Ventricles of the Heart where kept in by the density thereof they turn into yellowish moisture as we see it happens in an Alembeck The Consistence Nature would have the Pericardium of a dense and hard consistence that by the force thereof the Heart might be kept in better state for if the Pericardium had been bony it would have made the Heart like iron by the continual attrition on the contrary if it had been soft and fungous it would have made it spongy and soft like the Lungs CHAP. XI Of the Heart What the Heart is and of what substance THe Heart is the chief mansion of the Soul the organ of the vital faculty the beginning of life the fountain of the vital spirits and so consequently the continual nourisherer of the vital heat the first living and last dying which because it must have a natural motion of it self was made of a dense solid and more compact substance than any other part of the body The three sorts of fibers of the Heart The flesh thereof is woven with three sorts of fibers for it hath the right in the inner part descending from the basis into the point that they might dilate it and so draw the blood from the Hollow-vein into the receptacles thereof and the breath or air from the Lungs by the Arteria venosa it hath the transverse without which pass through the right at right angles to contract the Heart and so drive the vital spirits into the great Artery Aorta and the cholerick blood to the Lungs by the Vena arteriosa for their nourishment It hath the oblique in the midst to contain the air and blood drawn thither by the forementioned vessels until they be sufficiently elaborate by the Heart All these fibers do their parts by contracting themselves towards the original as the right from the point of the Heart towards the basis whereby it comes to pass that by this contraction of the fibers the Heart dilated becomes shorter but broader no otherwise than it is made more long and narrow by the contraction of the tranverse but by the drawing of the oblique it is lessened in that part which looks towards the Vertebra's which chiefly appears in the point thereof The Magnitude It is of an indifferent bigness but yet in some bigger in some less according to the diverse temper of cold or hot men as we noted in the Liver Figure The figure thereof is pyramidal that is it is broader in the basis and narrower at his round point Composition It is composed of the most dense flesh of all the body by the affusion of blood at the divisions and foldings of the vessels and there concrete as it happens also to the other entrails For the blood being there a little more dryed than that which is concrete for the making of the Liver turns into a fleshy substance more dense than the common flesh even as in hollow ulcers when they come to cicatrize The proper Vessels It hath the Coronal veins and arteries which it receives either on the right side from the Hollow vein or on the left from the basis at the entrance of the artery Aorta You cannot by your eye discern that the Heart hath any other nerves than those which come to it with the Pleura The Nerves Yet I have plainly enough observed others in certain Beasts which have great hearts as Swine they appeared seated under the fat which covers the vessels and basis of the Heart lest the humid substance of these parts should be dissolved and dissipated by the burning heat of the heart Whereby you may perceive that the heat of the Heart is different from the Elementary heat as that which suffers fat to grow about this entrail where otherwise it doth not concrete unless by cold or a remiss heat which thing is chiefly worth admiration The Heart is one alone situate most commonly upon the fourth vertebra of the Chest Number and site which is in the midst of the Chest Yet some think that it inclines somewhat to the left side because we there feel the motion or beating thereof but that happens by reason of its left ventricle which being it is filled with many spirits and the beginning of the Arteries it beats far more vehemently than the right It required that seat by the decree of Nature because that region is the most safe and armed besides it is here on every side covered as it were with the hands of the Lungs It hath connexion with the fore-mentioned Vertebra's but by the parts composing it Connexion with those parts from whence it hath them with the Lungs by the Vena arteriosa and the Arteria venosa and lastly with all the parts of the body by the Arteries which it sends to them all It is of a hot and moist temper as every fleshy part is The action thereof is Temper and action first to prepare the blood in its right ventricle for the fit nourishment of the Lungs for from hence it is that Galen saith This right ventricle was made for the necessity of the Lungs Secondly to generate the vital spirits in its left ventricle for the use of the whole body What the vital spirit is But this spirit is nothing else than a certain middle substance between air and blood fit to preserve and carry the native heat wherefore it is named the Vital as being the author and preserver of life In the inner parts of the heart there present themselves to our consideration the ventricles and the parts contained in the ventricles and between them such are the Valvulae or Valves the Vessels and their mouths their distribution into the Lungs the wall or partition and the two productions or Ears of the Heart which because they are doubtful whether they may be reckoned amongst the external or internal parts of the heart I will here handle in the first place Therefore these Auriculae or Ears are of a soft and nervous substance The Auriculae Cordis or ears of the heart compact of three sorts of fibers that so by their softness they might the more easily follow the motions of the Heart and so break the violence of the matter entering the Heart with great force when it is dilated For otherwise by their violent and abundant entrance they might hurt the Heart and as it were overwhelm and suffocate it but they have that capacity which we see given by nature that so they might as it were keep in store the blood and air and then by little and little draw it forth for the use of the necessity of the Heart But if any enquire if such matters may be drawn into the Heart by the only force of the Diastole ad fugam vacui for avoiding of emptiness I will answer That that drawing in or attraction is caused by the heat of the Heart which continually draws these matters to it no otherwise than
a fire draws the adjacent air and the flame of a Candle the Tallow which is about the wiek for nourishments sake Whilst the Heart is dilated it draws the air whilst it is drawn together or contracted it expels it This motion of the Heart is absolutely natural as the motion of the Longs is animal Some add a third cause of the attraction of the Heart to wit the similitude of the whole substance But in my judgment this rather takes place in that attraction which is of blood by the venae coronales for the proper nourishment of the Heart than in that which is performed for attraction of matters for the benefit of the whole Body These Ears differ in quantity for the right is far more capacious than the left Their magnitude and Number because it was made to receive a greater abundance of matter They are two in number on each side one situate at the basis of the Heart The greater at the entrance of the hollow vein into the Heart the less at the entrance of the veinous and of the great Artery with which parts they both have connexion We have formerly declared what use they have that is Their use to break the violence of the matters and besides to be stays or props to the Arteria venosa and great Artery which could not sustain so rapid and violent a motion as that of the Heart by reason of their tenderness of substance Of the Ventricles of the Heart THe Ventricles are in number two on each side one The partition between the ventricles of the heart distinguished with a fleshy partition strong enough having many holes in the superficies yet no where piercing through The right of these Ventricles is the bigger and encompassed with the softer and rarer flesh the left is the lesser but is engirt with a threefold more dense and compact flesh for the right Ventricle was made for a place to receive the blood brought by the hollow-vein and for distributing of it partly by the Vena arteriosa into the lungs for their nourishment partly into the left ventricle by sweating through the wall or partition to yield matter for the generation of the vital spirits Therefore because it was needful there should be so great a quantity of this blood Why the right ventricle is more capacious and less compact it was likewise fit that there should be a place proportionable to receive that matter And because the blood which was to be received in the right ventricle was more thick it was not so needful that the flesh to contain it should be so compact but on the contrary the arterious blood and vital spirit have need of a more dense receptacle for fear of wasting and lest they should vanish into air and also less room that so the heat being united might become the stronger and more powerfully set upon the elaboration of the blood and spirits Therefore the right Ventricle of the Heart is made for preparation of the blood appointed for the nourishment of the Lungs and the generation of the vital spirits The action of the right ventricle as the Lungs are made for the mitification or qualifying of the Air. Which works were necessary if the Physical Axiome be true That like is nourished by like as the rare and spongious Lungs with more subtil blood the substance of the Heart gross and dense with the veinous blood as it flows from the Liver that is gross The action of the left ventricle And it hath its Coronal veins from the Hollow-vein that it might thence draw as much as should be sufficient But the left Ventricle is for the perfecting of the vital spirit and the preservation of the native heat Of the Orifices and Valves of the Heart The uses of the four orifices of the Heart THere be four Orifices of the Heart two in the right and as many in the left Ventricle the greater of the two former gives passage to the vein or the blood carryed by the Hollow-vein to the Heart the lesser opens a passage to the Vena arteriosa or the cholerick blood carried in it for the nourishment of the Lungs The larger of the two other makes a way for the distribution of the Artery Aorta and the vital spirit through all the body but the lesser gives egress and regress to the Ateria venosa or to the air and fuliginous vapors And because it was convenient that the matters should be admitted into their proper Ventricles by these orifices by the Diastole to wit into the right ventricle by the greater orifice and into the left by the lesser and because on the contrary it was fit that the matters should be expelled by the Systole from their ventricles by the fore-mentioned orifices The Valves Therefore nature to all these orifices hath put eleaven valves that is to say six in the right ventricle that there might be three to each orifice five in the left that the greater orifice might have three and the lesser two for the reason we will presently give How they differ These Valves differ many ways First in action for some of them carry in matter to the Heart others hinder that which is gone out that it come not back again Secondly they differ in site Action Site Figure for those which bring in have membranes without looking in those which carry out have them within looking out Thirdly in figure for those which carry in have a Pyramidal figure but those which hinder the coming back again are made in the shape of the Roman letter C. Fourthly Substance in substance for the former for the most part are fleshy or woven with fleshy fibers into certain fleshy knots ending towards the point of the heart The latter are wholly membranous Number Fiftly they differ in number for there be only five which bring in three in the right ventricle at the greater orifice and two in the left at the lesser orifice those which prohibit the coming back Motion are six in each ventricle three at each orifice Lastly they differ in motion for the fleshy ones are opened in the Diastole for the bringing in of blood and spirit and contrariwise are shut in the Systole that they may contain all or the greater part of that they brought in The membranous on the contrary are opened in the Systole to give passage forth to the blood and spirits over all the body but shut in the Diastole that that which is excluded might not flow back into the Heart But you shall observe that Nature hath placed only two Valves at the orifice of the Arteria venosa Why there be only two Valves at the Orifice of the Arteria venosa because it was needful that this Orifice should be always open either wholly or certainly a third part thereof that the air might continually be drawn into the Heart by this Orifice in Inspiration and sent forth by
Exspiration in the contraction of the Heart Whereby we may gather this that there is but one third part of that air we draw into the Heart in breathing sent forth again in the form of vapor in exspiration because Nature would have but one third part of the Orifice to lye open for its passage out Therefore the exspiration or breathing out and the Systole of the Heart and Arteries is shorter than the inspiration so that we may truly say that the inspiration or drawing the breath in is equally so long as the exspiration is together with the rest which is in the midst between the two motions CHAP. XII Of the distribution of the Vena arteriosa and the Arteria venosa HAving hitherto shewed the original of the vessels of the Heart we must now speak of their distribution The Vena arteriosa or the Arterious vein and the Arteria venosa or the Veinous Artery each proceeding out of his proper ventricle that is the right and left are divided into two large branches one of which goes to the right and the other to the left hand the one lying cross-ways over the other the Vein always riding over the Artery as you may understand better by the sight of your eys The Artery always lies under the vein than by reading of Books These branches at their entrance of the Lungs are divided into two other large branches and each of them go to his peculiar Lobe of the Lungs and these again run almost into infinite other branches dispersed in three places over the Lungs These Vessels have acquired their names by reason of that transmutation of consistence whereby the composure of a vein degnerates into an Artery A twofold reason why the Vein was made arterious or like an artery and that of an Artery into a Vein for the commodity of life For this is a miracle of prudent Nature to change the Coats of the vessels of the Lungs producing a Vein which in its Body should imitate an Artery and an Artery which should represent a Vein for if the Vena arteriosa should have retained its proper consistence the arterious blood which is carryed by it from the Heart to nourish the Lungs might by reason of its subtilty penetrate through and flow away by reason of the rarity of the veinous texture and so nature should never have attained her conceived end that is to nourish the Lungs by reason of the continual motion of their contraction and dilatation For nourishment cannot be assimilated to the part unless it be put and cleave to it Wherefore it was fit that nature should make the Body of this vein solid that it might be immoveable unshaken and stubborn in respect of a vein which by its softness would have been too obsequious and yielding to the agitation of the Lungs that so it might have nourishment which might be diffused into all parts thereof and which might neither be drawn by its Diastole Why the Artery was made like a Vein nor driven back into the heart by its Systole But the artery hath the consistence of a vein that by that veinous softness according to the necessity of Nature it might be the more readily contracted and dilated to bring the air in and carry the vapours forth of the heart Here we meet with a difficulty which is By what way the Blood is carried out of the right and left ventricle of the heart Galen thinks that there be certain holes in the partition made for that purpose By what way blood may pass out of the right into the left ventricle and verily there are such but they are not perforated Wherefore Columbus hath found out a new way which is that the Blood is carried to the lungs by the Vena Arteriosa and there attenuated and carried from thence together with the air by the Arteria venosa to the left ventricle of the heart this he writes truly very probably Botallus in his Treatise de Catarrho hath found out a third way to wit a vein which he cals Arteriarum nutrix that is The nurse of the arteries The vein called the Nurse of the arteries Fallop initio obser Arteriarum Gal. lib. 15. de usu partium cap. 6. which creeps a little above the Coronal to the right ear of the Heart and then goes into the left ear thereof But yet I am very much afraid that this vein observed by Botallus is that vessel observed by Fallopius whereby the Vena Arterialis is joyned to the Aorta and by which the all vital Blood is carried for the forming and nourishment of the Lungs whilst the infant is yet in the womb Of which also Galen makes mention but it had lain hid from his time to this day but that Fallopius raised up the memory of it again CHAP. XIII The Distribution of the ascendent Hollow-Vein THe Hollow Vein rising out of the gibbous part of the Liver Gal. lib. de form foetus The greater descendent branch of the hollow vein and resembling according to Galen the Body of a Tree is divided into two notable Branches but not of a like bigness For the greater by the hind-part of the Liver upon the Back-bone and by the way receives certain other Branches from the substance of the Liver which enter not into the great trunck with the rest You may often see this descendent Branch even to the Back-bone upon which it lies in this its descent covered with the substance of the Liver so that it may seem that branch proceeds not from that common trunk together with the ascendent The upper branch of the hollow vein is the less although indeed it always doth But the lesser Branch ascends to the upper parts and is distributed after this manner following For first arising into the Midriff it bestows two small veins upon it on each side one which from that part are called Phrenicae But from thence when it arrives at the right Ear of the Heart it makes the Coronales the Coronal or Crown-veins Venae phrenica Coronales which compass the basis of the heart in manner of a Crown Thirdly entring somewhat more deeply into its right Ear in its greater part it produces the vena arteriosa Fourthly lifted up above the heart Vena Arteriosa on the right side it produces the vein Azygos or sine pari that is without a fellow which descending to the fourth rib reckoning from above downwards nourisheth the intercostal muscles and also the membranes of the eight lower ribs on both sides sending a Branch into each of the muscles at the lower part of the rib which may be sufficient for their nourishment Besides also oftentimes Vena Azygos or sine pari especially in little men this vein Azygos nourishes all the spaces between all the ribs by the like Branches which it sends in the same manner to the four upper ribs Moreover also this Azygos sometimes The Azygos sometimes two How the matter
The magnitude The figure The composure NOw we must speak of the Stomach the receptacle of the food necessary for the whole body the seat of appetite by reason of the Nerves dispersed into its upper orifice and so into its whole substance The substance thereof is rather spermatick than sanguine because that for one fleshy membrane it hath two nervous The quantity or magnitude of the ventricle is divers according to the various magnitudes of bodies and gluttony of men The figure of it is round and somewhat long like a Bagpipe The stomach is composed of two proper coats and one common from the Peritonaeum together with veins sinews and arteries the innermost of its proper coats is membranous woven with right fibers for the attraction of meats it is extended and propagated even to the mouth thereof whereby it comes to pass that the affections of one part may easily be communicated to the other by sympathy or consent The cause of the consent of the mouth and stomach This coat hath its original from the membranes of the brain which accompany the nerves descending from the third and fourth conjugation to the mouth thereof And in like sort from other productions descending by the passages of the head from whence also another reason may be drawn from that which they commonly bring from the nerves of the sixt conjugation why in wounds of the head the stomach doth so soon suffer by consent with the brain The exterior or outer is more fleshy and thick woven with oblique fibers to retain and expel It draws its original from the Pericranium which assoon as it comes to the gullet takes unto it certain fleshy fibers There be nerves sent into the Stomach from the sixt conjugation of the Brain as it shall be shewed in its proper place Veins and Arteries are spread into it from the Gastrica the Gastrepiploides the Coronaria and Splenick from the second third and fourth distribution of the Vena-porta or Gate-vein and the third of the descendent artery to the natural parts assoon as it passes forth of the Midriffe It is one in number The greater part of it is situated on the left side between the Spleen The number the hollowness of the Liver and the Guts that assisted by the heat of such neighbouring parts it may more cheerfully perform the concoction of the meat Neither am I ignorant that Galen hath written that a great part of the Stomach lies on the left side But inspection it self and reason makes me derogate from Galen's authority for because there is more empty space on the left side Lib. de usu partium by reason the Spleen is less than the Liver it was fit it should lie more on the left side The connexion The more proper connexion of it is with the gullet and guts by its two orifices with the brain by its nerves with the liver and spleen by its veins with the heart by its arteries and with all the natural parts by its common membrane The temper of the ventricle in men of good habit is temperate because it is almost composed of the equal commixture of sanguine and spermatick parts or according to Galen's opinion The temper Lib. 9. Meth. it is cold of it self and by the parts composing it and hot by the vicinity of the bowels But in some it is hotter in others colder according to the divers temper and complexion of divers bodies That stomach is to be thought well tempered that powerfully draws down the meat and drink and embraces and retains them so drawn until by concoction and elixation they shall be turned into a juyce like cream which the Greeks call Chylos and lastly which doth strongly send from it and repel the excrements of this first concoction The Stomach is known to be hotter by this that it better concocts and digests coorse and hard meats as Beef hard Egs and the like than soft meats easie of digestion Notes of a hoâ— Stomach which it corrupts and turns into belchings For so a young Chicken is sooner burnt than well roasted at a great fire The stomach which is colder desires much meat but is slow in concocting them especially if they be cold and hard of digestion which for that cause quickly turn sowre The action of a well conditioned stomach is twofold one common another proper The common is to attenuate The action twofold mix and digest the meats taken in at the mouth for the nutrition of it self and the whole body after the liver hath performed its duty which before it be done the ventricle only enjoys the sweet pleasure of the Chylus and comforts it self against the impurity of the adjacent parts whereof it is called the work-house of concoction Its first action is to attract retain and assimilate to it self that which is convenient but to expel whatsoever shall be contrary either in quantity or quality or in the whole substance It hath two orifices one above which they commonly call the stomach and heart The two orifices of the stomach the other lower which is called the Pylorus or lower mouth of the stomach The upper bends to the left side neer the back-bone it is far more large and capacious than the lower that so it may more commodiously receive meats half-chewed hard and gross which Gluttons cast down with great greediness it hath an exquisite sense of feeling because it is the seat of the appetite by reason of the nerves incompassing this orifice with their mutual imbracings whereby it happens that the ventricle in that part is endued with a quick sense that perceiving the want and emptiness of meat it may stir up the creature to seek food For albeit nature hath bestowed four faculties on other parts yet they are not sensible of their wants but are only nourished by the continual sucking of the veins as plants by juyce drawn from the earth This orifice is seated at the fifth Vertebra of the chest upon which they say it almost rests The site Yet I had rather say that it lies upon the twelfth Vertebra of the chest and the first of the loins for in this place the gullet perforates the midriffe and makes this upper orifice The glandulous ring of the Pylorus The lower orifice bends rather to the right side of the body under the cavity of the Liver It is far straiter than the upper lest any thing should pass away before it be well attenuated and concocted and it doth that by the help or assistance of as it were a certain ring like to the sphincter muscle of the fundament which some have thought a glandule made by the transposition of the inner and fleshy membrane of the ventricle into that which is the outer of the guts I know Columbus laughs at this glandulous ring but any one that looks more attentively shall perceive that Pylorus is glandulous The stomach in its lower and inner side hath many folds
