mixtion being dissolved The Chyle is improved by new Ferments in the Guts a milky Liquor is extracted and conveyed to the Intestines where it meets with bilious and pancreatick Juyce rendring the Chyle more perfectly concocted appearing by its greater thinness and whiteness which is afterward transmitted by the peristaltick motion of the Guts The Chyle is farther matured in the Glands of the Mesentery and compression of them by the Midriffe when it is brought from an Arch to a Plane in Inspiration into the milky vessels of the Mesentery through which the Chyle passeth into its Glands where it receiveth a farther elaboration by a select Liquor distilling out of the terminations of the Nerves coming from the mesenterick Plexes and is afterward admitted into the extremities of the second kind of milky Vessels by which the Chyle is imparted to the common Receptacle where it incorporates with the Lympha which renders it more thin and capable of motion through the Thoracick Duct into the subclavian vessels The Chyle is mixed with the Blood in the Heart and the Blood is also refined in the Lungs wherein it confederates with the Blood and is afterward carried through the Vena Cava into the right Ventricle of the Heart where the Chyme espouseth a more intimate union with the Blood as being broken by the strong contractions of the Muscular Fibres into small Particles against the Walls of the Right chamber of the Heart where it is advanced by a Juyce dropping out of the Nerves and then it is impelled with the Blood through the pulmonary Artery into the substance of the Lungs where it is embodied with a Liquor coming out of the terminations of the pulmonary Nerves and with the nitrous and elastick particles of Air opening and refining the Compage of the Blood and clothing it with a florid Red and then it is transmitted by the pulmonary Vein into the Left Ventricle of the Heart The Chyme is mixed more perfectly with the Blood in the Left Ventricle The Blood is improved in the Glands of the Spleen and Liver where the Chyme is more perfectly united to the Blood as violently thrown against the inside of the said Ventricle in whose bosom the Blood is embodied with some drops of fine Liquor exuding the extremities of the Cardiack Nerves and then is impelled through the common and descendent Trunk of the Aorta down the Back into the Artery implanted into the Glands of the Spleen where it incorporates with a mild Juyce distilling out of the terminations of the Splenick Nerves and is afterward carried by the Vena Porta into the substance of the hepatick Glands where the Blood is farther advanced by a Ferment coming out of the extremities of the Hepatick Nerves disposing it for a secretion of the bilious and lymphatick Recrements from the more refined Particles of the Blood which are received into the Cava and transmitted to the Heart and the bilious Particles by proper vessels into the Ductus Cholidochus and Bladder of Gall and Lympha into the Lymphaeducts The Bood maketh its progress through the descendent Trunk of the great Artery a little below the Splenick The Blood is exalted in the Renal Glands into the emulgent Artery implanted into the body of the Renal Glands where it mixeth with some fine drops of Juyce spued out of the extremities of the Renal Nerves whereupon the Blood is exalted and disposed for a secretion of the serous and saline from its more select parts which are entertained into the Origens of the emulgent Veins and the watry Faeces into the urinary Ducts The vital Liquor being carried through the Trunk of the great Artery a little below the emulgent is received into the Spermatick Arteries implanted into the Glands of the Testicles where the albuminous part of the Blood being embodied with a Liquor exuding the terminations of the Testicular Nerves is entertained into the Extremities of the Seminal Vessels where it obtains the first Rudiment of Seed The production of Seminal Liquor and is then carried into the Seminal vessels of the Parastats wherein it acquires a farther elaboration and is afterward transmitted by the deferent Vessels into the seminal Vesicles and Prostats as so many Repositories of this generous Liquor The vital Juyce being defaecated from its bilious and lymphatick Humors in the hepatick Glands The Blood is severed from Bile in the hepatick Glands and from watry Faeces in the Renal. and from the pancreatick Recrements in the Glands of the Pancreas and from watry and saline Faeces in the Renal Glands and being enobled with the reliques of Seminal Matter in the testicular Glands and being also exalted in all the said Glands with a choice Liquor distilling out of the terminations of the Nerves is returned by various Branches of Veins taking their Originations in the several Colatories of the Blood terminating into the ascendent Trunk of the Cava and from thence through the right chamber of the pulmonary Arteries and Veins into the Left Ventricle of the Heart wherein as well as the Lungs the Blood having espoused a Liquor coming out of the extremities of the Nerves is impelled through the common and ascendent Trunk of the Aorta and carotide Arteries into the Glands of the Cortex where the albuminous part of the Blood being impregnated with volatil saline Particles The Animal Liquor is produced in the cortical Glands adhering the sides of the vessels of the Brain and the nitrous and elastick Atomes of Air is received into the Origens of the nervous Fibrils and by them transmitted through the Corpus callosum Fornix Corpora striata Medulla oblongata and Spinalis into the numerous Nerves as so many out-lets of the Brain leading into the three Apartiments giving to all parts of the Body Sense Motion Nourishment and Life as the Animal is a main Element constituting the vital Liquor Having given a short and fine sight of the curious structure actions and uses of the parts of Man's Body I will give a farther account of them as they are the subject of our Faculty which consisteth in Praesenti sanitate tuenda amissa restituenda Life is founded in a union of two essential parts Life is constituted in the union of essential parts of Body and Soul and hath the enjoyment of Life which if taken in a strict Notion relateth to the Body as its most proper Subject but if considered in a more comprehensive conception is inclusive of the Soul too as it is the first principle of both Life and Health as the Soul imparteth the chief Essence to the Body Health consisteth in a due union of disagreeing Particles as its great perfection upon which dependeth the Emanation of its free and excellent Operations which speak Health to the Body whereupon it is defined a power of exerting its Functions according to Nature flowing from the good costitution of all its parts And so Galen stileth it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 And as Parts are similar wherein every Particle
other as Bones Cartilages Ligaments which admit little or no Fermentation by reason of their great Driness and Solidity But the less solid and more tender parts as Veins Arteries and Nerves are the Repositories of fluid parts and are so many Systems made up of numerous Tubes of several sizes preserving and receiving the various motions of different Liquors so that Vessels or other more solid parts are only capable of some little Fermentation as their Minute Pores are receptive of fluid parts in order to Nutrition Whereupon the solid and dry parts precisely taken are disposed by Nature to little Intestine Motion which is chiefly assigned to Fluid Bodies as having greater empty Spaces not firmly adhearing to each other may more easily be Dissociated so that this loose Compage of Liquors is of an Expansive disposition made by several Intestine Motions proceeding from Substances broken into small Particles consisting of contrary Qualities and various Figures The Liquors therefore in which Fermentation is resident in Mans Body are principally Chyle and Blood The Fermentative Liquors of Man are Chyle and Blood The first receiveth its rudiment in the Mouth where the Aliment being broken into small Particles by Mastication is inspired with airy and aethereal Atomes and impregnated with Salival Liquor The manner of production and exaltation of Chyle made by various Ferments in several parts of the Body and then being conveyed through the Gulet into the Stomach is exalted with the greater parts of serous and nervous Liquors exuding out of terminations of the Arteries and Nerves by which the Chyle being first the prepared in the Stomach is thence transmitted through the Pylorus into the Intestines where it is improved by new Ferments of the Pancreatick Juice and Nervous Liquor the one coming out of the Excretory Ducts of the Pancreas and the other distilling out of the more narrow extremities of of the Nerves And then this Milky Liquor is farther impelled by the peristaltick motion of the Intestines and assisted by the compression of the Diaphragme into the Milky Vessels conveying it into the Mesenterick Glands where it receiveth a farther elaboration by Nervous Liquor dropping out of the Nerves of the Mesentery inserted into its Glands From whence the Chyle afterward passeth by a second kind of Vessels into the common receptacle where it is embodied with the Lympha rendring the Chyle more attenuated and fitted for Motion into the Thoratic Ducts importing the prepared Chyle into the Subclavian Veins where it entereth into confaederacy with the Subclavian Veins putting it into a new Fermentation by reason of the crude Clymous parts very different from the nature of Blood The Vital Liquor being broken by impetuous motion into Minute parts consisting of contrary Elements and various Figures consisting of Spirituous and Gross of Volatil and fixed Salin and Sulphureous Particles of Acid The Blood consisting of Saline and Sulphureous parts and of Acid and Alcaly hath intestine motitions in the Ventricles of the Heart promoted by nervous Liquors and Alcaly which variously acting and reacting upon one another do cause Intestine Motion in the chambers of the Heart where the Blood receiveth a farther Exaltation as associated with Nervous Liquor squeesed out of the extremities of Nerves terminating into the inward Walls of the Ventricle and out of the right by the contraction of the Heart the Purple Juice is briskly forced through the Pulmonary Arteries into the substance of the Lungs where it is inspired with Nitroaereal Particles conveyed thither through the Vesicles the appendant Vessels to the Bronchia giving it a Scarlet hue and a gentle flame of Life And the Blood being afterward transmitted by the Pulmonary Veins into the left Ventricle of the Heart and thence through the common and ascendent Trunks of the Aorta and Carotide Arteries where it receiveth new impregnation of Nervous Liquor distilling out of the small nervous Fibres inserted into the inward arterial Coats into the Cortical Glands wherein ariseth a soft Fermentation produced by volatil saline Particles lodged in the substance of the ambient part of the Brain So that the various and chief Ferments subservient to Fermentation by which it is highly promoted in the production and improvement of Chyle and Vital Liquor are Salival Juice the serous Liquor extracted out of the Blood the Pancreatic Juice and the airy and aethereal Particles Salival Liquor hath a fermenting Quality Salival Liquor is endued with a Fermentative Ingeny as made up of many various Elements and though it be a clear Tranparent Substance yet it is not a simple Body being compounded of many Elements and is more gross than Water and more fluid than the mucous matter of the Nostrils and is not frothy in its own nature being so rendred by the mixture of Air and the motion of the Tongue and Teeth in Mastication And it is of as great difficulty as importance to describe its Nature and Properties which are as admirable as useful because in Mastication it entreth into association with the broken Aliments very variously affected as being Moist Dry Oily Saline and there is no Alimentary Substance of whatsoever qualification that will not mix with this rare Juice â—â—d incorporate with it And whereas other simple and Heterogeneous Humours as Water Spirit Oyl Saline Liquors and the like being mixed do part again from each other and nevertheless do all associate with Salival Juice Salival Liquor is a kind of universal menstruum as embodieth with different Liquor by whose mediation these different Principles are reconciled to each other Therefore this salival Liquor seemeth to be a universal Menstruum which embodieth with and prepareth all Masticated Aliments of what disposition soever and accompanieth it into the Ventricle to give it a farther Exaltation which the Salival Juice performeth by vertue of many Elements of which it is Integrated Salival Juice is a Composition of watry and nervous Liquors impregnated with Saline Oily and acid Particles and is the first Ferment of the Alimentary Liquor in the Mouth The second Ferment of Chyle in the Stomach is the serous Liquor of the Blood The third Ferment of the Chyle in Intestine is Pancreatic Juice it being a Composition of large Watry and some Nervous Liquor and of Volatil Saline and some oily and acide Particles very well commixed This rudiment of the first Concoction of the Meat by the mixture of Salival Juice in the Mouth is more elaborated in the Stomach by Serous Liquor dreined from the Blood and transmitted into the cavity of the Stomach where it insinuates it self into the substance of the Aliment and severeth the Alimentary Liquor from the grosser Faeces by a kind of Precipitation which it effecteth by its Watry Saline and some very few Acide Particles affecting this Serous Liquor which very much contributeth to the production of Chyle in the Stomach which being carried into the Intestines is farther attenuated and improved by the Pancreatic Juice which is
wherein ariseth a Fermentation of the Blood as consisting of Heterogeneous Elements founded in different Liquors made up of Acids and Alkalies of several Salts and Sulphurs some Volatil and others more fixed which being of disagreeing dispositions make great contests to perfect each other according to the good contrivance of Nature wisely ordering that the gross parts should confine the more restless and active which else would breath themselves by the Pores of the Body into the Air as akin to them and the more Volatil Saline and Sulphureous do exalt the more gross and fixed in their converse with them Whereupon the different principles of the Blood like disagreeing Lovers The different Principles are the chief ground of Fermentation do tune each other by amicable Disputes ending in a happy Reconcilement whereby they espouse each others Interest and Perfection So that the Homogeneous parts of the Blood do by a near union Assimilate each other and the Heterogeneous Atomes that cannot be reconciled in Assimilation are turned out of Doors as unprofitable for Nutrition by the Excretory Vessels of the Liver Pancreas and Kidneys The Chyle being transmitted by the Thoracic Vessels into the Subclavian Veins associateth with the Blood and is conveyed with it by the descendent Trunk of the Vena Cava into the right Ventricle of the Heart wherein the Chyle is mixed with the Blood and broken into Minute Particles as dashed against the Walls of the right Chamber The Chyle is mixed with the Blood in the Heart caused by a brisk contraction of the Heart whereupon the Chyle being more embodied with the Purple Liquor in the Heart is conveyed from the right Ventricle by the Pulmonary Artery into the substance of the Lungs where it meeteth the inspired Air impraegnated with Elastick and Nitrous Particles The Blood is refined by Air in the Lungs which do much refine the Blood and render it fit for the entertainment of the Vital Flame the preservative of the noble operations of the Body by a due and kindly Fermentation wherein the Blood being exalted the Similar parts being of one nature do intimately associate to preserve themselves and being embodied with the Nervous Liquor distilling out of the Extreamities of the Nerves as a proper instrument of Fermentation to assist the assimilation of Chyle into Blood and a fit Nutriment for the more solid parts and to constitute due Ferments for the Viscera while the Recrements in being troublesome and disserviceable to the Body are secerned from the Blood in the Glandulous parts of the Viscera and Membranes and thrown out of the Body by various Excretory Ducts Thus having given an account how the Fermentation of the Blood is performed by various Liquors consisting of Heterogeneous Elements and by the Comminution of it into small Particles in the Chambers of the Heart and how it is refined as inspired with Air in the body of the Lungs and afterward defaecated in the Glands of the Viscera and Membranes whence it obtaineth a laudable disposition My aim at this time is to give my Sentiments how it degenerates many ways from its due Qualifications thereby producing Hydropick Diseases when any of the requisite conditions constituting a good Mass of Blood is deficient perverting the excellent aeconomy of Nature The first Cause producing an ill Mass of Blood A pituitous Matter is the first cause of an ill Mass of Blood as hindring its due Fermentation is a pituitous Matter which I apprehend is a crude Chyle conveyed to the Mass of Purple Liquor which being of a viscous nature acquired by the faint Heat and ill Ferment of the Stomach not duly opening the compage of the Meat and not Secerning and elaborating the Alimentary Liquor which being transmitted into the Mass of Blood doth vitiate and clog it in being unfit to repair its decays as thick and clammy so that it cannot be perfectly Assimilated Whereupon when the pituitous Humour is extravasated in great exuberance in the Spaces interceding the Vessels caused by a quantity or thickness of an unassimilated Liquor not received into the Extreamities of the Veins whereupon the Muscular parts are swelled called a Leucophlegmatia by reason the pituitous Recrements of the Blood insinuating themselves into the substance of the fleshy parts do sever the numerous Vessels from each other and lift up the Surface of the Body and extend its habit beyond its natural Shape and Size The second Cause of a depraved Mass of Blood The second cause of a vitiated Blood is fixed Salt and Sulphur producing an Anasarca may be taken from its Elements of fixed Salt and Sulphur not exalted by reason of a dispirited Mass of Blood overcharged with great store of Recrements watry mixed with earthy Particles whence the Vital and Animal Functions grow faint loosing the quickness and agility of their Operations because watry Humours mixed with fixed Saline and Sulphureous Atomes do depress the fine and volatil parts of the Blood keeping it low and unapt for a due Fermentation Serous Humours do vitiate the Mass of Blood so that the serous Humours depressing the Purple Juice with which they associate are impelled out of the Terminations of the Arteries into the Interstices seated between the fruitful Vessels wherein it being despoiled of its Motion doth settle in the body of the Muscles because the unprofitable Recrements do abound as extravasated in the empty Spaces by reason the small Orifices of the Veins cannot give them a due reception and make good the Circulation of Liquors in the Muscular parts The third Cause of the ill disposition of the Blood Gross Air depresseth the Vital Liquor proceedeth from the depression of the Vital Flame derived from the thick and gross Air and moist Vapours exhaled by the heat of the Sun out of the Marshes or Fenny Grounds much depressing the Nitrous and Elastick parts of Air the vital heat and spirit grow languid and serous Recrements superabound which are transmitted into the substance of Muscular parts growing soft and tumid as overmuch extended by watry Humours which are so excessive in quantity that they cannot be admitted into the Veins whence ariseth a Leucophlegmatia a swelled habit of Body A fourth Cause is derived from the abscesses of the Viscera Purulent matter flowing out of the abscesses of the Viscera do spoil the Blood vitiating the Mass of Blood which happen sometime in the Heart labouring with a purulent Matter impelled out of the left Chamber into the common Trunk and thence into the descendent Trunk of the Aorta and thenby smaller and smaller Branches into the habit of Body which groweth Tumified as depraved with corrupt Matter producing a Leucophlegmatia primarily flowing from an abscess of the Heart An instance may be given of a Woman long troubled with an Anasarca who being opened after Death many Abscesses were found in the Heart and a purulent matter in the great Artery derived from thence and by the assistance of many great
and small branches into the spaces of the Vessels residing in the Muscular parts Another instance may be given of an Anasarca proceeding from an Abscess of the Liver In a young Man a long time diseased with a swelled habit of Body falling into a Jaundies and afterward into a great Bleeding of the Nose which spake a close to his Life who being opened a great Abscess was discovered in his Liver A third may be given of a Leucophlegmatia Repelling Medicines outwardly applied are unsafe if Universals be not first prescribed arising out of an Ulcer of the Lungs proceeding from the repelling of ill Humours affecting the Skin of the Head by the undue application of Topicks without the administration of Universals as Purging Bleeding Sweating c. A Child of ten Years old born of noble Parents was afflicted with a Scabby Head which is familiar to Children imprudently Cured by an old Woman applying drying and repelling Medicines whereupon the Saline Particles being received into cutaneous Jugular Veins with the Blood and then was carried by the descendent Trunk of the Cava into the right Ventricle of the Heart and so by the Pulmonary Arteries into the Lungs which were Ulcered by the saline Particles of the Blood repelled originally from the Scabby Head with which the purulent Matter being imported by the Pulmonary Veins into the left Cistern of the Heart and thence dispersed by Arterial Trunks and Branches into the Muscular parts of the Body produced an Anasarca A Branch of a noble Family was often afflicted with a great difficulty of Breathing tending to Suffocation which at last gave an end to his Breath Whereupon the Abdomen being opened a great Liver presented it self and a Spleen divided into many Lobes which is rare the Intestines turgid with Wind and grosser Excrements and his Breast being opened his left side was full of serous Blood and the left Lobes were fixed to the Ribs Purulent matter the continent cause of an Anasarca and both were vitiated with various Colours of Green and Black and the substance of his Lungs was filled with purulent Matter the origen of the Anasarca dispensed into the habit of the Body The more remote Causes of the Anasarca The remote causes of an Anasarca may proceed Ab excretis retentis either from too great an expense of Humours or from natural Evacuations suppressed or from too slender a Diet not duly repairing the constant decays of the Blood or from too great a quantity of Recrements or from Heterogeneous Elements too much depressing the Liquor of Life As to the first The first remote cause is ab Excretis it ariseth Ab excretis from great Haemorrhages of Blood either pumped out of the Lungs by violent Coughing springing a Leak in some Vessel or flowing out of the Membranes of the Brain by Vessels inserted into the Coat covering the inside of the Nostrils or by great Fluxes of Vital Liquor by the Haemorrhoides and in Women by the Arteries of the Uterus Whereupon the Blood being largely expended through extravagant Evacuations is dispoiled of its more noble and volatil Particles and thereby groweth Depauperated and unable to raise a good Fermentation to subdue and assimilate the Chyle into its own Nature whence the Blood is oppressed with a great quantity of gross Recrements and watry Particles productive of a Leucophlegmatia The second remote Cause may be deduced The second remote cause is a Retentis A retentis from the suppression of natural and accustomed Evacuations either of Blood by the Haemorrhoides or of the Menstrua in Women bringing an Ascitis and frequently an Anasarca flowing from an exuberant Mass of Blood which by hindring its Circulation filleth it full of watry Recrements which else would be transmitted to the Kidneys and discharged by the Ureters into the Bladder depraving the Ferment of the Stomach and the other Viscera spoiling the elaboration of the Chyle made thereby uncapable to be turned into laudable Blood An Anasarca may be also produced by stopping up Issues which run freely without due evacuations by Blood-letting and Purging And a Dropsie may also ensue by the undue Application of Topicks in Cutaneous Diseases wherein the offensive Humours being repelled by Cold Astringent Medicines do highly infect the Blood with Recrements perverting its due Fermentation An Excretion also of a small quantity of Urine and a suppression of large Evacuations of watry Humours by Sweats in full Bodies do render the Blood watry and dispose the Body for an Anasarca The chief Indications that occur in order to the Cure of this Disease The first Curatory Indication is by all proper Medicines to evacuate the serous Recrements of the Blood and crude Humours stagnant in the empty Spaces of the Vessels and to prevent the generation of new watry Matter The second Preservatory the cause of the Anasarca whereupon care must be taken that the Glands of the Viscera may be so disposed as to make a secretion of the several Recrements of the Blood and discharge them by their proper Excretory Ducts and that the Ferments of the Stomach may be so well qualified as to open the Compage of the Meat and extract a good Alimentary Liquor and that the Blood being freed from its crude and indigested Particles may be exalted by volatil Salts and Sulphurs and by good Ferments of the Nervous Liquor that the Vital Liquor may be restored to its native Constitution and thereby may be acted with a good Fermentation and assimilation of the Chyle into Blood transmitted into and associated with it A vital Indication is not necessary to be satisfied in this Disease by reason weakness producing Lypothimies Syncopes do seldom happen in an Anasarca whereupon Restoratives are not requisite but rather Evacuating Medicines because an Anasarca is caused by a superabundance of watry Excrements lodged in the habit of the Body upon which account it may seem rational to advise a sparing Diet as very beneficial in this Disease by reason the great quantity of Serous Humours is much lessened by Abstinence and transmitted by the Secretory Glands of the Kidneys through the Urinary Ducts and Papillary Caruncles into the Pelvis and Ureters and so into the Bladder of Urine As to the Curatory Indications they are satisfied by Catharticks The Curatory Indication is satisfied by Purgatives and Diureticks assisted with Diureticks thereby expelling the watry Recrements of the Blood circulating in the Vessels and lodged in the Interstices of them whereupon a strong Hydragogues being administred and received into the Stomach they quickly pass through the Intestines and Thoracick Ducts into the Subclavian Veins where they are mixed with the Blood and do highly put it into a Fermentation and by opening the Compage of it do dispose the watry Particles for a separation and by carrying them down the descendent Trunk of the Aorta to the Mesenterick Arteries out of whose Extreamities they are discharged into the Intestines
