these rulers is supream and yet they are all equal The vital faculty Facultas Vitalis by proper actions and peculiar Organs absolutely distinct from the natural animal is seated in its own royal Throne the heart The 3 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Thumetick powers resident in the Heart all comprehended under the name vital are first the faculty Generative of the arterial blood and spirits 2. of the vital conservatory Heat 3. the Pulsifick or motive official to the former From the irascible faculty Fac. Irascibilis stream all the Pathemata affections or passions of the mind Anger Animi Pathemata Mansuetude Audacity Fear Hope Despair Dejection or Prostration of the spirit Joy Sorrow and others of the same Classis that are either compoūded of or dependent on the former Of these passions some are performed materialiter seu per modum causae efficientis by expansion or excentrick motion of the vital Heat Blood and Spirits of this order are Anger Joy c. others by concentration of the same as Fear Sorrow c. but formaliter all are nothing but the motions of the Appetite either in prosecution of the delectable and friendly or flight and retreat from the odious and offensive object of which the former causeth an expansion or circumferentiall salley the latter a retraction or concentrick retreat of the vital blood and spirits But these appetitions or irascible and concupiscible motions cannot be executed but the agitation of the Heart Arteries and fervent spirituous blood From this we receive satisfaction why the Facultas 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of necessity hath its residence assigned in a part of the hottest temperature and endued with the power of perpetual agitation The situation of the heart is though vulgarly deluded by the sensation of its pulse Cordis Situs and the sinister declination of its mucro or cone oppinion it to be placed in the left side in the center of the body if in our measure we except the thighes and legs and its Basis or Center fixed in the middle of the Thorax or middle region of the body that from it as from a plentiful fountain the vital Heat and spirits may be promptly diffused into the whole body The ventricles Ventriculi cavities or closets of the heart are two the right and left the right does by Diastole or dilatation suck in blood from the gapeing ostiary or floud-gate of the ascendent hollow vein by its intenser fire cohobate refine and rarify it the more subtile and meteorized part whereof is through the Foramina or capillary perforations of the septum interstitiary skreen which notwithstanding Columbus Spigelius Hoffmannus and our Hippocrates Septum interstitium Doctor Harvie will by no means admit of or partition wall betwixt both ventricles transcolated into the left ventricle the other parcel passeth by the Vena Arteriosa into the lungs and one small portion of it converts into the Aliment of the Lungs the remainder is transported by the Arteria Venosa into the left Chamber of the heart These businesses which we are sorry to confesse more the imployment of our wonder Cardis motus then our knowledge are transacted by a certain admirable and uncessant motion of the Heart whereby in the diastole 1. Diastole the extremities of it are contracted and the mucro or point ravelled up towards the Basis so that the Heart in longitude abbreviated and in latitude expansed but in the Systole or Compression it is by coangustation of the sides enlarged in longitude 2. Systole and diminished in latitude But since to the regeneration of vitall spirits and Arteriall blood are required two necessary ingredients Venal blood and the Aer and these two materiall principles cannot by one and the same motion bee attracted besides these two Ventricles recipient and elaboratory there are superadded two notable Cavities Christned by Anatomists Auriculae processes or superstructions on each side one extending to the surperior part of the Ventricles The uses whereof are 1. to inspire Aer for the refocillation or recreation of the vitall spirits and to bee the Hearts promptuaries or storehouses to receive the blood and Aer that they may not 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 with too suddain an impetuosity rush into the heart and cause suffocation 2. to fortifie and guard the Vena Arteriosa Arteria Venosa to which they are adjoyned 3. according to the doctrine of Hippocrates Lib. de Corde to serve the heart in stead of a Fan or Refrigeratory for they are therefore distended because impleted whereas the Heart by a motion quite contrary to this is therefore impleted because distended That the Heart in its Contraction and Expansion might be guarded from impediments Pericardium Nature hath constituted it a capacious membranous domicilium or Tent called the Pericardium or Purse of the heart the use whereof is 1. to defend the heart in its motion from the shocks of the circumjacent parts 2. to contain the serous Humor wherein as in Balneo the heart is refrigerated moystned and its motion facilitated Moreover since nothing can have ingresse to Vasa and regresse from the heart but through Conduits and Sluces there are for this purpose ordained four conspicuous