divided into four lobes disjoyned with a manifest and visible division on each side two whereby they may be the more easily opened and contracted and the air may the better enter Besides also in large bodies who have a very great Chest there is found a fifth lobe arising from the second lobe of the right side as a cushion or bolster to bear up the Hollow-vein ascending from the Midriff to the Heart In little men who have a shorter Chest because the Heart is so near as to touch the Diaphragma this lobe is not seen yet it is alwayes found in Dogs The Lungs represent the figure or shape of an Oxes foot or hoof Figure for like it they are thicker in their basis but slenderer in their circumference as you may see in blowing them up by the Weazon with your mouth or a pair of bellows Composition They are compounded of a coat coming from the Pleura which on each side receives sufficient number of nerves from the sixth conjugation and also of the Vena arteriosa coming from the right ventricle of the Heart and the Arteria venosa from the left as shall be shewed in the Anatomy of the Heart besides the Aspera arteria or Weazon coming from the Throat and lastly it s own flesh which is nothing else than the concretion of cholerick bloud poured out like foam about the divisions of the foresaid vessels as we have said of other parts The body of the Lungs is one in number unless you will divide it into two by reason of the variety of its site because the Lobe of the Lungs stretched forth into the right and left side do almost involve all the Heart that so they may defend it against the hardness of the Bones which are about it they are tyed to the Heart chiefly at its basis but to the roots of the ribs and their vertebra's by the coat it hath from thence but by the vessels to these parts from whence they proceed The sticking of the Lungs to the ribs But oft-times presently from the first and natural conformation they are bound to the circumference of the ribs by certain thin membranous productions which descend from thence to the Lungs otherways they are tyed to the ribs by the Pleura The nourishment of the Lungs is unlike to the nourishment of other parts of the body Their nourishment for you cannot find a part equally rare light and full of air which may be nourished with blood equally thin and vaporous In temper they incline more to heat than to cold whether you have regard to their composure of cholerick blood or their use which is to prepare and alter the air that it hurt not the Heart by its coldness The Lungs is the instrument of voice and breathing by the Weazon or Wind-pipe For the Lobes are the instruments of voyce and the ligaments of respiration But the Larinx or Throttle is the chief instrument of the voyce for the Weazon first prepares the voice for the Throttle in which it being in some measure formed is perfected in the Palate of the Mouth as in the upper part of a Lute or such like Instrument by the help of the Gargareon or Uvula as a certain quil to play withall But as long as one holds his breath he cannot speak for then the muscles of the Larinx ribs the Diaphragmn and the Epigastrick muscles are pressed down whence proceeds a suppression of the vocal matter which must be sent forth in making or uttering a voice Nature would have the Lungs light for many reasons the first is Why the lungs are light That seeing they are of themselves immoveable they might be more obsequious and ready to follow the motion of the Chest for when it it straitned the Lungs are straitned and subside with it and when it is dilated they also are dilated and swell so big that they almost fill up all the upper capacity thereof Another cause is That by this their rarity they might more easily admit the entring air at such times as they have much or sodain necessity as in running a race And lastly That in Plurisies and other purulent abscesses of the Chest the Pus or matter poured forth into the capacity of the Chest may be suckt in by the rare substance of the Lungs and by that means the sooner sent forth and expectorated The use of respiration is to cool and temper the raging heat of the Heart The use of respiration or breathing For it is cooled in drawing in the breath by the cool air and in sending out thereof by avoiding the hot fuliginous vapor Therefore the Chest performs two contrary motions for whilst it is dilated it draws in the encompassing air and when it is depressed it expels the fuliginous vapor of the Heart which any one may easily perceive by the example of a pair of Smiths-bellows CHAP. X. Of the Pericardium or Purse of the Heart Whence it hath its matter THe Pericardium is as it were the House of the Heart which arising at the basis thereof either the ligaments of the Vertebra's situate there or else the vessels of the Heart yielding it matter is of a nervous thick and dense substance without any fibers It retains the figure of the Heart and leaves an empty space for the Heart to perform its proper motion Wherefore the bigness of the Pericardium exceeds that of the Heart It consists of a double coat one proper of which we have spoken another common coming from the Pleura and also of the veins arteries and nerves the vessels partly coming from the Mamillary partly from the Diaphragma chiefly there where it touches it the nerves come on each side from the sixt Conjugation Number and Connexion It is only one placed about the Heart and annexed to it at the basis thereof by its membranes to the original of the Lungs and the Vertebra's lying under them and by the vessels to the parts from whence it received them It is of a cold and dry temper as every Membrane is Use The use thereof is to cover the Heart and preserve it in its native humidity by certain natural moisture contained in it unless you had rather say that the moisture we see contained in the Pericardium is generated in it after death by the condensation and concretion of the spirits Although this seems not very likely because it grows and is heaped up in so great quantity in living bodies that it hinders the motion of the Heart and causes such palpitation or violent beating thereof that it often suffocates a man From whence the matter of the watery humor contained in the Pericardium For this Palpitation happens also to hearty and stout men whose Hearts are hot but blood thin and waterish by reason of some infirmity of the Stomach or Liver and this humor may be generated of vapors which on every side exhale into the Pericardium from the blood boyling in the
turnings might be perfectly concocted and elaborate and attain to a greater fitness to perform the Animal functions The site and number This wonderful Net situate at the sides of the Apophyses clinoides or productions of the wedg-bone is two-fold that is divided by the pituitary Glandule which is situate between the said Apophyses Clinoides having the wedg-bone lying under them next to the Crassa Meninx being perforated on the right and left side next to which lye bones as rare as a sponge even to the Palat by which the Phlegm is purged by the mouth and nose and there-hence I think that spattle flows which such as have a moist Brain continually spit out of their mouth The Eighth Figure of the Brain A The brain B the Cerebellum or after-brain C a process of the Brain but not that is called Mamillaris DD the marrow of the back as it is yet within the skull E the Mamillary process or instrument of smelling F the optick nerve G the coat of the Eye into which the optick nerve is spread H the nerve that moveth the Eye or the second pair I the third conjugation or the harder and lesser branch of the nerves of the third conjugation brought forward K the fourth conjugation or the greater and thicker nerve of the third pair bending downward L a branch of the nerve marked with I which goeth to the fore-head M another branch of the nerve I reaching to the upper jaw NN a nerve proceeding from the branch I intexed or woven with the coat of the nose O the nerve of the temporal muscle issuing from the branch I. P a nerve contorted of the nerves K and b. Q a nerve proceeding from the branch K to the sockets of the upper teeth R a nerve creeping from the nerve K to the lower Jaw S a surcle of the branch R offered to the lower lip TT other surcles from the branch R attaining to the lower teeth VV a branch of the nerve K diffused into the coat of the tongue XX the fourth pair of sinews which go into the coat of the palat Y the fifth pair of sinews which are the nerves of hearing a the membrane of the ear unto which that fifth nerve goeth bc two small branches of the fifth conjugation uniting themselves with the nerve P. d the eighth conjugation or a nerve of the fifth pair attaining unto the face ee the sixt pair of nerves f a branch from the nerve e reaching to the muscles of the neck g small branches derived unto the throttle or Larinx h the bifurcation of the nerve into two branches iii an inner branch hanging to the rack-bones and strengthening the intercostal nerves and is therefore called intercostalis kk surcles of the utter branch going to the heads of the muscles to the breast-bone and to the coller-bones lm branches of the right nerve l making the right recurrent nerve mn the insertion of the recurrent sinews into the muscles of the larinx op branches of the left-nerve making the left recurrent sinew p. qq branches from the sixth conjugation going to the coat of the lungs r small nerves of the heart and of the purse thereof called the Pericardium as also some approaching to the coats of the lungs s nerves on either side sent to the stomach t the right stomach-nerve going to the left orifice of the stomach uu the left stomach-nerve going to the right orifice of the stomach x a nerve from the branch u passing into the hollowness of the liver y the nerve belonging to the right side of the kell z the nerve belonging to the colick-gut α a nerve creeping to the gut called duodenum and the beginning of the jejunum or empty gut β a nerve implanted in the right side of the bottom of the stomach γ a nerve belonging to the liver and bladder of gall δ a nerve reaching to the right kidney ε a branch reaching the Mesenterium and the guts ζ a branch sprinkled to the right part of the bladder η a branch going through the left part of the kel θ surcles derived to the colick-gut and the kel κ small branches inserted into the Spleen λλ a nerve approaching to the left side of the bottom of the stomach μ a branch belonging to the left side of the Mesentery and the guts ν a branch which attaineth to the left kidney ξ small nerves creeping through the left side of the bladder ο the seven pair of sinews Ï€ a branch derived from the sixt conjugation to the muscles which arise from the process called Styloides Ï a branch of the seventh conjugation which goeth to the muscles of the tongue of the bone hyois and of the throttle or larynx Ï‚ a conjunction or coition of the 6. and 7. pair into one nerve What the Apophyses Clinoides are These Apophyses clinoides are certain productions of the Os basilare or Wedg-bone called the Saddle thereof between which as I said the pituitary glandule lies with part of the Wonderful Net There is a great controversie amongst Anatomists concerning this part for Vesalius denies that it is in man Whether the Rete mirabile differs from the Plexus Choroides Columbus admits it yet he seems to confound it with the Plexus Choroides Truly I have observed it always after the manner as Sylvius alledges against Vesalius It remains that we recite the perforations of the skull because the knowledg of these much conduces to the understanding of the insertions of the veins arteries and nerves CHAP. X. Of the holes of the inner Basis of the Skull IN the first place are reckoned the holes of the bone Ethmoides then those of the Optick-nerves Thirdly of the nerves moving the Eyes Fourthly of that portion of the nerves of the fourth conjugation which go to the temporal muscles Fiftly are reckoned those holes scarce visible situate under the pituitary glandule by which the spittle is evacuated Sixthly that hole which is in the wedg-bone made for the entrance into the internal sleepy Arteries composing the Wonderful Net and then passing into the brain by a great Slit. That perforation which we reckon in the seventh place is commonly double made for the entrance of one of the branches of the internal Jugular-vein The eighth hole is somewhat long of an Oval figure by which part of the third conjugation and all the fourth conjugation passes forth The ninth are the auditory passages The tenth are very small holes and give way to the vein and artery going to the auditory passage above the foramen caecum In the eleventh place are reckoned the perforations which yield passage forth to the sixth pair of nerves to part of the sleepy Arteries and of the internal Jugular In the twelfth those which yield a way out to the seventh conjugation The great hole of the Nowl-bone through which the spinal marrow passes is reckoned the thirteenth The fourteenth is that which most commonly is behind that great Hole by which the
with vaporous spirits wherewith as long as the humor distills it is replenished and looks white A Fornace or Reverberation furnished with his Retort and Receiver A. Shews the Fornace B. The Retort C. The Receiver D. The vessel filled with cold water Now for the Receiver there are two things to be observed The first is that it be great and very capacious that it may not be distended and broken by the abundant flowing of vaporous spirits as it doth oft-times happen another thing is that you set it in a vessel filled with cold water lest it should be broken by being over hot you may easily perceive all this by the ensuing figure CHAP. XVII A Table or Catalogue of Medicines and Instruments serving for the cure of Diseases MEdicines and Medicinal meats fit for the cure of Diseases are taken from living Creatures Plants and Minerals From living creatures are taken Horns Heoves Hairs Feathers Sheâ—s Sculls Scales Sweats Skins Fat 's Flesh Blood Entraile Vrine Bones Extreme parts Hearts Liver Lungs Brain Womb Secundine Testic es Pizzle Bleader Sperm Tail Ceats of the Ventricle Exspirations Bristles Silk Webs Tears Spittle Heny Wax Egge Milk Butter Cheese Marrow Rennet Sâ—nells whether they be stinking oâ— sweet as also Poysons whole creatures themselves as Foxes Whelps Heagâ—hâ—gs Frogs Worms Crabs Cray fishes Scorpions Hoâ—sleeches Swallows Dungs From. Pâ—nts that is Trees Shrubs and Herbs are taken Roots Moss Pith Siens Buds Stalks Leaves Flowers Cups Fibers or hairy threads Ears Seeds Bark Wood Meal fuyces Tears Orts Gâ—ws R sins R tterness Mass oâ— spissament Mâ—nna which falling amâ— like dew upon plants presently concretes Wh l. plants as Mallows Omâ—â—ns c. Metals o Minerals are taken either from the Water oâ— Earth and are either kindes of Earth Stones o Metals c. The kinâ—es oâ— Earth are Bole-Armenick Terâ—a sigillata Fullere-earth Chalk Okar Plaster Lime Now the kindes of Stones are Flints Lapis Jâ—daicus Lapis Lynâ— is The Pumice Lâ—p Haematites Amiantus Galactites Spunge stones Diamonds Saphire Chryâ—â—lite Tâ—pace Lâ—ad-stone The Pytites or fire-stone Alablaster Marble Chrystaâ— and many â—ther precious stâ—nâ—s The kinâ—es of Salts as well Natural as Artificial are Common Salt Salt nitrum Sal Aâ—kali Sal Ammomacum Salt of Vrine Salt of tartar and generally all salts that may be made of any kinde of Plants Those that are commonly called Minerals are Marchasite Antimony Muscevy Glâ—ss Tutty Arsnick Orpiment Lazure or blue Rose agar Brimstone Quick-silver White-Coperas Chalâ—itis â—â—ry Roman Vitrâ—l Colcother vitrio or Green-coperas Alumen sciffile Common Alum Alumen rotinâ—um R und Alum Alumen liquidem Alumen â—tmosum Borax er Burrace Bitumen Naptha Cinnabâ— is er Vermillion Lytharge of Gela. Lytharge of Silver Chrysocolla Scandaracha Red-lead White-lead and divers other Now the Metals themselves are Gold Silver Iron Lead Tin Brass Copper Steel Lattin and such as arise from these as the scales verdigrease rust c. Now from the Waters as the Sea Rivers Lakes und Fountains and the mud of these waters are taken divers medicines as white and red Corral Pearls and infinite other things which Nature the hand-maid of the great Architect of this world hath produced for the cure of Diseases so that into what part soever you turn your eyes whether to the surface of the earth or the bowels thereof a great multitude of Remedies present themselves to your view The choyce of all which is taken from their substance or quantity quality action place season smell taste sight figure and weight other circumstances as Siltyus hath abundantly shewed in his Book written upon t his Subject Of these Simples are made divers Compositions as Collyriâ— Caputpurgia Eclegmate Dentifrices Dentiscalpia Apophlegmatismi Gargarisms Pilis Boles Petions Emplasters Vnguents Cerats Liniments Embrecations Fomentations Epithemes Attractives Reâ—overs Suppuratives Emollients Mundificatives Incarnatives Cicatrizers Putrifâ—rs Corrosives Aglutinatives Anâ—dynes Apozemes Julips Syrups Powders Tablets Opiats Conserves Preserves Consect â—ns R wls Vâ—nits Sternutatories Suderyficks Glysters Pessaries S â— ppâ—â—tories Fumigations Tr câ—iks F nerals Caâ—s Stomachers Bags Baths Half baths Virgins-mâ—k Feâ—i Picatiâ—ns Depilatâ—ries Viâ—â—catâ— ies Pâ—â—ential cauteries Nâ—se-gayâ—s â—ans Campies or extenaed clâ—aths to make winde Artifiâ—al â—â—uâ—tains tâ—â—alâ—â— or ar p dâ—wâ— liquorâ— Now these tâ—aâ—â—â—e â—â—ought to be noâ—rishing medicines are Restarratives Cullises Exor ssi ns Gellies Pâ—i ans Barâ—y creams Panad'es Almâ—nd milks Marck-pains Wafers Hâ—â— of â—cher H d â—â—el and such other drink Muâ—cilages Oxymeâ— Oxye are R â—-Vineger Hyd aelium Mâ—thâ—glâ—n Câ—der Drink of Servisses Alt. Beer Vinegar Verjuyce Oil. Steâ—led water Water brewed with cread-crums Hippocratâ— Perry and such like Waters and distilled oyls and divers other Chymical extractions As the waters and oyls of hot dry and aromatick things dâ—wn in a copper-Alembick with a cooler with ten times as much water in weight as of herbs now the herbs must be cry that the cistillation may the better succeed Waters are extracted out of flowers put into a Retort by the heat of the Sun or of Dung or of an heap of p esled our Grapes or by Balneo if there be Receiver put and closely â—luted thereto All kindes oâ— salt of things calcined dissolved in water and twice or thrice filtred that so they may become more pure and fit to yield oyl Other distillâ—tions are made either in Cellars by the coldness or moist are of the place the things being laid either upâ—n a marble or else hanged up in a bag and thus is made oyl oâ—â—â—rtar and of S lts and other things of an Aluminous nature Bones must be distilled by descent or by the joyning together of vessels All woods roots-barks shells of fishes and seed or grains as of corn broom beans and other things whose juice cannot be got out by expression must be distilled by descent or by the joyning together of vessels in a Reverberatory Fornace Metals calcined and having acquired the nature of salt ought to be dissolved and filtred and then evaporated till they be drie then let them be dissolved in distilled vinegar and then evaporated and dryed again for so they will easily distill in a Cellar upon a Marble or in a bag Or else by putting them into a glassy Retort and setting it in sand and so giving fire thereto by degrees until all the watery humidity be distilled then change the receiver and lute another close to the Retort then increase the fire above and below and thus there will flow forth an oil very red colored Thus are all metalline things distilled as Alums salts c. Gums axungiae and generally all rosins are distilled by Retort set in an earthen vessel filled with Ashes upon a Fornace now the fire must be encreased by little and little according to the different condition of the distilled matters The Vessels and Instruments serving for Distillations are commonly these Bottoms of Alembicks The heads of them from whence the liquors drop Refrigeratories Vessels tor subblimation For Reverberation For distilling by