Balneo Mariae enclosed in its anterior Region with the Liver and its bottom is seated in a cavity of the Spleen both which Viscera are enobled with a soft Heat flowing into them with the Blood by reason a vital influence doth arise from a dispensation of the Blood into all parts of the Body Whereupon the Stomach entertaining Blood primarily impraegnated with Life doth grow warm and vigorous giving a due tone and Tenseness to the various Fibres of the Stomach by which the ventricle applieth it self close to the Aliment and by warming it doth reduce its less powerful qualities into Act and exalteth the various dispositions of the Ferments Various Animals have different degrees of Heat in their Stomachs Moreover it may be worth our notice that divers Animals according to the several constitutions of their Stomach do claim various degrees of Heat as Dogs Wolves Hawkes and Birds of prey have intense and Fish more remiss and truly a moderate Heat being not culinary but vital is most agreeable to the Ventricles of Animals as giving them strength and vigor and thereupon is more conducive to the production of Chyle by reason immoderate Heat rather torrefieth and forceth out the Earthy and Excrementitious parts whereupon the colliquation and extraction of the Alimentary Liquor is best managed by a soft Heat upon which account we may well resemble the preparation of Aliment to the stewing of Meat in some liquid Substance by a slow Fire and so we Cook Gruels made with Oatmeal or Barley as also Jelly which do somewhat aemulate the coction of Chyle and by virtue of agentle Heat we extract divers kinds of Tinctures and the concoction of Meat is likewise performed by the assistance of a kindly Heat resident in the Stomach intenerating colliquating and dissolving solid substances in liquid Bodies as it happens in the concoction of Alimentary Liquor in the Ventricle So that the Still of the Stomach is well seated by Nature The Alimentary Liquor is extracted in the Stomach by Colliquation in a most advantageous place every way surrounded with warm parts above with the vital flame of the Heart on the Right side with the Liver on the Left with the Spleen and on the hinder Region with the great Vessels of the Aorta and Vena cava in its Anterior part with the Caul Whereupon all these parts being Systems of numerous Vessels filled with warm Vital Liquor do advance the cold membranous constitution of the Stomach with their ambient heat thereby exalting the Ferments ordained to Concoct the Aliment enclosed within the fine Walls of the Stomach And seeing the warmth of the Ventricle is derivative from the heat and motion of the Blood it may seem pertinent briefly to discourse the Vital Liquor constituted of Principles affected with Saline and Sulphureous Particles which are active Elements imparting Intestine Motion to the Blood very much hightned by Local Motion in its Flux and Reflux to and from the Heart the most noble Muscle and hath for its Antagonists all the Muscles of the Body the original of the Motion and chief heat of the Blood impelled into the substance of the Stomach by the Caeliack Arterie The Blood being received into the right Ventricle of the Heart The Blood consisteth of saline and sulphureous Particles the Elements of Intestine Motion and is impraegnated in the Lungs with Air inspired with Nitrosulphureous Atomes and is also exalted with volatil and saline parts of Liquor dropping out of the extreamities of the Neâ—ves into the Chambers of the Heart is impelled by its strong Contraction into the Pulmonary Artery and substance of the Lungs where it meeteth Air impelled by the numerous Branches of the Bronchia and embodieth with its Nitrosulphureous Particles as some Principles producing the Intestine Motion of the Blood which is received into the Pulmonary Veins and thence into the left Chamber of the Heart wherein it being briskly dashed against its Walls the Intestine Motion and heat of the Vital Liquor is much intended and farther exalted by a Liquor impraegnated with Volatil Saline Particles dropping out of the Extreamities of the Nerves inserted into both Ventricles of the Heart into and out of which the Blood is every moment Imported and Exported by Venous and Arterial Tubes as the proper Channels of Vital Liquor whose Intestine Motion and heat is much improved by its impulse from and retrograde Local Motion to the Heart wherein it is Expanded and Rarefied and being thence moved in greater and less Cylinders it acquireth a new Fermentation when its fixed parts are rendred more and more Volatized and exalted to a due Maturity wherein the Compage is opened and the Spirituous and Sulphureous parts are so far set at liberty as to communicate a soft heat to the Stomach in order to the Concoction of Aliment And furthermore the Blood consisting of divers Heterogeneous principles of Spirit The Blood acteth as made of Heterogeneous principles Salt and Sulphur diluted with Watry and Earthy Particles as it is also associated with Chyme a different Liquor the Materia Substrata of Vital Liquor whereupon the Blood gaineth an Effervescence derived from the different actions of these contrary Agents which enter into the List one with another and have various Conflicts caused by Acids and Alkalys composed of different Salts and Sulphurs which after divers contrary Operations receive such due allays as are agreeable to the nature of Blood by which it acquireth a due temper of heat and Fermentation which being dispensed to the Stomach are great Instruments of Chylification produced by the regular Intestine Motion of Meat and Drink the great supports of our Nature CHAP. XXVII The Pathologie of the Heat relating to the Stomach HAving Discoursed the heat of the Ventricle The heat of the Stomach is rendred faint by too great a quantity of watry and ill Diet. as it dependeth upon the natural temper of the Blood I will now Treat somewhat of the heat of the Stomach derived from its unkindly Ebullition which sometime runneth too low proceeding from ill Diet and watry Aliment assumed in too great a quantity producing an undue Concoction of it in the Stomach whence the Blood is endued with a cold and watry Indisposition whence floweth a low Fermentation and heat in the Chambers of the Heart and the various Vessels carrying Rivulets of Blood to and from the Heart in which the faint Intestine Motion proceeding from an undue preparation of the Alimentary Liquor in the Stomach produceth a cold temper in the whole Body a troublesome Breathing in the Lungs and a languid Pulsation of the Heart and Arteries as in ill habits of the Body in Chronick Diseases and in Dying Persons But on the contrary the Blood is overacted with too high an Ebullition The heat of the Stomach is rendred too high from hoe Liquors inflaming the Blood proceeding from the overmuch Indulgence of our selves in high Meats and hot Liquors vitiating the
wherein may be extracted by Chymistry great quantities of volatil Salt wherein may be easily proved both by the Alimentary Liquor as having received Saline Particles from the Serous Liquor and from which the Serous Juice it self being lately a part of the Blood secerned in the Glands of the Stomach which doth retaine the Elements of the Blood and participates of its plentiful Saline Particles which being transmitted with their vehicle the Serous Juyce through the Terminations of the Caeliack Arteries do penetrate the Body of Aliment reposed in the Bosom of the Stomach and by loosening its Compage do assist the Concoction of the Ventricle CHAP. XXXI Of the Matter of Chylification HAving given you an account of the several Ferments disposing the Aliment to Concoction I will now take the boldness to Treat you in some sort with the Matter out of which the Alimentary Liquor of the Stomach is Extracted And to give you in some manner a Bill of Fare of the Meats and Drinks which entertain the Stomach in order to the refection of the Body as divers sorts of Fish and Fowl and more gross Flesh of other Animals and the more simple and wholesome Diet cooked of several kinds of Corn and the Ventricle is not only treated with variety of solid Meats but with abundance of different Drinks in which we more peculiarly indulge our Appetites even sometimes to Excess and Debaucherie of Beer Ale Sider Perry and many other Vegetable Juices and above all with an exuberant variety of small and generous Wines in which we speak a high Pleasure and Delight to our selves and caress our Friends with free Cups as so many expresses of our great Civility and endearing Kindness And the free Hand of our most liberal Maker in His generous Treats of us his Creatures with different kinds of Meat and Drink doth require several Ferments of Salival Nervous and Serous Liquors inspired with Spirituous and expansive particles of Air which all concenter in the Subject Matter contained in the bosome of the Stomach to raise a Fermentation in every different sort of Meat and Drink The various Ferments of the Stomach embody with the Homogeneous parts of Aliment and precipitate the Heterogeneous which are acted with many several Ferments endued with contrary Principles and Dispositions which enter into contests with the various Contents of the Stomach and embody with the Homogeneous and Alimentary Particles and precipitate the Heterogeneous as unprofitable for Nutrition and by degrees expel them as noysome and troublesome from one part to the other till at last they have ejected them the utmost confines of the Body Now it may be worth our enquiry to discover the several Changes or alterations of the various kinds of Aliment made step by step before they arrive a perfect Concoction in the Stomach and because the different sorts of Aliment are comprehended under general ranks of Meat and Drink it may be worth our time to make some Remarks upon them And concerning the fruitful springs of Potulent Matter Potulent matter requireth less concoction then Esculents destilling into the Cystem of the Stomach it requireth less boiling then Esculents do by reason it is not so much an Aliment as a Vehicle of it with and to which the grosser parts of Aliment are diluted and espoused till by several Mutations the Alimentary Liquor is extracted and made master of a just Consistence Moreover The Drink is more Operative and Penetrating Drink being made of subtle saline parts having little Aliment sooner passeth through the Stomach and Intestines into the Lacteal Vessels as it consisteth of subtle saline Particles and divers kinds of Purging Diuretick and Mineral Waters which having little or no nourishment soon pass through the Ventricle and Intestines into the Mesenterick and Thoracick Lacteal Vessels and from thence through the Subclavian and hollow Vein into the right Ventricle and from thence are transmitted through the Lungs into the left Cistern of the Heart and afterward through the descendent Trunk of the Aorta and Emulgent Arteries into the Glands of the Kidneys and from thence conveyed through the Pelvis and Ureters The quick passage of the Mineral Waters proceedeth from their thin substance and pungent qualities into the common receptacle of Urine As to the reason of the quick Motion of the Mineral Waters through the Stomach and other parts of the Body it proceedeth from their thin substance and pungent Particles with which they are impraegnated giving a trouble to the Fibres of the Ventricle and Intestines causing them to Contract themselves for a speedy Expulsion with the aid of the Diaphragme into the Lacteal Mesenterick and Thoracick Vessels and from thence being transmitted through the Veins into the right Ventricle of the Heart where the Blood is put into a Fermentation by the active saline Particles of the Mineral Waters doth quicken the Carnous Fibres of the Heart to Contract themselves vigorously and thereby briskly to impel the Blood embodied with these sharp Mineral Particles into the Kidney Glands where the Blood is percolated from the pungent Potulent Matter into the Pelvis and Ureters Wines also as well as Mineral Waters are of a thin Consistence Wine doth contribute to the concoction of Aliment and differ in their pleasant temper much more acceptable to the Stomach and by reason of their more aggreeable disposition do make a longer stay in it and thereby assist its Concoction of Aliment which may be backed by the experience of Persons freely gratifying their Palates in eating of various Dishes of choice Fish and Flesh which else would highly discompose their Stomachs were they not strengthened with the warm subtle and Spirituous Particles of Wine which associating with the other Ferments do insinuate themselves into the penetrals of the Aliment and dissolve its frame and draw out its purer Liquor Whereupon a Question may be started Wine turneth acid in the Stomach when is faline parts acquire a Fluor How Wine consisting of sweet and Oily Particles when it is received into the Stomach should be in a short time bereaved of its grateful sweetness and turn acid in the Ventricle Which may be as I conceive attributed to the saline parts of the Wine brought to a Fluor by Fermentation which rendreth Wine acid and so all Vegetable Juices being fermented in the Stomach do by degrees acquire an acidity by reason the more sweet parts are severed in order to associate with the Alimentary Liquor and thereupon leave the other acid as recrements of Concoction But if Wines be conserved in Casks Wine is kept sweet when the saline and sulphureous parts are united as so many safe Repositories the sweet Sulphureous parts do hold such an intimate union with the Saline that they do not suffer the Generous Liquor to degenerate into an acid Juice which is a step to Vinegar Liquid kinds of Aliment commonly called Suppings as Broth Liquid Aliment having enlarged Pores is more
Relaxation of the Fibres rendring them unfit for action it indicates the opening of a Vein to sollicite the Motion of the Blood settled in the spaces of the Vessels and also Emollient and Cooling Apozems are to be advised to take off the Inflammation by softening the Tumour and attempering the Mass of Blood And in case an Inflammation do degenerate into an Abscess of the Stomach attended with gross and serous Recrements The Abscess and Ulcer of the Stomach is Cured by cleansing and drying and consolidating Diet Drinks it indicates cleansing and drying Medicines And as an Ulcer the consequent of an Abscess it supposeth a violated union of parts and requireth Consolidating Applications to reduce the broken Fibres to Union Tone and Vigor in order to their proper actions of Retention and Concoction of Aliment The Emaciation of the substance of the Stomach is Cured by cold and moist and Restorative Drinks In reference to an Emaciated indisposition of the Stomach as it ariseth from a hot and dry Temper in a Hectick Fever it is Obviated with Cold Moist and Restorative Drinks reducing the Blood and integrals of the Stomach to their natural Temper and Constitution The irregular distention of the Stomach The Inflation of the Stomach is Cured by Emollient and Discutient Medicines proceeding from an Inflation of Wind over-much streining and weakning the Carnous and Nervous Fibres doth denote Purging Emollient and Discutient Medicines to free the Stomach from its importunate Guests and to bring the Fibres to their former Temper and Strength to give them the advantage of Contracting themselves for the repose and due Fermentation of the Aliment A Cure also may be had The foulness of the Stomâ—ch is dischaâ—ged by Vomiting Purging and opâ—ning Medicines aâ—d Astringents at last to strengthen the Tone of the Stomach to take away the depraved Concoction of the Stomach depending upon the abundance of Cholerick Recrements floating in the Ventricles whereupon gentle Vomiting Purging and Aperient Medicines are to be advised to discharge the Stomach of its troublesome attendants and afterward bitter and astringent Apozems Testaceous Powders are to be given to strengthen the Tone of the Stomach to conserve its Contents till the Milky Tincture is extracted by a due Intestine Motion The Concoctive Faculty is not only disaffected by reason of the lost and weakned Tone of the Stomach but also by the distempered natural Heat by ill Ferments and by default of the Aliment As to the first The heaâ— of the Stomach doth denote cooling and tempâ—rate Julaps The Concoction is much discomposed sometimes by too intense and othertimes by too remiss Degrees of natural heat of the Stomach chiefly if not wholly derived from the Vital Spirits and heat of the Blood the cause of Life and Intestine Motion which if disordered in Fevers doth indicate cooling Medicines and temperate Cordial Julaps and Apozems which do attemper the Mass of Blood whose fiery Steams and Recrements are also very happily discharged by the Cutaneous Glands secerning the hot and impure parts of the Blood from the more temperate and pure through the Excretory Ducts and Pores of the Skin which may be safely promoted by gentle Diaphoreticks whereupon the disaffected heat of the Blood is reduced to its natural Temper and the Concoctive Faculty repaired As to the remiss Degrees of heat in the Stomach The cool and moist temper proceeding from serous Recrements is Cured by gentle Hydragogues and warm Diureticks they may spring from cold and moist Humors diluting the Blood in Hydropick Distempers whose Potulent Matter overchargeth and chilleth the Purple Liquor which may be discharged by gentle Hydragogues and warm Diureticks sometimes impraegnated with Acid and sometimes with Lixivial Salts and sometimes with fixed and saline Particles volatized by the Heat and Spirit and principally by the Volatil Salt of the Blood whence it being put into Fermentation caused by the active and pungent parts of different Salts hath recourse to the Kidneys in whose Glands a separation being made and the watry Liquor disserviceable to the Blood is discharged by the Urinary Vessels into the Pelvis and Ureters and the depurated Blood returned again by the Emulgent and hollow Vein into the Heart and so passeth by several Vessels of the Lungs and through the left Ventricle of the Heart into the descendent Trunk of the Aorta and Caeliack Artery into the Stomach whose heat is enlivened by the separation of the watry Recrements of the Blood in the Kidneys and by the temperate Drinking of moderate Astringent Wines which do chear up the remiss heat and strengthen the infirm Tone of the Stomach The ill Ferments of the Stomach the efficients of the bad Elaboration of Aliment is caused by gross Air affected by ill Steams by indisposed Salival Serous and Nervous Liquor First A good Air doth highly assist the Concoctive Faculty The Air is ill qualified when Stagnant in woody Countreys upon defect of Winds which purge it by Motion or when the Air is corrupted by gross Exhalations arising out of Fenny or Marish Ground or out of standing Waters as Lakes and great Ponds which grow putrid and stench the Air which is also spoiled by noisome Vapors exhaling out of dead and corrupted Bodies not interred or out of Grounds praegnant with ill and poisonous Minerals Wherefore my humble Advise is To make as good provision as may be by seating our selves upon the sides of Hills or dry Grounds in a free and serene Air or if our Houses be built by our Ancestors near Woods or rather in them to cut so much of them down to give an advantage of open Air which much attenuateth the Blood and assisteth Concoction as mixed with the masticated Aliment in the Mouth whereby it doth insinuate it self with it and open its Compage and fit it for a due Fermentation in the Stomach whereupon the alimentary Liquor is extracted by a separation of the faeculent parts from the more pure and beneficial to nature The Concoction also is very much frustrated The defect of salival Liquor is repaired by moist Medicines restorative Drinks and Broths and all kind of thin Suppings either by the defect of good quality in the salival Liquor or by its too sparing quantity when for want of its due proprtion solid Aliment remaineth hard so that it cannot be easily masticated in the Mouth wherein it is broken into small parts with great difficulty as being not diluted with salival Liquors a good Menstruum ordained by nature to assist the Teeth in the Comminution of nourishment which is found in Hectick Fevers and other Chronick hot Distempers of the Body exhausting the Serous Liquor of the Blood and salival Juyce flowing from it which is repaired by the assumption of restorative Drinks Broths Wine thin Apozems made with China and Sarsaparilla Emulsions made of cooling Seeds Barley Water and the like And the salival Liquor is an impediment to Concoction The ill
