blood that the sayde bloode congeleth together and commeth by lytle and lytle to putrifaction and so there ascend vp euell vapoures and fumes to the brayne cause euell accydentes in the brayne and in the harte whereby the pacyent often tymes dyeth Wherfore the cure of these veines wyth vlceration or wythoute vlceration chefely yf they be confermed cānot be accomplysshed wythoute euydent daunger of the paciente I speake of vlcered veynes because the matter whyche was wounte to dyscende to vyle places and there to be purged throughe the curation of the varyces is retayned and cōueyed to the nobler members as the harte the stomacke and the brayne and so the dysposition thereof shulde be the worse wherfore Hipocrates saith that yf ye heale emoroides leuynge notone open daunger of the dropsye tysyke and frenesy shall ensue Wherefore in such dyspositions that is to say in emoroydes and swollen veynes it is better to leue them open then to cure them For they that be cured dye quyckelye but they that be not cured but palliated lyue a long season For Arnoldus de villa noua sayeth when there is an vnnatural issue in a mās body by the which some mater is wonte to be purged it cannot be stopped wythoute greater incommodyties excepte the matter be purged by a place nye to the sayde issue And therefore wise chirurgiens in thys case make an issue wyth an actuall cauterye or potencyall foure fyngers vnder the knee that the mater be purged by the same by whych meane we haue healed manye The cure of swolne veynes not vlcered by insicion is very daungerous for great fluxe of bloode foloweth the sayde incision whiche is harde to be retayned and sometyme when nature cannot deryue the bloode and matter to the wounded place the same blood beinge kepte in growethe to cankerdnes Wherefore I was wonte in the cure of swollen veynes fylled wyth melancholyke bloode a conuenyente purgacion of the bodye wyth the applyinge of leches vpon the emoroydall veines presupposed to euapoure oute the bloode wyth thys decoction folowynge ℞ of the rootes of holyehocke lj ss of hoorehounde of cammomylle of mellylote of dylle ana m̄ j. of branne of cleane berlye ana m̄ ii of honye lj i. ss seethe al these thynges at the fyre and make a bathe thereof where wyth ye shall washe the whole legge and make euaporation wyth sponges dypped therein Also we were wonte to make a cerote of the decoction of holyhocke and wyth the thynges vnderwrytten and wythe these two thynges for the most parte we euapoured oute the bloode and resolued it perfytly ℞ of holihok soden cutte and stamped lj ss of oyle of comomylle dylle ana ℥ .ij. of freshe butter and hennes grese ana ℥ i. ss of gose grese and duckes grese ana ℥ i.ss of calues talowe ℥ .iii. of the marye of of the legges of a calfe and of a cow ana ʒ.vi make a soft cerote of al with the foresaye straynynge and wyth suffyciente whyte waxe addynge of saffron ʒ.i Furthermore to open a veyne aboute the knee the member beynge fyrst bounde strayned that the congeled and corrupte bloode maye only yssue oute perchaunce it shall not be vnprofytable for by the euacuacyon of bloode sometyme the foresayde accidentes are remoued Afterwarde vpon the cutte place ye shall leye thynges that staunche bloode as the whyte of an egge beaten wyth pouder restryctiue The curation of the vlceres of swollē veynes dyffer not frome the curation of vlceres of the legges and of the thyghes declared in the former chapyter But for as muche as suche vlceres are ioyned wyth vehemente payne and malygnitie therefore for the remouyng of the same we wyl descrybe certayne peculyer remedyes and fyrst a fomentation to swage the payne A synguler fomentation ℞ of the leaues of malowes violettes of the leaues of plantain ana m̄ i. of clene barly m̄ ii of the seed of quinces somewhat brayed ℥ ss of scabyouse m̄ i. ss of butter lj ss let them be sodden altogether wyth suffycyente water tyll the thyrde parte be consumed and vse thys remedye after the maner of a fomentacyon After ye haue washed the place with a sponge ye shall take the yolcke