memory I may work more certainly and surely when as I have any more curious operation to be performed the left side remain whole and the Lungs Heart Diaphragma stomach splene kidnies beard hairs yea and the nails which being pated I have often observed to grow again to their form and bigness And let this be the bound of this our immense labor and by Gods favor our rest to whom Almighty all-powerful immortal and invisible be ascribed all honor and glory for ever and ever Amen Labor improbus omnia vincit The end of the Treatise of reports and embalming the dead The NINE and TWENTIETH BOOK The Apology and Treatise containing the voyages made into divers places By Ambrose Pare of Laval in Maine Counsellor and chief Chirurgion to the King Of what the Adversary accuseth the Author TRuly I had not put my hand to the pen to write on such a thing were it not that some have impudently injured taxed and more through particular hatred disgraced me then for zeal or love they bear to the publick good which was concerning my manner of tying the Veins and Arteries writing thus as followeth The words of the Adversary Male igitur nimium arroganter inconsultus temerarius quidam vasorum ustionem post emortui membri rejectionem à veteribus omnibus plurimum commendatam semper probatam damnare ausus est novum quendam deligandi vasa modum contra veteres omnes medicos sine ratione experientà judicio docere cupiens nec animadverit majora multo pericula ex ipsa vasorum deligatione quam acu partem sanam profunde transfigendo adminâ—strari vult imminere quam ex ipsa ustione Nam fi acu nervosam aliquam partem vel nervum ipsum pupugerit dum it à novo inusitato modo venam absurde conatur constringere nova inflammatio necessario consequetur à qua Convulsio a convulsione cita mors Querum symptomatum metu Galenus non ante transversa vulnera suere audebat quod tamen minus erat periculosum quam musculorum aponeuroses denudasset Adde quod forcipes quibus post sectionem iterum carnem dilacerat cum retracta versus originem vasa se posse extrahere somniat non minorem adferant dolorem quam ignita ferramenta admota Quod si quis laniatum expertus incolumis evaserit is Deo optimo maximo cujus Beneficentia crudelitate ista carnificina liberatus est maximas gratias habere semperagere debet which is thus Ill then and too arrogantly a certain indiscreet and rash person would blame and condemn the cauterizing of vessels after the amputation of a rotten and corrupted member much praised and commended and alwayes approved by the Antienâ—s desiring to shew and teach us without reason judgment and experience a new way to tie the vessels against the opinion of the Antient Physicians taking no heed nor being well advised that there happens far greater perils and accidents through this new way of tying the vessels which he will have to be made with a needle piercing deeply the sound part then by the burning and ustion of the said vessels for if the needle shall prick any nervous part yea the nerve it self when he shall by this new and unaccustomed way absurdly constrain the vein by binding it there must necessarily follow a new inflammation from the inflammation a convulsion from a convulsion death for fear of which accidents Galen never durst stitch transversal wounds which notwithstanding were less dangerous before he had discovered the Aponeuroses of the muscles Moreover the pincers with which after the section the flesh is again dilacerated while he thinks to draw the vessels out which are drawn in toward their original bring no less pain then the cautering irons do And if any one having experimented this new manner of cruelty have escaped danger he ought to render thanks to Almighty God for ever through whose goodness he hath been freed from such tyranny feeling rathet his executioner then his methodical Chirurgion The Authors answer O what sweet words are here for one who is said to be a wise and learned Doctor he remembers not that his white beard admonisheth him not to speak any thing unworthy of his age and that he ought to put off and drive out of him all envy and rancor conceived against his neighbor So now I will prove by authority reason and experience that the said Veins and Arteries ought to be tyed Authorityes AS for Authorityes I will come to that of that worthy man Hippocrates who wils and commands the cure of Fistulaâ— in the fundament by ligature as well to consume the callosity as to avoid hemoâ—â—hagy In the book of Fistulas of the fundament chap. 3. book 5 leaâ— 4. Galen Treâ—ise 2 chap. 17. in his method speaking of a flux of blood made by an outward cause of whom see here the words It is saith he most sure to tye the root of the vessel which I understand to be that which is most near to the Liver or the heart Avicen Treatise 3. Doct. 1. chap. 3. commands to tye the vein and the Artery after it is discovered towards his original Guido of Canliac speaking of the wounds of the Veins and Arteries injoyneth the Chirurgion to make the ligature in the vessel Master Hollier in the 3. book chap. 4. of the matter of Chirutgery speaking of a flux of blood commands expresly to tye the vessels Calmethâ—us in 12. chap. of the wounds in the Veins and Arteries tels a most sure way to stay a flux of blood by ligature of the vessel Celsus chap. 26. book 5. from whom the said Physiâ—ian hath snatched the most part of his book chargeth expresly to tye the vessels in a flux of blood happening to wounds as a remedy most easie and most sure Vesalius in his Chirurgery chap. 4. book 3. willeth that the vessel be tied in a flux of blood John de Vigo book 1. treatise 1. treating of hemoâ—â—hagy in bleedâ—ng wounds commands to tye the Vein and the Artery Tegaultius chap 12. book 2. treating of the means to stay the flux of blood commands to pinch the Vein or Artery with a Crow or Parrats-bill â—â—en to â—yâ— it with a very strong thred Peter of Argillata of Bullonge tâ—eatise 4. chap. 11 book 1. discoursing of a flux of blood and the means to stop it giveth a fourth way expresly which is made by ligature of the vessels John Andreas a Cruce â— Venetian book 1. sect 3. chap. 16. page 5 upon the 8â— chap of the book of Paul makes mention of a method to stay a flux of blood by the ligature of the vessels D. Alechamp commands to tye the Veinâ— and Arteries See then my little good man the â—â—thorities which command you to tye the vessels As for the â—eaâ—ons I will debate of them The hemoâ—hagy say you iâ— not so much to be feared in the section of the Call as that of
joyned by Anastomosis or ineculation 10. 10. The second called Pudenda 11. spent upon the privy parts 11. The third Coxalis 12 upon the Muscles of the Hip. 12. Here the outer Iliacal vein having past through the Peritoneum or rim of the Belly enters the Crus and begins to be called the Crural Trunk Γ Γ. that is undivided as far as to the two lower heads of the Thigh But it reaches forth four propagations before its division The first 13 13. is called Saphena which creeps through the inside of the Leg under the skin as far as to the ends of the Toes 14. Another 14 called Ichia is spread out into the skin upon the Hip-bone The third 15 named Muscula is sent to the Muscles 15. which extend the Leg. 16. The fourth 16 named Poplitea is distributed into the Calf of the Leg. 13. The vein Saphena also scatters from it self four surcles 17 the first 17 into the upper part of the skin of the inside of the Thigh 18. the second 18 about the middle of the Thigh 19. the third 19 into the Knee the fourth 20 is carried forward and backward to the middle of the Leg. 20. Δ. The division of the Crural Trunk near to the two lower heads of the Thigh into an inner branch Θ Θ. and an outer one Λ. Λ. Θ. The inner distributes little branches to the Muscles of the Calf 21 12. and then runs down under the inner ankle to the great Toe 22. 22. Λ. The outer presently is cleft into two branches an inner one Ξ Ξ. and an outer Π. That is spent wholly upon the Muscles of the Calf Π. this passes on near to the Fibula or lesser bone of the Leg through the outer and back-side of the Leg. The second Treatise Concerning The ARTERIES CHAP. I. Shews the upper or ascendent Trunk of the great Artery with its propagations that are distributed through the Head THere is no controversie among writers of Anatomy concerning the number and original of the Arteries The Original of the great Artery but an unanimous consent that all the propagations which are scattered throughout the body take their rise from one which they call Aorta and that this is derived out of the Heart But the Heart consisting of two sinus or cavities a right and a left one this great Artery grows out of the left sinus or ventricle A where it is largest and more hard and griestly then elswhere But as soon as it is grown out and before it fall out of the Pericardium or purse of the Heart Arteriae Coronariae the Crown-Arteries it presently propagates two small sprigs a a one of each side which they call Arteriae Coronariae the Crown-Arteries because together with the vena Coronalis or Crown-vein they compass the basis of the Heart in manner of a Crown and from these many propagations are scattered downward all along the Heart But they are more and greater about the left then the right ventricle as we have also formerly said concerning the vein because the Heart needs a greater plenty of blood on that side as which beats with a perpetual and more violent motion wherein more blood is digested then the right sinus or ventricle does yet that propagation is bigger and longer which arises on t of the right side of the Artery sometimes also there is only one at whose orifice a little valve is found Those propagations being thus disseminated the Artery ascends somewhat under the Trunk of the vena Arteriosa The divisions of the great Artery into two Trunks or Arterial vein and pierces through the Pericardium and having got above it is cleft B into two branches which because of their natural greatness we will call Trunks and because one ascends C and the other runs downward Q that shall be the Ascendent Trunk this the Descendent Yet the Descendent and lower one is bigger by much then the upper What parts both the Trunks nourish The order of that which is to be said because that serves more parts then this For the Ascendent one goes only to some parts of the Chest to the Head and Arms but the lower to very many parts of the Chest to all the lowest belly and the Legs That therefore we may treat of the great Artery with more perspicuity we will first shew the Ascendent Trunk and its progress through the Chest and Head and after that its branches distributed through the Arms. Then we will fall upon the Descendent one add explain the manner of its distribution through the Chest and lowest belly and lastly through the Legs The Ascendent therefore or upper Trunk of the Aorta C being fastened to the Oe sophagus or Gullet climbs upward betwixt the rough Artery and Hollow-vein and the mediastinum or partition of the Chest Which situation of it they ought diligently to observe who desire to know the reason of that Aphorism which is the four and twentieth of the fifth Section in Hippocrates For sayes he cold things as snow and ice are enemies to the Breast provoke coughs and cause eruptions of blood and distillations Truly they are enemies to the Breast because whilest they are swallowed down through the Gullet they cool the rough Artery that lyes next to it together with the Gullet which part being of it self cold does easily take harm from so violent a cold hence the cough and other diseases of the Brest follow one another in a long row But issues of blood happen in like manner the great Artery being cooled whereby the vital Spirits and the blood are driven back to the Heart and from thence are sent up forcibly to the Head which being stuft eruptions of blood are caused by its dropping forth at the Nostrils as also catarrhs and distillations it being driven down undigested to the inferiour parts And hence also a reason may be rendered why some upon drinking of cold water after vehement motions and exercise of body have presently been suffocated the passion of the heart and grievous swoundings following thereupon For the Artery being vehemently coold the blood is congealed as well that which was in the Aorta or Great artery as that which abides in the heart from whence happen at first fearful symptoms and then suddain death But we have seen in these men that a vein being opened the blood hath come out thick and cold and with very great difficulty whence also we have not found a more present remedy for them then such things as by reason of the thinness of their parts have a power of dissolving the clots of blood Hence also a reason may be given why in burning fevers the tongue becomes black the diseased can hardly swallow For although it be true which is the cause commonly assign'd that many vapors are sent up from the whole body to the head yet we may ascribe a main
others to the pericardium or puâ—se of the heart and to the heart it self it descends farther within the duplication of the mediastinum and near to the rack-bones is divided into two branches which make the right nerve of the left orifice of the stomach are carried obliquely and theâ— piercing through the midriff together with the gullet to which for all that they afford â—â—ver a branch are consumed upon the leâ—t orifice of the stomach with many branche◠〈◊〉 a little net and so encompass it together with the left nerve Whence the sympathy is betwixt the stomach heâ— t. Propagations of the inner branch that it seems wholly to 〈◊〉 of nerves Hence there is so great a sympathy of the stomach not only with the bâ—a◠〈◊〉 with the heart also that such diseases as pain the upper orifice seem to be of the â—t and indeed so they are the same heart suffering pain because of this nerve being â—â—ined And this is the true cause to wit the communion of this nerve not the ne◠〈◊〉 of both the entrails as others say The inner branch goes to the inner side of the â—oâ—â— of the first â—ib of the chest and cleaving to the rack-bones under the Pleura runs down through the roots of the rest of the ribs taking to it a little branch from every one of the Intercostal nerves that issue out of the back-bone then passing through the midriff with the Descendent trunk of the great artery it is carried as far as to the Os sacrum or great bone at the region whereof it issues out three propagations which are distributed into the natural inner parts The first goes to the lower membrane of the Kall and descending through it is parted into three little branches of which one is distributed to the right side of the same membrane and to that part of the Colique Gut that is joyned into it another the least of them and a very small one to the guts duodenum and the Jejunum about its beginning the third to the bottom of the stomach on the right side and to the upper membrane of the Kall which is something the larger That which remains of this propagation is spent upon the hollow part of the Liver and the bladder of Gall. The second goes into the right kidney and the membrane thereof The third which is greater then either of the former descending to the first rack-bone of the loins reaches into the right side of the mesentery and into the Guts that are tyed thereto entring the center of the mesentery in company of an artery and a vein The remainder goes into the bladder and in women into the right side of the bottom of the womb But the outer branch of the left nerve The outer branch of the left nerve saving that in its descent it has offered sprigs both to the Pleura or membrane investing the rib and to the coat of the lungs and that outwardly as also to the purse of the heart and heart it self inwardly at that part of the Descendent Trunk of the great artery where it first issues out of the heart and is bowed to the back-bone it sends forth three surcles which returning to the said artery close together into one nerve Its propagations The left recurrent nerve which is called sinister recurrens nervus the left returning nerve and in like manner as the right one takes its progress upward and is propagated into the muscles of the Larinx or throttle After this it issues out a small sprig which is distributed through the basis of the heart and coat of it in manner of hairs Afterward the remainder descends inclining it self obliquely to the right and goes to the upper orifice of the Stomach in the right side whereof it is diffused as the right branch was before into the left side being divided into many little branches in manner of a net From this a surclo is carried down along the upper part of the stomach to the pylorus or lower orifice which when hath as it were interwoven with some sprigs it goes into the hollow of the Liver Propagations of the inner branch of the left nerve The inner branch first of all takes to it propagations from the intercostal nerves and then passing through the midriff is divided into three The first of them goes overthwart to the spleen and in the way shoots out two sprigs one which is likewise sent into the lower membrane of the Kall and part of the colick-gut which is tyed thereto another into the left side of the bottom of the stomach and into the upper membrane of the Kall The second propagation goes into the left side of the Mesentery and the guts of that place sometimes also it issues sprigs which run out with the seminary vessels through the processes of the Peritoneum or rim of the belly to the testicles The third goes to the left Kidney and the fat membrane thereof The remainder of the branch passes to the left side of the bladder and of the bottom of the Womb. The use of this pair is manifest enough Use as being very notorious when the outer branch bestows little boughs upon the middle bowels but the inner upon all those of the lowest belly and the right branch upon those of the right side the left on those of the left Besides this use it conduces by the returning branches also to the framing of the voice by imparting the faculty of motion to the muscles of the throttle The seventh pair arises in the utmost part of the nowl bone The seventh pair It s original where the marrow of the brain is ready to go out of the skull and so is counted the hardest of all the nerves that have their original within the skull But it arises in some roots separated from each other which joyning together on both sides into one it goes out of the skull through the fourth and fifth holes of the nowl-bone which are planted betwixt that greatest one which opens a way for the descent of the spinal-marrow and that at which the sixth pair goes out and presently after its egress is involved in one common membrane with the sixth pair whence some not so diligently observing it have believed that they were mixt one with another and thus they descend together When it comes to the root of the tongue it distributes surcles into all the muscles thereof sending over some also to certain muscles of the bone hyoides and of the throttle as also to those which take their beginning from the appendix called styloides It s use The use of this conjugation is to carry down the faculty of sense and motion from the brain to the muscles of the tongue To these seven pairs which are commonly so numbred The eighth pair we add an Eighth which makes the nerves of smelling by which a faculty is derived from the brain of apprehending the odors of things without These are commonly
spongy flesh of the tongue it self which affected with the quality of the Object doth presently so possess the nerve that is implanted in it that the kind and quality thereof by the force of the spirit How touching may be carryed into the common sense All parts endued with a nerve enjoy the sense of touching which is chiefly done when a tractable quality doth penetrate even to the true and nervous skin which lyeth under the Cuticle or scarf-skin we have formerly noted that it is most exquisite in the skin which invests the ends of the fingers The Object is every tractable quality whether it be of the first rank of qualities as Heat Cold Moisture Dryness or of the second as Roughness Smoothness Heaviness Lightness Hardness Softness Rarity Density Friability Unctuosity Grosness Thinness The Medium by whose procurement the instrument is affected is either the skin or the flesh interwoven with many Nerves Of motion The next Action is that Motion which by a peculiar name we call Voluntary this is performed and accomplished by a Muscle being the proper Instrument of voluntary Motion Furthermore every motion of a member possessing a Muscle is made either by bending and contraction or by extention Although generally there be so many differences of voluntary motion as there are kinds of site in place therefore Motion is said to be made upward downward to the right hand to the left forward and backward Hither are referred the many kinds of motions which the infinite variety of Muscles produce in the body How respiration may be a voluntary motion Into this rank of Voluntary Actions comes Respiration or breathing because it is done by the help of the Muscles although it be chiefly to temper the heat of the Heart For we can make it more quick or slow as we please which are the conditions of a voluntary Motion Lastly that we may have somewhat in which we may safely rest and defend our selves against the many questions which are commonly moved concerning this thing we must hold that Respiration is undergone and performed by the Animal faculty but chiefly instituted for the vital The third principal Action The principal Action and prime amongst the Voluntary is absolutely divided in three Imagination Reasoning and Memory Imagination is a certain expressing and apprehension which discerns and distinguisheth between the forms and shapes of things sensible or which are known by the senses Reasoning is a certain judicial estimation of conceived or apprehended forms or figures by a mutual collating or comparing them together Memory is the sure storer of all things and as it were the Treasury which the mind often unfolds and opens the other faculties of the mind being idle and not imployed But because all the fore-mentioned Actions whether they be Natural or Animal and Voluntary are done and performed by the help and assistance of the Spirits therefore now we must speak of the Spirits CHAP. X. Of the Spirits THe Spirit is a subtile and airy substance What a Spirit is raised from the purer blood that it might be a vehicle for the faculties by whose power the whole body is governed to all the parts and the prime instrument for the performance of their office For they being destitute of its sweet approach do presently cease from action and as dead do rest from their accustomed labours From hence it is that making a variety of Spirits according to the number of the faculties they have divided them into three as one Animal another Vital Spirits threefold another Natural The Animal hath taken his seat in the Brain for there it is prepared and made that The Animal Spirit from thence conveyed by the Nerves it may impart the power of sense and motion to all the rest of the members An argument hereof is that in the great cold of Winter whether by the intercepting them in their way or by the concretion or as it were freezing of those spirits the joynts grow stiff the hands numb and all the other parts are dull Why so called destitute of their accustomed agility of motion and quickness of sense It is called Animal not because it is the * Anima Life but the chief and prime instrument thereof wherefore it hath a more subtil and airy substance and enjoys divers names according to the various condition of the Sensories or seats of the senses into which it enters for that which causeth the sight is named the Visive you may see this by night rubbing your eys as sparkling like fire That which is conveyed to the Auditory passage is called the Auditive or Hearing That which is carried to the instruments of Touching is termed the Tactive and so of the rest This Animal spirit is made and laboured in the windings and foldings of the Veins and Arteries of the brain of an exquisit subtil portion of the vital brought thither by the Carotidae Arteriae How it is made or sleepy Arteries and sometimes also of the pure air or sweet vapour drawn in by the Nose in breathing Hence it is that with Ligatures we stop the passage of this spirit from the parts we intend to cut off An Humor which obstructs or stops its passage doth the like in Apoplexies and Palsies whereby it happens that the members situate under that place do languish and seem dead sometimes destitute of motion sometimes wanting both sense and motion The Vital spirit is next to it in dignity and excellency The Vital Spirit which hath its chief mansion in the left ventricle of the Heart from whence through the Channels of the Arteries it flows into the whole body to nourish the heat which resides fixed in the substance of each part which would perish in short time unless it should be refreshed by heat flowing thither together with the spirit And because it is the most subtil next to the Animal Nature lest it should vanish away would have it contained in the Nervous coat of an Artery which is five times more thick than the coat of the Veins as Galen out of Herophilus hath recorded It is furnished with matter from the subtil exhalation of the blood What the matter of it is and that air which we draw in breathing Wherefore as it doth easily and quickly perish by immoderate dissipations of the spirituous substance and great evacuations so it is easily corrupted by the putrefaction of Humors or breathing in of pestilent air and filthy vapours which thing is the cause of the so suddain death of those which are infected with the Plague This Spirit is often hindred from entring into some part by reason of obstruction fulness or great inflammations whereby it follows that in a short space by reason of the decay of the fixed and inbred heat the parts do easily fall into a Gangrene and become mortified The Natural spirit if such there be any hath its station in the Liver and Veins There is some