vessells in the Basis of it two in the right and two in the left ventricle of the heart in the right are the vena Cava vena arteriosa 1. Vena Cava in the left Arteria magna Arteria Venosa 1. The hollow veine with an ample and patent orifice looks into the right sinus of the heart and into it drops blood for the generation of Arterial blood the vitall spirits and provision for the Lungs Others notwithstanding opinion that the blood redistilled and elaborated in this preparatorie is immediately distributed through the whole body 2. Vena arterialis 2. the vena Arterialis is the derivatory of blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the Longs for their nutrition and the principall materiall of the vitall spirit and blood Arteria venalis 3. The Arteria Venosa conducts the Aer extrinsecally advenient and prepared in the Lungs and the blood by the Vena Arteriosa effused from the right into the left ventricle and expells the fuliginous Exhalations and at the sameinstant conveies a parcel of the vital spirits into the Lungs 4. Aorta 4. The Aorta or grand Arterie dispenseth the vitall spirits and Arteriall blood after their Exaltation in the left ventricle into the whole body These four Sanguiducts Hippocr Lib. de Corde calls 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 c. the Fountaines of Human Nature and fructifying rivulets wherewith the purple Iland is irrigated But since each of these four Considerable vessels is ordained to a double use Ex. Gr. the Arteria Venosa doth not onely suck in Aër from the Lungs and inspire it into the left Ventricle of the Heart but also returns up the vitall spirit Valvulae and Artrerial blood to the Lunges and belcheth out the smoaky Exhalation that the substances admitted into the Heart may
everlasting light the unspotted mirror of the power of God and the image of his goodnesse ver 27. And being but one she can do all things and remaining in her self she maketh all things new c. Wherefore let us turn over leafe to our easier Lesson the Body CHAP. III. Of the Human Body and its Functions THE Human Body is by the Eternall Architect contrived and composed of Parts 1. Similar or simple which are so subdivisible 1. Similaris that every minute atomicall particle is of the same substance with the whole 2. Dissimilar Compound 2. Dissimilaris Organicall or instrumental which may be resolved or undone into lesser compound parts substantially different as the Hand may not bee divided into other hands but into Bones Muscles Veines c. To the Similar and Dissimilar is required Unity and Integrity to the Similar considered distinctly is required a just harmonious Temper to the Organicall is required decent Composition and comely Conformation which according to the Variety of Actions in each distinct member is various and severall The Temperament Temperamentum quid Crasis or Constitution is one moderrte harmonious actually simple quality resulting from the intense degrees of the four first Elementary qualities by mutuall Action and Passion in Commistion refracted and allayed And this is double 1. that which belongs to the Body quatenùs simply mixed and Compound 2. that which pertaines to it quatenùs Animate and living For in death this vanishes together with the life but in the Carcase untill its universall resolution by putrefaction the parts a long time Conserve the former Though this temper of living man which results from the harmony and determinate Conspiracy of all parts be Hot and Moist and life subsist in the same materiall principles yet there is framed a great variety of parts of which the most exquisit in Temper is the skin especially that of the Hand 1. In the Classis of Hotter parts is first ranked the Heart 2. the Liver 3. Spleen 4. Flesh of the Muscles 5. Kidnies 6. Lunges 7. Veines 8. Arteries 9. The softer oleaginous Fat or Grease 10. The harder Fat or Tallow 2. The colder are 1. the Bones 2. Cartilages or Gristles 3. Ligaments 4. Tendons 5. Nerves 6. Membranes 7. Spinall Marrow 8. Brain 3. The moister are 1. Fat 2. Marrow of the Bones 3. Brain 4. Spinal Marrow 5. Testicles 6. Duggs 7. Lunges 8. Spleen 9. Kidneies 10. musculous Flesh 11. Tongue 12. Heart 13. Softer Nerves 4. The dryer are 1. Bones 2. Ligaments 3. Tendons 4. Membranes 5. Arteries 6. Veines 7. harder Nerves This Temper proper to the body Animate consists of the Calidity Calidum innatum 1 innate or primitive 2. influxive or advenient This Calidity ingenerate subsists in the Callidum innatum For by the Calidum innatum we understand not a bare quality divorced from but resident in its subject Humidum radicale This increated Heat consists of the implanted spirit and primigenious Moisture and is exactly defined the radicall moysture exquisitely perfusEd dashed or incorporated with the implantate Spirit Spiritus insitus and native warmth For these three viz. Heat Spirit and Originary Balsame are by so subtile and firm an Union married that they admit no possibility of divorce or Extraction Which mysterious trine-unity the amazed Philosopher Lib. 2. de Gen. Animal cap. 3. calls 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 This Originary heat disseminated and diffused principally in the