Body than in One of Five or Six Months In a Faetus of Nine Months it almost fills the Interstice which the Lungs after the Birth begin to take up in the Upper-part of the Thorax The Thymus after the Birth gradually decreases except the Upper-part of the Cavity in the Thorax is Capacious enough for its Reception as appear'd in an Anatomical Subject I lately Dissected of Thirty Years of Age in whom the Thymus was very large I must confess I never yet met with a Subject tho never so Old in whom the Thymus was wanting In those Bodiâ—â— the Thymus is less than ordinary we find the Subclavian Glands those of the Internal Jugular Veins and the Glandule Thyraidam larger as they lately appear'd in a Boy of about Eight Years of Age. In Women the Thymus and Thyroid Glands are larger than in Men but the Subclavian Glands are less by reason the Claviculae in Women are straight and shorter than those of Men whence a much less Interstice is frain'd for entertaining those Glands I have more than once found the Lymphe-Ducts fill'd with Wax which Arise from the Thymus and empty themselves into the Upper-part of the Thoracick-Duct by Injecting that Duct by the Vesica Chyli See App. Fig. 12. D. From what has been abovesaid it appears the Thymus bears a Proportion to the Head whether in the Faetus or in Bodies before they become Adult which we conceive is in order to receive a Proportionable Quantity of Lympha deriv'd from thence And as the Subclavian Glands of Women are less than those of Men so the Thyroide Glands and Thymus are larger Hence also it appears the Thymus is a Lymphatick Gland and Varies its Magnitude according to the Quantity of the Lympha that is necessarily transmitted thro' it from the Superior Parts or as the Neighbouring Lymphatick Glands do more or less transmit their Lympha to it Besides this common Office of the Thymus whether in the Faetus or Adult it has another Use which was first suggested to Me by Injecting a Liquid into the Thoracick-Duct when finding it not only fill the Lymphe-Ducts of the Thymus but the Thymus it self was Extended with it The like Observation I since found was made by the Expert Anatomist Dr. Tyson some Time since whence I conceive the Thymus and its Lymphe-Ducts are Diverticula to the Chyle when too great a Quantity is pressing forewards towards the Subclavian Vein I know it may be Objected that the Valves of the Lymphe-Ducts oppose this contrary Course of Liquours in them but repeated Observations convince me that not only these Lymphe-Ducts of the Thymus which are large and have very few if any Valves as appears by their being Injected with Wax but those of the Loins and their Glands from whence they Arise are frequently fill'd with Chyle when no Compress is made on the Thoracick-Duct Hence it is a Milky Liquor has been commonly found in the Thymus but more frequent in that of a Pâ—tus than iâ— an Adult and that not only because the Thymus and its Lymphe-Ducts are much larger Proportionably in the former State or Faetus but the bended Position of the Thoracick-Duct of the Fetus in Vterâ— renders the Ascent of the Chyle by that Duct more liable to Regurgitate by the Lymphe-Ducts of the Thymus H H The Fore-part of the Diaphragma free'd from the Cartilaginous Endings of the Ribs and Pinn'd up THE TWENTY-SECOND TABLE Fig. 1. THE Heart with Parts of the Trunks of the great Veins and Arteries cut off A A The proper Membrane of the Heart a Portion of which is Rais'd and hangs Down B B The Left Side of the Heart adorn'd with in Coronary Vessels C ψ Part of the Right Auricle of the Heart C The Left Auricle on the Basis of the Heart D The Cone of the Heart E The Vena Cava which conveys the Refluent Blood from the whole Field of the Body into the Right Auricle of the Heart when the Heart iâ— iâ— Systole whence the Blood is again transmitted into the Right Ventricle of the Heart when it is in Diastole So that when the Auricles of the Heart are in Diastole or Relaxation they are fill'd with Blood and the Heart it self is in Systole or Contraction and Vice versa when the Heart is in Diastole the Auricles are in Systole F The Arteria Pulmonalis or Vena Arteriosa which carries the Blood from the Right Ventricle of the Heart into the Lungs G The Vena Pulmonica or Arteria Venosa which conveys the Refluent Blood from the Lungs into the Left Auricle and Ventricle of the Heart not unlike the Vena Cava c. H The Arteria Magna Arising out of the Left Ventricle which conveys the Mass of Blood from the Heart thro' the Field of the Body from whose capillary Extremities the Veins are continued as appears by a Microscope in the transparent Parts of living Animals See App. Fig. 4. and 5. Fig. 2. The Heart divested of its External Membrane and Carnous Fibres after Boyling so that the Disposition of the Subjacent Fibres may appear The way of preparing the Heart to exhibit this Disposition of its Fibres may be practis'd after the following Manner The Heart with Portions of the Trunks of the large Blood-Vessels being taken off the Blood as well within its Ventricles as Blood-Vessels being evacuated then with Tow or Pieces of Rags fill the Ventricles Auricles and large Vessels on the Basis of the Heart the Mouths of the large Blood-Vessels being stitch'd up least their Contents should be Extruded by the Contraction of the Heart in Boyling This done Boyl it according to its Bulk if it is the Heart of an Ox c. Boyl it Four or Five Hours if of a Man One or Two N. B. This Figure is Printed reverst A A Sinus plac'd between both Ventricles in which a large Trunk of one of the Coronary Arteries is convey'd B The Cochleated or Oblique descending Order of Fibres of the Left Ventricle of the Heart C The External and Oblique descending Order of Fibres of the Right Ventricle which decussate the former or Subjacent Fibres in Acute Angles D Part of the Arteria Pulmonalis E The Aorta ee The Trunks of the Coronary Arteries F The Right Auricle G The Left Fig. 3. A The Sinus above mention'd between the Ventricles B The Tortuous Disposition of the Fibres of the Right Ventricle C Those of the Left The Heart consists chiefly of divers Strata of Oblique descending Fibres the External passing more straight or less Contorted than the Internal whence it happens that the External Fibres are seen to Decussate the Internal with Acute Angles the former Arising from the Basis of the Heart at the Roots of the Blood-Vessels and End in the Cone the later Arise from the same Place and Terminate either in the ' Parietes of the Ventricles or Columnae Carneae Fig. 7. g g from which divers Tenditious Filaments are continued to the Lower-parts of the Tricuspid