putrefaction than the rest both by reason of its cold and moist temperature as also by reason of the seculent excrements therein contained Yet before we go any further if the Anatomical Administration must be performed in publick the body being first handsomly placed and all the instruments necessary for Dissection made ready the belly must be divided into its parts of which some contain and other some are contained They are called containing The division of the lower belly which make all that capacity which is terminated by the Peritoneum or Rim of the belly The upper part whereof is bounded by Galen within the compass of the direct muscles and by a general name is called Epigâ—strium or the upper part of the lower belly That again is divided into three parts that is into that which is above the navil and which carries the name of the whole into that which is about the navil and is called the umbilical or middle part and lastly into that which is below the navil called the Hypogastrium or the lower part of the lower belly In every of which three parts there be two lateral or side-parts to be considered The Hypochoâ—dria as in the Epigastrium the right and left Hypochondria which are bounded above and below in the compass of the midriff and the short ribs In the umbilical the two Lumbares some call them Latera sides which on both sides from the lowest parts of the breast are drawn to the flanks or hanch-bones in the Hypogastrium the two Ilia or flanks bounded with the hanch and share-bones Neither am I ignorant the Ilia or flanks which the Greeks call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 signifie all the empty parts from the ends of the ribs even to the hanch-bones whereupon they also call them 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as if you should say empty-spaces because they are not encompassed with any bone Yet I thought good that this doctrine of dividing the belly should be more distinct to call the parts which are on each side the navel Lumbares and those on the lower part of the lower belly Ilia flanks But we must observe that the Antients have been so diligent in deciphering the containing parts that as exactly as might be they designed the bowels contained in the belly which being divers lie in sundry places for the greater portion of the liver lies under the right Hypochondrium under the left almost all the ventricle and spleen Under the Epigastrium the lower orifice of the ventricle and the smaller portion of the liver In the Lumbares or sides in the right and upper part the right kidney in the lower part towards the flank the blind gut in the middle part thereof the collick and empty guts In the upper part of the left side lies the left Kidney in the middle part the rest of the empty and colick guts Under the region of the navel lies the girdle or upper part of the kall the colick-gut thrusting it self also through that way Under the Ilia or flanks the right and left lie the greater part of the gut Ileon the horns of the women big with child and the spermatick vessels in men and women Under the Hypogastrium in the lower part lies the right or strait gut the bladder womb and the rest of the kall A most certain note of the part affected by the place where the pain is If we know and well understand these things we shall more easily discern the parts affected by the place of the pain and cure it by fit application of remedies without the hurting of any part The distinction of such places and the parts in those places as seeming most profitable I have thought good to illustrate by the placing these two following figures in which thou hast deciphered not only the foresaid parts containing and contained but also of the whole body and many other things which may seem to conduce to the knowledge of the mentioned parts The Figures are these The Figure shewing the fore-parts of the body A The hairy Scalp call'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 b The forehead call'd Frons 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 c The temples call'd tempora 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 From b to d the compass of the face e The greater or inward corner of the eyes call'd Canthus internus f the lesser or external angle of the eye call'd Canthus externus * The lower eyebrow which is immovable Palpâ—hra g The check-ball call'd mala 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 h the check-puff call'd bucca 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i The ridg of the nose call'd Nasus externus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 k the nosthrils call'd nares 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 l the outward ear auris externa m The mouth made of the two lips Os. n The chin called mentum 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 o The neck collum 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 From o. to e the pillar of the neck truncus and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 p p The hollow of the neck called juguli 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 q q The Patel bones claves 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 r The chest pectus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 s The right breast ss The left breast to this Region we apply cordial Epithemations moist and dry tt The nipples of the breasts papillae 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 u The trench of the heart which the Antients called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Latines scrobiculus cordis This part is anointed for the mouth of the stomach From u to E. the lower belly 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 X The Epigastrium or upper part of the lower belly yy The Hypochondria or Pâ—aecordia * The outward Liver-remedies are applied to this place z The region of the navil called umbilicalis or the middle part of the lower belly A. The navil umbilicus The root of the belly 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 B B. The sides Latera 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and in our Author Lumbi seu Lumbaris regio C. Hypogastrium the water-course Aqualiculus the lower part of the lower belly 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 D D. The flanks called Ilia and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 E. The Groins called pubes or pecten 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 F F. The Lesk called inguen where those tumours which are called bubones G. The Yard with the fore-skin penis cum praeputio H. The stones or testicles with the cod or scrotum I I. The shoulders humeri 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 K K. The arms Brachia 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 L. The bowt of the arm called Gibber 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 M. The outside of the lower part of the arm called cubitus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 N. The wrist called Brachiale 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 O. The after-wrist postbrachiale 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 P. The Palm called Palma or vola manús 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The back of the hand Dorsum manus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Q Q. The fore and middle part of the thigh where we apply
appetite for by Galen's opinion In arte parva Coldness increases the appetite by which it comes to pass that they have a greater quantity of Chylus by which plenty the Liver is nourished and grows larger Some Beasts as Dogs and Swine have the Liver divided into five or more Lobes but a man hath but one Lobe or two or three at the most and these not so much distinguished as which cherish the upper hollow region of the ventricle with embracing to help forward the work of concoction Therefore the liver is almost content with one Lobe although it is always rent with a small division that the umbilical vein piercing into the roots and substance of it may have a free passage but also oftentimes there is as it were a certain small Lobe of the Liver laid under that umbilical-vein as a cushion The figure of the Liver is gibbous rising up and smooth towards the Midriff The figure towards the stomach is the simous or hollow-side of it somewhat unequal and rough by reason of the distance of the Lobes the original of the hollow-vein and the site of the bladder of the Gall. The composition of the Liver is of Veins Nerves Arteries The composure the coat and proper substance thereof which we call the gross and concrete blood or Parenchyma The vessels Veins and arteries come to it from the navil but nerves immediately from these which are diffused over the stomach according to Hippocrates yet they penetrate not very deep into its substance for it seems not to stand in need of such exact sense but they are distributed upon the coat and surface thereof because this part made for distribution over the whole body keeps to it self no acrid or malign humor for the perception of which it should need a nerve although the coat investing it sends many nervous fibers into its substance as is apparent by the taking away of the coat from a boiled Liver we must think the same of the other entrails The coat of the Liver is from the Peritonaeum waxing small from the umbilical vein when it divides it self for the generation of the gate and hollow-veins as is observed by Galen Lib. de format Foetus The Liver is only one situate in the greater part on the right side The number and site but with the lesser part on the left quite contrary to the Stomach It s chief connexion is with the stomach and guts The connexion by the veins and membranes of the Peritonaeum by the hollow vein and artery with the heart by the nerve with the brain and by the same ligatures with all the parts of the whole body The temper It is of a hot and moist temper and such as have it more hot have large veins and hot bloud The action but such as have it cold have small veins and a discoloured hew The action of the Liver is the conversion of Chylus into the blood the work of the second concoction For although the Chylus entring into the meseraick veins receive some resemblance of blood yet it acquires not the form and perfection of blood before it be elaborate and fully concoct in the liver It is bound and tyed with three strong ligaments The ligaments two on the sides in the midst of the bastard ribs to bear up it sides and the third more high and strong descending from the blade to sustain its proper part which with its weight would press the lower orifice of the stomach and so cause a falling or drawing down of the sternon and coller-bone And thus much may suffice for its proper ligaments for we before-mentioned its common the veins arteries nerves and coat of the Peritonaeum by which it is knit to the loins and other natural parts But we must note that besides these three proper ligaments the liver is also bound with others to the Bastard-ribs as Sylvius observes in his Anatomical observations and Hollerius in his Practice Cap. de Pluritide CHAP. XVIII Of the Bladder of the Gall. The substance greatness and figure thereof NOw we must come to the bladder of the Gall which is of a nervous substance and of the bigness of a small Pear it is of figure round with the bottom more large but the sides and mouth more narrow and strait It is composed of a double coat one proper consisting of three sorts of fibers The composition the other from the Peritonaeum It hath a vein from the Porta or Gate-vein and an artery from that which is diffused into the Liver and a nerve from the sixt conjugation Number and connexion It is but one and that hid on the right side under the greater lobe of the Liver it is knit with the touching of its own body and of the passages and channels made for the performance of its actions with the Liver and in like manner with the Duodenum and not seldom with the stomach also by another passage and to conclude to all the parts by its veins nerves arteries and common coat Temper Action It is of a cold temper as every nervous part is The action of it is to separate from the Liver the cholerick humor and that excrementitious but yet natural by the help of the right fibers for the purifying of the blood and by the oblique fibers so long to keep it being drawn until it begin to become troublesome in quantity or quality or its whole substance then by the transverse fibers The channels of the Gall. to put it down into the Duodenum to provoke the expulsive faculty of the guts I know Fallopius denies the texture of so many fibers to be the minister of such action to the gall But Vesalius seems sufficiently to have answered him The bladder of the gall hath divers channels for coming with a narrow neck even to the beginning of the Gate-vein it is divided into two passages Lib. 2. de temper the one whereof suffering no division is carryed into the Duodenum unless that in some it send another branch into the bottom of the stomach as is observed by Galen which men have a miserable and wretched life being subject to cholerick vomitings especially when their stomachs are empty with great pains of their stomach and head as is also observed by Galen Cap. 74. Artis Med. The other coming out of the body of the Liver divides it self into two or three passages again entring the substance of the Liver is divided with infinite branches accompanying so many branches of the Gate-vein through the substance of the Liver that so the blood unless it be most elaborate and pure may not rise into the hollow-vein all which things Dissection doth manifestly teach The sixth Figure of the Bladder of the Gall. M. the Pylorus joyned to the Duodenum N. the Duodenum joyned to the Pylorus P. shews the bottom of the bladder of the gall QQ the holes of the bladder of Gall
its original from the Periosteum or as others will have it It s original from the Pericranium investing the Vertebra's of the Chest at the roots of the ribs Wherefore it sticks very fast to the ribs scarce to be separated as also to all the parts bounding the Chest and contained in it Vesalius reprehends Galen because he said that this was double on both sides yet Columbus defends Galen and verily it is seen to be double in the inner part of the Chest under the ribs and the muscles of the ribs that in that space there may be way for the Veins Arteries and Nerves Whether as there is a twofold Plurisie so also a double Pleura Some have made it twofold and divided it into the internal and external as those which have made two sorts of Pleurisies the true and bastard placing the external above the Ribs and intercostal muscles but the internal under the ribs muscles Diaphragma and Sternon But we to shun ambiguity intend only to prosecute those things which are manifest to the eys wherefore we say that the ribs are lined on the inside with a double coat One which immediately and firmly sticks to them on every side called the Periosteum which is common to them and other Bones The other which lies upon that Periosteum and on the inside invests all the Ribs whence is it called the Subcostalis tunica The substance temper and composure are the same as in other membranes The Magnitude Figure The magnitude in length as also the figure is the same with the compass of the inner part of the Chest the thickness of it is very little This coat is commonly called the Pleura from the name of the part which it covers or lines for the Greeks call the ribs 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and in like manner that which happens betwixt the Periosteum and this Pleura is called either a true or bastard Pleurisie CHAP. VII Of the Mediastinum The Substance and Magnitude NOw we must speak of the parts contained in the Chest seeing we have already handled the containing beginning with the Mediastinum as being a part which in dissection first presents it self to our sight The Mediastinum is of the same substance thickness composure number temper as the Pleura For the substance of the Mediastinum is membranous and though it be stretched all the length of the Chest yet it is of a small thickness receiving Veins Nerves and Arteries from all the parts to which it is knit like as the Pleura doth but especially from the Mammillary vessels descending under the Sternon It is in number one but it is made of two membranes produced from the Subcostal for this ascending on each side by the hollowness of the Chest to the Sternon and then at right Angles is reflected to the bodies of the Vertebra's whence the Pleura hath its original In that reflection there is so much distance between each Membrane as may be sufficient to receive two fingers For otherwise seeing that they cannot penetrate through the Heart it was fit each side of the Pleura should turn to the Pericardium that so they might arrive at the appointed place without offence Neither yet is that space void and empty but woven with many small nervous fibers Columbus adds that that place is often filled with a certain humor besides Nature which you may draw out or evacuate by opening the Sternon The figure Yet I would gladly learn of Columbus by what signs we may know that such an humor is contained there For the figure the Mediastinum with the Pleura on each side represents the figure of a Leather-bottle whose flat side is the Mediastinum whose other side the Pleura the bottom that part of the Pleura which is next the Midriff the mouth the upper part of Pleura at the first ribs We shewed the site and connexion of the Mediastinum when we declared its original The use The use thereof is to separate the vital parts as it were into two cels the right and left that if peradventure it happen that the one be hurt the creature may live by the benefit of the other And it hath another use which is to prop and hold up the Pericardium that it fall not upon the Heart with its weight but tossed with the motions of the Heart and Chest it may move to this or that side CHAP. VIII Of the Diaphragma or Midriff What the Midriff is ALthough the Midriff may seem to be accounted rather a part containing than contained yet for commodities sake we have deferred the demonstration thereof till now Therefore It is a muscle round and long terminating the lower part of the Chest It s substance composition c. It is of the same substance composition and temper as the Muscles of the Epigastrium it is made of two coats the lower whereof is from the Peritonaeum and the upper from the Pleura Which getting to them flesh but not there but in their circumference by the benefit of the bloud brought thither by the Veins and Arteries distributed through it turn into a muscle whose middle is nervous and membranous but the extremities by which it is inserted one while fleshy as in that part next to the bastard-ribs another while tendonous as where it touches the first and second Vertebra's of the Loins for it ends in them by two Tendons manifest enough It is one in number Connexion interposed with an oblique site betwixt the natural and vital parts It hath connexion with the lower part of the Sternon and short-ribs and the two first Vertebra's of the Loins but by its coats and vessels with the parts from whence it received them Quantity The extent thereof is equal to the compass of the lower part of the Chest The length of it is from the brest-blade even to the first and second vertebra of the loins The thickness is diverse for it is far thicker in its fleshy extremity than in its nervous original The Action thereof is to help the expulsion of the Excrements by the mutual assistance of the Epigastrick muscles but the chief use is for respiration of which it is one of the prime instruments Action This partition the Ancients called Phrenes Why the Diaphragma was called Phrenes because the inflammation thereof caused like symptomes as the inflammation of the Brain by reason of the large nerves on each side one which come to it directly and primarily from the third fourth and fifth Vertebra's of the neck This muscle differs from other muscles specially in figure It is perforated in three places to give way or passage to the ascendent Hollow-vein to the artery Aorta and the Gullet CHAP. IX Of the Lungs THe Lungs are of a soft substance and fleshy rare and like a sponge Their Substance Quantity The Lobes thereof of a various colour pamered their quantity is sufficiently large for most commonly they are