well as Excrementitious Humours in an opposite Order caused by troublesome sollicitations of active purging Qualities which do more and more contract themselves and throw off a part of the Afflictive Medicines and with them some Particles of Serous and Nervous Liquors out of the Extreamities of Arteries and Nerves and all sorts of Contents out of the Stomach the Alimentary Liquor and its Faeces as also the Bilious and Pancreatick Recrements Transmitted from the Neighbouring parts Whereupon the Stomach obtaineth a repose for some time The manner how Purgatives exert their operations by passing through various Vessels till the more valatil purgative Particles being received into the Intestines and Lacteal Mesenterick and Thoracic Vessels are carried into the Subclavian Veins and associate with the Mass of Blood where the Purgative Atomes make an Effervescence and Fermentation and by setting at liberty the different parts of the Blood which are carried only confused with it by divers Vessels through the right Chamber of the Heart and Lungs into the left Ventricle whence it is impelled first into the Common and then into the Descendent Trunk of the Aorta and from thence by the Caeliack Artery into the Glandulous Coat of the Stomach where the serous Particles and watry Recrements of the Blood being secerned in some parts from the Red Crassament are thrown off by the Extreamities of the Arteries and also the Recrements of the Nervous Juice are discharged by the Terminations of the Nerves into the Cavity of the Stomach whose Nervous and Carnous Fibres being irritated do Contract themselves till they expel the importunate Contents of the Stomach into the Intestines Another Disaffection of the Stomach A Hiccop is a kind of Convulsive Motion of the Stomach in reference to its Expulsive Power may be stiled a Hiccop 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a kind of Convulsive Motion which is sometimes seated in the left Orifice of the Stomach but more frequently in the Midriff beset with various branches of Nerves which being disturbed by some unpleasant Object do make a kind of Convulsive Agitations in order to discharge it which are composed of a double Motion The one of Dilatation in which the Stomach is enlarged the other of Constriction wherein the Carnous Fibres strongly contract themselves and straighten the Cavity of the Stomach to eject some troubled Matter out of its Confines The Hiccop may proceed either from Recrements floating in the Stomach or by the consent of other parts disordering it The Humors that affect the Ventricle primarily per 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 are either caused by a quantity of indigested Aliment or by Humours offending in quality as Bilious and Pancreatick Liquors which are vitiated with sharp saline Particles or noisome Vapours provoking the Stomach to irregular Motions And Infants are often afflicted with Hiccops proceeding from the quantity or sharpness of Milk A Daughter of Renowned Bartholine being Seventeen Weeks old was highly disordered with a Convulsion of her left Hand and perpetual Hiccops attending Sucking which may induce us to believe upon good grounds that the Convulsive Motions the consequents of Sucking proceeded from the quantity or quality of the Milk Sometimes Hiccops do take their rise from sharp Humours vellicating the Fibres of the Stomach and putting it upon disorderly Agitation giving a high discomposure to the Patient in restless motion of the Ventricle Learned Bonnetus giveth an account of a Person of Honour afflicted with this Distemper out of Haeferus Hercules Ferdinandus III Romanus Imperator ante obitum ex confluxu bilis humoris Melancholici non tamen atrae bilis singultum quasi continuum patiebatur Ejus Ventriculus tametsi pridie mortis sex biliosi Melancholici Humoris libras Vomitu rejecerat attamen ejusdem Excrementi libras duas in se continebat cujus acrimonia fuit tanta ut casu aliquot guttulae in pelvim argenteam deciduae acrimonia sua non secus at Aqua Vitriolata metalli nitorem macularit The Hiccop derived from consent of parts sometimes borroweth its Origen from the Inflammation of the small Guts called the Iliack Passion which Hippocrates stileth an ill Disease in the Fifth Book of Aphorisms the Seventh Section and Tenth Aphorism 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in the Iliack Passion Vomitings and Hiccops are of an ill consequence because the Disease is very high when attended with dangerous Symptoms when the Ilia are obstructed with gross Excrements and noisome faetide Vapours are Transmitted upward by an inverted Peristaltick Motion of the Intestines into the Stomach wherein the stinking steams and Excrements do produce Convulsive Motions in the Ventricle by afflicting its Fibres whereupon it attempteth to disburden it self from the great pressure of vexatious Contents Sometimes Hiccops are derived from great Inflations Hiccops deririved sometime from Inflation and sometime from the putrefaction of the Intestines and the Putrefaction of the Intestines proceding from a Wound which happened in an ordinary Person run through the Abdominal Muscles into the small Guts and Dying the seventh Day was not long after Opened Whereupon his Guts were found highly distended with Wind and being Livid and Putrid gave with their stench a great annoiance to the Spectators The Stomach also is oppressed with a Hiccop A Hiccop from the Inflammation of the Liver following the Inflammation of the Liver According to our great Master Hippocrates in his Fifth Book and Fifty Eight Aphorism 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 A Hiccop attendeth the Inflammation of the Liver because it doth contain within its warm embraces the right side of the Stomach so that the Liver being inflamed doth highly affect the Fibres of the Stomach which borroweth its Nerves from the Par Vagum as well as the Liver whereupon the Nerves of the Stomach may be readily drawn into consent and induce the Convulsive Motions commonly called Hiccops when the Hepatick Nerves are so highly discomposed in an Inflammation of the Liver Hermannus Cruserius having Translated some part of Hippocrates's Works and Galen's Commentaries was in great seeming Health and afterward surprized with violent Hiccops which could not be appeased by the power of Art till Death spake a Calm after these troublesome Storms and the lower Apartiment of the Body being viewed upon Dissection the Liver appeared to be Spacelated the sad Consequent of an Inflammation But above all A Hiccop from the Convulsive Motion of the Midriff the Stomach in Diseases of sympathy from the Midriff by reason of its near situation with the Ventricle into whose left Orifice the Gulet perforating the Diaphragme in the left side is inserted whereupon the Midriff being acted with an irregular Motion immediately affecteth the Gulet and Stomach united to it which is derived also from an Entercourse of Nerves springing out of the Par Vagum imparted both to the Ventricle and Midriff So that when the Nerves of the Diaghragme being hurried with Convulsive Motions do forthwith produce the same preternatural Contractions in the Stomach
extracted and mix with the Chyle or some potulent parts a Vehicle the better to convey it to the Guts where it is received into the Lacteal Vessels and carried into the common Receptacle and from thence through the Thoracic Ducts into the Subclavian Veins where it associates with the Blood carried by the Cava into the right Ventricle of the Heart where it maketh a Fermentation which is more highly exalted afterward in the Lungs and left Ventricle from whence the Blood influenced with Medicinal Vertues is impelled into the common and descendent Trunk of the Aorta and afterward by the Caeliack Artery into the Duodenum and upper part of the Jujunum and Colon and by the upper Mesenterick Artery into the Jejunum Ileon and that part of the Colon which is seated in the right side and by the lower Mesenterick Artery into the Colon lodged in the left side and into all parts of the Intestinum Rectum So that the Blood being highly acted with Fermentative parts derived for Purgatives is brought by various Arteries into Glandulous substance of the Guts where some of the serous parts are secerned from the red Crassament and transmitted through the secret Cavities of the inward Coat into the greater channel of the Intestines whereupon the Nervous Filaments being first aggrieved by the sharp serous Recrements of the Blood rendred more pungent by Purgative qualities of Medicines do afterward draw the right and circular Carnous Fibres into brisk Contractions to quit the Guts from the trouble of their contents as so many most vexatious Enemies to gain their freedom and quiet Catharticks do not only affect the Blood at a distance Purgatives do affect the villous and nervou Filaments of the Guts but also the Villous Coat and Nervous Filaments which do immediately disturb them with troublesome stroaks proceeding from the pungent particles of Purgatives vellicating the inward Coat of the Stomach as a tender Compage beset with Nervous Fibrils which being gauled with fretting Medicines do spue out Serous Liquor out of the Excretory Ducts derived from the Glands of the Intestines The Purgative Extract of Medicines The reason why the Carnous and Nervous Fibres are discomposed by Purgatives first produced by the Ferments of the Stomach and afterward imparted to the Intestines doth highly discompose the Nervous and Carnous Fibres by reason the Animal Spirits actuating the Nervous Liquor as very much enraged and give a most troublesome sensation to the inward Coat of the Guts finely dressed with Fibrils and afterward affect the Excretory Vessels of the Pancreas and Hepatick Ducts with a kind of Convulsive Motions making them disgorge their Pancreatick and Bilious Recrements into the larger Receptacle of the Intestines And not only the Faeces of the Blood severed from it in the Glands of the Liver and Pancreas are thrown into the Guts by vertue of the Corrugation of the Nervous and Carnous Fibres but also the Extreamities of the Arteries and Excretory Vessels belonging to the Glands are opened by the sharp and aperient qualities of the Purgatives unlocking the secret Pores of the inward Coat of the Intestines lined with a Mucous Matter The Mucous Matter of the Guts is cleansed off by Purgatives as a Defensative against the assaults of sharp Humours which is scraped off by the cleansing quality of Purgatives leaving the Vessels of the Intestines bare and exposed to the harsh and sometimes venenate qualities of raking Medicines which do force open the Terminations of Arteries with such violence that they cause them sometimes to spue out meer Blood into the Cavity of the Intestines If any Person shall demand the Reason The reason why Patients have frequent ease in the working of Medicines why sometimes in the Working of Physick Patients have rest and ease for some time and then pains and discomposure of the Bowels ensue Which I conceive ariseth from the operation of the Purgatives which embodying with the Blood do impart to it Heterogeneous Fermentative Particles putting the Vital Liquor upon a Fermentation whereupon the compage of the Blood being opened it is transmitted by proper Vessels to the Glands of the Guts in which a Secretion is made of such Humours which are for the present offensive to the Blood and discharged into the Intestines which contract their Carnous Fibres and expel the Humours whereupon ensueth a calm in the Guts till a new storm ariseth caused by the Effervescence of the Blood flowing from the fermenting qualities of the Physick transmitted into the Glands of the Guts where the angry serous and windy parts being secerned from the Blood are exonerated into the Intestines stirring up a Tempest highly agitating the tender Fibrils of the inward Coat CHAP. XLI Of the Pathologie of the Guts HAving given an account of the Structure of the Guts framed of various Coats as contextures of many fine Filaments curiously interwoven to which numerous Glands are affixed and of their actions flowing from the Concoctive and Expulsive Faculties to which may be added the distribution of the Chyle after it is extracted and refined in the Intestines into the Extreamities of the Lacteal Vessels to be transmitted through the Mesentery into the common Receptacle My intendment at this time is to entertain the courteous Reader with the Diseases attending the Concoctive and distributive powers of Chyle and of the Expulsive Faculty of the Faeces and of Inflammations Ulcers Gangreens Cancers and divers sorts of Pains relating to the Intestines The Concoctive Faculty is disaffectived The Diseases attending the Faculties of the Guts First as it is wholly abolished when no Chyle or very little is extracted in the Stomach or Intestines proceeding from the want of natural heat deficient primarily in the Blood and from a defect of good Succus Pancreaticus The last Concoctive Faculty proceeding from the want of Ferments commonly called Lienteria and Bilious Liquor and a laudable Serous and Nervous Juice not imparted by the Extreamities of the Arteries and Nerves inserted into the inward Coat of the Intestines to the crude Aliment lodged in the Guts This disaffection is commonly called Lienteria an unnatural excretion of the Aliment little or no ways altered wherein its Compage is not well opened by due Ferments and a Secretion made of the Alimentary Liquor from the grosser Faeces Another disaffection of the Intestines The weakned Concoctive Faculty of the Guts called Passio Gaeliaca is near akin to the other as differing from it in degree is the lessened Concoction commonly stiled Affectio Caeliaca wherein the Meat is in some sort Digested and remaineth confused as not Secerned from the gross parts by reason the Chyle is not well attenuated by the Pancreatick and Bilious Liquor and Serous and Nervous Juice destitute of Volatil Salt and fine Oily and Spirituous Particles in order to render the Chyle fluid in the Intestines whereupon the clammy Chyle embodying with the crude Aliment is excerned by the Expulsive Faculty
Pancreatick Liquor Stomacick pains proceeding from a four Pancreatick Liquor transmitted into the Stomach whence also is derived a Dog-like Appetite being forced into the Stomach by the inverted Peristaltick Motion of the Guts may produce great Stomacick commonly and improperly called Colick Pains which often proceed from the four Liquor perverting the Concoction of the Stomach by a great Effervescence of the Aliment producing Flatulent Matter puffing up the Coats of the Ventricle making great Tensive pains by overstretching its Carnous and Nervous Fibres This Acid and Pancreatick Humour being injected into the Stomack by the unkindly motion of the Intestines maketh a depraved Dog-like Appetite caused by an unnatural Ferment making disorderly Vellications of the Fibres The four Liquor of the Pancreas carried out of the Guts through the â—actâ—ae with the Chyle and afterward with the Blood through the Subclavian Veins and Cava into the right Ventricle of the Heart causeth Palpitations Lypothymies and Syncopies and this soure Liquor carried by the Pulmonary Artery into the Lungs maketh a difficulty of Breathing and being impelled through the ascendâ—nt Trunk of the Aorta and Carotice Arteries vitiates the concoction of the Nervous Liquor in the Brain and being transmitted into thenerves of Muscular parts preduceth Convulvulsive Motions whence ariseth a perpetual desire of Meat to gratifie the troublesome Sollicitations seated in the Fibrous parts of the Stomach This acid Ferment making an unkindly Ebullition of the Chyle in the Intestines is productive of Vapours and Windy Matter which being Transmitted with the Chyle through the Lacteae and Thoracick Ducts into the Subclavian Veins and from thence through the Vena Cava into the right Chamber of the Heart in which it being mixed with the Blood doth produce a great Effervescence giving sometimes Palpitations which are over-frequent Pulsations proceeding from this acid Pancreatick Liquor afflicting the Carnous and Nervous Fibres of the Heart which being over-acted in often repeated and violent Trembling Motions do cause Lypothymies and Syncopies And this four Liquor of the Pancreas being confederated with the Blood is carried out of the right Ventricle of the Heart through the Pulmonary Artery into the Parenchyma of the Lungs where it is hardly admitted into the small Extreamities of the Pulmonary Veins whence ariseth a great difficulty of Breathing making frequent inspiration of Air which enoble the ill qualified Blood with Spirituous and Elastick Particles to make good the Circulation into the left Ventricle of the Heart out of which the Blood being also associated with this sour Pancreatick Ferment is impelled first through the common and then through the ascendent Trunk of the Aorta and Carotide Arteries into the Dura and Pia Mater and ambient parts of the Brain where it vitiates the Concoction of Animal Liquor and by afflicting the Fibrous contexture of the Coats and substance of the Brain produceth Convulsive Motions commonly called the Falling Sickness Farthermore The Animal Liquor infected with acid Pancreatick Juice is transmitted by the Fibres of the Brain into the Trunks of Nerves propagated into the Muscles whereupon their Nervous and Tendinous Fibres are highly irritated and drawn into Convulsive Motions This four Liquor of the Pancreas being transmitted by the Arteries with the Blood into the substance of the Muscles giveth a pain to the Nervous Fibres and produceth a Rheumatism and being carried by the Arteries into the substance of the Membranes encomâ—assing the Joynts maketh an Arthritis and being impelled with the Blood by the Emulgent Artery into the Kidney and from thence with the Urine through the serous Ducts Pelvis and Ureters into the Bladder maketh the Strangury The acid Pancreatick Liquor mixed with the Blood and carried by the Mesenterick Arteries into the Guts is productive of Diarrhaea's and Dysenteries to expel the acid offensive Particles of Pancreatick Juice confederated with the Nervous Liquor And if the unkindly four Liquor of the Pancreas be embodied with the Blood and carried by the Arteries into the substance of the Muscular parts it giveth great Pain by aggrieving the tender Coats of the Nervous Fibres producing a Rheumatism And if this Acid Juice of the Pancreas mixed with the Vital Liquor is impelled by the Arteries into the substance of the Membranes covering the Joynts and Bones of the Limbs it maketh a vexatious pain by highly afflicting this tender Membranous Contexture consisting of many Nervous Fibres curiously interwoven this painful Disease is called the Arthritis or Joynt-Gout And if this sour Liquor incorporated with the Blood is carried by the Emulgent Arteries into the Cortical Glands of the Kidney and there secerned from the Purple Juice and Transmitted with the Serous Liquor through the Urinary Ducts and the Papillary Caruncles into the Pelvis and from thence through the Ureters into the Cavity of the Bladder to whose tender Compage these acid Particles of the Pancreatick Liquor offer a great Violation as it is framed of Nervous and Carnous Fibres which frequently contract themselves with great pain to discharge the troublesome acid Particles of Urine This Disease hath the Appellative of the Strangury The Acid Liquor being blended with the Chyle in the Guts is carried with it through the Mesenterick and Thoracick Lacteal Ducts Subclavian Vessels and Vena Cava into the right Chamber of the Heart and from thence through the Pulmonary Arteries and Veins into the lest Ventricle and afterward this soure Pancreatick Juice associated with the Blood is impelled through the common and descendent Trunk of the Aorta into the Mesenterick Arteries belonging to the Intestines whose Terminations being opened the serous parts of it infected with the said acid Particles are severed from the Purple Liquor in the Glands of the Guts and discharged into their Cavity whereupon the Intestines having their Nervous and Carnous Fibres much irritated do briskly contract and expel the Contents of the Guts whence ensueth a Diarrhaea But if the said acid parts confaederated with the Blood and Transmitted by the Mesenterick Arteries into the Glands of the Guts be very fierce they are immediately thrown without any Secretion of the Serous parts from the red Crassament of the Blood into the Cavity of the Intestines whence ariseth an Ulcer of them proceeding from the soure parts of the Pancreatick Liquor disaffecting the Extravasated Blood and corroding the tender frame of the Guts which I conceive may be one cause of a Dysentery Last of all I apprehend this Acid Juice of the Pancreas The acid Liquor mixed with Bile in the Guts produceth Atrabilarian Humours the causes of Hypocondriacal and Melancholick Distempers to be a great agent in Hypochondriacal and Melancholick Distempers proceeding from Atribilarian Humours which may arise from the mixture of Bilious and Pancreatick Juice as Learned De Graaf hath well observed Tractatu de Succ. Pancreat Pag. 134. Cum itaque neque Hepar neque Pancreas neque etiam Ventriculus atram illam Bilem ad Intestinum hoc demandasset suspicari
the body of it To which it may be replied That the Vagina Uteri exceedeth the Penis in length So that it cannot inject the Seed into the bosom of the Womb which is wisely instituted by Nature lest the length of the Penis should offer a violation to the inward Orifice of the Womb which is so straight in Virgins that it cannot admit the little Finger and so closely shut up in impregnated Women that it cannot receive a Probe The Penis doth not penetrate the inward Orifice of the Vterus Again If the Penis were endued with so great a length as to penetrate into the inward Orifice of the Womb through this narrow passage it would Lacerate the Capillary Blood-vessels seated in the mouth of the Womb and produce a Flux of Blood and cause an immediate Abortion in great Bellied Women whereupon it is wisely ordered by the grand Architect that the Seminal Liquor should be first transmitted to the Vagina Uteri and from thence through the Womb and Deferent Vessels into the Vesicle of Liquor placed in the Ovary The first Rudiment of Conception cometh from the embodying of both Seeds wherein the Masculine Liquor being embodied with that of the Female is the cause of the first rudiment of Conception appearing in the increase of the Egg encircled with a new Membrane to which a red Glandulous substance accresceth which interceding the membrane of the impregnated Egg and other Vesicle doth break the Ligaments by which they are conjoyned to each other So that the parted Egg growing great doth irritate the fleshy Fibres of the Glandulous substance immuring the Vesicles to contract themselves and thrust the Egg through a narrow hole of the Testicle dilated accordingly The manner how the Impregnated Egg is divided from the adjacent Egg and carried into the Oviducts and body of the Vterus into the neighbouring Fimbria the jagged Extremity of the adjacent Tube through which the Impregnated Seminal Vesicle is conveyed into the soft nest of the Womb to receive a greater improvement made by the Vis 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which is made up of four powers The first Plastic or Formative power may be styled Distinctive by which one part of the Genital Liquor is severed from another in order to Formation performed by Fermentation arising out of various Elements of which most are Saline and Spirituous and some Sulphureous and Earthy exalted by Juice impregnated with Animal Spirits destilling out of the terminations of the Nerves which embodieth with the Serous part of the Blood severed from its red Crassament in the Glandulous substance of the Womb. This fine mixture of Albuminous Matter of the Blood is farther exalted with Nitroaereal Particles inspired with aethereal Atomes received with Breath into the Lungues where they associate with the Vital Liquor and are carried with it through the Pulmonary Veins into the left Ventricle of the Heart and from thence through the descendent Trunk of the Aorta and Hypogastrick and Spermatick Arteries into the Glandulous substance of the Womb wherein the Serous Liquor of the Blood confederated with these Aethereal and airy Particles derived from Inspiration and Nervous Juice ousing out of the Nerves is carried through the secret passages of the inward Coat of the Womb into its Cavity and thence through the Pores of the Membrane encircling the Egg into its Albuminous Liquor which is nourished and exalted by the fermentative Matter acted with the Vital heat and imparted to the Seminal Juice of the Egg which is Colliquated as endued with various active principles This select Elixir of the Egg lodged in the bosom of the Womb The Liquors of the Egg lodged in the Vterus is made up of various choice Liquors the one Masculine Colliquated by Motion in the Vesiculae Seminales and thence transmitted by many stages into Albuminous Liquor of the Egg more and more exalted by the Uterine Ferment composed of the serous part of the Blood and Nervous Liquor inspired with aethereal and airy Atomes which being endued with Elastick Particles The intestine motion of both Seeds when mixed do insinuate themselves into the Compage and inward Recesses of the Albuminous Matter of the Egg whose intestine motion is much improved by the Uterine Ferment making an expansive dispute and highly promoted by its own disagreeing Elements founded in a mixture of both Seeds consisting of different Acides and Alcalies of various Volatil Saline Sulphureous Serous and eathy Particles whereupon these Heterogeneous principles do make a great Effervescence and endeavour by mutual disputes to subdue these different Particles whereupon the Homogeneous parts do associate and preserve each other and sever themselves from the Heterogeneous Hence ensueth the distinction of several parts of Seminal Liquor which first form the many similar Integrals of the Body as Liquors Membranes Arteries Veins Nerves Lymphaeducts Ligaments Cartilages and Bones The second kind of Plastick power belonging to the several parts of the Body may be called Concretive The second kind of the Plastick vertue relating to the Seed is Concretive as the various particles of the Seminal Liquor are more or less indurated by different sorts of Concretion Whereupon some parts are rendred more or less solid as they participate different kinds of Salts Concreting the several Atoms of Seminal Liquor So that the more soft parts of the Body as Membranes Arteries Veins and Lymphaeducts are Concreted by more tender and friable Salts whereas the Nerves Ligaments Cartilages and Bones as they are more or less hard are formed by different Concretions of more or less strong Salts mixed with more or less earthy Particles If any shall make a strict enquiry into the manner of several Accretions relating to the Formation of different parts of the Body The Accretions belonging to the Formative Power do not proceed from pure Salts but as mixed with other Elements they may be found not in pure Salts but Compages made most of Salt variously mixed with other principles in small quantity and soft parts partake somewhat of watry mixed with a greater quantity of saline particles So that in modelling the various Figures of the parts relating to the Body the Spirituous Atoms do expatiate themselves sometimes in right and othertimes in crooked and circular lines through the Saline Particles rendring different Configurations of similar and dissimilar parts The Seminal Liquor having all parts of the Body actually contained in it Different sorts of Salts shoot themselves into various consistences consisteth of several kinds of Salts shooting themselves one after another according to softer or harder Concretions into different substances of more soft or solid consistence The Organick parts of the Body being a System composed of many similar Integrals The Seminal Liquor is made up of many Acides and Alcalies are formed of a Seminal Liquor made up of divers parts impregnated with several Acides and Alcalies and many Saline dispositions by which the Seed being fluid in its
