power of performing are carried by these Spirits from the principal parts for the faculties of the soul are unseparable proprieties and the soul is fitted with its faculty in all its parts nor doth it take them from any other parts but there useth them where it hath fit instruments These Spirits are of three sorts Spirits how many forts Natural Vital Animal The Natural are generated in the Liver and are said to flow from thence into all the parts of the body but although the name of Spirit may in some measure be attributed to the most thin and subtile parts of the blood which oftentimes comes forth out of the Veins with the blood yet there is not a little difference betwixt them and the other Spirits properly so called The natural Spirit and so properly doth not deserve the â—â—me of Spirits as the rest do since they are not the proper instruâ—ents of our actions nor the bond of the soul which uniteth it â—â—th the body and is not generated in any peculiar cavity as the â—â—ital Spirits are It s use The use of the Natural Spirits are to strengthen â—â—e Innate Spirit in all its parts that it may supply the Vital Spirits â—â—th matter and may serve for the more convenient distribution of blood through the Veins The Vital Spirit is generated in the heart The Vital Spirits whence generated of the thinnest and purest blood or the natural Spirit commonly so called and aêr by hâ—â—p of respiration drawn by the dilatatian of the Arteries in the left Ventricle of the heart and being there freed from all fuliginous vapours is distributed through the Arteries into all the parts of the body but the Blood out of which this Spirit is generated for the most part is conveyed through the arterious vein from the right Ventricle of the heart into the Lungs and from thence with aër drawn by breathing in is carried through the arterious vein into the left Ventricle of the heart Their Uses Now this Spirit with its innate heat in the heart is not onely the chief instrument of the actions of the heart but is distributed through the Arteries into the whole body and stirreth up cherisheth increaseth and strengthneth the innate heat in all the parts and doth as it were give action and perfection thereunto whence it is called by some the Influent heat besides which it affords matter fit for the generation of the animal spirits Thirdly The Animal Spirâ—t there are Animal spirits really different from the Viâ—â—l for they are generated in a peculiar place namely the Brain and â—om thence through peculiar Channels to wit Nerves are disperâ—d over the whole body nor can the Vital Spirit perform what the Animal can fince it is a living part orespread with a Vital Spirit Neverthelesse being toucht may be deprived of sense and motion â—â—rough the defect of the Vital Spirit They are generated of the â—urest part of that blood Where and whence generated which is contained in the comers or caâ—ities of the brain which comes from the mixt vein and artery â—nd is orespread with the vital and natural Spirit the purest part â—eing poured out through little branches and small furrows in the â—bstance of the brain for in this and not in the Ventricles of the brain the purest and most subtile part of the blood is changed into animal spirits It s Uses The Animal Spirit serves for the use of living â—â—eatures namely to perform internal and external senses as alâ—â— it serves for motion in Animals and its presence occasioneth â—he faculty of the soul actually to perform the operations of the â—nternal and external senses and it perfecteth animal motion and â—an occasion local motion CHAP. VII Of the natural constitution of Organick parts and the common Unity of parts alike and not alike called similar and dissimilar parts THe natural Constitution of the Organick parts The natural constitution of the Organick parts consist â—â— the due composition and a convenient knitting of the 〈◊〉 milar parts into one form fit and profitable for action for making up whereof these things ensuing are necessary First Their Number a certain number of the parts compounding whicâ— in some are lesse others more according as the instrument are more or lesse compounded till at length there is made up a perfect instrument which can perform perfect actions Secondly Magnirude a due magnitude of the parts compounding being neither bigger nor lesser then they ought Thirdly Conformation due framing which comprehends first a convenienâ— figure secondly cavities and pores that in case a part be noâ— solid but porous it may contain the just number and magnitude of those pores thirdly a certain disposition of the secundary qualities namely that some parts may have a sharp superficies some parts light others heavy some soft others hard some coloured others not light colour or dark colour according as the nature and use of the part requireth Site and connexion Fourthly situation and connexion that every part may be in its own place and may agree with others Lastly it is requisite that there be a common unity aâ— well of parts alike as disalike which is a coherence and growing together of divers bodies into one Unity which if it be wanting and taken away the natural action is hindred CHAP. VIII Of the faculties of the Soul and of the differences of actions iâ— mans body AFter that we have shewed wherein health consists The actions and differences of the faculties of the mind and what iâ— requisite for the performing of actions now we are to explainâ— what