spermatick parts called by Arist 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 but chiefly radicate and seated in the heart for the same reason by Galen surnamed 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Focum Calidi innati Is the grand instrument whereby the Soul doth enterprise and perform all her actions corporeal and is the Taper of life which while drenched with a wealthy revenue of primitive oyle diffuseth a vigorous and orient lustre In the second or consistent age when there is no contributing unto but a prodigal wast of the unctious pretious fuel begins to wane and yeelds but pale and sickly flames in the last age or natural marasm for extream poverty winks out and an everlasting midnight succeeds The influent conserves fosters Calor influens and invigorats the congenerate heat by mediation of the spirits which are most subtle volatile bodies materially the most refined meteorized exalted part of the blood associated with the Calidum innatum become the proxim and principal instrument in the execution of all actions and enable the faculties of the Soul to arrive at the second act That these spirits are the tie or obligation of the Faculties and that the Faculties flow from the more into the lesse noble parts by the coadjutancy of them is a Doctrine popular yet discordant to truth For since the faculties are inseparable proprieties of the Soul she is diffusively equally resident in every part we shall affront our reason not to infer that she is every where richly provided of her own efficacious faculties and receives them not at second hand or by the indigent way of mutuation Great is the variety of opinions concerning these spirits Spiritus numero tres viz. for one sect substracts them to a numberlesse unity a second multiplies them to a superfluous plurality a third and most regular computes a a trinity to which opinion as in neerest cognation to verity we adhere For though the originary material of them all be the same viz. the purified and most sublimed part of the blood yet they admit a divers impression and distinct form according to the diversity of parts wherein they receive elaboration and spirituousnesse and are comparated and destined to divers and distinct uses and are only 1. the Natural 2. Vitall 3. Animal Concerning the existence of the natural Spirit 1. Naturalis many suspend their determination and we although we admit it into the number of spirits must acknowledge no small graduall difference betwixt it and the two other neither do we concede it charged with the same office that the other bear Generated it is in the liver contained in the veines and is a subtle spiritual body produced from the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or rarefaction of the blood and becomes a subministred material to the Vital spirit Which all men concede to be generated in the left ventricle of the heart from the Natural spirit 2. Vitalis flowing into the right Ventricle of it there attenuated and more elaborate and the aire attracted by inspiration and dilatation of the Arteries This spirit is not only in the heart concurring with the innate heat of the same the principal instrument of all its actions but by the arteries diffused into the whole body cherishes excites and impraegnates the congenerate heat in every part whence it derives the appellation of Calidum influens This also is the prime materiall of the Animal spirit The partiality of some 3. Animalis to magnifie the prerogative and enlarge the dominion of
not rebound back by the same way they entered before they have attained full trāsmutation and intended perfection or what is effused from the Heart may not remeate into it again the omniscient Contriver hath annexed eleven Values or Flood-gates to the orifices of these vessels two to the Arteria Venosa and three apiece to the other three To the Vena Cava are signed three called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 tricuspides three-pointed Values that look inwards that the blood may have intraction into the right Ventricle but no regression into the hollow veine 2. Contrarily those of the Vena Arteriosa named from their figure Sigmodies Semi-Cynthian Values shut inwardly but open outwardly that the blood may have Eructation but be denied readmission 3. the two Janitors allowed to the Arteria Venosa being conjoined represent an Episcopall Mitre open outwardly and shut inwardly and forbid the reflux of the emitted vitall spirit and fuliginous expiration 4. Those affixed to the Grand Arterie are three semicircular or halfmooned look outwardly and occlude inwardly that the Arteriall blood and vitall spirit powred out for the vivifying supportment of the whole may not remeat into the left Ventricle The Ductus Pipes or Conduits Arteria through which the heart transmits vitall heat spirits and blood to the whole body are branches of the Aorta which are also dilated and contracted Pulsus quid and by this motion draw in the Ambient Aer through the spiramina or slender evaporatories of the skin and distribute the vitall spirits and arteriall blood which motion of the heart and Arteries is called the Pulse Which consists of two Contrary motions a Diastole or dilatation