of a newe layde egge and of butter ℥ .i ss whych ye shal laboure in a mortar of lead and applie them with cloutes And yf ye put to thys medecyne an ℥ of vnguentum populeon yt shal be verye good we haue some tyme remoued the payne and malignitie of the sayde vlceres by apliynge oure pouder of mercurye ones or twyse and afterwarde leying vppon the same thys sparadrappe folowyng and thyn plates of leade vsynge a conuenyente maner of byndynge from the insteppe to the knee and whan the place was paynefull we washed it wyth the water of plantayne and water of alume Lykewyse we founde that the iuce of plantayne and of houndestonge boyled wyth a lytle suger tyll halfe be consumed and applyed vpon the vlcered place is of good operacyon The leues also of the sayde herbes and the leues of woodbynd layed vppon the vlceres in steade of an oyntemente or sparadrappe bryngeth great ease to the pacyente The myxture of the sayde sparadrap is ℞ of the iuce of plantayne nyght shade ana ℥ .ii. of the iuce of knotgrasse houndestonge and wodbynde ana ℥ .i of oyle of rooses omphacyne of oyle of rooses complete of oyle myrtyne ana ℥ .ii. of calues talow ℥ .iiij. of swines grese of gootes talowe ana ℥ .ii. ss of cowes talowe ℥ .iii. of vnguentum populeon ℥ i.ss of lytarge of golde and siluer ana ʒ.i.ss of minium ʒ.x of bole armenye fynelye poudred of terra sigillata ana ℥ ss let the fattes the oyles and the iuces seeth together tyll the iuces be consumed then strayne them and adde the reste to the straynynge and lette them seethe at the fyre and styrre them aboute tyll they be blacke in coloure than make a sparadrap or a soft cerote wyth suffycyente whyte waxe addynge in the ende of the decoction of camphore brayed accordinge to arte ʒ.ii of tucia ʒ.x vse thys medecyne in all vlcers for it is of excellente operation Item vnguentum camphoratum some
sodden in the brothe of fleshe it maye be vsed with oyle and pepper for it sharpeneth the syght Pastyes or pyes are seldome to be vsed Item muschrymes of all kyndes are to be auoyded If ye chaunce to vse them ye must seth them in water wyth leekes and afterwarde frye thē wyth organye and pepper All kyndes of fyshe except see fysh and skalye fysshe and all frutes that lyghtly be corrupted in the stomake muste be eaten in small quantitie The best among them are these grapes fygges prunes rype peches peres and apples of good sente These thynges my sonne Aluisius shal suffyce for preseruation of thy healthe yf thou remembre to kepe a moderation in slepe that is to saye that thou slepe not past .vii. or eyght houres and that in the nyght and not in the daye c. ¶ The .ii. Chapter Of Flebothomye and ventoses FLebothomye as the doctours testify is a good euacuation of humours and surer than a purgation receyued by the mouth for it lyeth in the chirurgyens wyll to emptye euyl blood and kepe in the good by closynge of the veyne And it is a synguler remedye to heale diseases procedynge of aboundaunce of bloode of euyll qualitie as Arnoldus de villa noua declareth gyuynge a good definition of the same Flebotomie and sayinge Flebothomye is the cuttynge of a veyne purgynge bloode and humours rennynge therewithall Here ye shall obserue a generall rule whiche is that ye purge the bellye wyth a lenitiue clyster before ye vse flebothomye lest the emptye veynes be fylled wyth euyl vapours ascendynge from dregges and noughtye humours The lettynge of blood must neyther be to aboundaunte nor to smalle for yf it be to aboundaunt the strengthe of the pacyent shall be weaked yf it be to smalle the disease shall not be cured Howbeit it is better to fall in to lytle then in to moch wherfore Auicenne sayeth that we must auoyde that we brynge not the patient to one of these two infirmyties that is to saye to the boylynge oute of colerycke humours or to the rawnesse of colde humours Rasis sayeth that flebothomye vsed in due tyme mayntayneth health and defēdeth diseases It semeth conuenient to cut a veyne the seconde or thyrde day of the sycknesse but it is better to renewe flebothomye than to let