of a plurisie may be evacuated by urin though but seldom is found double that is on each side one Here you must chiefly observe that this vein after it hath nourished the spaces between the lower ribs in its remainder descends under the Diaphragma and is joyned on the left side to the Emulgent vein by which it is manifest how an Abscess may be critically evacuated by the urine in a Plurisie But this same Azygos is more depressed on the right side and meets with the Venae lumbares but especially with one of them which goes down to the thigh whereby Fallopius gathers that it is very convenient in the beginnings of Plurisies to open the vena poplitis the vein of the Ham. Fifthly above the Azygos when it is wanting there Intercostalis it sends forth the Branch called Intercostalis to the other spaces between the upper ribs although this is sometimes seen to come from the Axillares which Sylvius calls the subclaviae Sixthly it brings forth the Mammariae so called Mammaria because in their greater part they run to the dugs between the fourth and fifth ribs for the uses formerly mentioned men and women have on each side one of these coming from the Subclaviae They are sometimes found to proceed by a certain common orifice from the hollow vein before it be divided into the Subclavian Branches but it is rather in Beasts than in men these veins descending by the sides of the Sternon yield nourishment to the two inner muscles of the Chest to the seven intercostal muscles of the true ribs to the Sternon it self and to its ligaments and gristles as also to the Mediastinum and the upper part of the right muscles and the adjacent parts Seventhly Cervicalis it produces the Cervicalis which on both sides through the holes of the productions of the Vertebra's of the neck ascends to the head Musculosa In wâ—â—â— place cuppingglasses may be fitly applyed in a bastardplurisie sending many small Branches into the spinal marrow through the holes by which the nerves pass and also into the membranes ligaments gristles bones and neighbouring muscles Eightly the Musculosa or musculous which also arising out of the Subclaviae is divided into two other Branches the one whereof goeth upon the Breast to the paps nourishing the foremost muscles wherefore in a bastard-plurisie cupping-glasses may be fitly applied in this place The other Branch descends to the upper muscles of the Chest but specially to that which is called Latissimus Axillaris Humeralis Jugularis interna externa Into what parts the Jugularis interna goes The tenth is the Axillaris The eleventh the Humeralis of which we will treat in their place The twelfth and last is the Jugularis properly so called which is twofold the internal and external The internal being the lesser doth presently on both sides from this very beginning ascend by the sides of the Aspera Arteria or weazon even to the mouth and skull yeilding nourishment to the parts by which it passes as to the next membranes and nerves But when it comes to the basis of the Cranium it is divided into two Branches the greater whereof going back along the basis of the Cranium to the hind-part thereof sending a Branch to the long muscle situate upon the oesophagus it enters the Cranium with the small Carotides through the hole of the nerves of the sixth conjugation where they become one common vessel The lesser sending a slip to the organ of hearing by the hole called Caecum or the Blind also enters the Cranium and is spent in the thicker meninx neer to the hole of the third and fourth conjugation of nerves The external Jugular vein being greater and fairer Into what parts the Jugularis externa goes most commonly simple yet sometimes double either presently at his beginning or a little after ascends superficially on both sides of the neck between the broad muscle or fleshy pannicle being there easie to be discerned and other muscles situate at the sides of the neck into which as also into the skin it sends certain branches for nourishment The Figure of the hollow vein whole and freed from the rest of the body A The trunk of the hollow vein The lower AA At this place of the Liver is seated the left part of the vein and distributeth branches to the left side B Sheweth how the trunk of the hollow vein in the chest to give way to the heart is curved or bowed to the right hand Betwixt A and B that part of the hollow vein which is betwixt the gibbous side of the Liver and the Midriff C The left midriff-vein called Phrenica sinistra from which surcles do run in a man unto the purss of the heart for the midriff and it do grow together D The orifice of the hollow vein which groweth unto the heart E The Crown-vein called coronaria which like a crown compasseth the basis of the Heart and sprinkleth his surcles on the outside thereof as far as to the cone or point FF The trunk of the vein Azygos or non-paril descending along the right side of the rack-bones unto the loins GG The lower intercostal veins to the branches of the vein Azygos which go unto the distances betwixt the ribs and afford surcles unto the muscle which lie upon the ribs and the rack-bones and the membranes of the chest H The division of the hollow vein into two subclavian trunks near the Jugulum under the breast-bone II the subclavian Branch tending on either side unto the Arm called by some Axillaris K the upper intercostal vein which commonly sendeth three slips unto the distances of the upper ribs unto which the first intercostal vein sent no branches LL the descending mammary vein this descendeth under the breast-bone unto the right muscles of the Abdomen and affordeth surcles to the distances of the gristles of the true ribs to the Mediastinum the muscles that lie upon the breast and the skin of the Abdomen M the conjunction of the mammary with the Epigastrick vein ascending about the navil under the right muscles N the vein of the neck called Cervicalis ascending towards the skull which alloweth surcles to those muscles that lie upon the neck O The vein called Muscula which is propagated with many surcles into the muscles that occupie the lower parts of the neck and the upper parts of the chest P Thoratica superior the upper chest-vein which goeth to the muscles lying upon the chest to the skin of that place and to the dugs Q the double Scapularis distributed into the hollow part of the shoulder-blade and the neighbour muscles so also betwixt P. and R. sometimes small veins do reach into the glandules that are in the arm-holes R Thoratica inferior running downward along the sides of the chest and especially distributed into the muscle of the arm called Latissimus S the inner Jugular vein which entreth into the Scull after it
to the opposite side that it may there joyn it self to the Nerve of that side To which purpose the right is carryed above the Gullet the left below it so that these two Stomatick become four and again these four presently become two CHAP. XV. The Division of the Arteries THe Artery arising forth of the left Ventricle of the Heart The left branch of the ascendent Artery is less then the right The distribution of the left subclavian Artery into the is presently the two Coronal Arteries being first spred over the substance of the Heart divided into two unequal branches The greater whereof descends to the lower parts being distributed as we formerly mentioned in the third Book and 22. Chapter The lesser ascending to the upper parts is again divided into two other unequal branches the lesser of which ascending towards the left side sends forth no Artery from it until it arrive at the rib of the Chest where it produces the Subclavian Artery which is distributed after the manner following First it produces the Intercostal 1 Intercostalis and by it imparts life to the three intercostal muscles of the four upper ribs and to the neighbouring places Secondly It brings forth the Mammillary branch 2 Mammaria which is distributed as the Mammillary vein is Thirdly the Cervicalis 3 Cervicalis which ascends along the neck by the transverse productions to the Dura mater being distributed as the Vena Cervicalis is The Figure of the Arteries A The orifice of the great Artery or the beginning thereof where it issueth out of the Heart B Coronaria so called because like a Crown it compasseth the basis of the Heart C the division of the great Artery into two trunks V i. D the left Subclavian climbing obliquely upward unto the ribs E the upper Intercostol Artery or a branch which bestoweth four propagations unto the distances of the lower rib F the Neck-artery which through the transverse processes of the Rack-bones of the Neck attaineth to the Scull bestowing surcles unto the marrow and his neighbour muscles G the left Mammary Artery running under the Brest-bone and to the Navil It distributeth the surcles to the Mediastinum the muscles of the Brest and of the Abdomen H Muscula or a branch attaining to the backward muscles of the Neck I the Scapular-Arteries which go unto the hollowness of the blade and of the muscles that lie thereon K Humeraria which climbeth over the top of the shoulder L Thoracica superior sprinkled unto the forward muscles of the Chest M Thoracica inferior which passing along the sides of the Chest attaineth to the Broad muscles of the arm N the Axillary Artery running out into the Arm and affording branches unto the muscles thereof O a branch reaching to the outside of the cubit lying deep PP branches to the joint of the cubit with the arm Q the upper branch of the Artery running along the Radius und offering surcles to the thumb the fore-finger and the middle-finger R a surcle creeping unto the outside of the hand and led betwixt the first bone of the thumb and that of the after-wrist supporteth the forefinger where we use to feel the pulse S the lower branch of the artery running along the Ulna and communicating surcles to the little finger the ring-finger and the middle finger * A little branch unto the muscles about the little finger T the distribution of the upper and lower branches into the hand and the fingers V the trunk of the great Artery ascending to the Jugulum and the division thereof in that place into X Y Z. X the left Carotis or sleepy artery Y Subclavian dextra divided into branches as the right is divided Z Carotis dextra called also Apoplectica and Lethargica a the division of the left Carotis in the chops b the exteriour branch of that division going into the face the temples and behind the ears c the inner branch going to the throttle the chops and the tongue d the division hereof at the basis of the skull into two branches which enter the sinus of the Dura mater e a propagation of the branch b unto the muscles of the face f the distribution of the branch b under the root of the ear g the forebranch hereof creeping up the temples h the back-branch running on the back-side of the ear under the skin i the trunk of the great Artery descending unto the spondils of the back kkk the lower Intercostal arteries which go unto the distances of the eight lower ribs from which are offered surcles to the marrow and to the muscles that grow to the Back and to the Chest l the artery of the midriff called Phrenica or Diaphragmatica ζ Mesenterica Superior but you must note that above ζ the trunk of the Coeliacal artery is taken away lest the multitude of letters in so small a Table should breed obscurity η θ the right and left Emulgents running from the Aorta or great Artery unto the kidnies ιι κκ the spermatical arteries on either side going to the testicles λ the lower Mesenterical artery on the left below μ running especially into the Colick-gut on that side μμ the arteries called Lumbares which run overthwart and like knees affording surcles to the muscles that grow to the loins and to the Peritonaeum μ the lower Muscula superior running into the sides of the Abdomen and the muscles νν the bifurcation of the great artery into two Iliack trunks and at the sides but somewhat inward are branches which make those that are called Sacrae Τ the division of the left Iliack trunk into an inner branch at ξ and an utter at φ. ξ the inner Iliack branch ο Muscula inferior the utter propagation of the inner branch going unto the muscles which cover the branch-bone and the Coxendix Ï€ Hypogastrica the inner propagation of the inner branch going to the bladder the yard and the neck of the womb Ï the umbilical artery σ the remainder of the branch ξ assuming an addition from the utter branch neer φ and so falling through the hole of the share-bone into the leg Ï„ Epigastrica it ascendeth upward unto the right muscle of the Abdomen and about the navel is joyned with the mammary artery η Pudenda it creepeth overthwart the share-bone φ the Crural trunk without the Peritonaeum χ Muscula cruralis exterior going into the fore-muscles of the thigh ψ Muscula cruralis interior going unto the muscles of the inside of the thigh ω The conjunction of this artery with the branches Γ Poplitea going to the muscles on the back-side of the thigh ΔΔ which communicateth small branches to the joint of the knee and the muscles that make the calf of the leg Θ the division of the Crural artery under the ham into three branches Λ Tibiaea exterior it accompanieth the brace-bone and is consumed into the muscles Ξ the chief part of the crural artery Σ the upper and backer
which was cut quite asunder and put the lips of the wound as close together as I could I could not get hold of the Gullet because it was fallen down into the Stomach then I bound up the wound with medicines pledgets and fit ligatures After he was thus drest he begun to speak and tell the name of the villain the author of this fact so that he was taken and fastened to the wheel and having his limbs broken lost his wretched life for the life of the innocent wounded man who dyed the fourth day after he was hurt Another History The like hurt befel a certain German who lay at the house of one Perots in the street of Nuts he being frantick in the night cut his throat with a sword I being called in the morning by his friends who went to see him drest him just after the same manner as I dressed the Englishman Wherefore he presently recovered his speech which before could not utter one syllable freed from suspition of the crime and prison the servant who lying in the same chamber with him was upon suspition committed to Prison and confessing the thing as it was done lived four days after the wound being nourished with Broths put into his Fundament like Clysters and with the grateful vapour of comfortable things as Bread newly drawn out of the Oven and soaked in strong Wine I having thus by Art of Chirurgery made the dumb speak for the space of four days CHAP. XXX Of the Wounds of the Chest The differences of wounds of the Chest SOme wounds of the Chest are on the fore-side some behind some penetrate more deep others enter not into the capacity thereof othersome pierce even to the parts contained therein as the Mediastinum Lungs Heart Midriffe hollow Vein and ascendent Artery Othersome pass quite through the body whereby it happens that some are deadly some not The signs You shall thus know that the wound penetrates into the capacity of the Chest if that when the Patients mouth and nose be shut the breath or wind break through the wound with a noise so that it may dissipate or blow out a lighted candle being held near it If the Patient can scarse either draw or put forth his breath this also is a sign that there is some bloud fallen down upon the Diaphragma Signs that the heart is wounded By these signs you may know that the heart is wounded If a great quantity of bloud gush out if a trembling possess all the members of the body if the pulse be little and faint if the colour become pale if a cold sweat and frequent swooning assail him and the extream parts become cold then death 's at hand A History Yet when I was at Turin I saw a certain Gentleman who fighting a duel with another received a wound under his left brest which pierced into the substance of his heart yet for all that he struck some blows afterwards and followed his flying enemy some two hundred paces until he fell down dead upon the ground having opened his body I found a wound in the substance of the heart so large as would contain ones finger there was only much bloud poured forth upon the midriffe Signs that the Lungs are wounded These are the signs that the Lungs are wounded if the bloud comes foamy or froathy out of the wounds the Patient is troubled with a cough he is also troubled with a great difficulty of breathing and a pain in his side which he formerly had not he lies most at ease when he lies upon the wound and sometimes it comes so to pass that lying so he speaks more freely and easily but turned on the contrary side he presently cannot speak Signs that the midriffe is wounded When the Diaphragma or Midriffe is wounded the party affected is troubled with a weight or heaviness in that place he is taken with a Delirium or Raving by reason of the sympathy of the Nerves of the sixth conjugation which are spread over the midriffe difficulty of breathing a cough and sharp pain troubles the Patient the Guts are drawn upwards so that it sometimes happens by the vehemency of breathing that the Stomach and Guts are drawn through the wound into the capacity of the Chest which thing I observed in two The one of these was a Mason who was thrust through the midst of the Midriffe where it is nervous and dyed the third day following I opening his lower belly and not finding his stomach A History thought it a monstrous thing but at length searching diligently I found it was drawn into the Chest through the wound which was scarse an inch broad But the stomach was full of wind but little humidity in it The other was called captain Francis d' Alon a Native of Xantoigne Another History who before Rochell was shot with a Musket Bullet entring by the breast-bone near to the sword-like Gristle and passing through the fleshy part of the midriffe went out at the space between the fifth and sixth bastard ribs The wound was healed up on the outside yet for all that there remained a weakness of the stomach whereupon a pain of the guts like to the colick took him especially in the Evening and on the night for which cause he durst not sup but very sparingly But on the eighth month after the pain raging more violently in his belly then it was accustomed he dyed though for the mitigating of the vehemency thereof Simon Malmâ—dy and Anthony du Val both learned Physitians omitted no kind of Remedy The body of the diseased was opened by the skilful Chirurgeon James Guillemeau who found a great portion of the Colick-gut swelled with much wind gotten into the Chest through the wound of the Diaphragma for all it was so small that you could scarse put your little finger in thereat But now let us return from whence we digressed We understand that there is blood poured forth into the capacity of the Chest by the difficulty of breathing the vehemency of the increasing feaver the stinking of the breath Signs that there is blood pouted into the capacity of the Chest the casting up of blood at the mouth and other symptoms which usually happen to those who have putrefied and clotted blood poured out of the vessels into the belly infecting with the filthy vapour of the corrupt substance the parts to which it shall come But also unless the Patient cannot lye upon his back he is troubled with a desire to vomit and covets now and then to rise whence he often falls into a swound the vitall faculty which sustains the body being broken and debilitated both by reason of the wound and concreat or clotted blood for so putting on the quality of poyson it greatly dissipates and dissolves the strength of the heart It is a sign the spinal marrow is hurt when a Convulsion or Palsie that is a sodain loss of sense and motion