small Nerves from the left recurrent Nerve and also Lymphaeducts as Learned Rudbeck will have it proceeding from the Trunk ending near the Heart The Figure of the Capsula holdeth great conformity with that of the Heart and is much more enlarged toward its Base The Figure of the Pericardium and groweth more narrow near its Cone So that the Pericardium is adorned with a kind of Pyramidal figure In this Capsula Serous Liquor is contained as in a Cystern The Liquor contained in the Pericardium which some account to be Alimentary and others Excrementitious as being a Watry humor proceeding from the steams of the Blood arising like Clouds and condensed against the inside of the Pericardium Learned Steno deriveth its Origen from the Lymphaeducts coming from the Conglomerated Glands in his Books de Musculis and Glandulis p. 41. Quocunque corporis Animalis loco aquosus quidam naturaliter reperitur humor ejus superficiem oblinens eandem superficiem Lymphaticorum pertusam ostiis a Conglomerata Glandula oriundorum unde colligere liceret eandem aquae Pericardii esse originem but with the leave of this great Author I humbly conceive that the Liquor lodged within the confines of the Pericardium doth not arise from the Lymphaeducts which is a thin watry Liquor but this of the Capsula Cordis is the Serous part of the Vital Juice The Origen of the Liquor contained in the Pericardium as I apprehend by reason it being exposed to the Fire will Coagulate like the white of an Egg which sheweth it to be the more soft and albuminous Particles of the Blood Renowned Dr. Lower doth fetch the Liquor contained in the Capsula Cordis from its Glands as he hath in the first Chap. de Cordis situ structura p 5 6. Quare ut aquae hujus fontem alibi quaeramus advertere oportet naturam in variis corporis partibus ubi operis aut functionum eadem aut par ratio est iisdem plerunque Machinis atque instrumentis uti quemadmodum glandulas Lacrymalis ad humorem suggerendum quo Oculi illinantur atque madefiant absque quo sicci motus inhabiles evaderent pariter juxta Cordis basin diversas Glandulas constituit è quibus humor intra Capsulam exstillat vacuo isto spacio huc illuc agitatus Cordis superficiem undique alluit quo promptior facilior ejus motus redderetur CHAP. XII Of the Diseases of the Pericardium and their Cures THe Pericardium as composed of many Coats furnished with numerous divarications of Vessels is rendred obnoxious to variety of Diseases as Inflammations Abscesses Ulcers Tumors c. The inflammation of the Capsula Cordis The cause of an Inflammation of the Pericardium is derived from a source of Blood coming out of the Terminations of the Coronary Arteries of the Heart inserted into the substance of the Pericardium in which it is Extravasated as not being received into the Extremities of Phrenick Veins by reason of its great plenty or grosness whereupon it being stagnant in the empty spaces of the Vessels loseth its laudable temper and bounty by gaining an unkindly Ebullition This part confining on the Heart easily affected with an unnatural effervescence productive of an acute Fever Syncope Palpitation imparted to the Blood first derived from the substance of the Pericardium into the Origens of the Phrenick Veins and from thence to the Vena Cava and right Ventricle of the Heart and afterward into the Lungs where it creates a great difficulty of Breathing a dry Cough a great Plogâ—sis c. Thirst and sometimes with a pain in the Thorax toward the Sternon as the Pericardium is affixed to the Mediastine So that this Disease is taken for a Pleurisie Zacutus Prax. adm Lib. 2. Observat giveth a History Quidam in aetate florente acuta febre est prehensus cum siti ingenti anxietate Respiratione celerrima frequenti Thoracis incendio tussi sicca Syncope Cordis tremore levissimo in Thorace dolore Sternum versus cum angustia summa pulsu duro inaequali Hic pro Pleuritico Curatus triduo è vita sublatus Sectio à morte palam fecit fuisse Pericardii Inflammationem nam tota fere tunica livida rugosa visa est in multis partibus asperitudines apparuere Milliaceae nigrore infectae omnia ab adurente calore profecta The Curatory Indication of this Disease being a quantity of extravasated Blood lodged in the substance of the Pericardium The opening of a Vein is good in an Inflammation of the Pericardium doth denote the Mission of Blood with a free hand to make good the Circulation of the stagnant Blood in the parts affected That it may be received into the Phrenick Veins and take off the Inflammation of the Pericardium Bleeding also satisfieth the preservatory Indication in lessening the cause of the Disease by taking away the exuberant quantity of hot Blood and by diverting its current from the Pericardium by opening a Vein in the Arm. Cooling Juleps and Apozemes are very proper in being given with temperate Cordial Powders which do cool the Mass of Blood by Sweat and a free Transpiration as discharging the hot steams of the Vital Liquor by the Pores of the Skin Sometimes an Inflammation may proceed from a great Contusion of the Thorax affecting the Capsula Cordis whence ariseth first an Inflammation Another cause of an Inflammation of the Pericardium coming from a Laceration of the small Arteries pouring out so great a quantity of Blood into the Interstices of the Vessels that the minute Origens of the Veins are not capable to give a reception to it So that the Extravasated Blood losing its motion the Albuminous part degenerates into a Pus which often Corrodeth the Membranes of the Pericardium and produceth an Ulcer which vitiateth the Liquor encircling the Heart A Husband-man overturning a load of Hay by his imprudent Conduct An Instance of an Inflammation of the Pericardium proceeding from Contusion some part of it fell upon his Breast which thereupon was highly afflicted with pain and the Patient was afterward infested with an acute Fever flowing from the Contusion of the Pericardium which proved fatal unto him and the Thorax being opened and his Heart inspected the Pericardium was found full of Pus in which the Heart did swim as in a noysom Lake giving it a stench and suffocation The Pericardium is sometimes swelled A Dropsie coming from too great a quantity of Liquor contained in the Pericardium as overcharged with too great a quantity of Serous Liquor making a kind of Dropsie whereby the Capsula being of tender Membranous Compage is highly discomposed with pain and the Heart compressed with a load of Liquor so incumbent upon it that its branches cannot admit a due Dilatation to give reception to the Blood which is attended with a pain of the Breast a trembling of the Heart and a Dropsie of the whole Body A
in an opposite posture and ascend to the Base and being inserted into its Tendon do constitute the inward wall of this Chamber And the external Fibres of this Cavity are not carried from the Base to the Cone The external Fibres of this Ventricle do take their progress from the Base to the Cone The several ranks of Fibres have different progresses but quit their progress in the middle way and creeping under the superior Fibres do climb up obliquely to the Tendon of the opposite side And another rank of the Fibres having a contrary progress do meet about the Cone of the Heart and have mutual Convolutions So that the Fibres seated in the exterior wall of the left Ventricle do rencounter those of the inward about the Extremity of the Cone Whereupon it is very visible to a clear Eye The different Fibres have one joynt-motion to lessen the Cavities of the Heart that the Fibres besetting the outward and inward wall of the left Chamber of the Heart to be continued though they may seem to have a contrary progress yet they all concur to accomplish the same motion and do constring and bring inward the opposite Tendons and by drawing themselves closer to each other do lessen the Cavities of the Chambers of the Heart and squeese the Blood out of the right Ventricle into the Pulmonary Artery and out of the left into the common Trunk of the Aorta And this is worthy our remark Divers Fibres do end in the Fleshy Columns That all Fibres do not terminate into the Tendons of the Margent encircling the Ostia of the Chambers of the Heart but many do end in the great Fleshy Fibres called Columns which do emit many Tendons into the Mitral Valves conjoyned with the Tendon lodged in the Base of the Heart And having discoursed the various ranks and Progresses of the Carnous Fibres surrounding the sides and walls of the Heart The spiral Fibres besetting the Cone of the Heart it may seem not improper to treat of the Fibres enclosing the Cone of the Heart which seem to be adorned with somewhat of a Spiral or winding Circular Figure as resembling the circular motion of the Blood And as the inward Fibres of the Ventricle have a progress opposite to that of the outward so the Fibres of the inward part of the Cone proceed in a different method to the outward as they are framed in spiral Circumvolutions about the Cone of the Heart And because the Blood is to be impelled out of the left Chamber of the Heart into the Aorta The Fibres of the left are more thick and strong than those of the right and by smaller and smaller Branches into the most remote regions of the Body Therefore Nature hath most wisely provided far more thick and strong Fibres for the left Ventricle than for the right which protrudeth Blood only out of it into the adjacent parts of the Lungs So that if we truly survey the substance of the Heart The Parenchyma of the Heart is different from that of the other Viscera we shall find it not to be a Parenchyma holding similitude with that of the Lungs Liver Spleen or Kidneys the first being a system of Vesicles of Air Bronchia Blood-vessels and the other a company of innumerable Glands as most of the Viscera are being so many Colatories of the Blood secerning it from its Bilious Serous or other kind of Recrements But the Heart is a true Muscle of the same nature with those of the Limbs as it is most manifest to Autopsy if the Fleshy Fibres of the Heart be rendred more firm and compact by boiling and then the Heart will appear to be an Organ made up of many ranks of strong Fibres adorned with a Prismatick Figure of the same hue consistence The fleshy Fibres mutually conjoyned by Ligaments and strength as being united to each other by the mediation of many strong Membranes and Ligaments †T. 15. F. 1. f f. iiii with those of the Limbs and after the same manner are not capable to receive much greater dimensions in length and its Fibres cannot be severed from each other at any great distance without Laceration of the Membranes conjoyning the many rows of fleshy Fibres and when they act are rendred hard and tense as having their ranks drawn closer together whereupon the Compage of the Heart becometh more firm and rigid and the Cavities of the Ventricles more narrow whereby their Contents are discharged The Fibrous substance and constitution of the Heart The substance of the Heart is different from that of other Muscles is different from that of other Muscles as having a more solid firm uniform Compage Coated with a more bright Red than the Flesh of other Muscles which is more loose and flabby whose more weak Prismatick Columns may be more easily dis-joyned from each other by a less violent Laceration of their thinner Membranes Again The Configuration of the Fibres of the Heart The Fibres of the Heart are spiral is not the same with other Muscles as not being truly equidistant but crooked and spiral full of many Circumvolutions surrounding each other Under the Coat encircling the Heart A rank of Fibres coming the Base of the Heart and it 's Tendinous entrances is derived a rank of fleshy Fibres from the Base of the Heart and from its Circular Tendinous substance into which the Vena Cava and Pulmonary Vein do terminate in both Ventricles of the Heart These outward ranks of Fibres do at first tend in a direct course toward the Cone and afterward being variously Implicated have a Retrograde progess toward the inward recesses of the Ventricles Under this outward row of Fibres is seated other ranks The ranks of fleshy Fibres are tied to each other which are carried in oblique and spiral postures toward the Cone and make many intersections being interwoven with divers other ranks of fleshy Fibres †T. 15. F. 1. iiii and from thence are reflected toward the outward Compage of the Heart with winding Circumvolutions and transverse Bandages whereupon they seem to Constitute the inward Columns to which the Cords †d d d. of the Tricuspidal Mitral Valves are affixed The most inward fleshy Fibres are most large near their Origens The Fibres are most great in their Origens as so many Trunks adjoyning to the Tendons of the Auricles and grow less and less as they branch themselves in oblique or spiral Positions toward the Cone of the Heart And after the same manner the most inward rank of fleshy Fibres seated in the inside of the Ventricles are greatest and most strong The inward Fibres of the Ventricles are most large and the more outward the least The ranks of fleshy Fibres are mutually conjoyned by strong Membranes Ligaments and Fibrous Branches and the neighbouring Lairs as they more and more approach the ambient parts become less and less
substance of the Heart near the egress of the Pulmonary Artery and in the left side of the Base of the said Auricle to the body of the Pulmonary Vein The Auricles are accommodated with Arteries The Vessels of the Auricles Veins and Nerves of which the last are divaricated through the substance of those Muscles before they enter into the body of the Heart and are derived from the Par Vagum The Auricles are furnished with many ranks of fleshy †T. 15. F. 1. b b. Fibres from divers Muscular Columns The fleshy Fibres of the Auricles very much resembling those in Figure which are lodged in the Ventricles of the Heart These intermedial Fibres are carried with an oblique course and are inserted into the opposite Tendons by reason they being seated in the Base of the Heart are also imparted to the Auricles and upon these Tendons the fleshy Fibres do rest as upon a Prop or Fulciment And on the other side the right Auricle where it is concerned with the Vena Cava is guarded with a hard Tendinous Circle into which the fleshy Fibres are implanted Now I will discourse somewhat of the use of the Auricles The use of the Auricles of the Heart and respite the greatest part till I treat of the Motion of the Heart and compare the Auricles with the Ventricles wherein it may be observed that the Auricles have not the same Analogy which passeth between the Ventricles moving together with equal pace by reason a greater proportion of Blood ought not to be impelled by the contraction of the right Ventricle into the Pulmonary Artery than can be received out of the Pulmonary Vein into the left Chamber of the Heart So that an equal quantity of Blood must be entertained into both Cisterns of the Heart and thence be distributed by a due measure through the Pulmonary Artery into the substance of the Lungs and by the Aorta and its Branches and Ramulets into all parts of the Body The motion of the Blood being so constant and orderly in the Ventricles it may be worth our disquisition why the Auricles do not observe the same Analogy with each other in dimensions which Nature ordained as I humbly conceive upon this account by reason the current of the Blood is more slow out of the Vena Cava into the right Ventricle The Cavity of the right Ventricle is more large therefore it is is requisite that the Cavity of the right Auricle should be more enlarged as receptive of a larger proportion of Blood thence to be injected into the right Ventricle sufficient for its Repletion by reason the Blood in Expiration is more speedily squeesed by the pressure of the Lungs out of the Pulmonary Vein into the left Ventricle whereupon the motion of the Blood is more highly accelerated and therefore a less Cavity will suffice in the left Auricle CHAP. XVII Of the Ventricles of the Heart HAving discoursed of the outward Walls of the Heart it may be fit now to shew you the inward Recesses and Chambers commonly called the Ventricles the one being seated on the right and the other on the left side as the Cisterns of Vital Liquor from thence transmitted by the one into the Lungs and by the other into the great Artery and afterward by smaller and smaller Branches into all parts of the Body The right Chamber of the Heart hath thinner Walls The right Ventricle of the Heart and a more large Cavity than the other and is endued not with a round but rather a Semicircular Figure not extending it self to the Cone This Ventricle in its right side is adorned with a Convex and it s left with a Concave figure The Orifice of the Vena Cava transmitting Blood into the right Ventricle The Tricuspidal Valves is guarded with a Membranous Circle divided into three Valves looking inward commonly called Tricuspides from their Triangular figure as some imagine though in truth they are not endued with this shape but have the appellative of Tricuspides by reason each of them hath three Fibres as so many Ligaments by which they are fastned to the fleshy Columns relating to the Septum of the Heart These Valves give way to the stream of Blood coming out of the Orifice of the Vena Cava into the Cavity of the right Ventricle and do hang pendulous as some conceive in the Contraction of it to shut up the termination of the Cava to intercept the Retrograde motion of the Blood into it The Wall of the right Ventricle is much thinner than that of the left The right Ventricle is much thinner than that of the left and narrowed only with a Semicircular Contraction according to its Figure whereupon the Furrows of this Ventricle are more shallow and the Carnous Fibres more small as being an Appendage of the other more strong Ventricle And least the right Chamber of the Heart having a slight enclosure should be overmuch distended by great Rivulets of Blood beyond its due tone So that the Carnous Fibres should be so far weakned as not to be able to Contract themselves in order to discharge the troublesome current of Blood into the Lungs Nature hath wisely framed a round Muscle about its middle Region proceeding from the Septum Cordis which is very conspicuous in the Heart of Bruits and in that of Man three or four Fibres may be discovered which supply the place of this Muscle found in the Heart of some other Animals Before I quit the discourse of the right Ventricle The Valves are seated near the Orifice of the Cava and fastâ—ed to the Carnous Columns I deem it convenient to speak somewhat more of the fine Valves seated near the Orifice of the Cava and to consider their Mechanism in which their use may be seen That their Papillae or Columns are rendred Prominent beyond the Surface of the inside of the Ventricle and that some of these Valves are seated in the opposite side and that the Columns are placed in a side opposite to the Membranes to which they are affixed as Learned Dr. Lower hath observed The Columns having this Fabrick The Fibres of the Columns are relaxed and the Valves extended in the Systole of the Heart according to some Anatomists are so seated that the Membranes might keep some distance from the sides of the Ventricle that they being lifted up in every Systole of the Heart by reason the Fibres of the Columns are relaxed might hang croswise in the middle of the Ventricle and being beaten backward by the Retrograde motion of the Blood they might be so expanded that the extended Membranes might shut up the recourse of the Blood into the Orifice of the Cava as some Learned Authors have observed And if these Tricuspidal Fibres should immediately arise out of the sides of the right Ventricle and lean closely upon the inward surface of the Heart they could not be receptive of the recourse of the Blood