oute moche blood at ones for lyfe consistteth in blood Flebotomye preseruatyue maye not be vsed in wynter nother in somer but in the spryng of the yere and in haruest Antonius Gaynerius saythe that whan yong menne ben infected with the pestilence they muste be let blood aboundantlye for so the venemouse matter maye be soone purged and the pacient healed But ye shal note that as flebothomye duly vsed is the cause of many commodities so if it be vsed out of season and inordinately beside that it weakeneth nature it bringeth many diseases as the dropsye c. Wherfore we muste procede discretelye If flebothomye be vsed for the remouynge of some disease a lenytyue clyster muste go before and the nexte daye ye must cut a veyne afterward ye must geue an other medicine of gentle solution The doctoures assigne many vtilities of flebothomy The first is to emtye all humours the seconde to turne matter frome place to place the thrid to drawe the fourth to alter the fifte to preserue the bodye that it fal not in to some disease the syxt to lyghten the patient wherof Galene speketh sayeng If the patientes age and strengthe wyll suffer it is verye good to cut a veyne not onelye in continuall feauers but in all diseases commyng of rotten humours Howebeit flebothomy must not onely be vsed because of multitude of humours but also because of the foresayd vtilities and for the intemperance of diseases The in temperaunce of a disease as Galene sayeth is accordynge to .iii. thynges that is to say accordyng to the principalitie of the greued parte according to the actiuitie of the disease accordyng to the euyll qualytie and disposition of the same Seynge that we haue shewed the vtylyties of flebotomye we wylle nowe declare what veynes are wont to be cutte A declaration of the order of phlebotomye and whan persones maye endure the cuttynge of theym Those whyche maye endure flebothomy are menne of strong and sanguyne complexion hauyng ample and large veynes Contrary wyse weake and pale personnes can not susteyne flebothomye neyther chyldren before they be twelue nor olde menne after .lxx. yere olde excepte great necessitie requyre it Howebeit Auenzoar dyd lette his sonne bloode at thre yeare olde The veynes whyche are wont commonly to be opened are these fyrst the veynes of the forhead agaynste the dysease ophtalmia and the mygryme to heale greatte peynes in the heade and the frenesye and a leprye not confyrmed The .ii. veynes whiche are founde in the necke are sometyme cut to auoyde humours and rewmes The veyne aboute the nosthrilles is commonly cutte to recouer lost hearynge and to purge the humours of the head Item the .ii. veynes whych are within the mouthe are cutte agaynste skalles and pustules in the heade and agaynst peynes of the teth and of the iawes Also it amendethe heuynes of the head and dyseases of the mouthe and of the throte The veyne of the lyppes beyng cut easeth apostemes of the throte and of the gummes The veyne that is in the toppe of the nose is cut agaynste heuynesse of the head and droppyng of the eyes The two veynes vnder the tongue are cutte for the passions of the throte chyefly for the quynce to purge the matter conioncte The veyne betwene the lytle fynger the ryng fynger is opened for the diseses of the mylt and quartayne feuers The veyne called cephalica is cutte in the hande agaynst the passions of the heade and the eyes at the begynnynge in the contrarye parte and in the state on the same syde that the matter conioyncte maye be purged The veyne called Cardiaca or mediana is cut agaynst passions of the harte The veyne called Basilica or epatica is ordeyned for the passions of the lyuer and in them that haue quarteyne feuers The veyne called Saphena whyche is in the insteppe is wonte to be cutte agaynst the payne in the hyppes and agaynst inflammation and a postemes of the stones and the matrice and to prouoke the floures The veyne called sciatica which is in the outward parte of the fote is opened agaīst the dysease called also sciatica The veynes behynd the eares are opened agaīst apostemes of the eyes and to amende remembraunce and mundifye pustles and spottes of the face The veynes of the tēples are opened to swage greate payne of the eyes and to heale the dysease called Ophtalmia And whē they ben opened the heade muste be bound diligentlye The veynes emoroidall are opened or haue leches applyed vnto them to purge melancholyke humours and to preserue the body from leprye canker scabbes mortmale vertigo and melancholia And therfore Hipocrates