incompassing air under which also is comprehended that which is taken from the season of the yeer region the state of the air and soil and the particular condition of the present and lately by-past time Hence it is we read in Guido Why wounds of the head at Paris and of the legs at Avignion are hard to be cured that Wounds of the head are cured with far more difficulty at Paris than at Avignion where notwithstanding on the contrary the Wounds of the legs are cured with more trouble than at Paris the cause is the air is cold and moist at Paris which constitution seeing it is hurtfull to the brain and head it cannot but must be offensive to the Wounds of these parts But the heat of the ambient air at Avignion attenuates and dissolves the humors and makes them flow from above downwards But if any object that experience contradicts this opinion of Guido and say that wounds of the head are more frequently deadly in hot countries let him understand that this must not be attributed to the manifest and natural heat of the air but to a certain malign and venenate humor or vapor dispersed through the air and raised out of the Seas as you may easily observe in those places of France and Italy which border upon the Mediterranean Sea An indication may also be drawn from the peculiar temper of the wounded parts for the musculous parts must be dressed after one and the bony parts after another manner The different sense of the parts indicates and requires the like variety of remedies for you shall not apply so acrid medicins to the Nerves and Tendons An indication to be drawn from the quick and dull sense of the wounded part as to the ligaments which are destitute of sense The like reason also for the dignity and function of the parts needfull for the preservation of life for oft-times wounds of the brain or of some other of the naturall and vitall parts for this very reason that they are defixed in these parts divert the whole manner of the cure which is usually and generally performed in wounds Neither that without good cause for oft-times from the condition of the parts we may certainly pronounce the whole success of the disease for wounds which penetrate into the ventricles of the brain into the heart the large vessels the chest the nervous parts of the midriffe the liver ventricles small guts bladder if somewhat large are deadly as also those which light upon a joynt in a body repleat with ill humors as we have formerly noted Neither must you neglect that indication which is drawn from the situation of the part and the commerce it hath with the adjacent parts or from the figure thereof seeing that Galen himself would not have it neglected Gal. lib. 7. Meth 2. ad Glauc But we must consider in taking these forementioned Indications whether there be a composition or complication of the diseases for as there is one and that a simple indication of one and that a simple disease so must the indication be various of a compound and complicate disease But there is observed to be a triple composition or complication of affects besides nature for either a disease is compounded with a disease as a wound or a plegmon with a fracture of a bone or a disease with a cause as an ulcer with a defluxion or a disease with a symptome as a wound with pain or bleeding It sometimes comes to pass that these three the disease cause and symptome concur in one case or affect In artificially handling of which we must follow Galens counsell Gal. lib. 7. Meth. who wishes in complicated and compounded affects that we resist the more urgent then let us withstand the cause of the disease and lastly that affect without which the rest cannot be cured Which counsell must well be observed for in this composure of affects which distracts the Emperick on the contrary the rational Physitian hath a way prescribed in a few and these excellent words which if he follow in his order of cure he can scarse miss to heal the Patient Symptomes truly as they are symptomes yeeld no indication of curing neither change the order of the cure for when the disease is healed the symptome vanishes as that which follows the disease as a shadow follows the body But symptomes do oftentimes so urge and press How and when we must take indication of curing from a symptome that perverting the whole order of the cure we are forced to resist them in the first place as those which would otherwise increase the disease Now all the formerly mentioned indications may be drawn to two heads the first is to restore the parts to its native temper the other is that the blood offend not either in quantity or quality for when those two are present there is nothing which may hinder the repletion or union of wounds nor ulcers CHAP. IX What remains for the Chirurgeon to do in this kind of Wounds THe Chirurgeon must first of all be skilfull and labour to asswage pain hinder defluxions prescribe a diet in those six things we call not-natural forbidding the use of hot and acrid things as also of Wine for such attenuate humors and make them more apt for defluxion Why such as are wounded must keep a slender diet Therefore at the first let his diet be slender that so the course of the humors may be diverted from the affected part for the stomach being empty and not well filled draws from the parts about it whereby it consequently follows that the utmost and remotest parts are at the length evacuated which is the cause that such as are wounded must keep so spare a diet for the next dayes following Venery is very pernicious for that it inflames the spirits and humors far beyond other motions whereby it happens that the humors waxing hot are too plentifully carried to the wounded and over heated part The bleeding must not be stanched presently upon receiving of the wound for by the more plentiful efflux thereof the part is freed from danger of inflammation and fulness Why we must open a vein in such as are wounded by Gunshot Wherefore if the wound bleed not sufficiently at the first you shall the next day open a vein and take blood according to the strength and plenitude of the Patient for there usually flows no great store of blood from wounds of this nature for that by the greatness of the contusion and vehemency of the moved air the spirits are forced in as also I have observed in those who have one of their limbs taken away with a Cannon bullet For in the time when the wound is received there flows no great quantity of blood although there be large veins and arteries torn in sunder thereby But on the 4 5 6. or some more dayes after the blood flows in greater abundance and with more violence the native
into the bowels All things that resist poison must be given any way whatsoever as lemons oranges angelica-roots gentian tormentil burnet vervain cardus benedictus borage bugloss and the like Let all things that are afterwards set before the patient be meats of good juice such as ate veal kid mutton patridg pullets capons and the like CHAP. XVI Of the biting of a Viper or Adder and the symptoms and cure thereof THe remedies that were formerly mentioned against the bitings of mad dogs the same may be used against all venomous bites and stings yet nevertheless each poison hath his peculiar antidote Vipers or Adders as we vulgarly term them have in their gums The bites of vipers how virulent or the spaces between their teeth little bladders filled with a virulent sanies which is pressed out into the part that they bite with their teeth There forthwith ariseth a pricking pain The symptoâ— the part at the first is much swollen and then the whole body unless it be hindred gross and bloody filth sweats out of the wound little blisters rise round about it as if it were burnt the wound gnaws and as it were feeds upon the flesh great inflammation possesseth the liver and the guts and the whole body becomes very dry becoming of a pale or yellowish colour with thirst unquenchable the belly is griped by fits a cholerick vomiting molesteth them the stomach is troubled with a hicketting the patients are taken with often swoundings with cold sweat the fore-runner of death unless you provide by fit medicines for the noble parts before the poison shall invade them Matthiolus tells that he saw a country-man who as he was mowing a meadow An history by chance cut an Adder in two with his sithe which when he thought it was dead he took the one half whereon the head remained without any fear in his hand but the enraged creature turning about her head cruelly bit him by one of his fingers which finger as men usually do especially when as they think of no such thing he put into his mouth and sucked out the blood and poison and presently fell down dead When as Charls the ninth was at Montpelier An history I went into the shop of one Farges an Apothecary who then made a solemn dispensation of Treacle where not satisfying my self with the looking upon the Vipers which were there in a glass ready for the composition I thought to take one of them in my hands but whilst that I too curiously and securely handled her teeth which were in her upper jaw covered with a skin as it were a case to keep the poison in the beast catched hold of the very end of my fore-finger and bit me in the space which is between the nail and the flesh whence presently there arose great pain both by reason of the part endued with most exquisite sense as also by the malignity of the poison forthwith I exceeding straitly bound my finger above the wound that so I might press forth the blood and poison lest they should diffuse themselves further over the body Remedies for the bite of a viper I dissolved old Treacle in aqua vitae wherein I dipped and moistned cotton and so put it to the wound and within a few daies I throwly recovered by this only medicine You may use in stead of Treacle Mithridate and sundry other things which by reason of their heat are powerful drawers as a quill rosted in hot embers garlick and leeks beaten and applied barly-flowr tempered with vinegar hony and goats-dung and so applied like a pult is Some think it sufficient forthwith to wash and foment the wound with vinegar salt and a little honey Galen writes that the poison inflicted by the bite of a viper Lib. de theriac may be drawn forth by applying to the wound the head of a viper but othersome apply the whole viper beaten to mash CHAP. XVII Of the Serpent called Haemorrhous The Haemorrhous why so called THe Serpent Haemorrhous is so called because by biting he causeth blood to drop out of all the passages of the wounded body he is of a small body of the bigness of a viper with eies burning with a certain fiery brightness and a most beautiful skin The back of him as Avicen writes is spotted with many black spots his neck little and his tail very small the part which he bites forthwith grows blackish by reason of the extinction of the native heat which is extinguished by such poison which is contrary thereto in its whole substance Then follows a pain of the stomach and heart these parts being touched with the pestiferous quality of the poison These pains are seconded by vomiting the orifice of the ventricle being relaxed by a Diarrhaea the retentive faculty of all the parts of the belly being weakned and the veins which aâ—e spread through the guts Wonderful bleedings not being able to retain the blood contained in them For the blood is seen to slow out as in streams from the nose mouth ears fundament privities corners of the eies roots of the nails and gums which putrefie the teeth falling out of them Moreover there happens a difficulty of breathing and stoppage of the urine with a deadly convulsion The cure is forthwith to scarisie and burn the bitten part or else to cut it quite off if that it may be done without danger of life and then to use powerfully drawing Antidotes The figure of the Serpent Haemorrhous CHAP. XVIIII Of the Serpent called Seps The reason of the name and description of the Seps THe Serpent Seps is so called because it causeth the part which it bites forthwith to putrefie by reason of the cruel malignity of its poison It is not much unlike the Haemorrhous but that it curls or twines up the tail in divers circles Pausanias writes that this serpent is of an ash colour a broad head small neck big belly writhen tail and as he goes he runs aside like a crab But his skin is variegated and spotted with several colours like to Tapistry By the cruelty of his caustick and putrefying venom he burns the part which he hath bit with most bitter pain he causeth the shedding of the hairs and as Aetius addeth the wound at the first casteth forth manifest blood The symptoms but within a little while after stinking filth The putrefied affected parts wax white and the body all over becomes of the colour of that scurf which is termed Alphos so that by the wickedness of this putrefactive poison not only the spirits are resolved but also the whole body consumed as by fire a pestilent carbuncle and other putrid tumors arising from an hot and humid or suffocating constitution of the air Now for the remedies they must be such as are formerly prescribed against the bitings of a viper The figure of the Serpent Seps CHAP. XIX Of the Basiliske or Cockatrice THe Basilisk far exceeds all kinds
but that is especially in the night season they feel prickings over all their body as if it were the pricking of needles but their nostrils do itch especially by occasion of the malign vapours arising upwards from the lower and inner into the upper parts their breast burneth their heart beateth with pain under the left dug difficulty of taking breath ptissick cough pain of the heart and such an elation or puffing up of the Hypocondria or sides of the belly distended with the abundance of vapours raised by the force of the severish heat The cause of vomiting in such as have the Plague that the patient will in a manner seem to have the Tympany They are molested with a desire to vomit and oftentimes with much and painful vomiting wherein green and black matter is seen and alwaies of divers colours answering in proportion to the excrements of the lower parts the stomach being drawn into a consent with the heat by reason of the vicinity and communion of the vessels oftentimes blood alone and that pure is excluded and cast up in vomiting and is not only cast up by vomiting out of the stomach but also very often out of the nostrils fundament and in women out of the wombe the inward parts are often burned and the outward parts are stiff with cold the whole heat of the patient being drawn violently inward after the manner of a Cupping-glass by the strong burning of the inner parts Their looks are suddenly changed then the eie-lids wax blew as it were through some confusion all the whole face hath an horrid aspect and as it were the colour of lead the eies are burning red and as it were swoln or puffed up with blood or any other humor shed tears and to conclude the whole habit of the body is somwhat changed and turned yellow Many have a burning fever which doth shew it self by the patients ulcerated jaws unquenchable thirst driness and blackness of the tongue and it causeth such a phrensie by inflaming the brain that the patients running naked out of their beds seek to throw themselves out of windows into the pits and rivers that are at hand Why some that are taken with the plague are sleepy In some the joynts of the body are so weakned that they cannot go nor stand from the beginning they are as it were buried in a long swound and deep sleep by reason that the fever sendeth up to the brain the gross vapors from the crude and cold humors as it were from green wood newly kindled to make a fire Such sleeping doth hold him especially while the matter of the sore or carbuncle is drawn together and beginneth to come to suppuration Oftentimes when they are awaked out of sleep there do spots and marks appear dispersed over the skin with a stinking swear But if those vapors be sharp that are stirred up unto the head in stead of sleep they cause great waking and alwaies there is much diversity of accidents in the urine of those that are infected with the Plague by reason of the divers temperature and condition of bodies neither is the urine at all times and in all men of the same consistence and colour For somtimes they are like unto the urine of those that are sound and in health Why their urines are like those that are sound that is to say laudable in colour and substance because that when the heart is affected by the venomous air that entreth in unto it the spirits are more greatly grieved and molested then the humors but those i. e. the spirits are infected and corrupted when these do begin to corrupt But Urines only shew the dispositions of the humors or parts in which they are made collected together and through which they pass This reason seemeth truer to me then theirs which say that nature terrified with the malignities of the poyson avoids contention and doth not resist or labour to digest the matter that causeth the disease Many have their appetites so overthrown that they can abstain from meat for the space of three daies together And to conclude the variety of accidents is almost infinite which appear and spring up in this kinde of disease by reason of the diversity of the poyson and condition of the bodies and grieved parts but they do not all appear in each man but some in one and some in another CHAP. XIV What signs in the Plague are mortal IT is a most deadly sign in the Pestilence to have a continual and burning Fever to have the tongue dry rough and black to breathe with difficulty and to draw in a great quantity of breath but breathe out little to talk idly to have Phrensie and Madness together with unquenchable thirst and great watching to have Convulsions the Hicket Heart-beating and to swound very often and vehemently further tossing and turning in the bed with a loathing of meats and dayly vomits of a green black and bloudy colour and the face pale black of an horrid and cruel aspect bedewed with a cold sweat are very mortal signs There are some which at the very beginning have ulcerous and painful weariness An ulcerous and painful weariness from the beginning sheweth the Plague to be deadly pricking under the skin with great torment of pain the eyes look cruelly and staringly the voyce waxeth hoarse the tongue rough and ftutting and the understanding decaying the patient uttereth and talketh of frivolous things Truly those are very dangerously sick no otherwise then those whose urine is pale black and troubled like unto the urine of carriage-beasts or lee with divers coloured clouds or contents as blew green black fatty and oyly as also resembling in shew a Spiders web with a round body swimming on the top If the flesh of the carbuncle be dry and black as it were seared with an hot iron if the flesh about it be black and blew if the matter do flow back and turn in if they have a lask with greatly stinking liquid thin clammy black green or blewish ordure if they avoid Worms by reason of the great corruption of the humors and yet for all this the patient is never the better if the eyes wax often dim if the nostrils be contracted or drawn together if they have a grievous cramp the mouth be drawn aside the muscles of the face being drawn or contracted equally or unequally if the nails be black if they be often troubled with the Hicket or have a Convulsion and resolution over all the body then you may certainly prognosticate that death is at hand and you may use cordial medicines only but it is too late to purge or let bloud CHAP. XV. Signs of the Plague coming by contagion of the air without any fault of the humors YOu shall understand that the Pestilence proceeds from the corruption of the air if it be very contagious and disperseth it self into sundry places in a moment If it kill quickly and many so that
speedily putrefie Men that are of an ill juyce are also most apt to this kind of Pestilence for in the naughty quality of the juyce there is a great preparation of the humors unto putrefaction You may know it by this that when the Pestilence reigneth there are no other diseases among the common people which have their original of any ill juyce but they all degenerate into the Plague Therefore when they begin to appear and wander up and down it is a token that the Pestilence will shortly cease or is almost at an end But here also I would have you to understand those to be of an ill juyce which have no pores in their skin by which as it were by rivers the evil juyce which is contrary to nature may be evacuated and purged Who least subject to take the Plague And I have noted and observed that those are less in danger of the Pestilence which have Cancerous Ulcers and stinking sores in their Noses and such as are infected with the French-Pox and have by reason thereof tumors and rotten Ulcers or have the Kings-evil running upon them the Leprosie or the Scab and to conclude all those that have Fistulaes and running in their bodies I think those that have quartane Fevers are the better priviledged for the same because that by the fit causing sweat that cometh every fourth day they avoid much of the evill juyce that was engendred This is more like to be true then to think that the poyson that cometh from without may be driven away by that which lurketh within Contrariwise women that are great with childe as I have noted Who subject thereto because they have much ill juyce being prohibited from their accustomed evacuations are very apt to take this disease and so seldom recover after they are infected Black or blew Impostumes and spots and pustles of the same colour dispersed over the skin Signs the disease is incurable A good sign argue that the disease is altogether incurable and mortal When the swelling or sore goeth or cometh before the Fever it is a good sign for it declareth that the malignity is very weak and feeble and that nature hath overcome it which of it self is able to drive so great portion thereof from the inner parts A deadly sign But if the sore or tumor come after the Fever it is a mortal and deadly sign for it is certain that it cometh of the venomous matter not translated but dispersed not by the victory of nature but through the multitude of the matter with the weight whereof nature is overcome When the Moon decreaseth those that are infected with the Pestilence are in great doubt and danger of death because then the humors that were collected and gathered together before the Full of the Moon through delay and abundance do swell the more and the faculties by which the body is governed become more weak and feeble because of the imbecillity of the native heat which before was nourished and augmented by the light and so consequently by the heat of the Full Moon For as it is noted by Aristotle the Wainings of the Moon are more cold and weak and thence it is that women have their menstrual fluxes chiefly or commonly at that time In a gross and cloudy air the pestilent infection is less vehement and contagious In what air most contagious then in a thin and subtil air whether that thinness of the air proceed from the heat of the Sun or from the North winde and cold Therefore at Paris where naturally and also through the abundance of filth that is about the City the air is dark and gross the pestilent infection is less fierce and contagious then it is in Province for the subtilty of the air stimulates or helps forward the Plague But this disease is mortal and pernicious wheresoever it be because it suddenly assaulteth the heart which is the Mansion or as it were the fortress or castle of life but commonly not before the signs and tokens of it appear on the body and yet you shall scarce find any man that thinketh of calling the Physician to help to preserve him from so great a danger before the signs thereof be evident to be seen and felt but then the heart is assaulted And when the heart is so assaulted what hope of life is there or health to be looked for What effects fear and confidence produce in the Plague Therefore because medicines come oft-times too late and this malady is as it were a sudden and winged messenger of our death it cometh to pass that so many die thereof And moreover because of the first suspicion of this so dire and cruel a disease the imagination and mind whose force in the diversly much stirring up of the humors is great and almost incredible is so troubled with fear of imminent death and despair of health that together with the preturbed humors all the strength and power of nature falleth and sinketh down This you may perceive and know by reason that the keepers of such as are sick and the bearers which are not fearful but very confident although they do all the basest offices which may be for the sick are commonly not infected and seldom die thereof if infected CHAP. XVIII How a pestilent Fever comes to be bred in us THe Plague oft-times findeth fuel in our bodies and oft-times allurements to wit the putrefaction of humors or aptness to putrefie but it never thence hath its first original for that comes alwayes from the defiled air therefore a pestilent Fever is thus bred in us The pestilent air drawn by inspiration into the lungs The original of the Plague alwayes from the air and transpiration into the utmost mouths of the veins and arteries spread over the skin the bloud or else the humors already putrefying or apt to putrefie therein are infected and turned into a certain kind of malignity resembling the nature of the agent These humors like unquench't lime when it is first sprinkled with water send forth a putrid vapor which carryed to the principal parts and heart especially infecteth the spirituous bloud boyling in the ventricles thereof and therewith also the vital spirits and hence proceeds a certain feverish heat This heat diffused over the body by the arteries together with a malign quality taints all even the solid parts of the bones with the pestiferous venom and besides causeth divers symptoms according to the nature thereof and the condition of the body and the hâ—mors wherein it is Then is the conflict of the malignity assailing and nature defending manifest in which if nature prevail it using the help of the expulsive faculty will send and drive it far from the noble parts either by sweats vomits bleeding evacuation by stool or urine buboes carbuncles pustles spots and other such kinds of breakings out over the skin Signs that nature is oâ—â—come But on the contrary if the malignity prevail