are the differences of the faculties of the mind and of actions in a body Physitians whom we here follow divide Actions for theiâ— purpose into Natural Vital and Animal according to the three principal members the Liver Heart and Brain by which all Actions in the body are governed For Physitians purposes are not the same with Philosophers to inquire or search the kindâ— or differences of Souls of living creatures which appears by the diâ—â—inct manners of life which is in Plants in brute beastes living â—treatures and man but onely ought to find out in man the difâ—erences of actions whose actions it is their businesse to preserve and if offended to restore and moreover a Physitian doth not so much consider the faculties themselves which hurt not as the Organs and instruments and then distinguish actions according to the differences of them CHAP. IX Of the Natural faculty and first of Nutrition and Augmentation THat we may begin with the natural faculty The principal natural faculties I mean the Natural faculty so called peculiarly by Physitians for as it is taken generally it is opposed to preternatural and so the Vital and Aniâ—mal faculties may be called Natural The Natural faculty by the Philosophers is called a growing or flourishing power All its actions tend to the preservation of its kind
the Vital Spirits should be carried from the heart of the Child to the exterior parts thereof namely the Secondines and the Urine-passage which is carried from the bottom of the bladder unto the Navel The time from the conception to the bringing forth Physitians divide into two parts the first is called the time of formation from the conception till the time when first the Child begins to move the second the time of adorning which is the time from its motion till its coming forth Of adorning Hippocrates in his book of the Nativity of a Child makes the time of Females formation to be two and fourty dayes but males thirty dayes which is to be conceived from their more imperfect formation but afterwards nature more elaborately frames the parts which are not framed in males till three months nor in females till the fourth month When all the members are framed and rendred more firm the Infant begins to spring and kick in males in the third in females in â—e fourth month as t is commonly reported so that the time of â—rmation being doubled is the time of quickning The time of motion the time of moâ—â—on being trebled is the time of bringing forth Yet one quickning 〈◊〉 more obscure another more manifest which about the middle of time of a Womans going with Child as all Women commonly perswade themselves is first perceived The time that Women go with Child although it be uncertain and various yet for the most part The time of birth it is nine months end or the beginning of the tenth month that a natural birth happens for the most part such Children as live come into the World at that time and that time for humane birth is most natural But before half a years time experience tells us that a Child can hardly be brought forth and live and if it so happen that before the scaventh month be ended a Child be borne and live it is a great rarity and very strange But in the seaventh month because the perfection is finished of all the parts the Child may live and especially which as Hippocrates in his book of beginnings says is of two hundred and ten dayes that is about the end of the seaventh month brought forth But Hippocrates says that a Child borne in the eighth month cannot live Yet others say that some that are borne in the eighth month may live After the tenth month the Child being great wants nourishment and roome to be in although we read some are delivered after the tenth month yet that is seldome The time of legitimate birth For a legitimate birth according to the Law of Nature is then when there is not roome enough for the Child to live and move in nor aliment enough to satisfy him for then 't is time to shake off his shackles those tunicles and indeavour to make away for its own birth and the Mother finds paines and the womb strives to put out that bagg and by its expulsive faculty sends forth the young which thing the Voluntary endeavour of the mother much helpeth which is done by her contracting her Spirits and depression of her Midriff and squeesing the muscles of the paunch CHAP. XI Of the Vital Faculty THE Vital faculty which Physitians call the second faculty although some would refer it to the Animal The Vital faculty differs from the other faculries some to the Natural faculty and others think it to be mixed of them both Yet since it differs not only from those actions which are performed by the natural and Animal faculties but also goes forth by its own organs nor doth it move hither and thither by the assistance of the Animal Spirits but by its own proper Spirits which from thence are called Vital Spirits it is deservedly to be esteemed a peculiar faculty diâ—â—inct from the Vegetable and Animal faculties There are three sorts of Vital faculties Its actions are three and so many motions of the heart wherein they relide The first is the generation of the Vital Spirit and heat The second is the Pulse The third is the Irascible faculty The first to wit Generation of Vital Spirits A Pulse It s definition Of Dilating Of Contracting is the generation of the Vital Spirits and influent heat The second without the which the first cannot perform its office is the Pulse namely the motion