the Arteries of a Humane Foetus Injected with Wax and Display'd after Dissection 1 The Aorta or Arteria Magna cut from its Origin at the Orifice of the Left Ventricle of the Heart 2 The Trunk of the Great Coronal Artery of the Heart Arising from the Beginning of the Aorta the Rise of the Lesser Coronal Artery not Appearing in this Position of the Arteria Magna 3 The Canalis Arteriosus Fill'd with Wax by Injecting it into the Aorta This Arises from the Upper Part of the Trunk of the Pulmonick Artery near its Two Ramifications which pass into the Lungs and after an Oblique Descent under the Beginning of the Aorta Empties it self into the Upper Part of its Descending Trunk as here Exprest 28. Besides this Communication between the Right Ventricle of the Heart of a Foetus and Arteria Magna there is another call'd Foramen Ovale by which Part the Blood at its Entrance into the Right Ventricle passes into the Pulmonick Vein and the Left Ventricle of the Heart thence to the Aorta Hence it Appears That the Blood which Flows into the Right Ventricle of the Heart of the Foetus Passes immediately by the Canalis Arteriosus to the Arteria Magna as well as the Blood of the Left Ventricle which is Receiv'd immediately from the Vena Câ—â—a or Right Article of the Heart into the Pulmonick Vein and Left Ventricle So that the Blood in the Foetus which Runs into the Right Ventricle passes immediately to the Aorta by the Systole of the Heart as well as the Blood of the Left Ventricle Not do's any Part of the Blood of the Right Ventricle pass into the Left Or any Blood of the Left Ventricle first pass the Right as in the Adult Hence the Heart in the Foetus may be said to have but One Ventricle in Effect since the Blood which passes One do's not come into the Other before it arrives at the Aorta After the Birth when the Infant has Receiv'd Air into the Lungs and their Vesciculae remain Distended and the Ramifications of the Pulmonick Arteries and Vein consequently are more Display'd the Blood thâ—â— begins to pass their Extremities more freely than before and the Arterious Chanel at length becomes neglected as well as the Foramen Ovale the Former becoming a Ligâ—â—â—â— and the Latter Closing up The too early Occlusion of these Passages in Children often produces many Disorders as Inflammation of Divers Parts of the Head Neck and Lungsâ— in which Cases Bleeding is of great Use Of this I have met with many Inâ—â—â—nces in the Dissection of Children I have often found the Foramen Ovale open in the Adult The Canalis Arteriosus for what I have observ'd closes sooner than that Foramen 4 4 The Subclavian Arteries Arising from the Arteria Magna to which the Axillary Arteries and those of the Arms 23 23 are conâ—â—'d 5 5 The Two Carotide Arteries Arising from Aorta between the Subclavian Arteries 6 6. The Two Vertebral Arteries Arising from the Subâ—levâ—culae which pass thro' all the Transverse Processes of the Vertebrae of the Neck from whence they are freed 7 7. The Arteries which Convey Blood to the Lower Part of the Face Tongue Adjacent Muscles and Glandules 8 8. The Trunks of the Temporal Arteries Spring from the Carotides and giving Branches to the Parcâ—ide Glands 9 9. as well as the Temples 10 10. also to the Neighbouring Muscles Hairy-Scalp and Forehead 11 11. The Occipâ—tal Arteries whose Trunks pass close by the Mammiâ—oâ—â— Process and are Distributed on the Hinder Paâ—â— of the Hairy-Scalp where they are Inosculated with the Branches of the Temporal Arteries 12. Diâ—ers Arteries which carry Blood to the Fauces Gaâ—gaâ—con and Muscles of those Pâ—â—â—â— 13 13. The Contortions of the Carotid Arteries as they pass the Basis of the Skull to the Brain 14 14. Those Parts of the Carotid Arteries where they pass by each Side of the Solla Tâ—â—ica where Diâ—eâ—â— Small Branches do Arise from them and help to Compose the Rete 〈◊〉 which is more conspicuous in Quadrupedes than Men. 15 15. The Contortions of the Vertebra Arteries as they pass the Transverse Processes of the First Vendâ—â— â—â— the Neck towards the Great Foramen of the Os Occiputis I have more than once taken Notice That the Cavities of these Arteries where they are Conâ—eâ—â—ed have been Larger than their Inferior Trunks whereby the Impetus of the Blood must necessarily be very much Lessen'd as well as by their Contortions only In Quadâ—â—pedes the Angles of these Contortion of the Arteries of the Brains are more Acute which in them is the more Necessary to Lessen the Force of the Blood at their Extremities by Reason of the Horizontal Position of their Trunks 16. The Vertebral Arteries where they Ascend on the Medulla Oblongata towards the 〈◊〉 Protuberance or Poâ—a Varâ—â— 17 17. The Communicant Branches between the Carotid and Vertebral Arteries in this Subject somewhat Larger than we Commonly find them 18 18. The Ramifications of the Arteries within the Skull the Larger Trunks of which lie between the Lobes of the Brain and in its Sâ—â—â—i From the Extremities of these Arteries of the Brain are Continu'd its Veins whose Trunks vary much in their Position from the Arteries They Entring the Brain at its Basis and Distributing themselves as above noted whereas the Trunks of the Veins are Extended on the Surface of the Brain and Discharge their Blood into the Longitudinal Sâ—râ—s Nor do's the Veins of the Brain Accompany its Arteries at their Ingress as in other Parts Or the Arteries and Vein of the Dura Meter pass the same Fâ—ramen in the Basis of the Skull 19 19. The Arteries of the Larynx Thyroid Glandules and Adjacent Muscles and Parts Arising from the Subclavian Arteries 20 20. Others Arising near the Former which convey Blood to the Muscles of the Neck and Scapulâ— 21 21. The Mammariae which Arise also from the Subclavian Arteries and Descend on the Cartilages of the True Râ—bs Internally about Half an Inch distant on each Side the Or Pectoris or Sâ—rmâ—n Some Branches of these pass thro' the Pectoral as well as iâ—â—â—costal Muscles and give Blood to the Mammae where they meet with some Branches of the Intercostal Arteries to which they are Inosculated These Maminary Arteries join with the large Trunks of the Epigastricks 57 57. also by which Means the Impetus of the Blood in Integuments of the Abdomen is carry'd on with more Force the Exâ—â—â—es of the Intercostal and Lumbal Arteries do also Inosculate with each other as well as with These 22 22. The Arteries of the Muscles of the Os Humeri and some of those of the Scapulâ— 23 23. Those Parts of the Large Trunks of the Arteries of the Arms which are liable to be Wounded in Opening the Vena Basilica or Innermost of the Three Veins in the Bending of the Cubit See Fig. 1. of this Appendix between 26. and m where the Precise Progress of
and from the Mixture of these two Juices is compounded a proper Menstruum by which the Parts of the Aliment are dissolved and receive their first Transmutation within the Body In this Action which is a Dissolution of the Texture of the Alimentary Mass the Aerial Parts included in its Pores now escape from their former Prisons and being rarified distend the whole Body of the Stomach and this I take to be the true Reason why most Men have less Appetite at some distance of Time viz. when this Intumescence is made than immediately after they cease from Eating From the same Cause arise frequent Eructations great Inflation from divers Meats such as Old Pease Cabbage Roots Herbs and other Vegetables which very much disturb decay'd debilitated Stomachs I am apt to suspect the Stomachick Menstruum may excite an Intestine motion of the Particles of the Mass in Digestion which yet I do not think fit to call Fermentation fearing so bold a Term may mislead us into a False Idea of a greater Conflict than really happens The Intumescence or Dilatation of the Stomach has two Effects First to compress the Gall Bladder and Pancreas and oblige their Ductus Excretorii to spue out their Contents into the Duodenum next to retard the Refluent Blood and by this means dispose the Muscular Fibres of the Ventricle to a Contraction The Reason of this last Hint will appear by what we have offer'd concerning Muscular Motion in the Introduction to our Myotomia Reformata For the Cause of Hunger which is an observable Phaenomenon belonging to this part I conceive it to be an Irritation of the Stomach arising from a copious Quantity of this Menstruum when it wants Matter to act upon This conjecture seems more probable since it