Selected quad for the lemma: heart_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
heart_n	left_a	lung_n	ventricle_n	2,628	5	12.9083	5	false

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
B05906	The parfait mareschal, or Compleat farrier. Which teacheth, I. To know the shapes and goodness, as well as faults and imperfections of horses. II. The signs and causes of their diseases, the means to prevent them, their cure, and the good or bad use of purging and bleeding. III. The way to order and preserve them, when upon travel, to feed, and to dress them. IV. The art of shoeing, according to a new design of shoes, which will recover bad feet, and preserve the good. Together with a treatise, how to raise and bring up a true and beautiful race of horses: as also instructions, whereby to fit all kinds of horses with proper bits, whereof the chief draughts are represented in copper-plates. / Written originally in French by the Sieur de Solleysel Escuyer, sometime one of the overseers of the French Kings Royal Academy of Riding, near to the Hostel de Conde in Paris. And translated from the last Paris impression, by Sir William Hope of Kirkliston Kt. Lieutenat Governour of the Castle of Edinburgh. By whom is also added as a supplement to the first part, a most compendious and excellent collection of horsemanship, taken from the best and most modern writers upon that subject, such as Mr. De la Brow, Pluvinel, and the Great Duke of Newcastle. Part I.; Parfait mareschal. English. 1696	Solleysel, Jacques de, 1617-1680.; Hope, William, Sir.	1696 (1696)	Wing S4458; ESTC R184351	1,036,506	744

or humour doth so abound that it qui●●● the stomack and then it becometh prejudicial because it is out of its natural place and so troubles the other digestions by hindering them to perform their functio●● and so to fatten the like is also observed in Birds and Wild-fowl in whom this ●cid juice is so penetrating and so quickly dissolves the grain which they swallow that it is in a very short time digested which would be a thing impossible for the● natural heat to perform alone and without the assistance of this Acid This is al●● confirmed in that we see that Wild-Foul by a natural instinct which the Author 〈◊〉 all things hath imprinted in them do most frequently swallow gravel and 〈◊〉 little stones when they do not find a sufficient quantity of food wherewithal to 〈◊〉 their stomacks that so they may blunt and weaken the sharpness of that humour by the● hard substances and thereby keep it from quitting their stomacks for lack of mat●●● whereupon to work and which would impede the other digestions and make the●● become lean According to the quantity and quality of the Food the disposition of the stomack and abundance or scarcity of this acid humour the abovementioned concoction is sooner or latter finished when it is fully perfected the lower part of the stomack openeth and this white digested matter passeth by degrees all along the gutts which are full of plyes and folds that so they may give time to certain small passages that are in a great number joyned to them and which are called Milky Veins to suck in th●● part of it which is most subtile and best prepared these Veins because of their whi●●ness are called Lacteal and are dispersed through the whole Mesentery carrying in them this white liquor into two receptacles which are about the bigness of a small Egg situate in the middle of the same Mesentery betwixt the two productions of the Diaphragm or Midriff and couched upon the Vertebraes of the Loyns from these Reservoirs or receptacles do proceed two small Canals or Conduits which are calied Thoracick because of their situation and Chy●●ducts because of their use the one 〈◊〉 upon the right side and the other upon the left they are about the bigness of● large Swans quill and are lodged upon the body of the Vertebraes of the back 〈◊〉 along the Great Artery and ascending to the Subclavian-vein do there let the Ch●● mix with the Blood which according to the ordinary course of Circulation is 〈◊〉 ried into the right ventricle of the heart to be there converted into Blood Th● white matter is I say carried by passages which are called Lacteal Veins until th● meet with a Channel called the Aorta which is more large and which extends it s● from the Reins all along the back-bone until it come to the upper part of the bre●● and there it discharges it self into several passages or Branches of the great or holl● Vein at which part this Vein forks and divides it self to distribute the Blood 〈◊〉 the Neck and Shoulders These Conduits or passages were luckily discovered near a hundred and twe●● years agoe by one Bartholomew Eustache a Venetian as he was Anatomizing a ho●●● it is not a small advantage to horses that they should have first contributed to the discovery of a part unknown to the Ancients and which is so necessary and useful for our understanding the true and just dispensation of those humours which pass in or Bodies Amongst the moderns Thomas Bartholin was the first who discovered these Canals in men Olaus Rudbek the first who found them out in Dogs and John Pequet the first who writ of them But there are none of these who ascribe the Glory of th● discovery to its true inventor which nevertheless upon this consideration deserve very well that these Ducts be called Eustachien although in men they are at prese● called Thoracick or