of the heart and of the Arteries consisting in dilating and contracting that so the Vital Spirits may be generated and distributed and the natural heat may be preserved in its natural harmony By Dilatation the heart is filled and attracts to its self air with blood from the right Ventricle by the Venous Artery which goes from thence to the heart and attracts from the lungs air and blood by help of the Arterial Vein into the left Ventricle of the heart for the generation and refreshing and restauration of the Vital Spirits and heat By the Systole or Contraction of the Heart it distributeth the Vital Spirits and Arterious blood through and by the help of the great Artery into the whole body and sends the fuliginous excrements to the Lungs by the Arterial Vein In like manner the Dilatation of the Artery through its little Orifices terminating in the skin attracts to it self ambient air to form and cool its heat the Orifices that are terminated neer the Heart draw from it the hottest and thinnest blood full of Vital Spirit But as the mouths of the Arteries with the Orifices of the Veins do draw the purest and finest Spirits to fostet and cherish their heat but by Contraction they expâ—l fuliginous excrements which action is called a steaming through or transpiration which is made through the hidden Pores of the skin and by the Latines is called Transpiratio In the third place the Irascible faculty belongeth to the Vital faculty The Irascible faculty from whence Anger Joy Fear Sadness and terrour and other passions of the mind arise And that its residence is in the Heart is most evident because the motion of the Heart and the Pulse of the Arteries are most evidently changed in the passions of the mind Respiration is also added to the Vital faculty as principally necessary to further its action Breathing and hath the same end and purpose as the Pulse hath and is instituted for the benefit of the Heart It is performed principally by the Lungs and the Lungs are as it were the fan or bedows of the Heart and are the primary Instruments of breathing and are indued with a peculiar power of moving themselves even as the Heart is differing only from the Animal faculty Nor are the Lungs moved only by the motion of the breast but by their proper force and power The motion fo the Lungs And although the motion of the Lungs and Breasts are made together yet neither are the cause of the others motion but they therefore move together because they conspire to bring one
the Kidnies Cooling the Reines Mallowes Lettice Purslan Pellitory Barley the foure great cold Seeds Poppy Lettice Fleawort Quinces Pepons Stone-berries Violets Flowers of Water-lillies Camphire Santalls Sorrell Iuice of Lymons Melons Currants Things Heating the Womb Heating the Womb. Mug-wort Mother-wort Bettony Dittany and Origanum Penny-royall alamints Marjerom Sage Time Bawme Summer or Winter Savory Rue Rosemary Bay-leaves Flowers of Camomil Cumminseed Anni-seed Fennel-seed Carrot seed Parsley Smallage Roots of Birthwort Red Madder of Eringo Fennel Parsley Sparagus Burnet Angelica Valerian Master-wort the meate and liquor of the Indian Nut Bay-beerries Iuniper-Berries Cloves Nutmegs Mace Sweet garden flag Cinamon Worm-seed Saffron Galingale Mirrh Castor Things cooling the Wombe Water-lillies Violets Roses Cooling the Womb. Quinces and the Sirrup thereof Purslane Lettice Garden-Endine Hot simples belonging to the joynts the Gout and diseases of the sinews Marjerom one Berry Herbe Lovage Bettony Groundpine Rosemary Sage Bay-leaves Lavender Staechados Mugwort and most of the chephalicks Castor earth Wormes CHAP. V. Of extenuating and preparing of humours OVt of this forme of humours are sought digerent Of cleansing and preparing digestive or preparing things so called all which since they hinder nature in acting take away and change the qualities which resist the action of native heat namely they coole too much those things that are hot and heate too much those things that are two cold they moisten dry things and dry up moist things they attenuate what is thick and incrassate what is thin Namely yellow choler is to bee corrected with cooling Cholers moistning and thickning things Phleagme is to be prepared with heating drying and attenuating things melancholy humors are to bee corrected with things moderately heating moistning and attenuating black Choler is to be prepared with things that are very moistning attenuating And those things are to be used which are fitted to every part according as the humour resides in this or that part cold cephalicks prepare and digest choler in the head cold Thoracicks in the Breast cold Cardiaacks in the heart things cooling the Ventricle in the stomack cold Hepaticks in the Liver Hot Cephalicks prepare Flegme in the head Phlegme hot Thoracicks in the Breast hot things appropriated to the Ventricle prepare flegme in the stomack hot Hepaticks in the Liver things heating the Reines in the Reines hot things appropriated to the Womb in the Womb. These things prepare Melancholy Melancholly and black choller and black Choler Fumitory Buglosse Burrage Spleen-wort Bawme a kind of bind weed growing about flax Venus haire common Germander ground-pine Hops Barkes of Citrons Fennell Rosemary juice of Apples Ceterach Capers Epithymum Violets Butchers Broome the flowres and seed of Tamariske of Basil Ashen Keyes CHAP. VI. Of Emollients Relaxing Rarfying c. EMollients are those things which power our that