is Natural to discharge the Spittle out of the Mouth which comes into it at that Time rather than suffer it to descend into the Stomach and we may perpetually observe a depraved Appetite does follow a Vitiation of the Saliva as in Scorbutick Habits Salivations by Mercurial Medicines and such like Cases When the Mass is sufficiently prepar'd and reduced to a Pultaceous Consistence the Stomach by the help of its Muscular Fibres contracts it self and expels its Contents thro' the Pylorus into the Duodenum where the Digested Mass is mixed with the Bile and Pancreatick Juice forced to discharge it self here as was just now described which Volatilize Subtiliate and Separate the more Fluid and Fine Parts of the Aliment from the more Impure and Gross and here it is that Chylification is first made perfect Now the Bile abounding with Lixivial Salt is apt to intangle with the grosser Parts of the Chylaceous Mass and its Saline Quality not only cleanses the Cavities of the Guts from the Mucus Excreted by their Glands App. Fig. 40. to smear their Inmost Coat and defend the Ostia of the Lacteal Vessels from being injured by Extraneous Bodies which may happen to pass that way but Stimulates the Intestines in their Peristaltick Motion The Peristaltick or Wormlike Motion of the Guts being thus Accelerated by the Acrimony of the Bile the Contents of the Intestines are carried on and the Thinner and more Fluid Parts fitted for the Pores of the Lacteal Vessels is absorbed by them and the Thicker move on more slowly till by the many Stops they meet with in the Connivent Valves all the Chyle is at length absorbed and the Remains being meerly Excrementitious are only fit to be excluded by Stool This Vermicular Motion of the Guts is perform'd by the Alternate Contraction of their Longitudinal and Transverse Fibres App. Fig. 39.40 which at the same Time convey the Digested Mass thro' the Intestinal Tube and express the Chyle into the Orifices of the Lacteal Vessels adapted to receive it whose Progress from the Intestines till it is discharged into the Mass of Blood next presents it self to our Consideration By the reciprocal Action of these differing Fibres and the Apposition of the Connivent Valves Tab. 39. Fig. 2. the Chyle is forced into the Lacteal Vessels Tab. ib. Fig. 1. and hence it is we cannot make any Fluid pass from the Cavity of the Guts into the same Vessels when the Peristaltick Motion ceases A farther Use of the Contraction of these Muscular Fibres is to Accelerate the Chyle in its Progress till the Lympha derived from the Arteries of the Guts joyn with it which is done before it leaves the External Surface of the Intestines by this Addition the Chyle is diluted and assisted in its Progress towards the Mesenterick Glands in the Cells of which it is a Second Time Mixed with a Juice or Lymphatick Liquor there Secreted from the Arteries and so carried on to the Vasa Lactea secundi Generis These Vessels resembling Pipes convey the Chyle from hence all emptying themselves into the Common Receptacle or Cistern the happy Discovery of which we owe to the Observation of Mons. Pecquet It is here the Lympha returned from the Inferior Limbs and adjacent Parts is mixed with the Chyle App. Fig. 11. which not only serves to dilute but promotes its Ascent thro' the Thoracick Duct Fig. ib. to the Lest Subclavian Vein Fig. ib. where this Channel empties its Contents into the main Current of the Blood If we consider in this Duct its several Divisions and Inosculations resembling the Veins of the Testicles its numerous Valves looking from below Upwards its advantageous Situation between the Great Artery and Vertebrae of the Back together with the Ducts discharging their Refluent Lympha from the Lungs and the other Neighbouring Parts we shall find all conduce to demonstrate the utmost Art of Nature used in furthering the Steep and Perpendicular Ascent of the Chyle which Beautiful Order is Represented App. Fig. 11. and cannot but equally Create in us Delight and Admiration Having traced this Animal Juice to its Reception into the Blood with which it is at last Circulated and Assimulated we shall proceed to the Blood it self whose Circular Motion the various Artifices of Nature for adjusting the Proportions and other subordinate Contrivances the Manner and Cause of the Contraction of the Heart and Arteries Respiration with the whole Theory of the Lympha and Glandular Secretion in the Order of Nature follow The Refluent Blood in the Upper and Lower Trunk of the Vena Cava meeting in the Right Auricle of the Heart is thence expelled by its Contraction into the Right Ventricle when the Heart is in its Diastole but by its Systole or Contraction it is thence driven into the Arteria Pulmonaris from whose Capillary Vessels it passes into the Extremities of the Vena Pulmonaris and thence returning is discharged into the Left Auricle and Ventricle of the Heart From whence it is again by the Systole driven into the Aorta by whose Branches it is convey'd thro' the whole System of the Body But when it arrives in the Capillary Arteries it do's not stop there but passes into the like
of the Obliquus Descendens on the Lest Side Indented with the last mentioned Serratus H The Pectoralis in Situ on the Left Side this Muscle has a Broad Semicircular Fleshy Beginning above from near Half the Inferior Part of the Clavicula B below from the Os Pectoris L and all the Cartilaginous Endings of the Six Superior Ribs M M and from the Bony Part of the Seventh Rib it hath sometimes a distinct Fasciculus of Fleshy Fibres which I have frequently seen Confounded with the Obliquus Descendens hence it passeth Transversely over the Upper-Part of the Biceps Cubiti where it is made into a short and broad strong Tendon Inserted to the Superior and External Part of the Os Humeri above the Termination of the Deltoides I The Right Pectoral Muscle rais'd where the Decussation of its Fibres near its Insertion is well Exprest This crossing of its Fibres is a Contrivance in Nature to render its Action more Vigorous the Fibres of its Upper-Part Descending to the Lower-Part of its Implantation to the Os Humeri and those of its Lower-Part Ascend to the Superior crossing each other with Acute Angles This Muscle is call'd Adductor Humeri when it Acts it moves the Arm variously according to the Operation of its several Series of Fibres K The Serratus Minor Anticus raised from its Implantation at the Bony Parts of the Second Third Fourth and Fifth Ribs and left at its Origin at the Processus Carocoides Scapulae L The Os Pectoris or Sternum M M The Cartilaginous Endings of the Superior Ribs Connexed to the Sternum N N The Deltoides Vide Tab. 66. XX. O O The Superior Parts of the Recti Abdominis Vide Tab. 32 Fig. 1. N O c. P Part of the Coracobrachialis Vide Tab. 65. F. Q Part of the Biceps Cubiti Tab. ib. 1. THE TWENTY-FIRST TABLE SHEWS the Sternum Rais'd and the Principal Organs contain'd in the Thorax partly in View A The Inner-Face of the Sternum or Os Pectoris B B The Cartilages of the True Ribs cut from the Bony Extremities of the Ribs and left at their Connexions to the Sternum Upon these Cartilages are plac'd the Musculi Triangulares which Muscles Arise from the Inferior and Internal Part of the Sternum and after an Oblique Progress are inserted to the Bony Endings of the Fourth Fifth Sixth and sometimes Seventh and Eight Ribs These Triangular Muscles scarcely appear in Macilent Subjects as is Exprest in this Figure C The Mediastinum free'd from the Os Pectoris where in Humane Bodies it appears