Arteriarum 1. Diastole a Systole or Coanguistation after a momentary respite or articulate intervall of time mutually succeeding each other 1. in the Diastole the heart is impleted with Aer and Blood drawn in from the Lunges by the Arteria Venosa and the Arteries through their subcutaneous orifices attract a convenient quantity of the environing Aer 2. in the Systole the heart 2. Systole by the great Arterie delivers out vitall heate and Arteriall blood invigorated with vitall spirits for the Conservation of all and by the Arteria Venosa discharges the smoky effumations and the Arteries by their small ostiaries squeeze out their vaporous superfluities which action is termed 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 insensible Transpiration Again Pulmones in the regard the inspired Aer must part with its intense frigidity be refracted and suffer some graduall mutation before it penetrate to the heart the prudent Conformator hath instituted Respiration provided 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Respirators Lungs as the praeipuous Organs thereof For although the Thorax and other neighbouring parts may be allowed causes sine qua non and contribut their inserviency to respiration modo secundario yet primarily as from its Causator this motion flowes from the Lungs to which as well as to the heart and brain by the inviolable Charter of Nature is granted a peculiar innate power to dilate and contract themselves * Et si meritò concedamus hanc de Pulmonum thoracis motu litem nostro arbitrio discerni non posse tamen motum Pulmonum ab insita iis facultate non thoracis motum sequi prosicisci veritati maximè consentaneum videtur peritissimorum Anatomicorum observationibus ac rationibus confirmatur which in living Anatomies and vulnerary perforations of the Thorax may with easie animadversion be confirmed For neither is Respiration a motion arbritrary or dependent on the injunctiō of our wil nor are the Lungs dilated ob fugamvacui which would accuse Nature of the want of forecast and shifting into one absurdity to avoid another when the Thorax is distended but they are moved by their owne inherent virtue respiratory and the Lunges and Thorax are therefore in one and the same instant moved because they conspire to one and the same end But that this might be with the greater convenience performed and the Lungs have a room accommodate to their motion the Animall Faculty at the same instant moves the Thorax These two motions keep time together and observe so even a proportion in Expansion Coarction that some have thence hinted the error that they are regulated by one and the same faculty Neither are the lungs distended because repleted as a bladder by the inflation of Aer but since there is no inflatorie instrument that should from without puffe Aer into them are therefore repleted because dilated as in a bellous the cause of its repletion is dilation This 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Respiration is compounded of two contrary successive motions 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Inspiration and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Expiration 1. Inspiratio and a short quies intervening 1. In inspiration the Lungs and Thorax being dilated the Aer by the mouth and nostrils is drawne in for the fanning and refrigeration of the heart and generation of the vital spirits 2. Expiratio 2. In Expiration the Lungs and Thorax being compressed the Fuliginous Excrements which in winter when the intense frigidity of the furrounding aire condenses them are visible are by the mouth and nostrils excluded And for this reason Excrementa Fuliginosa that both a plentiful proportion of Aer may be sucked by and contained in them the Lungs in magnitude proportionably exceed any other of the Viscera and have obtained a porous spongy substance The Fistula or Cane that conveys the inspired Aer from the mouth and nostrils into the lungs Aspera Arteria Ejus is the Aspera Arteria or Trachea with our Nation the Weazon or Wind-pipe whose superiour part from the Larynx to the Bronchi is one single trunc Bronchi but the inferior is devaricated into innumerable smaller branches or disseminations by Hippocrates surnamed Syringae and distributed into all quarters of the lungs for their total implection with Aer which the vessells extended from the heart receive and defer into the ventricles of it And since we cannot the shortest account of time survive the defect of Aer both to ventilate and allay the fervour of our cordial fire which would else intend to conflagration and terrify our heart to Cynders Conformationis ratio and to recruit our vitall spirits so prodigally exhausted This Aspera Arteria is contrived of many round annular or rather sigmoidall Cartilages connexed by intermediate ligaments that by this structure it might be alwaies kept open and we secured from strangulation which immediately succeeds its concision But that our deglutition might not prove our destruction and no part of our meat and no more of our drink then may only betermed a guttulous irrigation might drop down into the Trachea or rough arterie to the hazard of suffocation providence hath in the upper