Chyliducts but in horses I think they should carry the name of th● Famous Horse-Anatomist The Chyle or this white liquor ascending by these Eustachien Canals discharge it self into the veins and by degrees mixes with the Blood which according to the o● der of Circulation discovered in this Age by Dr. Harvy ane English-man desce●● and is carried to the right Auricle of the heart to be there converted with the 〈◊〉 into Blood from whence it is again driven or forced by the the Systole or compresing motion of the heart to go into the Lungs by help of the Pulmonary Artery from the Lungs it is carried back again to the left Ventricle by the Pulmonary Vein which hath Anastomoses that is Communications with the Pulmonary Artery there it is rectified and perfected and from thence sent to the great Artery from which it runs and is Communicate to all the parts of the Body for their Nourishment where it at last by Anastomoses reenters the veins which through diverse passages bring it again to the heart and by a continual and reiterated circulation performed by many Towrs and Windings it is at last made absolutely perfect with the rest of the Blood so you see that the Blood purifies it self from many useless and Superfluous parts which nature separates and rejects and being thus purified and subtilized furnishes those Spirits which are the first Administrators of Life and the chief and principal instruments of all our Actions There is no probability that this white juice passes all of it through the veins and is wholly converted into Blood which is red because horses are composed of several white parts which require the nutriment of a humour which doth somewhat resemble them so that in that case it would be but labour in vain to turn white matter to red that behoved afterwards to become white for Nature is not accustomed to give her self such unnec●ssary difficulties for example in the production of Milk in Mares which proceeds directly and immediatly from Chyle without having been first Blood as the Ancients believ'd who thought it to be only Blood blanched by vertue of the breasts or Teats and which people have certainly found since that it is not but that milk is immediatly formed of Chyle However whether this be so or not the change of it into Blood and the the perfecting of this conversion passes for the Second concoction The Third concoction which we are to consider is performed in each particular part of the Body which converts the humour that is most conform to it into its proper substance that so it may repair what it loseth every moment and this concoction or digestion is termed Assimilation which is properly what we call Nourishment Each of these Concoctions have their particular excrements these of the first are the Ordour or dung those of the second is the Urine which passeth through the Reins and is carried and conveyed by the Ureters into the Bladder to these People sometimes add the Bile or Gall which is separate from the rest in the Liver

their horses after they have received a Glyster oblige th● to render it too soon which is quite contrary to the design of giving it which that he may retain it a reasonable time It signifieth but little to stop a horses f●●ment with Hay or to tye down his Dock to hinder him to render it for I assure 〈◊〉 none of these foolish methods will prevent a horses voyding his Glyster if he 〈◊〉 an inclination to it however if he could be made to keep it a full hour it would so much the better The common Purgatives made use of in Glysters are the Electuaries Diapr●● solutivum de Psillo Diaphenicon and benedicta laxativa Nicolas People put commonly but two ounces or four at most of any of these Electuarie a Glyster which will but purge very gently therefore if you intend to purge y● Horse soundly you must give him in a Glyster at least seven or eight ounces of the which the Apothecaries will not give at too easie a rate unless the Drugs be spoilt not faithfully made up therefore when you design that your Horse should be 〈◊〉 purged it is always fit to add to the Glyster an English pint of Emetick Wine w●● will be both cheaper and have more effect than these preceeding Electuarie or otherways in place of it Polychrest or the Scorie and refuse of the Liver of A●●ny the Urine of a healthful Man or that of a Cow if you have the conveniency it or lastly as I have already directed mix an ounce of Sene with the decoction or otherways one or two Coloquint Gourds shred very small together with an ounce and a half of the above-mentioned Polychrest or Scorie of Antimony Besides these Glysters I have been describing there are a number of others in 〈◊〉 2d part of this Book that are appropriat to the different Diseases and therefore 〈◊〉 may have recourse to them when needful I shall not here set down the places 〈◊〉 they are to be found because the composition of all kinds of Glysters is so very 〈◊〉 that it is scarcely worth a mans pains to turn over to the Chapters where they are 〈◊〉 down Glysters are of so great use for the preservation of Horses health and the cureing of their Diseases that we have no remedy which equals them for a Glyster given a● a certain time will save a horse's life but then there must be at least two English Quarts of it Feavers and the excessive beating of the Flanks are rarely allayed both the use of good Glysters often reiterate at least people are sure that if they make 〈◊〉 sensible