Double being a Continuation of the Pleura from both Sides the Internal Part of the Thorax whence it Descends and firmly Cleaves to the Pericardium dividing the Thorax into Two Cavities and the Right Lobes of the Lungs from the Left In this Progress of the Mediastinum it parts with One of its Laminae to cover the large Blood-Vessels within the Thorax A Triangular Interstice is fram'd immediately under the Sternum at the Approach of the Pleura from each Side as it Descends to compose the Mediastinum Nor is this Interstice an empty Space as it is commonly suppos'd but is interwoven with various Orders of Fibres framing Loculi or little Cells Real Columbus Lib. xi Cap. iii. Proposes the letting out of Pus collected in this Interstice by Perforating the Sternum As the Fore-part of the Mediastinum plainly appears a Continuation of the Pleura â— so its Back-part is evidently a Continuation of the same Membrane as it advances towards the Vertebrae of the Back In Dissecting a Morbid Body I found the Right Side of the Cavity of the Thorax so extended with a Serous Humor as its External Appearance especially at the Cartilaginous Endings of the True Ribs was Prominent Nor would the least Portion of the Lungs on the same Side Swim in common Water but Sunk to the Bottom of the Vessel In this Subject I could not find any Part of the Hydropick or Serous Humor in the other Side of the Thorax but the Lungs on that Side in no very ill State By this we may be assur'd that the Mediastinum adequately divides the Right Side of the Thorax from the Left The Mediastinum also supports the Pericardium leaft its Flaccidity impede the Systole of the Heart and sustains the Trunks of the Nerves of the Par Vagum in their Progress thro' the Thorax The Diaphragm is also said to be suspended by the Mediastinum leaft the Liver to whose Lower-Side it 's Connexed should become Insupportable The Mediastinum receives Arteries from the Mammary and Intercostal Branches it has Two large Veins which discharge their Blood into the Subclavian and Neighbouring Trunks Its Nerves are said to Spring from the Eighth Pair The Lymphe-Ducts of the Mediastinum pass towards the Thymus D D The Pericardium or Capsula Cordis Open'd and Pinn'd up The Pericardium Arises from the large Vessels at the Basis of the Heart and seems to be compos'd of a Continuation of the Pleura or Mediastinum It adheres to the Diaphragm below and laterally to the Mediastinum It has Blood-Vessels from the Diaphragm and Mammary-Vessels according to the Accurate Ruysch in his lately publish'd Epistles The Capillary Extremities of these Blood-Vessels are very Numerous as will appear when Injected with Mercury There are divers Lymphe-Ducts on the Pericardium which convey the Lympha to the Thoracick-Duct The Glands which are in the Pericardium and at the Basis of the Heart which separate that Humor imploy'd in Moistening the Inside of that Membrane and Surface of the Heart are not to be discover'd by the naked Eye in ordinary Dissections no more than those on the Inside of the Peritonaeum and Surface of the Intestines which afford a Humor to Lubricate those Parts but when either of these Parts are Diseased so that those Glands are Affected their Existence then is Demonstrable as appear'd in the Pericardium of an Infant I lately Dissected where the Neighbouring Parts and Pericardium its self were Apostumated In the Pericardiums of this Subject we found Two or Three Ounces of Purulent Matter in place of the Serous Humor and the External Membrane of the Heart so loosned as its Surface appear'd Villous nor did any Fat appear on the Basis of the Heart In an Adult Person who Died suddenly I found the Pericardium somewhat Thickned and no Humor contain'd in it but in Two or Three Places cleaving to the Heart especially near its Basis and the Heart it self intirely cover'd with Fat The Use of the Pericardium is to defend the Heart in its Systole from the Neighbouring Parts and to contain a Humor to Moisten the External Surface of the Heart E The Heart lying within the Pericardium F F Parts of the Lungs on both Sides the Thorax in Situ G The Thymus in Situ The Magnitude of the Thymas varies according to the Age of the Body in a Faetus Two Months after Conception it is larger in Proportion to the Bulk of the
and Mitral Valves D The Aorta divided between its Origin from the Heart and Valves and reclin'd to One Side hanging by its Two◠Coronary Arteries Exprest Fig. 2. e e. e e The Three Semilunary Valves of the Aorta which hinder a Return of the Blood into the Left Ventricle when the Heart is in Diastole Fig. 4. The Concourse of Fibres near the Cone of the Heart as they appear after a Transverse Section Fig. 5. Some Fasciculi of Fibres of the Left Ventricle of the Heart A B The Two Tendinous Extremities of the Oblique Fleshy Fibres Exprest Fig. 2 3. C The Fleshy Parts of the Fibres between the Two Tendons D The Collateral Fibres which appear in dividing the last mention'd Fasciculi Nor are these any other than Parts of the Fibres of the divided Fasciculus and lay Parallel to each other according to their length The Blood-Vessels and Nerves passing between these Fibres make a Reticular Appearance when divided as here Exprest Fig. 6. The Right Auricle and Part of the Basis of the Heart A A The Right Auricle expanded B B B The Three Tricuspid Valves Two of which are extended by Pinning out their Tendons deriv'd from the Columnae Carneae See Fig. 7. g g Fig. 10. A Inferior The Office of the Auricles is to receive Part of the Refluent Blood whilst the Heart is in Systole and to discharge that Blood again into the Ventricles of the Heart when it is in Diastole so that the Auricles of the Heart seem as Diverticula to the Blood in its passing into its Ventricles else a Repercussion of the Blood in the Veins would necessarily happen in the Systole of the Heart which would prevent the regular Influx of the Blood to the Ventricles Fig. 7. The Heart with its Left Ventricle Open'd A The Inside of the Vena Pulmonalis B The Aorta in like manner Open'd C C The Septum Cordis which divides the Right Ventricle from the Left D The Left Auricle intire which in Humane Bodies is very little as appears by this Figure and the Trunk of the Pulmonick Vein very large d The Trunk of the Arterìa Pulmonica cut off e e Two of the Three Semilunary Valves at the Beginning of the Arteria Magna which hinder the Reflux of the Blood when the Heart is in Diastole in which Action they are Exprest Fig. 3. e e. f f The Two Mitral Valves in the Pulmonick Vein which prevent the Blood repassing that Vessel when the Heart is in Systole g g The Carneae Columnae compos'd of Muscular Fibres deriv'd from those of the Sides of the Heart whençe divers small Tendinous Filaments do Arise and are faltned to the Inferior Limbus of the Mitral Valves by which means those Valves are drawn down towards the Cone of the Heart and prevent the Blood from passing out again that way when the Heart is in Systole I know Dr. Lower in his Accurate Book De Corde Supposes that these Mitral and Tricuspid Valves are Relax'd in the Systole of the Heart and by their Rising up stop up the Passages of the Veins But if the Structure of the Heart and these Parts are Attentively consider'd in a large Animal as in an Ox c. it will appear reasonable to conceive that these Mitral and Tricuspid Valves are rather drawn down than suffer Extrusion upwards nor need Nature have been at any trouble in making those Valves at the Orifices of the Veins any otherwise than the Reverse of the Semilunary Valves