and thereby be elevated whereupon the Vital Liquor would return by the same passage it was admitted into the right Ventricle and so frustrate the design of Nature in order to transmit Blood into the Pulmonary Artery to make good the Circuit of Blood through the Lungs into the left Ventricle This Hypothesis is grounded upon the drawing the Cone toward the Base of the Heart in its Systole whereby the Ligaments of the Tricuspidal Fibres are conceived to be relaxed and the Membranes expanded but with deference to these Anatomists I humbly conceive it more consonant to Autopsy that the sides of the Ventricles are brought nearer each other in the Systole of the Heart and not the Cone to the Base So that the Ligaments of the Valves are not relaxed The Cone of the Heart is not brought toward the Base in its Systole but the sides of the Ventricles are brought nearer to each other and the Membranes distended but the Valves every way encompassing the Orifice of the Cava have their inward Cavities contracted and rendred close by having the sides of the Membranes nearly to meet each other by the Systole of the Heart So that the Valves become as Damms intercepting the current of Blood in its motion toward the entrance of the Cava and promote it toward the Orifice of the Pulmonary Artery in order to import it into the Lungs Hence the use of these Tricuspidal Valves may be easily discovered if the fleshy Colmuns The use of the Tricuspidal Valves swelling out of the side of the right Ventricle be curiously considered and an injection of Liquor being made into it by a Wound you may discern by the contraction of the Membranes a Damm to be made at the Orifice of the Vena Cava upon the motion of the Injected Liquor towards it These Valves also giving a check to the Retrograde motion of the Blood The mixture of Chyme with Blood in the right Ventricle do make a greater mixture of the Chyme with the Blood when it is dashed against these Membranes and so forced by the Systole of the Heart toward the Orifice of the Pulmonary Artery Having given some account of the right I will now endeavour to shew you a prospect of the left Ventricle The left Ventricle is endued with a Pyramidal Figure which taketh its rise in a large Base and Gradually Terminates into a Cone somewhat resembling that of the Heart And as to the inward surface of the Ventricle it is adorned with an Orbicular Figure by reason the Septum relating to the inward Recesses of the Heart seated in the left side where it formeth the right side of the left Ventricle is endued with a Concave Surface and not with a Convex as it is found in the right Chamber of the Heart The left Ventricle is encircled with a round Wall of an equal thickness The left Ventricle hath greater dimensions than the right and less in compass in point of Latitude and greater in length than the right Ventricle The left Chamber being consigned by Nature to a stronger impulse of the Blood as it is imported by the great Artery and its greater and less Branches into the remote parts of the Body doth very much exceed the right Ventricle in the thickness of its Walls The thickness of the Wall of the left Ventricle needeth the right and is furnished with stronger Fibres and greatness and strength of its fleshy Fibres and the Carnous Columns and their appendant Membranes do much transcend the like furniture of the right Ventricle in largness and firmness by reason as the Vibration of the left Ventricle is much more impetuous in the Systole so it is requisite it should have greater fleshy Fibres as stronger instruments of motion to sustain the vigorous Pulsations made by strong contractions of the Walls encircling the left Ventricle in order to throw the Blood into the Orifice of the Aorta and least the Vital Liquor should have recourse again out of the common Trunk of the great Artery into the left Cystern and out of it into the Lungs The Great and All-wise Architect hath appointed three Membranes adorned with a Semicircular Figure stopping the Orifice of the Pulmonary Vein and that of the Aorta So that the Blood by the interposition of these Fludgates cannot have any reflux out of the left Ventricle into the Lungs nor out of the Aorta into the neighbouring Sinus The left Ventricle is accommodated with far greater Muscular Fibres The left Ventricle hath deeper Furrows than the right and deeper Fissures than that of the right that the Walls of the Heart might be more strongly contracted in its Systole that the inward Surfaces of the Ventricles might be brought nearer to each other and therefore Nature hath assigned more deep Furrows to the left because more strong Vibrations are requisite in this Sinus to impel the Blood more briskly first into the common Trunk and thence into the ascendent and descendent Trunk of the Aorta and by their branches into all regions of the Body And because the Walls of the left Ventricle are chiefly made up of oblique Circular Fibres The reason of the deep Furrows in the left Ventricle which are every way contracted into themselves to make the sides of the Vetricle to meet which could not be so closely performed and the inward Surfaces of the left Sinus be brought so near to each other unless these deep Fissures were fitted for this motion In the left Ventricle are seated the Mitral Valves The Mitral Valves do encompass the Pulmonary Veins which in truth are Membranes akin to the Tricuspidal Valves and are endued with no regular Figure whose Margents are waved into various inequalities no ways resembling a Mitre and do encircle the Orifice of the Pulmonary Vein †T. 15. F. 1. c c c. The Carnous Columns †T. 15. F. 1. e. e. seated in the left Ventricle are adorned with a Pyramidal Figure whose Bases encline toward the Mitral Valves The Carnous Columns are endued with a Pyramidal Figure and their Cones toward the Cone of the Heart The Ligaments springing out of the heads of the fleshy Columns have two three or more Branches inserted into the Mitral Valves †T. 15. F. 1. d d d. The use of the Mitral Valves is The use of the Mitral Valves to hinder the Retrograde motion of the Blood out of the left Ventricle of the Heart into the Pulmonary Vein as the Mechanism of the Valves doth clearly denote as they every where immure the Orifice of the Pulmonary Vein †T. 15. F. i. c c c. which is shut up close when the sides of the Valves are brought near each other by the compression of the Walls of the left Ventricle in the Systole of the Heart wherein the Reflux of the Blood is intercepted by the closely-conjoyned Membranes of the Valves into the Pulmonary Vein and the Blood impelled into the
of strong Ligaments and by the entercourse of Fibres which mutually unite their several ranks So that when the Fibres grow tense and rigid by the free reception of drops of Blood through their fruitful Pores into their inward Compage the intermedial spaces of the Fibres are lessened and seeing the bodies of the Fibres being enlarged in dimensions cannot have recourse outward as being confined by the ambient parts of the Heart not capable to have their Convex Surface dilated the distended Fibres must of necessity be more and more drawn inward as they approach the Center of the Heart till the Concave Perimeter is first lessened and then taken away to discharge the Blood into the Orifices of the adjoyning Arteries for the support of the whole Body Farthermore The Septum of the Heart being thick is not easily Contracted the Septum or Partition-wall of the Heart being thick is not easily Contracted as made up of many Spiral Fibres which hinder the motion of its Extremities toward the Middle So that it is more easie according to the Mechanism of the Heart for the Walls by approaching each side of the Septum to lessen the Cavities of the Ventricles than for the Extremities of the Septum to be drawn toward the Middle Farthermore to illustrate this discourse of the Motion of the Heart I will add that the outward Perimeter of the Heart being not alterable as guarded with a multitude of Spiral Fibres and the more inward ranks acquiring greater dimensions by having their spongy substance distended with the reception of a quantity of Blood must be drawn inward by making more Corrugations as they approach the Center whereupon the sphaere relating to the Ventricles of the Heart must be lessened as being filled up by the enlarged Fibres of the Heart which being inwardly imitated by a large proportion of Blood imbibed into their inward Recesses and outwardly by a compression made by a current of Blood bearing upon the Walls of the Heart do often Contract inward appearing in repeated Vibrations to ease their Intrals and outward Surface from a load oppressing them by discharging it into the neighbouring Vessels And it is very conspicuous that the Motion of the Heart is exerted by fleshy Fibres moving in several ranks toward the Center by various Corrugations straightning the inward Perimeter of the Ventricles by making an Incision into the Ventricles whereby a Finger being immitted into either of them is highly pinched by the strong Contractions of the fleshy Fibres more and more approaching the Center The Cavities of the Ventricles are lessened in the Pulsation of the Heart And it is also agreeable to Ocular demonstration that at the same time when the divers ranks of fleshy Fibres are carried more and more inward in various Flexures toward the Center to lessen the Cavities of the Ventricles that the outward Perimeter of the Heart is neither Distended nor Contracted which I plainly saw in a Dog Dissected alive in the Theatre of the Colledge of Physicians in London And the Heart is a Machine of Motion The motion of the Heart is performed by Carnous and Tendinous Fibres not as acted alone by fleshy Fibres qua pure praecise tales but as accompanied with Nervous and Tendinous Fibres which are inserted into and mixed with Carnous and are great Auxiliaries if not principal Actors in the repeated Systoles of the Heart This may be clearly proved by a Ligature made upon the eighth Pair of Nerves in the Necks of Animals whereupon the Heart will be highly afflicted with great Palpitations faint Pulsations and difficult Breathing caused by the current of Nervous Liquor inspired with Animal Spirits much intercepted in its progress toward the Heart by a strong compress of the eighth pair of Nerves The Nervous Liquor is enobled with Animal Spirits seated in the Brain The Carnous Fibres are acted by Nervous as endued with Animal Liquor and Spirits whence they are rendred tense being a system of numerous Fibres as in a Fountain from which many constant streams of Animal juice are gently transmitted through several divarications of Nerves relating to the eighth pair and Intercostal Nerves into the fleshy Fibres and Tendons of the Heart which are rendred Tense with their Nervous Liquor expanded and invigorated with the Subtle and Elastick Particles of Animal Spirits as well as the Carnous Fibres are swelled with innumerable drops of Vital Liquor received through many Pores into their spongy substance whereby the many Lairs of fleshy Fibres fastned to each other by strong Ligaments and the mutual union of fleshy Fibres interceding them do more and more Contract toward the Center and cause the Walls of the Ventricles to make brisk Appulses upon the Blood and by a violent Compression force it out of the Cisterns of the Heart into the adjoyning Sanguiducts CHAP. XIX Of the Pathology of the Motion of the Heart HAving given a History of the Motion of the Heart Mechanically performed by the Contraction of various ranks of fleshy Fibres associated with many Tendinous and Nervous Fibres My design at this time is to speak of the Pathology of its Motion as it is after a manner abolished diminished or depraved The two first irregular Motions of the Heart may be comprised in a Syncope The Syncope and Lypothymy of the Heart do differ gradually and Lipothymy which do not formally or essentially differ but only gradually secundum Magis Minus as the first is higher than the latter So that they being both symptoms attending the Motion of the Heart are near akin to each other as proceeding from the same causes as affected with higher or lower degrees vid. From the defect of Blood or too great a quantity or from its grosness or Concretion or from Corruption or lastly by the defect or fault of the Animal Spirits The defect of Blood in the Heart The first cause of defect of Blood may proceed from a weak concoctive faculty of the Stomach derived from a want of due Ferments and kindly heat in Chronick and acute diseases whereupon a small quantity of Chyle the Materia substrata Sanguinis is produced Another cause of the defect of Blood in the Heart The second cause of the Penury of Blood may be deduced from an obstruction of the ascendent Trunk of the Vena Cava caused by some Fleshy substance or by some concreted Blood intercepting the current of Blood into the right Cistern of the Heart or by the same causes in the Pulmonary Vessels giving a check to the motion of Blood out of the Lungs into the left Ventricle An Instance may be given of the hindred circulation of Blood produced from its Coagulation in the Trunk of the Vena Cava in a Maid of Fourteen years old who after she had been highly afflicted for a day with a great heaviness and a vertiginous indisposition and frequent Syncopes took her farewell of her Friends and her miserable life and afterward she
being opened to inspect the cause of her death the Brain was found to be free from any disaffection and the Vena Cava to be filled with concreted Blood which rendred the right Ventricle empty of it which proved satal to this young Virgin Another cause of a Lipothymy or Syncope often attended with a fatal stroke may arise out of so great a torrent of Blood A second cause of a Lypothymy carried into the Ventricles that the Heart is not able to discharge it out of the right into the Pulmonary Artery nor out of the left into the Aorta whereupon a suddain Suffocation the Heart immediately ensueth and the motion of the Blood wholly taken away Sir Robert Fen a worthy Gentleman An instance of this cause and Servant of King Charles the First of most blessed Memory being subject to great Passion was so highly surprized with Fear upon the occasion of a conceived imminent loss that he fell down dead in a moment which was as I humbly conceive caused by a great sourch of Blood suddainly impelled into the right Ventricle and Suffocated the Heart A third cause of a Lipothymy or Syncope A third cause of a Lipothymy may be deduced from a grosness or concretion of Blood proceeding from an over-fibrous disposition that is from numerous Films and Vesicles containing gross Atoms of Blood full of fixed Saline Particles Coagulating the Blood in the Ventricles often producing a Polypus inducing these ill accidents of the Heart These symptoms may also be caused by some fleshy Excrescence filling up either of the Ventricles So that they are not receptive of Vital Liquor These symptoms may proceed from an Excrescence filling up either Ventricle of the Heart whereupon the Heart loseth its use and motion as being designed by Nature to transmit Blood into all parts of the Body A Woman of great Honour and Birth was frequently tortured with a pain of the Heart and great Fainting Fits which could not be taken away by the power of Art and at last the pain and Lipothymies growing more and more afflictive Death became the best remedy And afterward her Body being opened and her Heart inspected a black Flesh substance somewhat resembling a Medlie in figure was discovered in the left Sinus of the Heart Another cause of these ill symptoms of the Heart A Syncope and Lipothymy may come from Purulent Matter or Ulcer of the Heart may be taken from a Purulent Matter flowing from an Ulcer of the Heart tainting and distoning the mass of Blood passing through the Ventricles whereupon the Fibres of the Heart grow faint and at last lose their Contractions proceeding from a vitiated dispirited corrupted Blood received into their inward Compage whence follow Lipothymies Syncopes and Death it self A Citizen long afflicted with a high Hypocondriacal passion and an acute Fever accompanied with Lipothymies and Syncopes determining in a happy departure as the period of pain and misery his Body being Dissected the Cavity of the Thorax was found full of a thin red faetide humor which was also lodged in the left Ventricle of the Heart flown from an Ulcer These severe accidents of the Heart do often arise out of the Ulcers of the neighbouring parts as the Lungs Pleura Mediastine Midriff Liver These symptoms may arise out of Ulcers of the adjacent parts Spleen Pancreas which being oppressed by Ulcerous Matter do transmit it by smaller branches of Veins peculiar to the said Viscera into the ascendent Trunk of the Cava and from thence into the right Ventricle of the Heart whereby its Fibres are highly discomposed by Pus imbibed into them with the Blood These most troublesom accidents of the Heart perverting the Oeconomy of its Motion A Syncope and Lipothymy coming from Malignant steams of the Blood in Pestilential Fevers are often produced in Malignant Fevers by Venenate Steams corrupting the native disposition and distoning and destroying the Spirituous parts of the Blood whereupon it groweth Concreted in the great Vessels and Ventricles of the Heart So that the poysonous steams being received with the Blood into the substance of the fleshy Fibres do weaken if not take away their Contractions whence ensue Lipothymies and Syncopes the forerunners of Death Another cause of these dreadful Symptoms may be derived from the indisposition of the Brain The symptoms may come from the indisposition of the Brain either not generating a sufficient quantity of Nervous Liquor to invigorate the Nerves of the Heart or else if it be generated cannot be transmitted to the Cardiack Nerves caused by some obstruction of them whereupon the Fibres are not able to play their parts in the scene of repeated Motions as not impregnated with Animal Spirits which may be one cause of Lipothymies and Syncopes speaking a conclusion to Life And the motion of the Heart is not only lessened in Lipothymies The Palpitation of the Heart and abolished in Syncopes but depraved also in Palpitations which are sometimes so great that the Cone striketh the left side near the Pap with so great a violence that it may be plainly seen felt and heard too at some distance The Mechanick cause of an erection of the Heart whereby it striketh the Breast The cause of the Heart striking the lest side proceedeth very much from the oblique situation of the Heart and disposition of the Fibres which are obliquely and spirally wreathed and brought round from the right toward the left side of the Heart and this posture of the Fibres is very much assisted by the conformation of the Heart as the left Wall is more short and less Carnous and crooked in the left Ventricle of the Heart than in the right which is encompassed with two Walls as Learned Borellus hath observed Unde ait ille in Systole erigi debet Cordis mucro versus sinistram partem pectoris eamque percutere potest pro gradu violentiae qua erigitur Hoc salvari quoque potest vel adjuvari ab erectione Cordis oblique jacentis vel à situatione dispositione Fibrarum quae oblique spiraliter circumducuntur à parte dextra basis Cordis versus sinistram partem Verticis unde in inflatione Fibrarum anterius versus sinistram partem sic percussio fieri potest The erection of the Heart perverting the Oeconomy of Nature wherein the Mucro of the Heart maketh violent strokes upon the left side is called Palpitation The Palpitation proceeding from too great a quantity of Blood which may be derived from many Causes one may arise from too great a quantity of Blood which the Heart being unable wholly to discharge in every Systole is so oppressed as to make strong and frequent Contractions of its Fibres wherein the Cone of the Heart being elevated maketh strong Appulses upon the left side to discharge the exuberant Blood by most brisk Vibrations A second cause of the Palpitation of the Heart The second cause of the Palpitation may
Pulses and small Masses of Blood and in Persons sick of Fevers and in Footmen who run violently whose Hearts are acted with frequent Pulsations the streams of Blood are carried more impetuously through the Caverns of the Heart into the neighbouring Arterial Channels On the other side in Chacochymick Habits of Body as in Hypocondriacal Scorbutick Dispositions and in divers Chronick Diseases the Heart is affected with faint Pulsations as often obstructed in some parts with gross faeculent and dispirited Blood and the Fibres being Languid the Systole must be week rare or unequal and sometimes intermittent so that a much less proportion of Blood passeth through the Heart in a sick then in a vivid healthy Man having quick equal and strong Pulsations And I most humbly conceive It is difficult to compute what quantity of Blood passeth through the Heart in several Ages Sexes Temperaments that it is not possible to give a true estimate of the Motion of the Mass of Blood in several Ages Sexes Tempers in what time it is certainly performed only this may be maintained as a great Truth that the current of Blood runneth more hastily through the Heart of healthy and strong Animals whose hearts are furnished with large solid Fibres The vital streams run more quick in the greater Cylinders of Arteries whose Trunks adjoyn to the Heart then in the smaller Channels seated in the Ambient parts at a great distance from the vital machine of Motion If any curious Person shall desire a farther account of the quick passage of the Blood through the Heart An argument to prove the quick Motion of the Blood through the various Blood Vessels and various arterial and venal Tubes into all parts of the Body it may be made clearly appear by the association of Blood with the Saline watry Particles which are carried by the Emulgent Arteries in great quantities into the Renal Glands wherein the serous Recrements are Secerned from the Vital Juice and transmitted by the Urinary Ducts Pelvis and Ureters into the Bladder so that if free Draughts of Wine or Ale be received into the Stomach they will be conveyed through the Mesenterick and Thoracick Milky Vessels into the Subclavian Veins where the potulent Matter mingleth with the Blood and is transmitted through the Vena Cava Right Ventricle Lungs and Left Chamber into the common Trunk of the Aorta and thence through the Descendent Trunk and Emulgent Arteries into the Kidneys so that the potulent Liquor is carried through several stages of various parts and Vessels in a great proportion and in a short time conveyed out of the Body Whereupon the serous part being but a small portion mixed with the Blood and transmitted with it through many Sanguiducts in great quantity in a very short space doth render it most conspicuous that the Blood hath a very hasty Current through the Heart and other parts of the Body And it may be farther evidenced by an Experiment The Motion of the Blood through the Vessels is very hasty that the streams of Blood running through the Chambers of the Heart and other Channels of the Body are very quick by opening the Carotide Artery in the Neck Whereupon the greatest part of Vital Liquor will be let out in a very short space The Blood consisting of innumerable fluid minute Bodies The Motion of the Blood is performed in different Channels of Veins and Arteries being in perpetual Motion runneth after the manner of a River in a constant Current out of the Cavity of the Heart by various Sanguiducts as so many Channels confining its streams as within Banks into all parts of the Body The Veins are the primary Ducts in which the Blood beginneth its Motion in the Womb in the Ambient parts of the colliquated Seminal Liquor The Motion of the Blood beginneth in the Veins enlivened by the heat of the Uterus where the Blood receiveth its first Formation in a rough draught and is afterward conveyed through a Vein formed out of the united Filaments of the Seed to the beating point of the first Rudiment of the Heart and is thence impelled through an Artery as another kind of Sanguiduct arising near the Heart to which it is united out of the Filamentous parts of the Seed conjoyned in a round Concave Figrâ—e after the manner of a Cylinder And when the Viscera and the other more Ambient parts of the Foetus by divers processes of Generation do arrive to greater and greater Maturity the Rivulets of Blood grow greater and the Cysterns of the Heart grow more ample and the various venal and Arterial Tubes become more numerous and enlarged The Origen of Venal Branches seated in the more remote parts from the Heart in a formed Embrio receive Blood The Blood doth not pass in an Embryo through the Lungs and import it out of the Vena Cava by a large Foramen endued with an Oval Figure into the Arteria Venosa and from thence into the Left Ventricle of the Heart And in a new born Infant when respiration is celebrated the current of Blood is diverted another way and passeth out of the Orifice of the Vena Cava into the Right Auricle and Ventricle from whence it is transmitted through the pulmonary Artery into the substance of the Lungs and then received into the Origens of the pulmonary Veins and afterward through the Left Chamber of the Heart into the common and Ascendent and Descendent Trunk of the Aorta and branches into the upper middle and lower Apartiments And afterward the Blood being discharged into the substance of all parts of the Body is brought back again by innumerable branches of Veins inserted into the Descendent and Ascendent Trunk of the Vena Cava into the Right Cistern of the Heart This rare Engine of Motion may truly deserve the Appellative of a noble and well contrived Blood-work consisting of Cisterns and Ducts in some sort resembling a Pump furnished with appendant Pipes This Machine of Motion hath its Cisterns filled with vital Liquor which is received into the Pores of many ranks of Fibres whereby they becoming swelled do approach more and more toward the Center and draw the Wall of the Ventricles close together which dashing against each other made by brisk Contractions of Fibres irritated by a plenty of rarefied Blood do by a strong Compression overpower the resistance of the Blood in the Ventricles and of the incumbent Blood contained in the Ascendent Trunk of the Aorta and Carotide Arteries Whereupon the Blood being forced as by a Pump out of the Ventricles into the Sanguiducts as out of Cisterns into appendant Pipes doth make a Current by pressing one part of the Blood after another which is not solely performed and acted by the impulse proceeding from the Systole of the Left Ventricle by reason the Arteries as consisting of many Coats made up of divers Fibres are endued with a pliable disposition and subject to be dilated by Blood injected into