alteration to the better yet at least they refresh and give a great deal of 〈◊〉 and never did a Glyster given orderly and according to method prove preju●● to any Horse whatsoever CHAP. LXVII Of blooding Horses and the Benefite thereof NAture finding her self opprest with a violent Distemper CHAP. LXVII Of Blooding Horses and its use doth many 〈◊〉 by her own proper strength without any other assistance whatsoever 〈◊〉 charge her self of that burden wherewith she was opprest sometime the Flux of the Belly other times by the Flux of Urine many times again by 〈◊〉 and at other times slowly by insensible transpiration but it sometimes also happ●● that she delivers her self of her trouble by a great loss of blood which is that has ●●●ed Physicians to trace Nature foot by foot and to procure sometimes one kind 〈◊〉 vacuation and sometimes another according to the quality of the Humor offend●● and the place where it lurks it is certain there is no evacuation so ready so easy so agreeable and so beneficial as blood-letting which is made by an incision of a Vein which gives a free passage for the blood to issue forth By the word Blood I don't strictly understand that choice and perfectly prepared fourth Humor so called because as the Lance does not particularly make choice of it we are therefore to understand thereby the whole Mass of the Blood which is contained in the Veins and Arteries this Mass sometimes preserves it self in such an equal condition that it produces the Sanguine complexion without degenerating unto either Bile Phlegm or Melancholy but however does not fail to exceed in quantity to be subject to Inflammation or Corruption and to run either too slowly or to precipitate it self upon some part of the body and overcharge it and it is from this that all the Reasons and Indications for Blood-letting are taken But before I give you the Reasons which oblidge to let Blood I shall in a few words explain how Blood is produced in the bodies of Animals according to the most probable and curious Opinion although called New by many of the old Physicians for I fancied I would satisfie the curiosity of many People by inserting here this Opinion which is founded upon many Experiments the most convinceing in the World To comprehend then how the Blood is made you must know that the substance of a Horses body is subject to a continual dissipation by reason of the natural heat which incessantly acts against its radical moisture therefore Nature to repair that diminution of its proper Substance hath given to Creatures a natural Appetite which excites the animal appetite for in time of hunger the parts sucking and mutually drawing their nourishment from one another there is made a divulsion and consequently a sense of feeling which giveth them no rest until that appetite be satisfied Being in this condition they take food cut it and grind it with their teeth then they kned or mix it with the help of their Spittle and by the assistance of their Tongue throw it unto the Stomack there to be boyled and converted into a white liquor called Chyle The animal Appetite being satisfied and the breaches repaired which were made by fasting the inferior orifice of the Stomack opens and suffers the Chyle to run into the small guts from whence it is suckt by an infinite number of white Veins called by reason of their whiteness Lacteal which are dispersed through the whole M●sentery and carry the Chyle into two reservoirs or receptacles about the bigness of a Hens Egg situate in the middle of the same Mesentery betwixt the two productions of the Diaphragm and couched all along the Vertebraes of the Loins from these reservoirs do arise two Ducts or Channels called Thoracick because of their Situation or Chyleducts because of their use the one is upon the right side and the other upon the left and are about the bigness of a large writing Quill they lye all along the great Artery which is couched upon the body of the Vertebraes of the Back and ascending to the Sub-clavian Veins there suffer the Chyle to mix with the blood which comes from the brain to be according to the order of Circulation thrown into the right Ventricle of the heart to be there changed into blood from whence it is again driven into the lungs through

the Pulmonary Artery when the Heart compresses it self from the lungs it is carried to the left Ventricle by the Pulmonary Vein which hath Anastomoses or Communications with the Pulmonary Artery where it is perfected and made more pure then it is sent into the great Artery from whence it runs into all the parts of the body for their nourishment This is a succinct deduction of the new Opinion concerning Sanguification let us now come to those Reasons which oblige us to take blood 1. The First Reason that obliges us to blood a Horse is Plenitude Reasons for Blood letting which is nothing else but an immoderate and excessive quantity of blood there are two kinds of it one when the Vessels are so very full of blood that they can scarce contain it without bursting the other when there is more blood than is needful for the entertainment of the parts so that Nature cannot govern it omne énim nimium naturae inimicum for although there be no great fear of the Rupture of a Vein yet so great a quantity of blood rarely fails to oppress and over-heat the Body 2. The Second Reason is the excessive heat of the blood which causes it to sparkle in