of Arteries if as the Expert Dr. Lower Supposes they are driven up and Extended like a Sail with Wind when the Heart is in Systole but by fastening those Tendinous Fibres to the Lower-parts of those Tricuspid and Mitral Valves which are of a Conical Figure seems to me to be an Argument that they cannot suffer such Extension upwards without letting some Part of the Blood repass them in the Systole of the Heart Besides there must constantly a considerable Part of the Blood remain in the Ventricles of the Heart if those Valves are so dispos'd in its Systole which I think the Dr. himself seems no where to conceive but on the contrary the Ventricles of the Heart are with great Strength adequately Comprest in it's Systole for which End the Insides of its Ventricles are compos'd of divers Fleshy Columns between which divers Intersticia necessarily Result that are elegantly Exprest in this Figure by which means the Ventricles are more exactly Closed in their Systole than they could have been had they been smooth Fig. 8. The Heart with its Right Ventricle Open'd A The Inside of the Right Auricle of the Heart as it appears when Open'd and Pinn'd out B The Left Auricle Intire C The Coronary Blood-Vessels of the Heart from these particularly from the Arteries Spring those of the Auricles and large Blood-Vessels of the Heart as the Accurate Ruysch describes them in his Anatomical Epistles Pag. 15. The Nerves of the Heart Spring from the Eighth Pair and Intercostal Nerves a particular Description of which may be found in Dr. Lower's Book De Corde and Vieussenius Nervographia D Part of the Right Ventricle of the Heart Open'd E A Portion of the Vena Arteriosa or Arteria Pulmonalis Divided and Expanded f f f The Three Valvulae Sigmoides or Semilunares which oppose the Return of the Blood from the Lungs by the Arteria Pulmonica into the Heart when it is in Diastole Fig. 9. A A The Heart cut Transversely B That Part of it next its Basis. C That next its Cone D D The Right Ventricle of the Heart E The Left F The Septum Cordis or the Partition between the Two Ventricles of the Heart G G A Stylus put thro' the Vena Cava into the Right Ventricle of the Heart H H Another passing from the same Ventricle thro' the Arteria Pulmonalis I I A Stylus in the Left Ventricle of the Heart passing out at the Arteria Magna K K Another Inserted into the same Ventricle by the Vena Pulmonica Fig. 10. A Inferior A Portion of the Columna Carnis of One of the Ventricles of the Heart cut off See Fig. 7. g g in Situ B The Tendinous Fibres deriv'd from the Fleshy Column and fastned to the Inferior Margin of One of the Tricuspid Valves A A Superior Portions of the Tricuspid Valves Fig. 11. The Coronary Blood-Vessels of the Heart as they appear on its Surface when Injected after Drying the whole Heart A A The Arteries fill'd with Mercury fix'd with Tin B B The Veins Extended with Wax Fig. 12. A Portion of the Vena Pulmonalis next the Basis of the Heart A A Parts of the Mitral Valves Pinn'd out by their Tendons Fig. 13. The Inner Surface of a Portion of the Arteria Magna cut off at the Basis of the Heart when Divided and Expanded A A A A The Three Semilunary Valves well Exprest when Pinn'd out One of them being cut thro' in its Middle in dividing the Great Artery Fig.
Capillary Veins and from thence into the greater Branches next into the Trunk of the Vena Cava and so into the Right Ventricle again In the mean time the Three Tricuspid Valves in the Right Tab. 22. Fig. 6. and the two Mitral Valves Tab. ead Fig. 12. in the Left Ventricle of the Heart oppose its return into the Vena Cava and Vena Pulmonaris and the Semilunary Valves of the Arteria Pulmonaris Tab. ead Fig. 14. and Aorta Tab. ib. Fig. 13. prevent its Reflux into the Ventricles The Structure and Position of which Membranes are sufficient alone to lead all Observing Men into a compleat Knowledge of its Motion and Progress The Circular Motion of the Blood was first Explain'd and the whole Demonstrated in a Treatise expresly Writ upon that Subject and Published in the Year 1628. by our Learned and Ingenious Dr. Harvey To omit all disputes here how far this was known to Cesalpinus Columbus Servetus or any of the Anatomists or Virtuoso's of the last Age. But the Manner how this Animal Liquor is transmitted from the Arteries to the Veins has remained hitherto a Secret and afforded Matter of Controversie Some pretend this is done by some blind Imperceptible Meatus in the Carnous Parts and perplex themselves to give Irrational and Chimerical Accounts which we shall not here lose Time to enumerate or refute But the late great Improvement of Microscopes has put an end to all these uncertain Conjectures by discovering to our Naked Eye that the Veins and Arteries are but one continued inflected Tube and the Blood passes from one to the other in an uninterrupted Current which Unity of the Blood-Vessels by a Parity of Reason we infer extends to the whole System and will hardly be questioned by those who consider the Prompt Passage of Mercury and other injected Liquors from the Arteries to the Veins or see the Globules of Blood passing these Angustia and reverting with incredible Rapidity in the Fins of Fishes App. F. 4 5. which curious Discovery ought not to be reputed the least Advancement which this Part of Natural History has receiv'd The great Engine which sets all this Motion on Foot is the Heart Tab. 22. Fig. 9. by whose repeated Elastick Contraction the Blood is driven to the remotest Parts thro' the Arterial System App. Fig. 3. and forced to continue its Motion back thro' the Venous Channels This Elastick Force is primarily seated in its own Muscular Fibres whose Spiral Contortion Tab. 22. Fig. 2 3. is very well described by Dr. Lower in his Book De Corde but the Pendulous Position and the Fibres which compose its Great Arteries i. e. the Pulmonaris and Aorta assist very much and the Heart taken out of the Body and held up by the Arteries will continue the least gentle Motion imprest on it for a considerable Time which Effect can only be ascribed to the Elasticity of the Arterial Trunks by which it is suspended The Heart is the immediate Instrument but what is the Vis Motrix which forces its Fibres to a Contraction is a far greater Difficulty and one of the most Abstruse Inscrutable Mysteries of Nature It is in this respect our Bodies differ from Artificial Machines the Former having in themselves a perpetual Principle of Motion which the Latter by no Invention of Men can arrive at In my Opinion the Heart of an Animal bears a great Analogy to the Pendulums of those Artificial Automata Clocks and Watches whilst its Motion is perform'd like that of other Muscles the Blood doing the Office of a Pondus The Observation of the Curious Mons. Peyer in Parergo Septimo seems to favour this Opinion who tells us He has with Pleasure seen the Heart renew its Contraction by blowing into the Thoracick Duct when the Parts have began to grow stiff after Death The like Motion of the Heart I have more than once observ'd to be restor'd by blowing into the Veins of a Dog and pouring warm Water on it or applying the Palm of the Hand not long after its Cessation Besides the Quantity doubtless the Quality of the Blood has a Share since all Distempers which alter the Mass at the same Time create a Hurry and Disorder in its Motion To explain the Action of the Blood in this Case and the Influence it has over the Motion of the Heart we must consider its Nature Constituent Parts and the Alterations it is disposed to receive This Animal Fluid