Body through the Veins of the lower Limbs and Muscles and Viscera of the lowest Venter and through the ascendent Trunk of the Cava into the larger Cistern of the Right Ventricle of the Heart Perhaps some may object against this Hypothesis by reason the Valves are seated in the inside of the Veins to aid the progress of the Blood tending to the Heart lest it should make a retrograde Motion toward the Origens of the Veins To which I take the freedom to make this Reply that the Valves are not sufficient to make good the Ascent of the Blood The Valves of the Veins are not sufficient to make good the Ascent of the Blood toward the Heart through the ascending Branches and Trunk of the Cava and through the Branches of the Jugulars and descendent Trunk of the Cava when the impulse of the Blood caused by the Systole of the Heart and Arteries groweth faint in the Termination of the Carotide Arteries and Interstices of the Vessels of the Membranes and substance of the Brain so that when the Blood is received into the Veins at a great distance from the Heart it is necessary that that the slow Motion of the Blood toward the Heart should be hightened by the Cantractions of the circular Fibres encompassing the Veins seeing the Valves of the Veins do only hinder the Motion of the Blood toward the extremities of the Veins and are not able to promote it all along their less and greater Cavities ending in the Right Ventricle of the Heart In fine I cannot but admire and adore the infinite Wisdom of the Omnipotent Agent who hath mechanically contrived the Motion of the Blood by the great Apparatus of Organs in giving a constrictive power to the great Blood-work of the Heart and in several appendant Tubes of Arteries and Veins acted by various fleshy Fibres as so many Machines lessening the greater and smaller Cavities of the Heart and different Sanguiducts whereby the resistance of the Blood is countermanded by a strong Compression and its Flux and Reflux are maintained to and from the Heart to impart Life Heat and Nourishment to all parts of the Body The Motion of the Blood being a great instrument of the preservation of Humane Nature is consigned to many ends The production of Blood the generation of nervous Liquor and animal Spirits the depuration of the Blood in various parts of the Body and the formation of seminal Liquor in the Testicles The First and main end of the Motion of the Blood The main end of the Motion of Blood is Sanguification The manner of production of Blood is Sanguification which is produced by Chyle assimilated into Blood as more and more mixed with it in the Heart Lungs Arteries and Veins The manner how the Blood may be produced is this The Chyle being associated with Lympha in the common Receptacle is carried through the Thoracick Ducts into the subclavian Veins where it confederates with the Blood and is transmitted with it through the Cava into the Right Auricle and Ventricle of the Heart wherein it is dashed impetuously against its Walls by the strong Contractions of fleshy Fibres highly compressing the Chyle confused with the Blood and breaking it into small Particles and then the Chyle somewhat mingled with the Blood is carried through the greater Trunk and smaller and smaller Branches and capillary Arteries where the Chyle receiveth a greater Comminution which is made by a great Compression by reason in inspiration free draughts of Air are received into the Bronchia and Appendant Vesicles whereby they being much dilated do Compress the Sanguiducts and break the Chyle confederated with the Blood into smaller Particles then in the Right Chamber of the Heart and in expiration the Diaphragme being brought from a Plain to an Arch and the Ribs from Rigâ—t to more obtuse Angles do press down the Lungs whereby the cavities of the greater and smaller pulmonary Vessels are narrowed and the Chyle being in conjunction with the Blood is squeezed into small Particles as protruded first through the small Terminations of the capillary Arteries and straight Interstices of the Vessels and through the more minute Origens of the pulmonary capillary Veins Branches and greater Trunk into the Left Auricle and Ventricle of the Heart wherein the Chyle being more embodied with the Blood is farther beaten as by a Pestle into many minute Atomes against the sides of the Left Ventricle of the Heart and from thence the Chyle mingled with the Blood is carried through the numerous Divarications and minute extremities of Arteries and Veins wherein by their innumerable circular Fibres the Chyle receiveth greater and greater comminution till it is perfectly assimilated into Blood as making many circuits in an hour through the Heart Lungs Arteries Veins in which the Chyle in its progress with the Blood is more and more exalted by the elastick Atomes of Air in the Lungs and with spirituous and volatil saline Particles in its Converse with the vital Liquor till the Chyme receiveth its ultimate Disposition and Form The Second end of the Motion of the Blood The second end of the Motion of the Blood is in order to the generation of nervous Liquor and animal Spirits in the Cortex of the Brain The nobler part of the vital Liquor is impelled out of the common Trunk of the Aorta into its ascendent Trunk and from thence carried through the internal greater and less Carotide Arteries passing through the Membranes and inserted into the Cortical Glands of the Brain wherein the more delicate the albuminous part of the Blood is separated from the Red crassament and turned into animal Liquor inspired with exalted Spirits as it s more choice and refined Particles The Third end of the Motion of the Blood is its refinement from its Recrements in its passage through the Interstices of the Vessels or Glands The Third end of the Motion of the Blood lodged in the Muscles Viscera and Cutis The mass of Blood consisteth of two Essential parts the Red Crassament The constituent parts of Blood and albuminous Juyce associated with Lymphatick Bilious and potulent Liquor which are secerned from it by its motion through many different Glands as so many Colatories seated in different parts of the Body The Blood being impelled by many branches of Arteries into the substance of the Lungs and the minute Glands of the Muscles Spleen Liver wherein the Blood and Motion hath its Lympha secerned from its nobler Liquor and conveyed into the Lymhaeducts of the parts seated below the Diaphragma into the common Receptacle and into the Lymphaeducts of those above into the subclavian Veins The vital Liquor is transmitted out of the Left Ventricles of the Heart through the common and descendent Trunk of the Aorta and thence through the Caeliack Artery into the Stomack and Spleen and through the upper and lower Mesenterick Arteries into the Intestines afterward the Blood is re-conveyed from the Stomack Spleen
is not only exalted by gentle intestine Motion but more and more hightened by local too which is first of all performed in the seminal Liquor and as being a fluid Body cannot govern it self so that it is put under anothers dispose the covers of Membranes every way encircling it to confirm and secure it from extraneous Matter about these Membranes The Blood beginneth its first stage of Motion caused by the ambient heat of the neighbouring parts which colliquates the more spirituous portion of the seminal Liquor which becoming vital near the confines of it is afterward propagated in a gentle stream by channels cut through the viscide Matter uniting themselves in the Punctum Saliens as in a small Cistern so that the original of the Motion belonging to the vital Liquor is caused by extraneous heat without any impulse made from the Circumference to the Center from the outward part of the seminal Liquor adjoyning to the Amnion and Chorion passing through minute Ducts the first rudiments of Veins ending in the Vesicula Pulsans where by its tremulous Motion beginneth the first impulse of the Blood making Rivulets through different Channels of Arteries growing smaller and smaller toward the ambient parts of the seminal Matter whereupon this may be called the retrograde Motion of the Blood impelled by the Punctum Saliens from the Center to the Circumference But the first Motion springeth from the ambient parts of the colliquated Seed where the first rudiment of the Blood is discernible before the rough draught of the veins is made And when the Veins Heart Arteries Lungs of the Faetus are perfectly formed a greater current of Blood is transmitted out of the Vena Cava by the Foramen ovale in arteriam venosam and so conveyed into the Left Chamber of the Heart and thence impelled into the Trunk of the Aorta And after the Foetus is born it is receptive of greater proportion of Aliment which being concocted in the Stomach is afterward imparted to the mass of Blood which being highly increased inlargeth its territories and quitteth the Anastomosis with which the Vena Cava correspondeth with the venous Artery so that the Foramen Ovale being shut up after the Foetus is born the Blood hath a free access to the right Chamber of the Heart before uninhabited which being straightened by the contraction of fleshy Fibres throweth the stream of Blood into the pulmonary Artery which is thence conveyed by the Veins into the Left Ventricle and afterward by the mediation of the Ascendent and Descendent Trunks of the great Artery and their fruitful branches to all parts of the Body giving them Life and Heat which is primarily excited in the vital Liquor from the heat of the Vterus which reviving its faint innate Heat colliquates and more and more expandeth one part of the Infant Blood after another by raising its gentle flame by soft Motion The heat of the Blood is exalted by Motion toward the Vesicula Pulsans by whose repeated Motions the heat of the Blood groweth more and more exalted as the Heart becometh more perfect and abler to make more strong vibrations the chief instruments of vital heat to which I conceive the intestine Motion of the Blood may somewhat contribute as the sulphureous Particles have an inbred heat and constant volatil inclinations to their flight were they not inclosed within the confines of Channels and detained by groser parts of other Elements which are enobled by the warmth and subtilty of the Sulphureous spirits ever acting upon the passive Elements subduing and raising them to some greater degree of assimilation by intestine Motion which in some manner is productive of innate heat in the Blood which is hightened or depressed according to the greater or lesser intestine agitations of the volatil sulphureous Particles which would soon grow faint and extinguished were they not supported and advanced by the repeated Motions of the Heart Blood as well as other Liquors is constituted of sulphureous and saline Particles The various principles of the Blood as its integral parts whence it may be reasonably inferred that the Blood compounded of them must consist of several unequal parts some subtle others gross some volatil others fixed Whereupon the vital Liquor is more or less disposed to Fusion and Attenuation as the more Intense or Remiss heat acteth upon the various Elements of the Mass of Blood and colliquates and attenuates the more subtle and less fixed parts rendring them more and more spirituous by divers periods and progressions so that these highly attenuated and exalted Particles are Entituled Spirits by reason of their great subtilty and agility not as they were Bodies existing of themselves separate from the purer and volatil saline and sulphureous Particles with which the vital Spirits have great affinity and concur as integrals of the Blood as being its more noble subtle and active parts sustained and exalted by Motion and Heat which being deficient these spirituous parts of the Blood lose their vigor and activity as being condensed and coagulated with the other more gross and fixed parts which is most conspicuous in extravasated Blood as being soon destitute of Heat as well as Motion Having in some sort described the Motion of the Blood and Heat as an effect and consquent of it I conceive it proper now to render you some account of the composition of it as it may be diversly considered according to the several Liquors some being constituent or Elementary others Vehicles or Recrements of the Blood as to the first the Red Crassament is fraught with hot oily Particles and the albuminous Liquor is impregnated with more mild volatil Salt The disagreeing Airy Earthy Oily and Saline Principles are founded in the different Christalline and Purple Liquors which are associated with Lymphatick and Potulent Matter the divers Vehicles of the Blood and as they concur in fusion making up the mass of vital Liquor cannot incorporate with each other without Solution and Liquation and more particularly no Oily Matter can embody with a Saline except they receive a most exact comminution A Comminution is made of the various Elements of Blood by a brisk Motion against the sides of the Ventricles breaking them into small Particles in some liquid substance as a Menstruum or Vehicle which is very well accomplished in the Ventricles of the Heart by a brisk Motion of dashing the Blood against its walls caused by many impetuous vibrations made by the repeated Contractions of the strong Fibres of the Heart so that all the different Elements of the Blood when they are reduced to minute Particles consisting of divers Figures and sizes do meet with Pores in the different Liquor answering them in proportion and the Magnitudes and Figures of the Elementary Atomes and Pores of the Blood are so exactly modelled in a fit likeness so that the configured Particles are embodied with each other in a most strict and near union of mixtion And Lastly
the Heart but the Brain that a Fever doth not proceed from an inflammatory indisposition of the Blood or from its putrifaction or from an unnatural fermentation arising out of the Heterogeneous Elements of mixed Saline and Sulphureous Particles but from the sharp Spirits or Atomes of the nervous Liquor as it may be seen Parte Al era de Motu Animalium Pag. 460. Spiritus Ait ille seu succi nervei solito redditi acriores nervos cor irritantes sunt causae productivae primae immediatae excandescentiae febrilis This famous Author confirms his Opinion Pag. 466. Comprobatur ex febrili motu qui exoritur dum pus conficitur in pustulis ulceribus in quibus succi pravi pus efficientes fermentantes non per venas ad cor sed per nervos ad cerebrum traducuntur Quod suadetur ex eo quod Cor nihil fere afficitur a contactu similium succorum fermentatorum ut patet ex transitu puris pleuritici per Cor. Quare praedictus succus fermentatus pustularum qui valde mordicare nervos ibidem definentes potest facile veneficam suam qualitatem cerebro hinc Cordi commotionem communicare potest ejusque rithmum alterare febremque efficere to the beginning of the Paragraph that the fermenting Pus of Ulcers is not carried to the Brain by Veins but by Nerves which he after instances in a pleuritical Pus I take the boldness to speak this return that the terminations of the Nerves being very small or not capable to receive a purulent Matter which is gross and convey it through the straight Interstices of the Filaments to the Brain which is attended with a greater improbability by reason the constant Motion of the nervous Liquor from the Brain through the Nerves must necessarily resist the retrograde Motion of the Pus or else a contrary Motion of different Humors must be admitted at the same time in the same vessels which I humbly conceive implieth a Contradiction that the nervous Liquor should have a Flux from the Brain and the purulent Matter to it at the same time through the same Nerves About the middle of the said Paragraph the Renowned Author saith that the Heart is little or nothing affected with the passage of the Pus which is transmitted to the Right Ventricle by the veins of the Pleura and Cava and not by Nerves to the Brain and with deference to this Author that I am not of his Opinion because I have seen one Mr. Echins a Patient of mine afflicted with a great Fever and Faintness when in an Ulcer of the Lungs the purulent Matter was conveyed by the pulmonary Vein into the Left Ventricle of the Heart and from thence through the descendent Trunk of the Aorta Emulgent Artery Vein and Ureters into the Bladder and from thence excerned with the Urine through the Urethra so that I saw a great quantity of Pus setled with the Urine in the bottom of the Urinal Ingenious Borellus proceedeth to give a farther account how the nervous Liquor degenerates and becometh the cause of a Fever In fine Pag. 471. The Authors Opinion that a Fever doth proceed from a nervous Liquor stagnant in the Nerves by reason their terminations are shut up either by a quantity of Blood or viscous Matter obstructing the extremities of the Nerves Animadverto quod succi illi destinati at Nervis expellantur deponanturque in Glandulis fieri potest ut casu aliquo detineantur in eisdem Nervis obturatis nimirum meatibus ostiolis Nervorum in Glandulis desinentium ob plethoram vel ob gluten aliquod in eis contentum hi vero succi retenti in Nervis degenerare facile possunt fermentatione quadam in alienam naturam animali noxiam In this Paragraph he sheweth how the nervous Juyce being stagnant in the Interstices of the Nerves terminating into the substance of the Glands doth acquire an ill nature by reason the extremities of the Nerves belonging to the Glands are shut up as I conceive either by compression produced by a quantity of Blood lodged in the Glands in a plethorick Constitution or by some viscid Matter like Glue obstructing the terminations of the Nerves so that they cannot transmit the nervous Liquor into the Glands Whereupon it having lost its Motion groweth sharp which being granted the difficulty will yet remain how this ill nervous Juyce can be transmitted to the Brain which sendeth a perpetual Flux of Liquor first into the origens of the Nerves seated in the Cortex and from thence through the several Trunks and Branches to the Fibrils ending into the substance of the Glands so that this constant motion of the Liquor flowing from the fountain of the Brain in divers soft streams through the Interstices of the Filaments to the terminations of the Nerves doth hinder the reflux of Liquor from the extremities of the Nerves toward the Brain as I have more largely proved above Whereupon the stagnated acrimonious Liquor would with greater probability produce Convulsive motions in the tender compage of the Nerves to disburden themselves through this extremity into the body of the Glands rather then recoile by a contrary Motion through the Interstices of the nervous filaments into the Brain and by other Nerves be thence conveyed to the substance of the Heart and raise a Fever This Great Author to make good his Hypothesis This Author denieth a Fever to be derived from the effervescence of the Blood denieth a Fever to proceed from the fermentation or effervescence of the Blood whereby the Heart is not irritated to make frequent pulsations as he hath it much after this sense Parte Secunda de motu animal Pag. 446. Febris Ait ille non accenditur a sanguine alterato fermentatoque neque ob mordacitatem ejus Cor irritatum Febrilem excandescentiam efficit But by the leave of this excellent Author I humbly conceive that a Fever proceedeth from the unnatural intestine motion of the Blood as it is made up of different Liquors and Elements associating with the Nervous Chymous and serous Juyces and the animal Liquor comming from the Brain is transmitted through the Nerves into the substance of the Muscles and Glands of the Viscera and all other parts of the Body where its near part confederates with the Blood and if its Recrement is not conveyed into the Lymphaeducts the nervous Liquor groweth sharp and much disordereth the Crasis and due Fermentation of the Blood and disposeth it to a Fever If the Chyme being crude and not easy to be assimilated The indigested Chyme is a cause of a Fever meeteth with a mass of Blood too highly impregnated with sharp and sulphureous Elements ariseth an ebullition of the Blood oftentimes productive of a Fever The serous Particles of the Blood being watry and saline The watry and saline parts of the Blood incline to a Fever being too exuberant as not severed from the purer parts of the vital Liquor
out of the Left into the Trunk of the Aorta whence arise an Intermittent Pulse Lypothymies Syncopes and Palpitations caused by a quantity of Blood lodged in the Cisterns of the Heart threatning a Suffocation These sad symptomes are also attendants of an obstruction of the Heart produced by Caruncles growing in the Ventricles generated out of gross red Filaments of Blood united together in the form of Vessels interlined with reliques of the Red Crassament so that these concreted parts of Blood seem to resemble a fleshy substance which being adherent to the walls of the Ventricles made of fleshy Fibres do intercept their Contraction and give a great check to the motion of the Vital Liquor The Ventricles of the Heart are also liable to an Obstruction coming from a white Concreted Mucous Matter The Ventricles of the Heart obstructed by a Polypus The cause of a Polypus called a Polypus from the likeness it hath with a Fish in Figure The cause of it is as I humbly conceive the white Fibrous part of Blood which maketh a crust or clammy membranous substance when extravasated consisting of many long Threads somewhat resembling nervous Filaments which do much contribute to the Body and Compage of the Blood by which it Concretes when it hath lost its Motion and Heat as extravasated These oblong Filaments in an ill mass of Blood not wel attenuated do not wholly pass the Ventricles of the Heart and do stop while the more thin and Spirituous well attenuated parts of Blood do run into the Lungs so that by degrees the gross Fibrous parts do more and more associate and being Concreted do clog the Cavities of the Heart and sometimes through these Fibrous gross parts of the Blood having their Compage loose as not perfectly coagulated the more subtle and fluide pars of the vital Liquor do insinuate and make a Channel and make good the Circulation through the Right Ventricle into the Lungs and afterward by the access of new gross Fibrous parts the Filamentous passage is wholly closed up and the Polypus compleated filling up the Right Ventricle pulmonary Artery Vein and Left Ventricle If any Man shall doubt the truth of this Concretion of Blood in a Polypus Concreted Blood is made up of many White Filaments as being made up of many white Filaments or little Cells in which the serous and Red parts of the vital Liquor are lodged he may discover this Fibrous Contexture after the manner of a membranous Compage made up of open Fibres when the Blood is despoiled of its Red aray by frequent washings in fair water whereupon the white Filaments giving solidity to the Blood may be clearly discerned as also the many vesicles entertaining the Albuminous parts of the vital Juyce as so many small repositories making a kind of reticular Compage which is replenished with a Diaphanous and more light Liquor If a more deep inspection be made after the Ambient parts have been viewed into the more inward recesses of extravasated Blood where the concreted Particles grow Red the Fibrils may be seen interspersed with divers Sinus immuring the Red Atomes of Bloood and if a farther search be had into its lower Region it becometh hued with a Purple or deep Red beset with the ultimate production of more loose large vulgarly and improperly called Melancholick Blood And the whole extravasated Mass both in the bottom middle and crust or surface is intermingled with a concreted Serum coated with a pale Ash-colour somewhat resembling the White of an Egg And moreover if the extravasated Blood be highly inspected many oblong Appendices or Filaments may be seen passing through the whole Compage to which the numerous Vesicles containing the Serous and Red Particles of Liquor are appendant That the Truth of this Hypothesis may be farther illustrated The mass of Blood is Fibrous how all the parts of the Blood may be styled Fibrous in reference to its many Filmes beset with divers Sinus you may take a Polypus generated in the Left Ventricle of the Heart sometimes bespotted with Red specks and other times endued all over with a deep Red or Purple colour proceeding from the Red Crassament of Blood setled in many Vesicles or encompassed with divers thin Films A Polypus is also faced with a White Crust or high clammy Skin under which is seated a Red Concreted substance interlined with many Fibres resembling the Red parts of Blood I have seen a Third Polypus different from the former Another kind of Polypus which had its outward and interior Recesses clothed with White and its Ambient parts inclosed in a White Membrane which proceeded from the Serous or Chymous parts of the Blood severed from the Purple Particles which were composed of White Filaments and Vesicles containing a White Concreted Liquor making up the Body of the Polypus which clogged the Right Ventricle the pulmonary Artery Vein and Left Chamber of the Heart which I saw in the Heart of worthy Dr. Timothy Clarke one of His Majesties Physicians in Ordinary Dissected by Learned Dr. Walter Needham in the presence of renowned Dr. Croyden and Dr. Belvoir The Fibres of the Blood if diluted with Liquor An Experiment how to discover the nature of Blood as streaming out of the Vein and received into hot boiling Water grow less and if they be much boiled the Filaments of the Blood are conjoyned and coalesce into a thin Tunicle very much resembling that which encircleth the coagulated substance of a Polypus A Polypus flowing from the Chymous Serous A Polypus derived from various Matter or Red part of the Blood Concreted is more easily and commonly generated in the Trunks of the Vein and in the Right Chamber of the Heart then in the Arteries and Left Ventricle by reason the Blood after it is much divested of its thin and spirituous Particles expended in nutrition and transpiration in the habit and cutaneous parts of the Body and when a gross mass of Blood is confounded with Chyle in the subclavian Veins its White Fibrous Particles being precipitated by the contiguity of Heterogeneous Atomes are apt to coagulate in the Right Ventricle before the depauperated Blood mixed with crude Chyle is exalted and attenuated by the association of nitroaereal Particles in the substance of the Lungs The production of a Polypus holdeth some Analogy with that of the Stone of the Kidneys and other parts The similitude in the production of a Polypus with that of the Stone as the Stone is made up of divers thin Concreted Laminae closely conjoyned and lodged one above another The generation of a Polypus may in some manner resemble this of the Stone as it is a Compage integrated of many thin Filmes somewhat like the flakes of a Stone to which are appendant several Sinews containing Serous and Red Particles of Blood which being Concreted in the intermediate spaces of the Pellicles do increase the Body of the Polypus which is more and more