aceti rosar an lb. ss sant rub ros rub anÊ’iii flor nenuph. violar camphur an Ê’ss methridat theriac an Ê’ii terantur misceantur simul omnia When you intend to use them take some portion of them in a vessel by its self wherewith let the affected bowel be fomented warm CHAP. XXIV Whether purging and blood-letting be necessary in the beginning of pestilent diseases SO soon as the heart is strengthened and corroborated with cordials and antidotes Reasons for and against blood-letting in the Plague we must come to phlebotomy and purging As concerning blood-letting in this case there is a great controversie among Physicians Those that wish it to be used say or affirm that the pestilent Fever doth infix it self in the blood and therein also the pestilent malignity taketh its seat and therefore it will soon infect the other humors unless that the blood be evacuated and the infection that remaineth in the blood be thereby taken away Contrariwise those that do not allow phlebotomy in this case alledg that it often cometh to pass that the blood is void of malignity when the other humors are infected with the venomous contagion If any man require my judgment in this doubtful question I say that the pestilence sometimes doth depend on the default of the Air this default being drawn through the passages of the body doth at length pierce unto the intrails as we may understand by the abscesses which break out The composing of this controversie one while behind the ears sometimes in the arm-holes and sometimes in the groins as the brain heart or liver are infected And hereof also come Carbuncles and other collections of matter and eruptions which are seen in all parts of the body by reason that nature using the strength of the expulsive faculty doth drive forth whatsoever is noisom or hurtful Therefore if the Physician will follow this motion of nature he must neither purge nor let blood lest that by a contrary motion that is by drawing in from without the motion of nature which proceeds outwardly from within should be troubled So we often see in those who are purged or let blood for such Buboes as come through unlawful copulation that the matter is thereby made contumacious and by drawing it inwardly it speedily causeth the French Pox. Wherefore When Bubes Carbuncles and other pestilent eruptions appear which come through the default of the air we ought to abstain from purging and phlebotomy but it is sufficient to fore-arm the heart inwardly and outwardly with Antidotes that are endued with a proper virtue of resisting the poison For it is not to be doubted but that when nature is debilitated with both kinds of evacuation and when the spirits together with the blood are exhausted the venomous air will soon pierce and be received into the empty body where it exerciseth its tyranny to the utter destruction thereof An history In the year of our Lord God 1566. in which year there was great mortality throughout all France by reason of the pestilence and pestilent diseases I earnestly and diligently inquired of all the Physicians and Chyrurgions of all the Cities through which King Charls the Ninth passed in his progress unto Bayon what success their patients had after they were let blood and purged whereunto they all answered alike that they had diligently observed that all that were infected with the Pestilence and were let bleed some quantity of blood or had their bodies somewhat strongly purged thence forwards waxed weaker and weaker and so at length died but others which were not let blood nor purged but took cordial Antidotes inwardly and applied them outwardly for the most part escaped and recovered their health for that kind of Pestilence took its original of the primitive and solitary default of the Air and not of the corruption of the humors When purging and bleeding may be used The like event was noted in the hoarsness that we spake of before that is to say that the patients waxed worse and worse by purging and phlebotomy but yet I do not disallow either of those remedies if there be great fulness in the body especially in the beginning and if the matter have a cruel violence whereof may be feared the breaking in unto some noble part For we know that it is confirmed by Hippocrates Aph. 22 sect 2. Aph. 10 sect 4. that what disease soever is caused by repletion must be cured by evacuation and that in diseases that are very sharp if the matter do swell it ought to be remedied the same day for delay in such diseases is dangerous but such diseases are not caused or inflicted upon mans body by reason or occasion of the pestilence but of the diseased bodies and diseases themselves commixed together with the pestilence therefore then peradventure it is lawful to purge strongly and to let a good quantity of blood least that the pestilent venom should take hold of the matter that is prepared and so infect it with a contagion whereby the pestilence taketh new and far greater strength especially as Celsus admonisheth us Cap. 7. lib. 3. where he saith that by how much the sooner those sudden invasions do happen by so much the sooner remedies must be used yea or rather rashly applyed therefore if the veins swell the face wax fiery red if the arteries of the temples beat strongly if the patient can very hardly breath by reason of a weight in his stomach if his spittle be bloody then ought he to be let blood without delay for the causes before mentioned It seems best to open the Liver-vein on the left arm whereby the heart and spleen may be better discharged of their abundant matter Why blood must be let on the left arm in the Plague yet blood-letting is not good at all times for it is not expedient when the body beginneth to wax stiff by reason of the coming of a Fever for then by drawing back the heat and spirits inwardly the outward parts being destitute of blood wax stiff and cold therefore blood cannot be let then without great loss of the strength and perturbation of the humors And it is to be noted that when those phlethorick causes are present there is one Indication of blood-letting in a simple pestilent Fever and another in that which hath a Bubo id est a Botch or a Carbuncle joined therewith For in one or both of these being joined with a vehement and strong burning Fever blood must be letten by opening the vein that is nearest unto the tumor or swelling against nature keeping the straitness of the fibres that this being open the blood might be drawn more directly from the part affected for all and every retraction of putrefied blood unto the noble parts is to be avoided because it is noisom and hurtful to nature and to the patient Therefore for example sake admit the patient be plethorick by repletion which is called Ad Vasa id
concoct the same as may be seen in the ejaculatory spermatick vessels for which use also the length of the navel is half an ell so that in many infants that are somewhat grown it is found three or four times doubled about their neck or thigh As long as the child is in his mothers womb he taketh his nutriment only by the navel The childe in the womb taketh his nutriment by his navel not by his mouth and not by his mouth neither doth he enjoy the use of eyes ears nostrils or fundament neither needeth he the functions of the heart For spirituous blood goeth unto it by the artertes of the navel and into the Iliack arteries and from the Iliack arteries unto all the other arteries of the whole body for by the motion of these only the infant doth breath Therefore it is not to be supposed that the air is carried or drawn in by the lungs unto the heart in the body of the child How the childe breatheth but contrariwise from the heart to the lungs For neither the heart doth perform the generation or working of blood or of the vital spirits For the issue or infant is contented with them as they are made and wrought by his mother Which untill it hath obtained a full perfect and whole description of his parts and members cannot be called a child but rather an embryon or an imperfect substance CHAP. IX Of the ebullition or swelling of the seed in the womb and of the concretion of the bubbles or bladders or the three principal entrails IN the six first dayes of conception the new vessels are thought to be made and brought forth of the eminences or cotyledons of the mothers vessels and dispersed into all the whole seed as they were fibres or hairy strings Those as they pierce the womb so do they equally and in like manner penetrate the tunicle Chorion And it is carried this way being a passage not only necessary for the nutriment and conformation of the parts but also into the veins diversly woven and dispersed into the skin Chorion For thereby it cometh to pass that the seed it self boileth and as it were fermenteth or swelleth not only through occasion of the place but also of the blood and vital spirits that flow unto it and then it riseth into three bubbles or bladders like unto the bubbles which are occasioned by the rain falling into a river or channel full of water These three bubbles or bladders are certain rude or new forms The three bladders or concretions of the three principal entrails that is to say of the liver heart and brain All this former time it is called seed and by no other name but when those bubbles arise it is called an embryon or the rude form of a body untill the perfect conformation of all the members When the seed is called an embryon on the fourth day after that the vein of the navel is formed it sucketh grosser blood that is of a more full nutriment out of the Cotyledons And this blood because it is more gross easily congeals and curdles in that place where it ought to prepare the liver fully and absolutely made For then it is of a notable great bigness above all the other parts and therefore it is called Parenchyma Why the liver is called Parenchyma because it is but only a certain congealing or concretion of blood brought together thither or in that place From the gibbous part thereof springeth the greater part or trunk of the hollow vein called commonly vena cava which doth disperse his small branches which are like unto hairs into all the substance thereof and then it is divided into two branches whereof the one groweth upwards the other downwards unto all the particular parts of the body In the mean season the arteries of the navel suck spirituous blood out of the eminences or Cotyledons of the mothers arteries whereof that is to say of the more fervent and spirituous blood the heart is formed in the second bladder or bubble being endued with a more fleshie sound and thick substance as it behooveth that vessel to be which is the fountain from whence the heat floweth and hath a continual motion In this the virtue formative hath made two hollow places one on the right side another on the left In the right the root of the hollow vein is infixed or ingraffed carrying thither necessary nutriment for the heart in the left is formed the stamp or root of an artery which presently doth divide it self into two branches the greater whereof goeth upwards to the upper parts and the wider unto the lower parts carrying unto all the parts of the body life and vital heat CHAP. X. Of the third Bubble or Bladder wherein the head and the brain is formed THe far greater portion of the seed goeth into this third bubble that is to say Why the greater portion of seed goeth into generation of the head and brain yeelding matter for the conformation of the brain and all the head For a greater quantity of seed ought to go unto the conformation of the head and brain because these parts are not sanguine or bloody as the heart and liver but in a manner without blood bony marrow cartilaginous nervous and membranous whose parts as the veins arteries nerves ligaments panicles and skin are called spermatick parts because they obtain their first conformation almost of seed only although that afterwards they are nourished with blood as the other fleshie and musculous parts are But yet the blood when it come unto those parts degenerateth and turneth into a thing somewhat spermatick by virtue of the assimulative faculty of those parts All the other parts of the head form and fashion themselves unto the form of the brain when it is formed and those parts which are situated and placed about it for defence especially are hardened into bones Why the head is placed on the top of the body The head as the seat of the senses and mansion of the minde and reason is situated in the highest place that from thence as it were from a lofty tower or turret it might rule and govern all the other members and their functions and actions that are under it for there the soul or life which is the rectress or governess is situated and from thence it floweth and is dispersed into all the whole body Nature hath framed these three principal entrals as props and sustentations for the weight of all the rest of the body for which matter also she hath framed the bones The first bones that appear to be formed or are supposed to be conformed are the bones called ossa Ilium conneâ—ed or united by spondyls that are between them then all the other members are framed and proportioned by their concavites and hollownesses which generally are seven that is to say two of the ears two of the nose one of the mouth and in the parts beneath the
brought to King Charls the ninth being then at Metz. * The shape of a monster found in an Egg. The effigies of a monstrous b Childe having two heads two arms and four legs In the year 1546. a woman at Paris in her sixth month of her account brought forth a b Childe having two heads two armes and four legs I dissecting the body of it found but one heart by which one may know it was but one infant For you may know this from Aristotle whether the monstrous birth be one or more joyned together by the principal part for if the body have but one heart it is but one if two it is double by the joyning together in the conception In the year 1569. a certain woman of Towers was delivered of * Twins joyned together with one head and naturally embracing each other Renatus Ciretus the famous Chirurgian of thoâ—e paâ—ts sent me their Sceleton The pâ—rtraiture of * Twins joined together with one head The effigies of two c Girls being twins jâ—ined together by their fore-heads Munster writes that in the village Bristan not far from Worms in the year 1495. he saw two c Girls perfect and entire in every part of their bodies but they had their foreheads so joined together that they could not be parted or severed by any art they lived together ten years then the one dying it was needful to separate the living from the dead but she did not long out-live her sister by reason of the malignity of the wound made in parting them asunder In the year of our Lord 1570. the twentieth of Julie at Paris in the street Gravilliers at the sign of the Bell these two infants weâ—e boâ—n differing in sex with that shape of body that you see here expressed in the figure They were baptized in the Church of St. Nicolas of the fâ—elds and named Ludâ—vicus and Ludâ—vica their father was a Mason his name was Peter Germane his surname Petit Dieu i. little-God his mothers name was Mathea Petronilla The shape of the infants lately born at Paris In the year 1572. in Pont de See near Anger 's a little town were born upon the tenth daie of Julie two girles perfect in their limbs but that they had out four fingerr a piece on their left hands they clave together in their fore parts from their breast to their navel which was but one as their heart also but one their liver was divided into four lobes they lived half an hour and were baptized The figure of two girls joined together in their breasts and belly The figure of a childe with two heads and the body as big as one of four moneths old Var. lect lib. 24. cap. â— Caelius Rhodiginus tells that in a town of his country called Sarzano Italie being troubled with civil Wars there was born a monster of unusual bigness for he had two heads having all his limbs answerable in greatness and tallness to a childe of four months old between his two heads which were both alike at the setting on of the shoulder it had a third hand put forth which did not exceed the ears in length for it was not all seen it was born the 5. of the Ides of March 1514. The figure of one with four legs and as manie arms Jovianus Pontanus tells in the year 1529. the ninth daie of Januarie there was a man childe born in Germanie having four arms and as many legs The figure of a man out of whose belly another head shewed it self In the year that Francis the first King of France entered into league with the Swisses there was born a monster in Germanie out the midst of whose bellie there stood a great head it came to mans age and his lower and as it were inserted head was nourished as much as the true and upper head The shape of two Monstrous Twins being but of one only Sex The shape of a monstrous Pig In the year 1572. the last day of February in the parish of Vinban in the way as you go from Carnuta to Paris in a small village called Bordes one called Cypriana Giranda the wife of James Merchant a husbandman brought forth this monster whose shape you see here delineated which lived until the Sunday following being but of one only sex which was the female In the year 1572. on Easter Munday at Metz in Lorain in the Inn whose signe is the Holie Ghost a Sow pigged a pig which had eight legs four ears and the head of a dog the hinder part from the belly downward was parted in two as in twins but the fore-parts grew into one it had two tongues in the mouth with four teeth in the upper jaw and as many in the lower The sex was not to be distinguished whether it were a Bore or Sow pig for there was one slit under the tail and the hinder parts were all rent and open The shape of this Monster as it is here set down was sent me by Borgesius the famous Physician of Metz. CHAP. III. Of women bringing many Children at one birth WOman is a creature bringing usually but one at a birth but there have been some who have brought forth two some three some four some five six or more at one birth Empedocles thought that the abundance of seed was the cause of such numerous births the Stoiks affirm the divers cells or partitions of the womb to be the cause 4 De gen anim c. p. 4. for the seed being variously parted into these partitions and the conception divided there are more children brought forth no otherwise then in rivers the water beating against the rocks is turned into divers circles or rounds But Aristotle saith there is no reason to think so for in women that parting of the womb into cells as in dogs and sows taketh no place for womens wombs have but one cavitie parted into two recesses the right and left nothing comming between except by chance distinguished by a certain line for often twins lie in the same side of the womb Aristotles opinion is that a woman cannot bring forth more then five children at one birth The maid of Augustus Cesar brought forth five at a birth and a short while after she and her children died In the year 1554. at Bearn in Switzerland the wife of Dr. John Gelenger brought forth five children at one birth three boyes and two girls Albucrasis affirms a woman to have been the mother of seven children at one birth and another who by some external injurie did abort brought forth fifteen perfectly shaped in all their parts Lib. 7. Cap 11. Cap 3. Plinie reports that it was extant in the writings of Physicians that twelve children were born at one birth and that there was another in Peloponnesus which four several times was delivered of five children at one birth and that the greater part of those children lived It is reported by Dalechampiâ—â— that Bonaventura the slave of one Savil a gentleman of