consists of Two Parts Serous and Globular The Distinction of these Parts of the Blood is evident to the Naked Eye after its Stagnation in any Vessel but is clearly evinced by the Microscope in its Circulation thro' the Tails and Fins of Fishes and other Transparent Parts in the same manner as is Represented Appendix Fig. 4 5. where the Globules seem to Swim in the Serum in this state of Mixture Now the Blood being in this manner a Heterogeneous Liquor Compos'd of Particles of various Magnitude and Figure must be subject to an Intestine Motion but the great Rapidity of its Current thro' the Arteries and the Angustiae in the Extremities of the Blood-Vessels not admitting any Retrograde Motion to be there made it is deferr'd till it arrives in the Great Veins where its Progress is retarded and the Room more spatious and the Intestine Motion there Commences which arises to a Greater or Less Height as the Blood is more or less Charged with Incongruous Parts The Alteration which the Blood by this means receives has no inconsiderable Share in the Heart's Contraction and tho it be not the prime efficient Cause yet we cannot deny but that it is Partial and Incitative as appears in Fevers and several other Distempers where the whole Mass is Accelerated and the Pulse more frequent Besides all these Causes the Brain by its Nervous Trunks sent to this Part which are very Thick and Tense yet lie very loose contributes much to this Action And here we may observe not only these of the Heart but the whole System of Nerves which serve the Viscera in the Thorax and Lower Belly have their Propagines very Numerous and Tense notwithstanding which they lie Loose or Free in their Progress from the Brain to their respective Parts both which concur in disposing them to Receive and Retain all Impressions from their Extremities This Faculty beginning to Exert it self even while the Foetus is in Vtero grows Familiar and Natural and from this early Habit and Practice of the Infant they after perform their Duty Sleeping or Waking without the least Advertence but this by the by And now if what has been Noted shall be thought sufficient to give ground to Hope Future Enquiries may discover more Adequate Causes of this great Phaenomenon we have obtained our Desire and shall leave these Hints to be improv'd by Men of more Industry and Leasure Before we leave this Subject we must not omit to Remark some Observable Artifices of Nature for the better carrying
on the Circulation The First is the Valves placed in the several Divarications of the Veins between their Capillar Extremities and Larger Trunks These are Membranes proceeding from the inner Coat of the Vessels in the Form of a Crescent or C. which was the Ancient Greek Sigma and are generally Double with their Concavity looking towards the Heart and readily give way to the Current of the Blood thither as is Represented Tab. 23. F. 7. But if by its Weight or any other Cause the Blood should Revert they oppose it and being Distended prevent its Return from the Great Trunks of Veins to the Lesser and at the same time hinder the Superincumbing Blood from pressing on the Inferior concerning which consult Tab. 23. Fig. 6. Another Considerable Artifice in Nature is the Conveying great Quantities of Refluent Blood from several Parts of the Trunk by particular Channels instead of discharging it by the next and most immediate Passage into the Neighbouring Current Dr. Lower has well Observ'd that the Heart is not placed in the Center of the Body but inclines to its Upper Part which Position is necessary to Drive the Blood in its Systole to the Head with more Force then is required to make it Descend to the Feet to which its own Weight and Fluidity do's not a little Conduce Now the Heart being seated so near the Upper Part as that Two Parts in Three of the whole Fabrick appear to be below it there must be a like Inequality of Blood sent to the Inferior Parts to that which Ascends to the Superior And this we see Confirm'd by comparing the Diameter of the Blood-Vessels Descending with the Ascending the Former being much Larger then the Latter This great Disproportion of Blood in the Upper System to that of the Lower seems to threaten a great Disturbance in the Animal Order but is prevented by the Provident Care of the Author of Nature in the Manner we are now about to Describe The Intercostal Arteries App. F. 3. which arise from the Lower System are accompanied with Veins that Return the Blood they Exported which do not enter into the next Large Trunk according to the ordinary Process of Nature in other Parts but are all United into One Channel and sometimes Two which Ascends by the Side of the Aorta and Empties it self into the Descending Trunk of the Vena Cava there Discharging all its Refluent Blood which had it been Inserted into the Ascending Trunk it must have added so great a Weight that the Blood could not have past up to the Heart which it now easily do's Beside these the Mammary Veins likewise Empty themselves into the Subclavian so that all the Blood Arising from the Parietes of the Thorax the Back and its Muscles as well as those of the Scapulae returns again to the Heart by the Upper Trunk of the Vena Cava tho' it was sent thither from the Lower Trunk of the Arteria Magna Another Contrivance of this Nature is Observable in the Vena Porta which Receives the Blood from the Stomach Omentum Spleen Pancreas Guts and Mesentery sent thither by the Coeliack and Mesenterick Arteries which large Quantity had it Enter'd into the Vena Cava immediately below the Liver or Kidneys its Weight so far beneath the Diaphragm must have Hindred its Ascent wherefore the Vena Porta not unlike the Azygos of the Thorax before Noted carries up all the Blood by another Channel and Discharges it into the Extremities of the Vena Cava within the Liver where it is Diluted and Propell'd by the Refluent Blood from the Splenick Vein and afterwards assisted in its Ascent by the Contraction of the Diaphragm Here I cannot forbear making a Digression and presenting my Conjectures of the Use and Office of the Spleen since it ministers in this Part of the Animal Oeconomy The Arteria Splenica is not only very large in Proportion to the Magnitude of the Spleen but has a Remarkable Tortuous Passage to it Tab. 36. F. 1. whence we may conceive as the Quantity of Blood sent to the Spleen is very great so it s Impetus is very much Abated Next the Communications between the Extremities of its Arteries and Veins are very Large as appears by the Prompt Exit which Water pour'd into one Finds by the other and the Inflation of the Veins which is easily made by Blowing into the Arteries when the whole Spleen and its Veins become Distended with it The Lymphe-ducts of the Spleen we have Observ'd Tab. 36. Fig. 1. to Arise from the Vesiculae at the Extremities of its Veins and Discharge their Contents into the Neighbouring Lymphatick Glands whence it is sent into the Receptacule of the Chyle Its Nerves are Distributed thro' its whole Substance and serve to preserve its Tone and Regulate the Separation of its Lympha and Nutritive Juice But the most exact Scrutiny of Anatomists could never yet Discover any Excretory-duct arising from this Viscus and indeed the Patent Communication of its Vessels seems a convincing Proof that no such Excretory-duct can Exist but must appear very plain Besides it seems Extravagant and Unbecoming the Wonderful Providence of Nature to Separate any particular Juice in the Arteries here to be instantly Refunded into the Veins and