the Veins in this case blooding refreshes and appeases the boiling of it 3. The Third Reason that obliges us to let blood is that we may take away the corrupt Humors contained in the Veins which by their putrefaction can only produce bad effects therefore nature being eased by this evacuation doth the more easily digest the rest 4. The Fourth Reason is that when the blood hath not liberty enough to run and pass freely through its vessells blooding gives it vent and so facilitates its motion 5. The Fifth Reason is to make a revulsion by altering its course when it carries it self from one part to another with too great impetuosity and in too much bundance now in this case people either endeavour to retard its course or to p●cure another for it quite another way 6. The sixt and last reason for Blood-letting is to give ease and releif to any 〈◊〉 that is overcharged with Blood and which is performed by Blooding the 〈◊〉 afflicted Now although the Mass of the Blood which comprehends all that is containe in the Veins doth degenerate into Bile Phlegm or Melancholy yet nevertheless people do not scruple to take Blood for if it be Bilious it stands in need of refresh●● and cooling and then it must be taken often and but a little at a time If the Veins be full of Melancholick Blood then there will be a necessity to 〈◊〉 but a little at a time and also blood seldom only to facilitate the course of the to thick Blood If the Blood be Phlegematick crude slow and Cold then it must 〈◊〉 taken in a less quantity than when it is in any other disposition Blood-letting hath also its inconveniencies when it is practised unseasonably 〈◊〉 then it maketh a revulsion of the Spirits which are the source of strength and of the Natural heat it 〈◊〉 also taketh away the aliment appointed for the nourishment 〈◊〉 the parts whence it is that a man is to consult a horse's strength to know if 〈…〉 endure blooding and also to consider if the horse be very extenuate for then he would stand more in need to be made up by good feeding then to loss his Blood Blooding is most necessary by way of prevention for all horses which people 〈◊〉 well and cause Labour little It should be done twice a year to preserve the● from those Diseases that proceed from that plenitude which is a burden to them The letting of Blood is very profitable for the cureing of Feavers the Farcy Mange Stroaks of all kinds for defluxious upon any part of the Body the Eyes excepted for the foundering in the Body Vertigo Head-akes and a great many other Diseases However there are some Authors who do not approve of Blooding by way of prevention saying that if people chance to neglect it at that time in which they we accustomed to practise it it would occasion some indisposition to the horse and the therefore a horse should never be bled by way of prevention but in the pale Philippo Scacco in his treatise Di Mescalzia is of this sentiment Seing Blood-letting then cures several Diseases it cannot be doubted but that it is usefull for the preservation of horses from the same Diseases and if you neglect it a any accustomed time then you are in the wrong especially if your horse be either heavy too strongly fed or out of exercise but if otherwise then you are 〈◊〉 tyed to it CHAP. LXVIII At what times Horses should be let Blood NOne I beleive call in question CHAP. LXVIII At what times horses should be bled but that there are some times in the ye● wherein one humor predomines more than another For example 〈◊〉 agree that it is the Blood which predominats in the Spring in the S●mer Bile in Autumn Melancholy and in the Winter phlegm That which is preforme in the space of a year is renewed every six hours which is the time wherein the whole Circulation of the Blood is perfected as an infinite number of experiments have discovered and to explaine it breifly people have remarked that the Heart beats about 4000 times in an hour this motion or beating of the heart is called Systolo and Diastole which is all one with Dilatation and Compression By each Diastole the Heart attracts to it self from the Veins about half a dram of blood and by each Systole sends so much forth from it self into the Arterys all which being exactly calculate a horse will have in his Body about 50. pounds of Blood which will all pass through the two Ventricles of the heart in about six hours space by running from the Veins to the Ventricles and from the Ventricles into the great Artery and in each tour or Circulation that the Blood maketh one of the above-mentioned humors will be predominant in the manner following From midnight to six a clock in the Morning it is the Blood that predominates from six to twelve a clock in the day it is Phlegm from twelve a clock till six at night it is Bile and from six to midnight it is Melancholy This which I affirme may seem to be a Vain discourse without any kind of ground or solid foundation but you may satisfie your self by an easie experiment made after this manner Endeavour to know the temper of your horse and let us suppose him to be bilious then draw Blood of him betwixt twelve a clock in the day and six a clock at night that is to say about four and you will find that as you have made the evacuation in that time wherein Bile did predomine so you will have evecuate a great deal of Bile which will convince you of the truth of what I affirme because it will be almost all Bile whereas if you should