which is concreate Emollients such are those things which neither are very hot nor exceeding dry many hot in the second degree and something moist and moreover having a clammy or emplastick force such as are the Leaves and Roots of Mallowes and Marsh Mallowes the Roots of white Lillies Orach English Mercury the Seed of Mallowes Sesami a white graine growing in India Flax Fenugreeke Marsh mallowes Fat Figs Simple Oiles the Fat of Hens Sowes Fat Calves Kidds Sheeps Fat and such like almost all Marrowes fresh Butter Wax Pitch Rosin Bdellium Amoniack Storax melted Ladanum Galbanum To these are opposed hardning and binding things Things hardning Loosening which are cold and moist Sengreen or life everlasting purslan Fleawort Ducks-meat Night-shade Things loosening are compared to those things which bind which joyning together humors contrary to nature become hard and are especially those which when certaine matter or a vapour or Wind fills the space of the parts and extends them rarifies them and attenuates and discusses an unsavory spirit and matter such are those things that are moderately hot moisten more largely and are of a thinner substance that they easily penetrate and are not hindred by thicknesse as Lillies Oile of Camomil Flaxseed Fenugreek Fat 's Butter Greazy wool and such like Condensing things Condenseing are of a more watry nature and contract more weakly and moreover they close the thin and externall Pores they contract and condense but they cannot contract the whole part on every side and powerfully such are cold water Purslan Sengreen Fleawort Mouse-eare Ducks meate Thistles green Houseleek the greater and the lesser Stiptick things are cold and astringent Binding and Stopping condensing and of a thick substance for being applyed externally by their thicknesse they stop the pores and by their frigidity and siccity they contract the part and close them into one another of that kind are those which are otherwise called binding or astringent the Barks of Pomegranates Frankinsence Mirobolanes the Roots of Tormentill Rhubarbe Torrified Plantine Horse-taile little double Dazies Blood-wort or Wall-wort the Floures of Pomegranates Flowers of Roses Sorrell seeds as of Plantine Roses Purslan Ciprus-nuts Mirtles Quinces Pares Medlars Mulberries not ripe Ceruises or swallow Pares the fruit of a Cornell or Dogg Tree Oake Apples Kernels of Grapes Cups of Acorns the red juice of Wax or Hony in the Hony-Combs also such juice of Wild Hony Acacia Mastick Vermillion Spode which is soot arising in the rising of Brasse Pearles Coral Bolearmenack Irish flat Allum Lapis Haematites or Bloodstone Iron To condensing things are opposed rarifying things Rarifying and to astringent things opening things rarifying things are those which open the Pores of the Skin and render the passages wider that Vapours may be blowne or breathed out the better such medicines are hot but moderately of thin parts and not drying as Marsh-mallowes English Mercury Dill Flowers of Camomill of Melilot of Elders seed of Fenugreek Flax dry Figs old Oile Butter Opening things are those as dilate the Orifices of the Vessels whence they may be called in generall aperient Opening the mouths of Vessels yet those are principally called aperient which penetrate deeper and attenuate the thick humors and are hot in the second degree endued with somewhat a thicker substance and are not easily dissipated untill they have performed their operation A hemating and to this purpose bitter things are very usefull next to these are attenuating and cutting which divide dissolve and make lesse those attenuate the thick these the viscide and glutinous humours and are moreover of a thinner substance and hot for the most part in the third degree also sharpe and such as appeare biting and hot to the smell or taste or to them both and have a nitrous and salt savour or they are sharpe and bitter such are the five opening Rootes Opening so called that is of smallage Fennell Sparagus Parsley and Butchers broome Grasse Cichory Eringo Rootes Gentian Ferne wild or Garden madder Century the greater Asarabecca Capers of Tamarisk of Ashes Fumetary Wormewood Agrimony Venus
most part is thin and often makes toward the extremties of the body and is often full of malignity 't is conveniently expelled by sweat CHAP. XVII Of intermitting Fevers in general AFter continued Fevers intermitting are to be explained Intermitting Fevers But although the Ancients did extend the name of intermitting Fevers more largely and attributed the same to all Fevers which admit of some change of heat and are sometimes exasperated sometimes remitted and so to continued periodicks yet afterwards use brought it to pass that those Fevers only were called intermittent which sometimes cease and come to that apurexy or want of fire The proximate cause of an intermitting Fever is a putred vapour their proximate cause elevated from the putrefaction of excrementitious humours not continually as in continued Fevers but by certain intervalls sent to the heart and heating the same contrary to nature But how it comes to pass The fire place of Intermitting Fevers that the putred vapour is not continually sent to the heart but at certain times is very obscure For the explanation whereof since the knowledge of the place wherein putrefaction ariseth doth not a little conduce and whence the putred vapours are communicated to the heart which Galen calls the Furnace and Chimney in his 2. of the