considering the great bulke of the Heart CHAP. XXIX Of the Hearts of Birds THe Hearts of Birds have great affinity with those of greater and more perfect Animals The Hearts of Birds are alike those of greater Animals both in Figure Situation Connexion and Substance as having fleshy tendinous and nervous Fibres as large as other Animals considering the proportion of their Body and the part of the Septum adjoyning to the Right Ventricle is smooth as for as any Prominency but the interior part of the Septum is Fibrous The Lungs and Aorta are furnished with Semi-lunary Valves which are open to give admittance to the Blood passing out of the Right Ventricle into the Lungs and out of the Left into the Aorta and on the other side these Semi-lunary Valves do hinder the regress of the vital Liquor out of the Lungs into the Right Chamber and out of the Trunk of the Aorta into the Left Ventricle of the Heart The Ingress or Orifice of the Right Chamber of the Heart hath no tricuspidal Valves which are found in great Animals but a fleshy Valve endued with a Semi-lunary Figure supplying their defect A fleshy Valve supplying the defect of the Tri-Cuspidal Valves in Birds and resteth straight upon the entrance of the Ventricle facing the Right Auricle and is open as giving a Reception to the Blood coming out of the Termination or Orifice of the Vena Cava into the Right Cistern of the Heart which being filled with Blood this Carnous Valve shutteth up the entrance of the Right Ventricle so close that the Blood cannot possibly recoil into the Orifice of the Vena Cava And though the Right Ventricle in one side seemeth smooth and plain yet the Left Chamber of the heart in Birds of a small size is every where fibrous and also furnished with fleshy Columns which are more prominent then the other Fibres as having greater Dimensions and the Left Ventricle is accomodated with mitral Valves so well contrived by Nature that the Blood cannot have any recourse into the Lungs when the Left Ventricle of the Heart is contracted which may be experimented by cutting of the Cone of the Heart and by injecting Water into the Left Cistern so that the mitral Valves are swelled and joyned close together whereby the entrance of the Lungs is so stopped that it hindreth the passage of the Water into the pulmonary Vein and forceth it all into the Orifice of the Aorta which treateth the Eye with a pleasant sight The Heart of a Goose is beautified with a kind of Pyramidal crooked Figure The Heart of a Goose which is flattish on each side and its Base leaneth toward the Right and its Cone toward the Left side which is connected to the Back by the interposition of the Vena Cava and Aorta And by reason in this and other Birds there is no Intersepiment passing between the Heart and Liver as in greater Animals and Fish The Cone of the Heart insinuates between the Lobes of the Liver which are hollowed in the inside with two Cavities to give reception to the Heart as within Sockets wherein it hath free play in its various alternate Motions The Heart of a Pidgeon The Heart of a Pidgeon is large if a regard be had to its small Body and is adorned with a Pyramidal Figure as well as other Birds its Base is connected to the Back by the mediation of the Vena Cava and Arteria Magna and its Cone is affixed by a Membrane to the Left Lobe of the Liver Learned Borichius saith the Heart of this Bird is seated in the middle of the Breast but with deference to this renowned Author I have seen in a Pidgeon which I have Dissected the Heart bending in its Base toward the Right and in its Cone toward the Left Side The same Author saith he discovered a little hole into which he immitted a Hogs Brisle which passed clean through the Septum of the Heart into the middle of the Left Ventricle Swans Eagles Bustards Estridges c. The Hearts of most Birds have their Base inclining toward the Right and their Apes toward the Left have one kind of situation of the Heart as the Cone pointeth toward the Left and the Base inclineth toward the Right Side The Apex also both in greater and smaller Birds is lodged in the Cavities as in cases made in the inside of the Lobes of the Liver for the Heart to play up and down in its Diastole and Systole The Left Auricle of the Heart of a Wild Duck as well as other Birds The Left Ventricle of the Heart of a Wild Duck. being opened is found to be composed of many lairs of fleshy Fibres lodged one within another †T. 15. F. 4. a a. And the mitral Valves †b b. may be seen in the Left Ventricle encompassing the Orifice of the pulmonary Vein hindring the refluxe of Blood out of the Left Ventricle into the Lungs The Heads of the Carnous Columns are Crowned with divers Branches of Ligaments †c c. implanted into the mitral Valves These Carnous Columns being beautified with a Pyramidal Figure †d d d d. have many Ligaments †e e. making their progress crosswise which fasten the many Columns to each other and keep them in their proper place CHAP. XXIV Of the Hearts of Fish THe Heart of a Porpess holdeth great Analogy with that of Man and Quadrupeds The Heart of a Porpesss The Pyramydal Figure of the Heart The Auricles of the Heart beset with ranks of Fibres interspersed with several Figures and is beautified with a pyramidal Figure beginning in a Base and with a pyramidal Figure beginning in a Base and terminating into a Cone it is endued with two Auricles one seated in the Right and the other in the Left Side and are furnished with many lairs of fleshy Fibres intersecting each other and interspersed with many Areae of divers Figures interceding the numerous Fibres The substance of this Heart is made up of many ranks of Carnous Fibres tied to each other by the mediation of Ligaments Membranes and Fibrous Branches to preserve them from starting out of their natural Situation in their constant and sometimes violent Contractions the Fibres besetting the Ambient parts are more small and grow greater and greater as they more and more approach the inward Recesses of the Heart This Fish also is like in its Heart to other more fleshy perfect Animals The Right and Left Ventricle adorned with fleshy Columns in reference to the Right and Left Ventricles which have many fleshy Columns adorned with a pyramidal Figure whose Bases are seated toward the tricuspidal and mitral Valves and their points toward the Cone of the Heart Out of the tops of the Columns do sprout many Ligaments which are inserted into the tricuspidal and mitral Valves encompassing the Orifices of the Vena Cava and pulmonary Vein The Extream of
Diaphanous and afterward grow opace as being rendred Yellow and afterward Brown or deeply Red which are Died with the vital Liquor hued with several Colours And I humbly conceive with Deference to this great Author That the heart of this admirable Animal The Membranous substance of the Heart is interspersed with carnous Fibres is not only made up of a Membranous substance but of fine carnous Fibres too besetting the Ventricle which is thereby contracted in its frequent Systole impelling the vital Juyce out of the Chamber of the heart into the entrance of the great Artery which being encircled with fine Membranous Valves doth intercept the retrograde current of Blood out of the Aorta into the Ventricle of the heart The hearts of most Animals end in a Conick Figure but in this not one Cone can be seen nor one continued Cylindrical Cavity may be discovered to be endued with equal Dimensions running through the White Body of the heart from one Extremity to the other The Heart hath many oval small Tubes like so many little Hearts but there may be found a Duct made up of many small oval Tubes which seem to constitute so many hearts mutually conjoyned giving assistance to each other in order to impel the vital Juyce into the origen of the Arteries The heart of an Ephemeron The Heart of an Ephemeron and other Insects as well as Silk-worms Bees Caterpillars Grashoppers Locusts and the like Insects are seated near the Back and hath a Ventricle beset with fine fleshy Fibres which make the Motion of the heart by their Contractions whereby the Liquor of Life is impelled out of the Ventricle of the heart into the Origen of the Aorta and from thence through many Arterial Divarications into all the parts of the Body CHAP. XXXI Of the Arteries of the Heart HAving spoke of the Heart and Blood it may be now methodical to discourse the Arteries and Veins as so many Membranous Cylinders exporting and importing Vital Liquor from and to the Heart The Arteries of the Heart are Trunks attended with smaller and smaller Branches and Ramulets as so many fine Tubes of different sizes transmitting Blood into the Heart Lungs and other apartiments of the noble fabrick of Humane Body The Heart is furnished with three Arteries the Pulmonary the Aorta The Arteries of the Heart and Coronary The first being inserted into the upper part of the right Ventricle hath its Orifice leading into the Lungs whose substance is adorned with numerous Divarications The Origen of the Pulmonary Artery is beset with Tricuspidal Valves The Orifice of the Pulmonary Arteries hindring the reflux of Blood out of the Lungs into the right Chamber The Aorta hath its Orifice placed about the left Ventricle The Orifice of the Aorta which first conveyeth Blood into a common Trunk which hath its first entrance guarded with Semilunary Valves to give a check to the Retrograde motion of the Blood out of the Aorta into the right Ventricle The Orifice of the great Artery is contrived with great Artifice lest the Blood conveyed with a brisk Impulse should be unequally distributed into the parts of the Body and therefore Nature hath made the Arterial Channels of Blood somewhat winding so that it cannot be transmitted with a rapid current into the Brain lest it should overflow it and destroy the Animal Functions by an Apoplectick Fit To obviate this destructive disease the All-wife Agent hath so ordered the Trunk of the Aorta not far distant from the confines of the Heart that the Rivulets of Blood should not be carried in a straight course but in a kind of Meander into the Axillary and Cervical Arteries And in the middle space between the left Ventricle and said Arterial Channels the great Artery taketh its progress with a Circumvolution that its crooked Angle might sustain the first brisk impulse of the Blood and divert the greater stream toward the descendent Trunk of the Aorta which else would be imported with great violence through the ascendent Trunk into the Carotide Arteries and make an inundation of the Brain The Coronary Artery sprouteth out of the Trunk of the Aorta The Coronary Artery immediately after it taketh its rise out of the left Ventricle of the Heart before it perforates the Pericardium and encircleth the Base of the Heart and transmitteth many branches toward the Cone especially in the left Side This Artery receiveth Blood out of the Trunk of the Aorta and transmitteth it into the substance of the Heart and chiefly toward its outward surface which is then discharged out of the Parenchyma of the Heart into the Extremities of the Coronary Veins and afterward into the Trunk of the Vena Cava and right Ventricle of the Heart If any be so curious as to make a search into the first formation of the Arteries I humbly conceive they are produced after this manner The first production of the Arteries The Vital Liquor receiveth its first Rudiment in the Seminal Matter wherein the most select part being Colliquated by heat doth separate from the more gross and not move promiscuously at large but is confined within proper Channels which first take their progress toward the rough draught of the Heart by whose motion it is impelled through the Retrograde Tubes which are the first origens of the Arteries as being produced out of the more clammy Particles of the Genital Matter concreted into Concave membranous Vessels importing Vital Juice into the ambient parts of the Seminal Colliquated Liquor to give it life and heat in order to the rough draught of the parts belonging to several Animals Arteries as to their Figure are Cylinders having oblong round concave bodies fitted for the reception and transmission of Vital Liquor from the Center to the Circumference from the Heart to the ambient parts of the Body Their substance is framed of numerous small nervous and membranous Filaments interspersed with fleshy Fibres closely conjoyned to each other The substance of the Arteries produced originally out of the more tensil and clammy parts of the Seminal Liquor These Fibres intersect each other in various postures some being right others oblique and a third transverse This Hypothesis of Fibres integrating this membranous Tube may be proved as I humbly conceive by reason if the Vessels were made of one continued concreted substance without the texture of various Filaments their Coats would not be distended with a quantity of Blood without Laceration So that the numerous minute Filaments being tough and flexible being of a firm pliable nature can give way and grow swelled by a large proportion of Liquor immitted into this membranous system of Fibres without any violation of their round minute Bodies The Compage of the Aorta The first Coat of the Aorta and its Branches is composed of four Coats The first and outward Tunicle is propagated from the Pleura in the middle Apartiment and from the rim of the
and Waters made of Scorby-Grass Water-cresses of the tops of Pine and Firr Millepedes Nutmegs infused in Mumme and after Distilled in it and new Milk which are often crowned with good success as being very efficacious to attenuate and sweeten a foul mass of Blood disaffected with gross Tartar and many thick Filamentous Particles and Filmes which are much rectisied by Antiscorbutick and Chalybeat methods of Physick CHAP. XXXIV Of the Veins relating to the Heart VEins of the Heart are oblong round concave Vessels importing Blood into the Right and Left Ventricles and the venal Tubes are different from those of Arteries because the first begin in Capillaries and go on in Ramulers and at last end in Trunks and are inserted into the Right and Left Cistern of the Heart and whereas the Arteries export Blood out of the Heart and begin in the Heart in large Orifices and great Trunks and make their progress in less and less Channels and do at last terminate into small Capillaries The Ventricles of the Heart are accommodated with the terminations of the Cava and pulmonary Vein the one being seated in the Right The Ventricles of the Heart are furnished with the Orifices of the Cava and pulmonary Vein and the other in the Left Side and the Body and surface of the Heart is furnished with numerous divarications of the coronary Vein The small Capillar origens of Radication and the lesser and greater Branches of Veins The Veins implanted into the Cava relating to all the inward and outward parts of the whole Body except those of the Porta and pulmonary Veins are implanted into the Ascendent or Descendent Trunk of the Cava which are conjoyned in one common Trunk terminating into the Right Ventricle into which as a common Cistern all the parts of the Body except the Lungs do discharge the numerous Rivulets of vital Liquor on the confines of the Right Auricle where the Ascendent espouseth a union with the Descendent Trunk of the Cava A Prominence arising in the Right Auricle of the Heart being ready to discharge its vital streams into the Right Auricle a Bunch or Prominence ariseth which is worthy our remark in the nature of a Damm giving a check to the stream of Blood passing in the descendent Trunk of the Cava and turneth it into the Right Auricle else the descendent leaning upon the ascendent Trunk would hinder the current of Blood passing upward toward the Heart And by reason there is greater danger in a humane Body placed in an erect posture therefore Nature hath made this bunch or prominence greater in Man then other Animals as Learned Dr. Lower my worthy Collegue hath most ingen iously discovered And farthermore The annular fleshy Fibres of the Cava lest the torrent of Blood being stopped in the adjoyning Cava by the contraction of the Right Auricle therefore the Vena Cava about its termination in greater Animals as Man and Bruits is encircled with annular fleshy Fibres to give the Vena Cava strength to prevent a Laceration when highly distended with a large torrent of Blood whose Current is much hastened when the circumference of the Cava is lessened by the contraction of these strong Fleshy Fibres So that the vital stream is injected as by a Syringe into the Right Auricle of the Heart and in the Vena Cava of Horses and other Beasts these muscular Fibres are very large and being strongly moved inward in a circular posture do narrow the compass of the Cava and squeeze the Blood with great force into the Cavity of the Right Auricle The small capillary extremities and greater fruitful divarications of the pulmonary Vein dispersed through the substance of the Lungs are all implanted into one Trunk which emptieth the torrent of Blood by a large Orifice into the Left Ventricle of the Heart The coronary Veins do shade the Heart with great variety of Branches encircling the Base and ascend toward the Cone these Veins begin in most numerous minute Capillaries and afterward are enlarged into greater and greater Branches The First production of Veins which are all implanted into one Trunk of the Cava The Veins The First production of Veins as I conceive have their principle of Generation after this manner the vital Liquor after it hath received its first Rudiment in the ambient parts of colliquated seminal Liquor doth separate it self from the other more gross viscid parts which are concreted on every side of the vital Liquor into a round membranous Tube in which the Blood is conveyed to the beating point and afterward maketh its retrograde Motion from a rough draught of the Heart not confusedly transmitted through the inward seminal Recesses but is transmitted by other Tubes formed on each side of the Blood of the more gross genital juyce coagulated by Heat into membranous Cylinders conveying the gentle stream of Blood from the circumference of the melted Seminal Liquor And it being granted that the parts of Blood being near akin do espouse a confederacy in their first formation and affecting Motion as their great preservation and complement do by their heat and spirit separate the more faeculent adjacent parts of the seminal Liquor which is coagulated on each side of the Blood into round oblong Tunicles through which as so many Channels the Blood is first conveyed by Veins from the circumference of the seminal Liquor to the Center and then from the beating point the origen of the Heart it is carried in by a retrograde Motion by other Tubes as Rudiments of Arteries into the ambient parts of Crystalline Liquor in which the Plastick power doth reside which is an efficient cause of the first production of all parts of the Body The Veins of the Heart are endued with a substance common to all veins of the whole Body The substance of the Veins which is for the most part Membranous as capable of Distention without any Laceration which else would happen were they not accommodated with variety of membranous Fibrils The substance of the Veins is thinner then that of Arteries The Coats of the Veins The outward Coat and is made up of two Coats only the outward may receive the appellative of Common as taking its rise from the neighbouring parts in the middle apartiment from the Pleura and in the lowest from the rimm of the Belly and are not invested with this Coat when they make their Ingress and are branched through the substance of the Viscera The frame of the outward Coat of the Veius This Tunicle is framed of many small Fibrils running in variety of positions whereupon this outward Coat is receptive of Distention without prejudice to its Compage The Second Coat of the Veins may be stiled proper The inward Coat of the Veins made up of various Fibrils which is its inward Tunicle composed of threefold Fibres rarely interwoven of which some are right others oblique and a Third Transverse and though