of the courte of Rome vse onely pylles aggregatiue in these fieuers the receite wherof is Ê’ i. Item pilles of mastycke receyued ones a weke are good and also symple pylles of reubarbe for they comforte the stomake and purge it by lytle and lytle ¶ Of the weakenesse of the stomacke THe stomacke is often weakened in this fieuer for the amendement whereof ye shall vse this confection fastynge wyth a lytle odoriferous wyne â„ž of the spyces of thre saunders of the spyces of Aromaticum rosatum ana Ê’ i. of the spices of diarodon abbatis of the spyces of diamuscuÌ„ ana ℈ ss make round trociskes with suffycyent whyte sugre and water of melissa Item aromaticum rosatum and diagalanga are good in thys case Fynallye clysters and rubbynges must also be vsed And thus we ende this present c. ¶ Of a sanguyne feuer THe sygnes of a sanguyne feuer are these red â—â—loure aboute the face and eyes and other partes of the bodye fulnesse of veynes The patient hath great payne in the heed and can not slepe his excrementes are not so harde nor so blacke as in coleryke feuers the poulse is great and ful and sometymes swyft and dyuers the vryne is sanguine and grosse They that haue this feuer are men whyche vse excesse in meates and drinkes and therfore there happeneth often to theÌ„ perbrakynge payne in the backe and in the reynes deepe slepe sweate and difficultie of speakynge ¶ The cure of a sanguyne feuer THe cure of this feuer coÌ„systeth in thre intentioÌ„s The first is ordinaunce of dyete The seconde digestion and purgation of the euyll matter The thyrd correction of the accidentes For the fyrst ye shall procede as it is declared in the former Chapiter The seconde is thus accomplysshed Fyrste whan the vryne is grosse and redde ye shall vse flebothomye yf no accident lette you in the veyne called mediana or basilica a clystre euer goinge before Then let the water be digested as it foloweth â„ž of syrupe of the iuyce of endiue of syrupe of violetttes and hoppes ana â„¥ ss of waters of endiue hoppes buglosse anÌ„ â„¥ i. meÌ„gle theÌ„ or thus â„ž of the syrupe called acetosus simplex of sirupe of the iuce of endiue anÌ„ Ê’ vi of the waters of buglosse endiue and sorelle of euery one an ounce After digestion lette the patient be purged as it foloweth â„ž of cassia newly drawen out of diacatholicon ana â„¥ ss of electuary of roses after Mesue of electuarye of the iuses after Mesue of electuarye of the iuce 〈◊〉 roses ana Ê’ i. ss mengle them and make a smalle potion wyth the commune decoction addynge of syrupe of vyolettes â„¥ i. or thys â„ž of chosen manna Ê’ vi of cassa halfe an ounce of good reubarbe steped accordynge to arte of electuary of psillium ana Ê’ i. mengle them and make a potion wyth the decoction of cordiall floures and frutes addynge of syrupe of vyolettes â„¥ i. The thyrde intention whiche is to remoue the accidentes is accomplysshed by the remedyes noted in the former Chapiter Howebeit it is to be obserued that the rubbynges before dynner are verye good to swage the paynes of the heed Item ventoses applyed vpon the shulders wyth scarification or with oute scarification are good for the same purpose and supplye all the rowme of flebothomye in delycate bodyes and so by bloodsuckers applyed vpon the emoroydall veynes Neuerthelesse in stronge bodyes it is coÌ„mendable to kepe the bellye loose wyth clysters ¶ Of a flegmatycke fieuer THe sygnes of a flegmatyke feuer ar these Fyrste it begynneth wyth lytle colde and encreaseth by litle and lytle tyll the bodye become as cold as yse and therfore his perorisme is wont to dure eyghtene