we can hardly conceive the Blood can suffer any Alteration in a Place where the Transit from the one to the other is so Ample After these Considerations Premis'd if the Problem be Propos'd What can be the Design of the great Architect of our Bodies in the Fabrication of so Large and Remarkable a Part without any Fluid Secreted in it besides its own Nutritive Juice and Lympha I believe our Hypothesis will enable us to give a sufficient Reply to this seeming invincible Difficulty with which Learned Men have exceedingly perplex'd themselves I conceive then the Spleen is Design'd by Nature as a Diverticle to receive a large Proportion of Blood to be Refunded by its Veins into the Porta and promote the Reflux of the Blood Imported thither from the Stomach Guts Pancreas Mesentery c. by whose slow Progress thro' the innumerable Glands of those Parts it returns Thick and unfit for Motion And this seems but Necessary that a new Quantity of Blood charg'd with a Copious Serum should be Infunded into this Refluent Liquor before it Arrives at the Liver to dispose it to pass the Extremities of the Vena Cava and add a fresh Impetus to its Languid Motion caus'd by its Long and Tortutous Progress This I take to be the Use and Office of the Spleen and seems to have all the Circumstances the Laws of Mechanism require for this Purpose The Novelty of which Opinion will I hope be no Prejudice to its Reception in the Minds of Candid and Impartial Men. Having thus Represented the Circulation the Order of Nature leads us to Respiration which serves in conveying the Blood from the Right to the Left Ventricle of the Heart and Impregnates it with
the Largeness Short and Streight Course of the Emulgents and their Vicinity to the Left Ventricle of the Heart is very Rapid which discharges a great Quantity of Urine soon after the Use of Chalybeat Waters or other plentiful Drinking whilst it is infinitely more slow in the Salival Glands Pancreas Liver c. We shall not here recite any further Particulars hoping the Reader will peruse our Tables and Discourse of the several Organs Having done with our Doctrine of the First Order of Natural Functions we proceed to the Second or those which serve for the Propagation of the Species which Naturally divides its self into Two Parts viz. Generation and Accretion or what concerns the Foetus in its Formation and by what means and steps it 's carried on to an Adult State Since Animal Bodies are Transient and Temporary the Author of Nature has endued them with the Power of Propagation and a Set of Proper Organs to continue their Species and furnish a constant Supply of new Individuals From the Difference of which Organs of Generation Arises the difference of Sexes All Animals have been Divided into Viviparous and Oviparous till Dr. Harvey remov'd the Distinction by Demonstrating all Living Creatures to derive their Original from Eggs with this Difference only in one the Foetus is perfected within and in the other without the Mothers Body This Doctrine of that great Man has since been fully evinc'd by the repeated Dissections Observations and Experiments of Later Anatomists No Species of Fowls Fishes and Quadrupedes are found to want them The Foetus being sometimes found in the passage between the Ovarium and Vterus â—ad the Alveoli deserted by them are sufficiently discernable in all Animals after Impregnation so that the Existence of These cannot be doubted or that there is a perfect Conformity between the Pullus in Ovo and the Foetus in the Womb. But here we must distinguish the Essential and Constituent Parts from those which are only Alimentary and Accessory It is the Cicatricula alone in the Eggs of Fowls in which reside the Rudiments of the Foetus whilst the Vitellus and Albumen prepare and supply its Nourishment both bearing an exact Analogy to the Lobes and Plantula Seminalis in Vegetable Seeds The Seminal Vesicula or Ovum found in the Testes of Women c. agrees in every respect with the Cicatricula and the other Parts are unnecessary because the Foetus is nourish'd by Aliment supplied from the Mothers Body Since the Discovery of these Eggs the Ancient Doctrine that the Foetus was Form'd from the Commistion of the Male and Female Seed has been by all Rejected and that Liquour which has been taken by all preceding Ages for Seed in the Latter is found to be only a Mucous Matter Secreted from the Glands of the Vagina Tab. 51. F. 3. C. and discharg'd without the Body which in Mares Cows and many other Animals is in much greater Quantity than is possible to be contain'd in their Testes Tho' Generation ex Ovo may be justly reputed among the Modern Improvements of Anatomy yet this did not altogether escape the Notice of the Sagacious Hippocrates who in his Book De Natura Pueri informs us the Embryo after Conception is Included in a Membrane exactly resembling an Egg without its Shell and describes the Rudiments of the Vmbilicus and Placenta with its Plexus of Blood-Vessels and the Pellucid Liquor of the Amnios after the same Manner as Represented Tab. 57. Fig. 2. This Accurate Observation he acquaints us he made from an Abortion artificially procur'd within Six Days after Conception to preserve the Reputation of an Incontinent Wench which remarkable Passage not ordinarily taken Notice of was shewn me by my very Ingenious Friend Dr. Fern. Much of the same Age or something more and agreeing with the Description of Hippocrates are the Secundines which the Learned Dr. Hannes keeps among his other Anatomical Collections Upon the Invention of these Ova De Graaf and Others who have successfully employ'd themselves in their Enquiries on this Subject began to Erect an Opinion That the Female only furnish'd the Matter of the Foetus and the Male serv'd to Actuate it by its Prolifick Influence This Opinion which derogates much from the Dignity of the Male-Sex prevail'd till Mons. Leeuwenhoeck by the Help of his Exquisite Microscope in which he has been well pursued by Mr. Melling detected Innumerable small Animals in the Masculine Sperm and by this Noble Discovery at once remov'd that Difficulty and added much to the Theory of Generation In his Letter to the Royal-Society he Acquaints them he had observ'd Incredible Numbers of these Animalcula in the Testicles of Froggs so slender as not to exceed the Thousandth Part of a single Hair with a Head proportionably larger than the rest of their Body all Variously moving to and fro That he had found the same in the Testicles of all Animals which he had Inspected and in another he gives them an Account That in the Spawn of a Cabeliaw he had found them to be still Lesser and more than Ten Thousand Swimming about in a Portion of Seed not exceeding a Grain of Sand and pretending to find by a Formal Computation all the Animals contain'd in the Lactes of this Fish to exceed more than Ten times the Number of Men on the Surface of the Earth Foecundation he esteems to proceed from one of these Numerous Animalcula after Ejection striking thro' the Pores or Perforations on the Sides of the Ovum and Lodging it self in the Cicatricula which is dispos'd to Receive and Nourish it From this surprizing Discovery it is evident That no Aura Seminalis or Influx of Active Spirituous Matter do's Delineate the Foetus and that Observation of Malpighius Illustrated That before Impregnation no Vestigia of the Pullus could be found and yet in some few Hours after it is distinct and visible Having thus taken a short Prospect of the Materials we must proceed to the Order and Progress of Generation from the Inchoation till the Perfection of the Foetus in the Womb and its Exclusion and thence till its full Growth or Dimensions prescrib'd by Nature to the Species The Arteriae Spermaticae in Men bring the Blood to the Testes in whose Convolutions it is Prepar'd and carry'd by the Vasa Deferentia to the Vesiculae Seminales where it is Lodg'd till in the Time of Coition it is Injected into the Vagina Vteri The Manner of the Erection of the Penis in applying it to the Transverse Ligament of the Ossa Pubis by the Musculi Erigentes and the Constriction of the Corpus Cavernosum Vrethrae by the Musculi Acceleratores to Stop the Refluent Blood and Inflate the Bulb and Cavernous Bodies I shall wave Repeating having amply Describ'd this Artifice in the Appendix to my Myotomia Reformata The Semen Injected into the Vagina of the Woman is Convey'd to the Ovaria thro' the Womb it self and the Falloppian Tubes which