differences of Fevers cap. the last and in his 15. of the method of curing cap. the fourth that therefore is first to be explained But since 't is beyond the bounds of our Breviary of Institutions to reckon up the various and different opinions of Physicians concerning it we will here set down that opinion which we think truest The Chimney or Furnace and place wherein the matter the cause of intermitting Fevers is generated are the Mesaraick veins wherein the matter which sufficeth to irritate each single Paroxism is generated during the time of its interval And that many things which happen about intermitting Fevers do prove namely Loathing Vomitting Dolor of the heart Extension and pain of the Midriffe Intumescence about the Ventricle Bitterness about the mouth Belching and such like for in the beginning of intermitting Fevers pure choller is often ejected by vomit in great abundance which out of the more remote veins could not be evacuated in that manner and about the cava of the Liver Fernelius says he hath found the quantity of a pound by weight after the death of a Patient This choler being cast out the Fever is often cured which is a sign that it is the cause of the Fever and that it is collected in those first ways or passages Which Fomentations also used to the Hypocondries at the beginning of a Paroxysm shews by the mitigation of the trembling and shaking This matter is gather'd together in the Mesaraick veins a long time before it brings forth a Fever but when it begins to putrefie grow hot and be changed its heat being diffused over the whole body it exciteth a Fever which when it is dispersed the fevourish heat and Paroxism ceaseth and the Fever leaveth so long as till new matter which in like manner putrifieth in its due time is generated But although the matter which is the cause of intermitting Fevers be generated in the Mesaraick veins and first passages the cause of intermitting Fevers conteined in the vâ—na cava Yet the whole doth not reside and continue included in them but is sent to the vena cava and arteries both during the fit and out of the same Nor is it here necessary to seek for occult and blind passages through which the putred vapours should be sent to the heart during the Paroxism since there are manifest passages enough for the branches of the Gate-vein are inserted into the substance of the Liver and the mouths of these have communion with the vena cava and the arteries going from the heart are joyned in the stomack guts spleen and other parts to the Mesaraick veins Yet 't is probable that the fevourish matter may be communicated to the veins not principally and only in the Paroxism but moreover some part thereof by that passage which is from the Meseraick veins to the Liver continually may be carried to them whence both by Galen 1. de cris cap. 7. and other Physicians a Fever is called a passion of a venemous nature And that is first manifest from the urines which shew evident notes of crudity and concoction in Intermittents Hence also it comes to pass that urines during the Paroxisms are laudable and like to theirs who are well since that the peccant humor is then protruded by nature out of the veins towards the circumference of the body and so the blood in the veins is become purer which again in the intervals of fits is polluted by the vitious humour proceeding from the chimney of the Fever The same is manifest out of those things which happen at the beginning of a fit and at that time which the Greeks call Episemasian for then spontaneous lassitudes stretching compression of pulses and other things happen which indicate that the matter which is to stir the Fever begins to be moved and as it were to swell in those common vessels veins and arteries That vitious humour accumulated partly in the Mesaraick veins partly in the vena cava when in time it putrifieth nature stimulated and irritated oftentimes strives several ways first by vomit and stool afterwards by sweats and urine sensibly to evacuate the same as also through the pores of the skin and by insensible transpiration it may discuss the same being resolved into vapours and steam For since that peccant humour is not exactly mingled with the blood but confusedly nature may easily seperate the same from the good blood and may shake it off each single fit which being discussed since putred vapours cannot any more be communicated to the heart the Fever also ceaseth and apurexie ensueth But because that as long as the Fever continueth some seeds and sparks are left in the granary and chimney Causes of the return of fits and seeing that there is imbecillity in the part 't is necessary that the humour flowing to it although it be good should be defiled with that pollution and excrement which was left as it were with leaven and through the debility of the part be corrupted and so new matter of a future Paroxism be generated And these fits continue and so often return until that those seeds that putrefaction and those sparks are fully taken away from thence and the weakness of that part restored Yet it seems probable that the whole matter which is the cause of a Fever doth not putrifie together in the first Paroxism but that part which is apt to putrefaction in the other fits the rest until the whole be putrified and consumed By these things it is manifest both where the matter that is the cause of putred Fevers is generated Cause of 〈◊〉 how it causeth a fit by what ways it is evacuated and