houres and the patient hathe heauye payne in the heed depe slepe and somtymes sowneth bycause of the corrupte vapours whiche assaulte the harte The pulse at the begynnynge is small and secrete and busye in the ende The vryne in the fyrste dayes is thynne and whyte by reason of the oppilacyon of the veynes and therfore the patiente feleth payne in hys sydes and consequentlye the coloure of his face and all hys bodye becommeth whyte and pale ¶ The cure of a flegmatyke fieuer THe cure thereof hathe thre intentions The fyrste is ordynaunce of dyete the seconde digestyon and purgation of the matter antecedent the thyrde is correction of the accidentes The fyrst intention is accomplysshed as is declared in the Chapiter of a softe aposteme The seconde shal be perfourmed by admynistration of this digestiue â„ž of syrupe de duabus radicibus with vynegre of hony of roses strayned of syrupe of vyolettes ana â„¥ ss of waters of endyue buglosse and sorell ana â„¥ i. mengle theÌ„ This syrupe is good at the begynnynge An other â„ž of syrupe de bisaÌ„tiis syrupe de duabus radicibus with vynegre of honye of roses streyned ana â„¥ ss of waters of buglosse wormwoode and endyue ana â„¥ i. mengle them This syrupe is good in the state of the fieuer An other in the declinacion of the feuer â„ž of sirupe de tribus radicibus of oximell simplex de bisanciis ana â„¥ ss of waters of maydenheere wormwood and fenell ana â„¥ i. mengle theÌ„ when the matter is digested let it be purged as it foloweth â„ž of diacatholicon of cassia ana â„¥ ss of diafinicon Ê’ iii. ss make a small potion wyth the coÌ„men decoction addynge of syrupe de duabus radicibus wythoute vynegre or in stede thereof honye of Roses i. draÌ„me and an halfe or thus â„ž of Diacatholicon Ê’ vi of diafinicon of electuarii indi maioris ana Ê’ ii make a potion as is aforesayde These purgations are good in the fyrst dayes After certayne dayes digestion of the matter presupposed by receyuyng of the fyrste or seconde dygestyue gyue the patient this purgation â„ž of diasinicon electuarii indi maioris ana â„¥ i. ss of diacatholicon â„¥ ss of agaryke in trosiskes ℈ ii make a small potion with the decoction of cordiall floures and frutes of maydenheere of gallitricum politricum polipodye wyth water of Endyue maidenheere buglose and scabious addynge of honye of roses strayned â„¥ i. or in the steade of thys medycyne ye maye vse the pylles folowynge â„ž of pylles aggregatiue ℈ ii of pylles of reubarbe ℈ i. make fyue pylles wyth water of wormwoode or thus â„ž of pylles de hiera cum agarico of pylles aggregatiue ana Ê’ ss make fyue pylles wyth honye of Roses strayned whiche the patiente muste take in the mornynge Phisicyons that practyse in Rome gyue after certayne dayes in this fieuer of pylles aggregatiue Ê’ i. and afterwarde of pylles of mastyke of pylles of reubarbe ana Ê’ ss It is verye profytable to purge the patiente from grosse and slymye humours with clysters wherof this maye be one â„ž of the leaues of beetes mercurye holyhocke camomyll of branne ana mÌ„ i. of the seedes of swete fenelle and coriander ana Ê’
greate prouocation to the seege but can do nothynge It commeth of teinein which signifyeth to stretche Tension Tension stretchynge Terra sigillata Terra sigillata is an earth dygged oute of certayne caues in the Isle Lemnos And bycause it was sent from thence beinge sealed it was called Sigillata Some thynke that we haue not the thynge thoughe we retayne the name Terebentine Mainarde sayeth that the true Terebinthina was broughte oute of the Isle called Chios and out of Libia and Pontus But nowe in the stede of it we vse Rhasyne of the fyr or sapyne tree Terminatio ad crisim Crisis sygnifyeth iudgemente and in thys case it is vsed for a sodayne chaunge in a disease Thys chaunge is wonte to happen foure maner of wayes For eyther the patient is immedyatly delyuered of hys disease or is moche better at ease or dyeth incontynentlye or becommeth moche worse The fyrst of these chaunges is called Crisis the seconde Elleipes that is wantynge the thyrde cace that