the Right Gut and Pudenda some to the Hips some to the Thighs and Legs as well Internally as Externally Thus much concerning the principal Distribution of the Aorta In the next Place Professor Bidloo gives us the Anatomy of the Blood In the Anatomy of the Blood Chymically performed say's he it is manifest there is a Water in it which as well as it can be is simply to be considered a Spirit and Salts both fixt and volatile Tho' by this Method he very well say's some Parts are very accurately discover'd yet doth it exceedingly destroy the Appearances of some Figures which ought by no means to be alter'd wherefore he proposed the following Figure Fig. 16. A A small Drop of Blood inclosed in a Glass Tube and its Particles by the Help of a Microscope are represented very much magnifyed B The Globular Bladders C The little Fibres variously turned laid and disposed according to Bidloo I must confess I have frequently view'd the Blood in the same Manner as here Exprest with a Microscope and have constantly observed its Appearance as here represented Nor could I ever apprehend the Blood was furnished with Fibres so much talk'd of but that the Fibrous Appearance it has when any Blood-Vessel is open in the Mouth or in Bleeding into warm Water and the like is owing to a Coagulation of its Serum by which Means its Globules are entangled and frame those Fibrous Bodies The Streaked Mass represented at D E. according to Bidloo I am apt to think proceeded from a Coagulation of the Serous Part of the Blood by sealing the Tube Hermetically in doing which the Glass must be heated To this our Author adds another Way of Anatomizing the Blood thus The watery whitish Liquor which is of a different Substance being separated from the cold coagulated Mass of Blood and set on the Fire thickens in a short Time the red Part which remains of which the more fluid Part being frequently washt away with warm Water appears like a grumous Heap every Particle of which resembles a Globular Bladder of which some are Transparent others not The rest of the Mass which consists of very flexible Fibres according to Bidloo and being exposed to the Air and Cold become very tough tensile and seem like Net-work owe that Appearance to a Combination of the Globules variously stratified on each other The Third Way which our Author proposes of enquiring into the Blood is when the Blood is separated from the Serum or Liquor it swims in and put on a Piece of Paper dawb'd over with Lard is become a little dry after an External View of the Particles gently with the Finger break off a little of the Mass of Blood in which you will presently behold little Globes of a differing Frame and Figure little Fibres and Streaks of the same Kind THE TWENTY-FOURTH TABLE Fig. 1. THE Fore-parts of all the Viscera within the Cavity of the Thorax when taken out together A The Heart cover'd with the Pericardium and hanging to the Lungs by its Membranes and Vessels B B The Descending Trunk of the Vena Cava on the Right Side and the Aorta on the Left b b b The Ascending Branches of the Arteria Magna which make the Two Carotides and Right Subclavian Branch C Part of the Mediastinum cut from the Sternum D D The Right and Left Anterior Lobes of the Lungs E E The Two Posterior Lobes of the Lungs F Part of the Wind-Pipe G G Portions of the Nerves call'd Par Vagum H Part of the Gala. In freeing the Lungs from the Cavity of the Thorax we frequently find their Outward Membrane cleaving to the Pleura nor has any known Inconveniencies attended such Persons when Living The many Phoenomena which have occurr'd to our Observation in Dissecting Morbid Bodies in whom these Parts have been Diseas'd are too Numerous to be inserted in this Place wherefore I shall only mention what I have more than once taken Notice of in examining these Parts when they have not been Diseas'd viz. by Blowing into the Blood-Vessels i. e. the Vena Arteriosa and Arteria Venosa those Vessels deriv'd from the Pleura as well as those by Ruysch call'd Arteriae Bronchales Corresponding to which I have frequently observ'd Veins which empty themselves into the Subclavian Branches all which I have found to Communicate with each other upon Distension by which we may be inform'd the Blood do's not enjoy such particular Vessels in its Circulation thro' these Parts as some have conceiv'd but that Part of the Blood which Arises from the Right Auricle of the Heart may pass into the Bronchial Veins as well as into the Arteria Venosa and on the other Hand the Blood Springing from the Bronchial Arteries may partly pass into the Left Auricle of the Heart by the Arteria Venosa as well as by its Corresponding Bronchial Veins before mentioned Fig. 2. Part of One of the Lobes of the Lungs cut off and a Division made according to its Length so that a Branching of the Blood-Vessels and Bronchus do appear A A A Branch of the Pulmonick Vein or Arteria Venosa lying on that of the Bronchus B A Branch of the Bronchus C The Pulmonick Artery or Vena Arteriosa cut Transversely lying on the other Side of the Bronchia Fig. 3. Another Lobe of the Lungs Dissected as in the preceding Figure A A B B The Ramifications of the Pulmonick Artery Accompanying those of the Bronchia See Tab. 25. Fig. 10. C The External Membrane of the Lungs Rais'd and Pinn'd out to shew its Blood-Vessels These Vessels partly Arise from the Pulmonick Vessels last mention'd and partly from the Arteriae and Venae Bronchiales as appears from what has been above Noted and do frequently Germinate and Inosculate with the Intercostal Veins and Arteries of the Pleura The Germination and Inosculations of these Vessels I have had frequent Opportunities of observing to be in several little Parcels or Fasciculi and of an Inch or Two in Length between the Lungs and Pleura They very often appear in Filaments more or less Divided and I am apt to think are frequently the Beginnings of those Adhesions of the Lungs with the Pleura Fig. 4. A A The Bronchia or Branch of the Trachea made bare B B Part of the Lungs Fig. 5. The Fore-part of the Larynx and Part of the Wind-Pipe together with the Common Muscles of the Larynx c. A B The Musculus Sternothyroideus not well Exprest it being here as it were continuous with the Hyothyroideus C E. D The Os Hyoides or Bone of the Tongue reclin'd Laterally F The Upper and Fore-part of the Epiglottis in Situ G The Fore-part of the Scutiformal Cartilage H H The Musculi Cricothyroidei on the Left Side One of them hanging down at its Beginning the other remaining in Situ These Muscles Spring from the Fore-part of the Annular Cartilage and are soon Inserted to the Internal and Lower Part of the