in the lowest Belly by the Gate-vein But although it be not parted into any branches until it come to the Jugulum Propagations of the Ascendent Trunk Phrenica yet before that it spreads some propagations at its sides and of those three notable ones The first ee is that which is called Phrenica or the vein of the Midriff on either side one and is distributed throughout the whole Midriff which is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 with a numerous issue sending little branches to the neighbouring Pericardium or purse of the Heart and the mediastinum or partition of the Chest which when it has now got above and entred the Chest it inclines a little to the left hand and enters the Pericardium and being hidden very close over against the eight Rack-bone of the Chest is very strongly infixt into the right ventricle C of the heart that Aristotle did not without cause guess that it sprung from hence But before it be so infixed it sends out another propagation bb which is a notable one and extends it self by the hinder part of the Heart and the left side of it towards the forepart compassing the basis of the Heart like a Crown Coronâ—ria from whence it is called Coronaria or the Crown-vein of the Heart This scatters many branches through all the outer surface of the Heart but especially through the left side as that which needed a more copious aliment then the right side because of the continual and greater motion there But because the flesh of the Heart is hard and solid it ought therefore to be nourisht with a thicker blood from whence it is that this branch grows out of the vein before it enters the Heart to wit when the blood is somewhat thicker and not yet attenuated in the cavities of the Heatt Near to the original of this there is a little valve or flood-gate which hinders the blood from flowing back to the Hollow-vein as it might easily do by reason of the continual motion of the Heart When the Hollow vein has now gotten above the Heart it becomes lesser and perforates again the Pericardium and for sakes the Rack-bones of the Back and being got above the Gullet the rough Artery and the Aorta or great Artery which lean so upon one another that the Gullet takes hold of the bodies of the Rack-bones the rough Artery lies upon that and the aorta again upon this it climbs upwards through the midst of the division of the Lungs where the right part is separated from the left But because by this means it could not get to the back and the little branches if it should have sent forth any such had been very liable to danger of breaking being so hanged up therefore it sends forth a third propagation cc as soon as it is got out of the Pericardium or purse of the Heart 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Greeks call this vein 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Latins sine pari or carens conjuge without a companion or wanting a mate because in a man there is but one and it has no companion or mate on the left side as other veins have though in creatures that chew the cud it is double and plainly to be perceived of both sides But it issues forth about the fifth Rack-bone of the Chest out of the hinder part of the Hollow-vein and the right side and goes downwards not directly but inclining a little toward the right hand is as it were reflected backwards to the Back-bone but as soon as it reaches the eight or ninth rib it is cleft above the Spine of the Back into two branches which running downwards pass through the division of the midriff which is betwixt its two productions and so are spread abroad into the lowest Belly Of these the left which is sometimes the greater hiding it self about the transverse Processes of the Rack-bones and under the left production of the midriff and the original of the first bending Muscle of the thigh is inserted into the left Emulgent either near to its beginning or as it oft happens into the middle of it But the right running on likewise under the membranes about the transverse processes of the right side and the right production of the Septum or Midriff and the beginning of the same first bender of the thigh which keeps the right side is implanted sometimes into the very Trunk of the Hollow-vein sometimes into the first vein of the Loins And we are indebted for this observation to the learned Fallopius who would have the matter that is gathered together in the Chest whether it be watery or purulent and corrupt or sanguinous to be evacuated by the benefit of the left branch of this vein of which notwithstanding we will say something briefly in the following Book But this vein in its journey downwards shoots forth twigs of both sides as well right as left of which the right are more notable and larger of which there are numbred almost alwayes ten which run out to as many distances of the lower ribs and make the inferior Intercostal veins But I say they are almost alwayes ten because it happens very seldome that all the distances of the ribs receive branches from this vein the two uppermost to wit the first and second distance getting their surcles or twigs from the fourth branch that is presently to be mentioned But these twigs run straight forwards near to to the lower side of the ribs where there are cavities cut out for them as we have taught in the second Book And truly this place is diligently to be taken notice of by Students in Chirurgery because of the opening of the Chest in the disease called Empyema that they may know that incision is to be made in the uppermost place of the rib because in the lower the vessels would be harmed to the great indangering of life But these veins do not run through the whole length of the true ribs but are terminated together with the bony part But the propagations of the Mammary vein nourish the six distances between the gristles of the seven true ribs as we shall tell you by and by Yet in the bastard ribs they run even beyond the Gristles towards the Abdomen or Paunch into whose Muscles they insinuate themselves But there are certain other little branches propagated from the same vein by which nourishment is derived to the marrow of the Rack-bones and the Muscles to wit those about which they are carried some also are implanted into the Mediastinum near to the back This vein sine pari without a companion being thus constituted the Hollow-vein ascends to the Jugulum or Hollow of the Neck D being supported by the Mediastinum and a certain soft and glandulous body which the Greeks call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and is placed in the highest part of the Chest to defend the divarications of the veins there hanging up from all danger of breaking And here
and the inner the greater but both of them ΘΛ are scattered through the Leg and lowest part of the Foot The inner Θ in its descent sends some propagations of the Muscles that are placed on the backside of the Leg and especially those which make the Calf but most of all to the inner part 21 of the Gasteronemius externus or outward Calf-muscle and so afterward continuing its course downward when it is come to the lower Appendix of the Tibia or Leg and has bestowed some shoots upon the skin it is reflected under the inner Ancle 22 and runs out as far as to the great Toe The outer Λ is presently cleft into two lesser branches that are likewise unequall of which the inner Ξ that is the greater and lies deep is wholly spent upon the Muscles of the Calf running all along directly betwixt the two heads of the Gasteronemius externus or first moving Muscle of the Foot as also betwixt the Gasteronemius internus or inward Calf-Muscle and the Tibieus anticus or forward Leg-Muscle and at last betwixt the Muscles that bend the Toes distributing some surcles everywhere by the way to the Muscles through which it passes When it comes to the mid length of the Leg it is again subdivided into an inner and an outer branch The inner of these distributes a twig near to the joint of the Tibia or greater Leg-bone and the bone called the Cockall descends with the Tendons of the Muscles and is divided into the great the fore and the middle Toes The outer passes on near to the Fibula or lesser bone of the Leg and when it comes to the Ligament which tyes together the greater and lesser bones of the Leg it shoots forth a branch which perforating the Ligaments runs into the Foot and is scattered into the Muscles which bend the Toes of the Foot outward But the outer and less branch Î of the Crural-vein goes from that division of the outer branch which is made near the Ham to the upper Appendix of the Fibula as also to the outer and hinder part of the Tibia where scattering many little branches it goes to the outer Ankle and at last ends in the Foot And this is the univetsal History of the Hollow and Gate-veins where we have perfected the whole course of their distributions It seems yet to remain that we speak of the Umbilical and Arterious veins But because the Umbilical vein is nothing else but a more notable propagation issuing out of the Gate-vein and in a man grown performs the office of a Ligament rather then a vein because it keeps the Liver in its place as the stories of them do witness who upon the cutting off or wounding of the Navil have sodainly dyed their respiration being hindred by the weight of the Liver falling out of its place and pulling down the Diaphragma or Midriff with it we thought it not worth our pains to make any more mention of it in this place But if any one will obstinately contend that it is a peculiar vein with arguments fetcht out of his own Brain we know no better counsel that we can give him then to consult better with his own sense or if he will contend further to purge his Head with Hellebore that that dimness of the Eye-sight may be a little taken away But we shall with more convenience make mention of the Vena Arteriosa or Arterial-vein in the following Book when we shall explain the history of the Arteria venosa or venal Artery because they are very like one another and therefore the same pains may serve them both An Explanation of the Table of the Veins This Table delineates the Hollow-vein entire and free from all parts Wherein we have marked the Trunks and larger branches with pretty great letters but the propagations with little ones and when they are at an end with figures AD THe Ascendent Trunk of the Hollow vein the beginning whereof is about A which notes the place wherein the Liver should stand in the proportion of this figure the end about D. For it passes on undivided from the convex part of the Liver about which it scatters little branches aaa a a a as far as to the Hollow of the Neck but it scatters some propagations three in number The first of these ae ae ae ae is called vena Phrenica the vein of the Midriff which is distributed of both sides into the Midriff and Pericardium or purse of the Heart growing thereto as also iâ—â—â— the Mediastinum or partition of the Chest Another is Vena Coronaria the Crown-vein bb bb which embraces the basis of the heart in manner of a Crown dispersing many Surcles to the point of it The third is the vein Azygos or without a mate cc cc. which issuing out from the right side of the Hollow-vein about the heart about the fifth Rack-bone of the Chest goes down near to the right side of the Rack-benes as far as to the second almost of the loines There are ten propagations ddd from this ddd sent to as many bony distances of the ribs which are called Inter costa les inferiores the lower veins betwixt the ribs B. Shews how the Trunk AD is bowed toward the right side because of the situation of the heart C. The orifice of the Hollow-vein reaching into the right ventricle of the heart D. The division of the Ascendent Trunk about the Hollow of the Neck EE into two branches EE which they call subclaviae or the veins under the Collar-bones From these arise many propagations some issuing from the lower others from the upper part of them Out of the lower part issue five The first is called Intercostalis superior the upper vein between the ribs e. e and scatters two Surcles f f to the distances of the three upper ribs ff The second is mammaria the vein of the dugs g. g which descending under the brest-bone as far as to the strait Muscles of the Abdomen is inoculated 10 with the Epigastrick vein climbing upward 9 giving surcles to the gristly distances of the true ribs as also to the Mediastinum and Muscles that lye upon the Breast The third called Mediastina h. h is disseminated into the Mediastinum or partition of the Chest The fourth vertebralis i. or the vein of the Rack-bones i. climbs up through the holes that are bored in the transverse processes of the Rack-bones of the Neck distributing springs to the Muscles that lye upon the Rack-bones The fifth is called Cervicalis or the vein of the hinder part of the Neck l. l distributed into the Muscles seated on the lower part of the back side of the neck and on the upper part of the Chest Out of the upper part issue three The first is Jugularis interna the inner vein of the Hollow of the Neck m. m which having sent over small sprigs from
presently after it hath got beyond the Peritonaeum it issues forth a propagation from the outside which is called Muscula crura is exterior the outer Muscle-artery of the Crus which being carried downward is propagated into the Muscles that cover the foreside of the bone of the thigh Sometimes over against this but oftner a little below yet of the inside another is brought forth called Muscula cruralis interna the inner muscle-artery of the Crus ν which is distributed in many branches through the third bending Muscle of the thigh calâ—ed Triceps and those on the inside of the thigh as far as the knee the ends of which branches are joyned with the end of the inner Iliacal Artery which we told you descends through the hole of the share-bones to the Crus These propagations being dispatcht away the crural trunk descends from the groin together with the crural vein and is so bent backward near to the bone of the thigh that when it is come to the ham it stands betwixt the two hindmost heads of the thigh For prudent nature does alwaies observe this to carry down the vessels about that side of the joint where the bending is lest if they should go on that side whereon the joint is extended they should be comprest But in the very mid-way as it were as it runs down through the thigh it sends out a propagation Ï€ which breaking into more surcles runs out through the Muscles that are seated on the backside of the thigh together with the ham-vein and at length descending through the ham whence it is called Poplitea the ham-artery is distributed with many sprigs into the calf of the leg But whilst it stayes in the ham it sends out a propagatiâ—n ÏÏ on each side to the sides of the joint of the knee which then sinking deeper are consumed partly in the joint it self partly upon the Muscles called gasteromenii that make the calf from whence they are called Surales the arteries of the calf After that the Crural Trunk lyes in the ham Î¥ it sends forth a propagation from its out side σ which runs down near to the Fibula or lesser bone of the leg and is hid betwixt the Muscle that moves the foot outward and the second bending Muscle of the instep and distributes it self into the rest that lye on the forepart of the leg as far as they are fleshy and till they begin to be contorted by the outer ankle A little under this same another artery Ï„ is brought forth out of the backside of the Trunk which runs down as far as to the mixing together of the tendons of the calf-muscles Then another Ï… issues out of the same back-side of the Trunk but under the second which descending and passing through the transverse ligament runs down by the top of the foot and is diffused into the Muscles that move the toes outward The remainder Γ of the trunk is carriâ—d downward by the backside of the leg and about the inner ankle offers a surcle φ to the foot which goes to the Muscle of the great toe and creeps through the top of the foot But the Trunk it self lying hid among the tenâ—ons of the Muscles of the toes is cut χ into two branches of which the inner ψ bestowes two surcles upon the great toe two upon the fore toe and one upon the middle the outer ω two upon the little toe and two upon the toes next to it on the lowerside But although the progress of the arteries be for the most part such as we have described yet what we have said formerly of the veins that their distribution varies much not only according to the diversity of bodies but also of sides in the body of the same man is true also of the arteries which in divers men are diversly distributed An Explanation of the Table of the Arteries This Table comprises the delineation of the great Artery entire and free from all the parts A THe large beginning of the great Aroery where it issues out of the left ventricle of the heart but presently after its rise and before it yet falls out of the Pericardium or purse of the heart it shoots forth the two Coronary Arteries aa a a which encompass the basis of the heart in manner of a Crown But presently having past the pericardium B it is divided B into two trunks one of which is the Ascendent C C the other the Descendent one Q The Ascendent Trunk C is by and by divided into the two subclavian arteries D D DD both which when they have attained to the first rib scatter many propagations partly from the higher partly from their lower side From the lower side issues Intercostalis superior the upper artery between the ribs b b communicating particular twigs to the distances of the four upper ribs From the higher side issue three The first is vertebralis the artery of the rack-bones c c creeping on by the transverse processes of the rack-bones of the neck as far as to the skull The second mammaria the artery of the dugs d d which descending under the breast-bone runs out as far as to the seat of the navil and distributes sprigs into the distances of the gristles of the true ribs and then into the muscles that lye upon the breast at length about the naviâ— it joyns by anastomosis or inoculation x with the ascending Epigastrick artery 1. The third cervicalis or the artery of the back-side of the neck e e is propagated to the muscles on the back-side of the neck as far as the nowl of the head These branches being issued out the subclavian artery goes to the arm pit and takes the name of Axillaris E about E and so is diffused into the arm Yet before it enters thereinto it shoots out some twigs from both parts of it from the lower three f of which the first f is called scapularis interna the inner blade Artery because it is spent upon the muscles that cover the hollow side of the shoulder-blade The second is Thoracica superior the upper chest Artery g g dispersed into the muscles on the foreside of the chest The third h h Thoracica inferior the lower Artery of the chest which descending along the sides of the chest is inserted into the muscle called Aniscalptor that moves the upper part of the arm backward Betwixt g and h a little branch is placed one of ahem which here are disseminated into the glandules of the arm-pit From the upper part issues one i i called scapu aris interna the outer blade artery being disposed of into the muscles on the outside of the shoulder-blade FF In this place the axillary artery changes its name and is called Brachialis the trunk of the arm that is undivided as far as G G scattering two twigs l and m into the muscles that cover the bone of the upper part of the arm on
Frictions their kindes and use 25 Fuci how made 721 Fumigations their differences matter and form 717 Fundament the falling down thereof 223. The causes and cures 640 Fungus an excrescence sometimes happening in Fractures of the scull 263 G GAlens Effigies and praise 740 Gall and the bladder thereof c. 76 Ganglion what 317. properly so called ibid. Gangrene what 317. The general and particular causes 318. That which is occasioned by cold upon what part it seizes ibid. Signs 319. Prognosticks ibid. The generall cure 320. The particular cure ibid. Gargareon 336 Gargarisms their matter and form 716. repelling ripening and detergent ones 211 Garlick good against the Plague 530 Gastrica vena 61 Gastropiplois vena ibid. Major ibid. Geese their wâ—rriness in flying over mount Taurus 45 Gemelli musculi 168 Gemini musculi 163 Generation what it is 15. What necessary thereto 592 Generation of the Navil 594 Giddiness see Vertigo Ginglymos what 173 Giraffa astrange beast 681 Glandula what sort of tumor 293 Glandula lacrymalis 127 Glandules in general 75. At the root of the tongue 135. Their inflammation and cure 208 Glans penâ—s 87. Not rightly perforated how to be helped 419 Glysters their differences materials c. 702. Several descriptions of them 703. They may nourish ibid. Goats dung is good to discuss schirrous tumors 195 Golden ligatures how made 219 Gomplosis what 173 Gonorrhea how different from a virulent strangury 472. the cure 473 Gout the names and kindes thereof 444. the occult causes thereof ibid. the manifest causes thereof 446. out of what parts it may flow 447. signs that it flows from the Brain or Liver ibid. How to know this or that humor acconpanying the Gouty malignity ibid. Prognosticks 448 The general method to prevent and cure it 449. Vomiting sometimes good 450. Other general remedies ibid. Diet convenient 451. What wine not good 452. How to strengthen the joints ibid. The palliative cure thereof ibid. Local medicines in a cold Gout 453. In a hot or sanguine Gout 455. In a Cholerick Gout 456. What is to be done after the fit is over 458. Tophi or knots how caused ibid. The hip-gout or sciatica 459. The cure thereof 460 Gristles what 95. of the nose 130. of the Larinx 136 Groins their wounds 282. Their tumo s see Bubos Guajacum the choise faculties and parts 465. The preparation of the decoction thereof ibid. The use 466 Gullet and the history thereof 110. The wounds thereof 273 Gums overgrown with flesh how to be helped 207 Guns who their inventor 286. Their force 287. the cause of their reports 293 Gun-powder not poisonous 289 290. How made ibid. Gutta rosacea what 723. The cure ibid. Guts their substance figure and number 72. Their site and connexion 73. Action ibid. How to be taken forth 80. Signs that they are wounded 280. Their cure 281. Their Ulcers 337 H HAemorroids what then differences and cure 342. In the neck of the womb 638 Haemorrhoidalis interna 62. Externa 81 Haemorrhoidalis arteria sive mesenterica inferior 79 Haemorrhous a Serpent his bite the signs and cure 508 Haiit a strange beast 684 Hair what the original and use 111. How to make it black 724. How to take it off ibid. Hairy scalp the connexion and use 111. The wounds thereof not to be neglected 112. The cure thereof being contused 256 Hand taken generally what 147. The fracture thereof with the care 358. How to supply the defects thereof 584 Hares how they provide for their young 40 Hare-lips what 171. Their cure ibid. Harmonia what 173. Hawks 47 Head the general description thereof 111 The conteining and conteined parts thereof ibid. The musculous skin thereof ibid. Why affected when any membranous part is hurt 112. The watry humor thereof 205. The wounds thereof 238 c. The falling away of the hair and other affects thereof 399. The dislocation thereof 376 Hearing the organ object c. thereof 16 Heart and the history thereof 100. The ventricles thereof 111 Signs of the wounds thereof 274 Heat one and the same efficient cause of all humors at the same time 7. three causes thereof 178 Hectick fever with the differences causes signs and cure 277 278 Hedg hogs how they provide for their young 40 Heel and the parts thereof 167. Why a fracture thereof so dangerous ibid. The dislocation thereof 396. Symptoms following upon the contusion thereof ibid. Why subject to inflammation 397 Hemicrania see Megrim Hemlock the poysonous quality thereof and rhe cure 519 Henbane the poysonous quality and the cure 518 Hermophrodites 18 and 649 Hern his sight and the Falcon 47 Hernie and the kindes thereof 216 Humoralis 222 Herpes and the kindes thereof 188 The cu e. ibid. Hip-gout see sciatica Hip the dislocation thereof 389. Prognosticks 370. Signs that it is dislocated outwardly or inwardly 390. Dislocated forwards 391. backwards ibid. how to restore the inward dislocation 392. the forward dislocation 394. the backward dislocation ibid. Hippocrates his Effigies 738 Hoga a Monsterous fish 674 Holes of the inner basis of the scull 122. of the external basis thereof ibid. small ones sometimes remain after the cure of great wounds 171 Holy-bone its number of Vertebrae and their use 138. the fracture thereof 357 Hordiolum an affect of the eye-lids 403 Horns used in stead of Ventoses 443 Horse-leeches their application and use 444. their virulency and the cure ibid. Hot-houses how made 721 Hulpales a Monstrous beast 680 Humeraria arteria 108. Vena 148 Humors their temperaments 7. the knowledg of them necessary ibid. their definition and division ibid. serous and secundary as Ros Cambium Gluten 10. an argument of their great putrefaction 293 Humors of the eye 127 Aquens 129 Crystallinus ibid. Vitreus 130 Hydatis 403 Hydrargyrum the choise preparation and use thereof in the Lues Venerea 467 Hudrocephalia whether uncurable 505. What cure must used therein 506 Hydrocephalos what 205. The causes differences signs c. ibid. the cure 206 Hydrocele 216 221 Hymen 626 Whether any or no. ibid. A history thereof 627 Huoides os the reason of the name composure site c. thereof 134 Hupocondria their site 57 Hupochuma 408 Hupogastricae venae 81 Hypopyon 408 Hypothenar 158 J JAundise a medicine therefore 215 Jaw the bones thereof and their productions 124 125 The fracture of the lower jaw 352 How to help it 353 The dislocation thereof 373 The cure 374 Ibis a bird the inventer of glysters 36 Ichneumon how he arms himself to assail the Crocodile 42 Idleness the discommodites thereof 23 Jejunum intestinum 73 Ileon ibid. Iliaca arteria 80 Vena ibid. Ilium os 161 Ill conformation 28 Imagination and the force thereof 598 Impostors their impudence and câ—â—â—t 34 264 Impostume what their causes and differences 177 Signs of them in general 178 Prognosticks 179 What considerable in opening of them 184 Inanition see Emptiness Incus 113 133 Indication whence to be drawn 2. of feeding 22. what 28. the kindes