is euyll the fourth ateles that is vnperfyte Hereafter it appeareth that those chaunges which happen by litle and lytle are not properly called Crises but lises that is solutions or loosinges Trachea arteria The wesaunde pype is called Trachea bycause it is rough Transuersalis Transuersalis crosseouer Trifera Trifera is an electuarie made of myrobalanes gynger cloues c. for wyndynesse rawe humours c. Trociskes Trochiscos in Greke is a lytle whele Amonge the apothecaries it is a confection made of sondrye pouders and spyces by the mene of some lyquoure In latyne they call it Pastillum Tunecis Some thynke that Tunici is the herbe that dioscorides calleth polemonium and some take it for the floures of gillofloures Polemonium after Dioscorides descryption hath leaues lytle bygger than Rue but longer In the toppe of hys braunches it hath as it were Iuye berryes in whyche there is a blacke seede The roote is dronken with wyne agaynst venyme Tutia Tutia is called in Greke Pompholix that is to saye a bubble For it is that that bubbleth vp in brasse whan it is boyled and cleueth to the sydes or couer of the fornace And that that synketh and is as it were the asshes of boyled brasse is called Spodium For spodos in Greke sygnifyeth the dust and asshes wherof spodion is a diminutiue Turbith Musa sayeth that Turbith is the seconde kynde of spurge Some thynke that Turbith is taken out of a plant whyche hath leaues lyke the leaues of the myrte tree Varices VArix is the swellynge of a veyne somtymes in the temples sometyme in the base parte of the belly somtymes about the stones but chefelye about the legges Ventoses They vse this worde Ventosa for Cucurbicula that is a cuppynge or boxynge glasse Ventricles Ventricles Lytle as it were mawes chambres holes Vermicularis Vermicularis the lesse housleke it groweth vpon houses Vesicatorie Vesicatorie Bladderynge blysterynge Viscum One kynde of Viscum is byrdelyme made of honye and oyle An other kynde is called Damascene and commeth from Damasco Mysteltowe also is called Viscum Vlcers Vlcers Sores Volubilis There ben many kyndes of volubilis one hathe whyte floures lyke belles and wrappeth it self in hedges Another crepeth on the grounde wyndeth it selfe aboute herbes The germaines call volubilos winde bycause I thynke it wyndeth and wrappeth it selfe aboute bushes or herbes I founde it englished in an olde wrytten boke hyehone Vitis alba Vitis alba hath leaues and braunches like a set vine and twyneth it self aboute brambles wyth hys tendrelles as a vine byndeth it selfe to trees and it hathe clusters of redde coloure lyke grapes wherwyth men were wonte to courie skynnes The name soundeth a white vine and it is called moreouer brionia There is another called nigra vitis or a blacke vine it hath leaues like yuie catcheth trees which grownigh vnto him with his tendrelles it beareth clusters fyrste grene and afterwarde blacke when they ben rype and it is called in latine bryonia nigra and vua taminia Vngula Vngula is a sinnowye eminence of the skynne of the eye called coniunctiua beginning at the greater corner of the eye and procedyng vpto the apple of the eye and when it is increased it couereth the apple also Vndimia Vndimia is a barbarouse terme in greke it is called oedema in latine tumor For it is a softe swellynge wythout payne Vital spirites A spirite is a subtile fyne aerye and cleare substaunce produced of the thynnest and fynest parte of bloode that vertue and strength maye be caried from the principal parte to the rest The physitions teache that there ben thre kindes of spirites animal vital naturall The animal spirite hath his seate in the brayne and is spredde in to all the bodye by synnowes gyuyng facultie of mouynge and felynge It is called animal bycause it is the first instrument of the soule whych the latines call animam And it is ingēdred of the vital spirite caried vp thither by arteries and there more parfectly digested and elaboured For whych purpose nature made the merueylouse nette in the brayne as it were a chaungeable and manifolde mase The vital spirite is conteyned in the harte and is caried to the partes of the bodye to cause naturall heate It is engendred of inspiration and of exhalation or outbreathinge of bloode The natural spirite dwelleth in the lyuer and in the veynes Howbeit some alowe not the addition of this spirite beyng contented wyth the other two Nowe that we haue declared the spirites we wil speake somewhat of the natural faculties There ben thre faculties I call a facultie the cause wherof action or doynge procedeth whych gouerne man and are distributed to the hole bodye as it were from an hedspringe namely animal vital and natural The animal facultie is the whyche sendeth felynge and mouynge vnto al the bodie from the brayne by sinnowes as it were by lytle pypes or conduytes moreouer it nourisheth vnderstāding therfore the Greciās cal it logisticē The vital facultie gyueth lyfe from the harte by arteries vnto all the bodye the Grecians call it thymoeides that is fitte to be angry or couragious wherby it appeareth that the hart is the headsprynge of natural heate The natural facultie gyueth nouryshment to al the partes of the bodye from the lyuer by veynes and is called of the grecians epithymetice that is couetynge or appetyng and also threptice that is nouryshynge And it hath foure vertues attractiue retentiue alteratiue and expulsiue The attractiue vertue is the whyche cā drawe such iuyce as is agreable to the part the iuce is agreable and fryndlye to the parte whyche is apte and fit to be made lyke to the sayd parte and to fede the same This facultie ministreth matter wherby euerye parte is nouryshed and is as it were an handmaide to the retentiue vertue The retentiue vertue is the whyche retayneth the drawen iuyce vntyll the alteratiue vertue hathe chaunged it in to the nature of the parte that is nouryshed and so it serueth the alteratiue vertue The alteratiue vertue is that whyche altereth chaungeth and boyleth that that is drawen and retayned a certayne space and finallye maketh it like and ioyneth it to the parte that is nouryshed The expulsiue vertue sondreth straunge and vnprofitable thynges from concoction and dryueth superfluities out of euery part of the bodye leste they taryenge to longe in the bodye shulde rotte and putrifie And thys also is a seruaunte to the alteratiue vertue Vitriolū romanū Musa sayeth that vitriolum romanum is that that Dioscorides calleth Misy whyche is founde in mynes hath the colour of golde and is harde and when it is broken it sendeth out the golden sparcles shinynge lyke sterres It hathe vertue to purge to heate to scoure awaye euyll corruption lyenge in the corners of the eyes when vitriolum is put wythout the addition of thys worde romanum Some vnderstande therby chalcantum whyche ye shall seke in the lettre C. Vuea One of the skynnes of the eye is called vuea bycause it is lyke the stone of a grape Vuula In the extreme parte of the rouffe of the mouthe there appeareth hangynge a lytle peece of fleshe whyche some call columellam some vuulum that is a lytle grape Xylobalsamū The woode of bawme is called xylobalsamum the frute carpobalsamū the iuyce or liquor opobalsamum zeduarie zeduaria is thought to be a roote of hote and drye temperamente whyche they seeth in wyne for the cough for paynes of the stomake c. Of wieght Libra or a pounde is deuided in to twelue ounces Here ye shal note that those apothecaries erre whyche for a pounde put sixtene ounces into theyr medicines For that is the marchauntes pounde The fourthe parte of a pounde is called quadrans in latine the thyrde triens the sixte sextans wherfore quadrans or a quarterne is the weyght of thre ounces Triens of four Sextās of two An oūce maketh viii .. drāmes a dram .iii. scruples And as the comune practicioners say .lx. barley cornes make a dramme Granum is the weyght of a grayne Manipulus signifieth an handfull Here folow the notes of these weyghtes A graine gr A scruple ℈ A dramme ʒ An ounce ℥ A quarterne Qr. A pounde li. Halfe. ss An handful m̄ Ana. is vsed for euerye one In number n̄ FINIS