of the Veins may proceed also from a crude Chyme Obstructions of the Veins coming from a crude Chyme mixed with Blood obstructing them in which it is sometimes concreted which I have seen in the pulmonary Vein obstructed with a White coagulated substance wholly intercepting the Current of Blood in the Lungs toward the Left Ventricle of the Heart This Disaffection may be cured before it cometh to a hight by prescribing a thin Diet of easy â—igestion which maketh a well concocted Chyle and attenuateth the mass of Blood which is effected also by purging Antiscorbutick Diuretick and Chalybeat Medicines refining the Blood and preparing good Ferments for the Stomach consisting in the more mild Particles of the Blood and good nervous Liquor associated in the glandulous Coat of the Stomach and conveyed into its Cavity by proper Ducts or Pores Another Disease of the Veins cometh by their Compression The Compression of the Veins whereby their Cavities are lessened by the neighbouring parts which frequently happeneth in very corpulent persons whose lumps of Fat adjoyning to the Veins do highly retard the motion of the Blood rendring the pulsation of the Heart very slow whereupon all the Body becometh Languid by want of a due supplement of vital Liquor A gross habit of Body surcharged with over much Fat as lessened by spare Diet and constant exercise and proper Purgatives and Diet-drinks which give an allay to the excessive oily Particles of the Blood the Materia Substrata of Fat which are extravasated sulphureous Atomes of vital Liquor concreted in proper Receptacles The Compression of the Veins derived from the Tumor of the adjacent parts which is much alleviated if not cured by Bleeding Another Disease denoting Bleeding to which the Veins are incident by Compression may be deduced from the tumors of adjacent parts to the Veins as from the inflammation of the Musculous Psoas which bordering upon the ascendent Trunk of the Vena Cava doth narrow its Cavity and hinder the free recourse of the Blood to the Heart in like manner all Inflammations of the Viscera do hinder in some degree or other the refluxe of Blood toward the Center This Disease denoteth Bleeding as it floweth from a quantity of Blood setled in the Interstices of the Vessels by reason the opening a Vein doth lessen the quantity of Blood and diverteth the course of it from the part affected whereupon it is most readily relieved by taking away the Tumor so that the neighbouring Veins are freed from Compression and regain their proper use and liberty of transmitting Blood toward the Heart A Disaffection of this kind may proceed from the great distention of the Womb caused by a great Faetus compressing the Iliack Branches A Cempression of the Iliack Veins and the ascendent Trunk of the Cava in the time of Gestation The cause of the Tumors called Varices Venarum and the ascendent Trunk of the Vena Cava whereby the ascent of the Blood toward the Center is very much hindred producing a languid Pulse in the Heart and Arteries And on the other side the Veins are not lessened only by the Compression of the adjacent parts but dilated too by a gross mass of Blood making Varices to which the Veins of the Tibiae are very much incident whence Knots and Tumors arise in small Veins from a quantity of Faeculent Blood stagnant in some parts of the Veins whereupon they grow sometimes very much distended from the Knee to the Ankle-bone which giveth a great discomposure in walking In this case a straight Stockin may be used and astringent Plaisters prescribed and in some Varices the Tumors may be opened after Ligatures have been above and below the swellings and proper Medicines endued with astringent qualities may be applied As Learned Paraeus hath advised in Lib. 12. De Ulceribus Fistulis c. Cap. 20. P. 390. Cum multi Varices varie impliciti in crucibus existunt thromboso saepe resiccato sanguine tument doloremque faciunt qui incessu Compressione exacerbatur Ejusdem Varices scalpello divisa vena aperiendi sunt Compressione sursum deorsumque facta sanguis ille exp rimendus atqué vacuandus And addeth afterward at the end of the Chapter Peracto opere vid. incisione varicis adstringens medicamentum vulneri vicinisque partibus imponitur neque nisi exacto triduo circa vulnus quicquam movetur Caetera deinde quae reliquis communia sunt peraguntur Tumors also arise in many parts of the Body Tumors in the Body deâ—ived from the laceration of Veins as in the Membranes Muscles and Viscera produced from a large quantity of Blood flowing from the laceration of Veins upon great Contusions in this case a Vein is proper to be opened and a quantity of Blood let out to divert the current of Blood from the swelled bruised part Inflammations also proceed from a large proportion Inflammations proceeding from a quantity of Blood coming from the obstructed Origens of the Veins in which case Bleeding is good or the grossness of extravasated Blood lodged in the substance of the solid parts whereupon they grow distended by reason the Origens of the Veins are either obstructed by some crass Matter or as too small to give reception to the thick melancholick Purple Liquor In this case also Bleeding freely is very good and safe and afterward cooling Juleps to contemper the hot mass of Blood and take away the Symptomatick Fever which is an attendant of Inflammations and I am here very concise in the Cure of this Disease because I have advised in it more largely heretofore CHAP. XXXVI Of the Blood-Vessels of other Animals THE Blood-Vessels of other perfect Animals hold great Analogy with those of Man The Blood-Vessels of perfect Animals are very like those of Man both above the Heart in the ascendent Trunk of the Aorta and its great Branches of Subclavian Axillary and Carotide Arteries of the Brain and also in their Associates the descendent Trunk of the Vena Cava the Subclavian Axillary and Jugular Veins answering the Carotide Arteries of the Brain And not only the Sanguiducts of other Animals observe a great likeness with those of Man above the Heart but below it too in the descendent Trunk of the great Artery and the ascendent Trunk of the Vena Cava and their Intercostal Phrenick Mesenterick Emulgent Spermatick Iliack Hypogastrick Crural Branches of Arteries and Veins In Fish the pulmonary Arteries and Veins are deficient The pulmonary Vessels are wanting in Fish and are supplyed with the Sanguiducts of the Gills and are supplied with numerous Branches and divarications of the Blood-vessels seated in the Gills which are substituted by Nature for the passage and refinement of the Blood instead of the Lungs In Fish the Subclavian Axillary and the Crural Arteries and Veins are wanting by reason they are destitute of Lungs In Insects these Arteries and Veins are not only deficient The Insects have
up the Cavity of the Breast in time of Inspiration This Hypothesis is very highly made good by Learned Mr. Boyles most excellent Experiments in his well contrived Machine wherein the minute Animals died when the greatest part of Air was drawn out by art Whereupon it may be reasonably deduced that Air endued with such degrees of thinness and grosness beyond which on each side it is rendred unfit for Respiration As to the thinness of it an evident Experiment is given by the said Experiment of the most Ingenious Author in which the most part of the Air being exhausted out of an Air-pump so that almost nothing but Aether remained as divested of the Particles of Air for the most part so that its reliques lost their Elastick power and are made uncapable of Motion into the greater and lesser Cylinders of Air in order to Respiration CHAP. LII Of the use of Respiration THE Lungs being in it self a Compage consisting of variety of Organs is attended also with many neighbouring parts assistant to its several motions as being a noble as well as useful Machine of Air ministerial to Respiration the great preservative of Life This excellent operation of Breathing is consigned by Nature to variety of uses as it is made up of divers alternately repeated acts of Inspiration and Expiration consisting in the various motion of Air playing to and fro in the Diastole and Systole of the Lungs The inspired Air is profitable to Smelling Tasting and to the local motion Fermentation and mixture of the Blood with the Chyme as also to the motion of the Chyle and Lympha The Expired Air is conducive to Speech Voice Coughing Sneezing and Spitting and the Air being detained in the Lungs doth promote the excretion of Urine and grosser Excrements and also facilitates the Birth of Children The Antients have conceived the use of Respiration was only to cool the Blood The use of Respiration is to cool the Blood but if we well consider how Nature is supported in its vital flame of Life we shall find the Blood by which it is maintained to have a greater need of Heat then Coolness to make good its local Motion and Fermentation Hippocrates the Great Master of our Art did attribute a necessity to Respiration in reference to conserve Life saying that we can live some time without the entertainment of Aliment but we cannot continue our Life many moments without constant Draughts of Air immitted freely into its greater and less Tubes to spin out the thread of Life by frequent repeated acts of Respiration whose necessity chiefly appears in preserving the circulation of the vital Liquor It is a received Opinion that Respiration is ordained by Nature Another use of Respiration is to transmit Blood through the Lungs for the transmission of Blood through the Lungs from the Right to the Left Chamber of the Heart And I most humbly conceive that the Grand Architect hath made such a multitude of Divarications of Arteries and Veins propagated through the whole Compage of the Lungs to convey the stream of Blood as through different Channels from one ventricle of the Heart to the other to promote the circuite of Blood through the Lungs which is very much assisted by the contraction of them in expiration compressing the Arteries and Veins whereupon it is squeezed out of the Terminations of one into the Origens of the other Hence a reasonable account may be given of strangled Persons either Hanged Drowned or Suffocated by a large quantity of serous Liquor falling from the numerous conglobated salival Glands of the Tongue Palate and adjacent parts into the Wind-pipe and its smaller Cylinders intercepting the current of Air and mass of Blood through the Lungs which compress the Blood-vessels by their weight as narrowing and closing their Cavities so that they are not receptive of vital Liquor which maketh a stagnancy of Blood in the substance of the Lungs and Right Ventricle of the Heart as Learned Dr. Harvey discovered in a hanged Felon as he writeth in his Epistle to Riolan Se in cadavere humano noviter strangulato auriculam Cordis dextram pulmones sanguine plurimum distentos atque infarctos reperisse testatur That this Hypothesis may be clearly understood Dr. Croon's Experiment to proâ— the Air to assist the motion of Blood how much the inspired Air concurreth to the motion of the Blood I will propound some experiments The First shall be that of most ingenious Dr. Croon my worthy Collegue when Professor of Gresham Colledge before the Learned Fellows of it who so strangled a Pullet that the least spark of Life did not seem to remain and afterward some Air being immitted by Art in the Mouth and Wind-pipe the Pullet revived by virtue of inspired Air giving a new motion to the stagnated Blood in the Lungs Another Experiment I will make bold to propound Another Experiment at the Colledge of Physicians of a Dog opened alive in the Theater of the Colledge of Physicians London That when the Intercostal Muscles and Diaphragme were wounded and the currents of Air stopped in relation to its motion into the Lungs the pulsations of the Heart grew very faint and almost wholly ceased whereupon the Nosel of a Bellows being put into the Mouth of the dying Dog he presently revived at the immission of Air into the Lungs and the Heart was restored to more vigorous pulsations which continued some time as long as Air was injected by Art into the greater and less branches of the Wind-pipe Another Experiment was shewed by my worthy Friend Dr. A Third Experiment of Dr. Gudlter Needham at Gresham Colledge Gualter Needham a Learned Fellow of the Colledge of Physicians London at Gresham Colledge before the Honourable and Learned Mr. Boyle and many other Fellows of the said Society The Experiment was acted upon a Dog hanged which being opened his Heart seemed to be free from all Motion whereupon most ingenious Dr. Needham immediatly put a Pipe into the Thoracick Duct and injected Air immediately into it whereupon the Heart and Blood recovered their motion so that the Air mixed with the Blood did speedily render it fluid and did sollicite the vital Liquor stagnant in the Right Ventricle of the Heart and Lungs to a new motion and progress And in great difficulty of breathing Bleeding relieveth Respiration in a Squinancy even almost to suffocation in Squinancies and inflammations of the Lungs a free mission of Blood being celebrated by opening a Vein with a free hand the vital Liquor setling in the substance of the Lungs doth acquire a renewed circulation by freeing them partly from their load and by having the Tubes of Air more open as released from their compression lately produced by stagnancy of Blood in the substance of the Lungs Upon this account Men executed Persons hanged have been restored to Life by Bleeding having been immediately let blood freely have been restored to Life by making good the
of the capillary internal Jugulars are not capable to receive it whence arise greater or less tumors of the Membranes by the undue detention of more or less Blood stagnant in the Interstices of the Vessels And furthermore the several Sinus of the Brain are then overcharged with so great quantities of Vital Liquor when the more minute Chanels of the Jugulars below are not sufficient to admit the great plenty of Blood transmitted to them Of which be pleased to take this instance A Gentleman of Quality of a Plethorick constitution in the flower of his age An instance of an Inflammation of the Coats of the Brain taking too great a freedom in the larger draughts of ill Wine fell into a dangerous continued Fever accompanied with a fierce Erysipelas signified in prodigious Tumors full of Blisters and Pimples in the Neck and Face and the Eye-lids so tumified that he was wholly blind and in this extremity he sent for a Chymist as I conceive a better Operator then Physician more skilled in the preparing then due administration of Medicines who giveth him a Purgative in the hight of his Disease A strong Purgative not good in an Inflammation of the Head which worked freely with him and strangly discomposing him brought him a great Stupor upon which he was deprived of Sense and Speech a small time after the working of the Purgative Nature labouring under a double violence of a Medicine and a Disease whereupon his Friends sent to me to visit the Patient desperately sick and finding by their observation that the swelling of his Face and Neck suddenly fell with the loss of his Sense and Speech upon the plentiful operation of the Medicine I had reason to believe that the Blood before stagnant in the Face and Neck moving from the Circumference to the Center had a speedy recourse from the ambient parts by the external Jugulars into the descendent Trunk of the Cava and was thence transmitted through the right Ventricle and Lungs into the left Ventricle of the Heart and from thence imported by the ascendent Trunk of the Aorta and internal Carotide Arteries into the Membranes and substance of the Brain in so great a quantity that it intercepted by compressing the Fibres of the Brain the influx of the Animal Spirits into the Nerves the instruments of Sense Motion and Language proceeding from the stagnation of Blood whence also arose a great redness and tumor of the Membranes of the Brain whereupon I immediately ordered the Neck being swelled a Vein to be opened in the Arm a large Orifice to be made for the freer emission of gross Blood to quicken its motion from the Head towards the Heart and some hours after I repeated the Blood-letting and ordered Cupping-Glasses to be applied with deep scarifyings but all in vain as being not able relieve the Patient with Bleeding and the best Cephalick Medicines both inwardly taken and outwardly applied the Patient being a worthy Person I hope through God's mercy he most happily exchanged his lower station for a better above And in a decent time after his departure I ordered an expert Chyrurgeon to take off his Scalpe and Skull where I found underneath all things answer our expectation and out of the third Sinus immediately gushed out a Rivulet of Blood and all the Capillary Arteries which are so small naturally that they can be hardly discerned were here very large and conspicuous in the Dura and Pia Mater which were most prodigiously swelled and inflamed to the admiration of the Beholders the Blood being setled in the Spaces between the Vessels in so great a plenty that the Veins were not able to discharge it And the Sinus were surcharged with so much Blood that the Jugulars below were not in a capacity to employ them Whence is derived an Inflammation of the Coats of the Brain above the course of the Blood being intercepted in the Veins below they being not sufficient to reconvey it out of the substance of the Membranes whence the Blood stagnating doth lose its Tone and its Compage growing loose the Cristalline part doth separate from the Red Crassament and turning corrupt doth degenerate into a Purulent Matter the immediate subject of an Abscess which being affected with a kind of Caustick quality corrodeth sometimes the Dura and other times the Pia Mater which being Perforated determineth in Ulcers affecting the Cortex and substance of the Brain accompanied with a Stupor and Sopor the fore-runners of a fatal Apoplex And farther It may be conceived and not altogether without reason that the Coats of the Brain are the subject of the Epilepsy as they are the Organs of Sense and Motion and as they are endued with a great number of Nervous Fibres with which the most part of the substance of the Membranes of the Brain is composed and are dispersed all over it And these Coats do not only invest the Brain but insinuate themselves into the inward Recesses and Fissures of it and the Cerebellum whereupon the Animal Liquor being infected with Nitro-Sulphureous and other malignant Particles passing into the numerous Fibres of the Membranes of the Brain do highly irritate those tender Sensitive Filaments putting themselves upon various inordinate and convulsive motions in order to discharge the noisome Epileptick Matter that so greatly offendeth them and the Membranes not only investing the Cortex but also the Medullary Processes being highly contracted do compress the Brain and hinder the entercourse of the Animal Liquor and Spirits disturbing the sensitive and nobler Intellectual Operations and do also being hurried with violent concussions draw the appendant Nerves into consent affecting them and the Muscular parts with most fierce and Convulsive Motions most terrible to behold The Cephalalgia or Pain of the Head is seated principally The description of the Pain of the Head if not wholly in the Dura and Pia Menynx and may be as I conceive defined a troublesome sensation of the numerous minute Fibres integrating the Membranes of the Brain flowing from the solution of the Continuity And according to the greater or less extent is called Universal or Particular Universal when all parts of the Membranes are affected and Particular called Hemicrania when one side of the Head or the Sinciput or Occiput are molested And in the Cephalalgia I shall give you a short History of the parts affected the Essence Causes and Differences As to the subject of it it is chiefly found in the Nervous Fibres of the Membranes of the Brain which being endued with acute sense do easily suffer pain proceeding from some disproportioned object wherein the Fibres are over-much extended with Matter is so highly contracted and as it were convulsed with acid Saline Particles causing a violation of the continuity of the Nervous Filaments composing the Coats of the Brain So that wheresoever pain doth arise in the Nervous parts the Ratio formalis of it consisteth in this That the Animal Spirits being
Blood being impelled through the pulmonary Artery into the substance of the Lungs where as I humbly conceive it receiveth the Tincture of a Liquor distilling out of the nervous Fibres implanted into the Bronchia Vesicles and Coats of the Arteries of the Lungs and afterward the Blood being meliotated with nervous Liquor is received into the extremities of the pulmonary Veins and transmitted into the Left Ventricle of the Heart wherein it is farther hightened by a Juyce coming out of the Fibres ending into the inward Coat of the Left Sinus from whence it is thrown first into the common and then into the ascendent Trunk of the Aorta whose outward Coat is encircled with many divarications of Nerves inserted into the inward Recesses of this great Artery so that the Blood passing through it and the carotide Arteries is embodied with a choice Liquor dropping out of the terminations of nervous Fibrils and afterward imported into the Cortex of the Brain as a Systeme of many small Glands in which is made a percolation of the vital Liquor by severing the more mild part from the Red Crassament This gentle Liquor is exalted by the volatil Salt of the Brain and is mixed with nitrous elastick Particles of Air First imparted to the Blood in the Lungs and afterward conveyed with it through the Heart and the ascendent Trunk and carotide Arteries into the Cortex into which also the Air received by the Nostrils is carried through the Os spongiosum into the Ventricles of the Brain and through the porous parts of various Processes into the ambient parts of the Brain where the Air embodieth with the serous parts of the Blood secerned from the Purple Liquor in the substance of the Cortical Glands and highly improveth it with its active nitrous elastick Particles very much enobled with aethereal minute Bodies derived from the Caelestial Influxes of the Sun and other Planets so that this exalted spirituous Liquor is first generated in the Cortex of the Brain from whence it is transmitted into the Origens of numerous Fibrils taking their rise in the Cortical Glands and afterward propagated by many minute Fibres through the various Processes of the Brain to the Trunks of the Nerves First appearing about the Medulla oblongata and then the Animal Liquor is carried between the Filaments of greater and less branches of Nerves into all parts of the Body to give them Sense Motion and Nourishment of which I intend now to give a brief account The Parenâ—hyma of the Viscera and Muscular Parts chiefly made up of greater and smaller Vessels consisting of Trunks and many Branches Ramulets and Capillaries of Blood-vessels and Plexes and Fibres of Nerves Lymphaeducts and also Membranes which are fine Contextures composed for the most part of numerous Fibrils curiously interwoven interspersed with many Branches of various Sanguiducts The Blood is impelled out of the terminations of the Arteries The manner how Nutrition is performed into the spaces running between the Vessels wherein its more mild and cristalline part embodies with a fine Liquor distilling out of the extremities of the Nerves so that the greatest part of the Blood being mixed with the nervous Juyce in the Interstices of the Vessels insinuates it self through the minute Pores of the Coats relating to the Vessels and Fibres of Membranes so that the Atomes of the Succus nutricius agreeing in shape and size with the Pores of the Coats of the Vessels and other Membranes is carried into their most inward Recesses where it groweth more solid and by a kind of accretion uniteth it self to the body of the Vessels and Membranes and becometh one entire substance with them which is called Assimilation chiefly acted by nervous Liquor inspiring the serous parts of the Blood with Animal Spirits giving a power to the Succus nutricius fitly to accresce and configure it self to the unequal inward surfaces of the lank solid parts by replenishing their spaces rendred empty by the heat of the Blood opening the Pores of the Body and breathing out constant Effluvia CHAP. XXXVIII Of the Animal Spirits HAving Treated of the Animal Liquor I deem it methodical to give you an account of the Animal Spirits the more refined Particles of the nervous Juyce generated in the Cortex And indeed nothing I think conduceth more to the knowledge of the admirable Fabrick and use of the Cortex and all other Processes of the Brain then in some sort to be master of the subtle notion of the Animal Spirits These great Ministers of State by which the Souls Glorious Empress of this Microcosme giveth her Commands to the rational Function as the more noble and to the Sensitive as her meaner Subjects That we may more methodically proceed in the curious scrutiny of the intricate Nature of the Animal Spirits The parts of this Discourse relating to the Animal Spirits I make bold to propound these Five Remarkables to you The place of the Brain wherein they are conceived The Matter of which they are generated The manner how they are propagated The Subject in which they reside and act and the uses of them As to the place in which they have their first Conception The seat of the Animal Spirits there is a great controversy among the Masters of our Art some placing it in the Plexus Choroeides others in the Ventricles a Third in the Glandula Pinealis A Fourth in the external Arteries And a Fifth in the substance of the Brain Galenus sanguinem e corde prolatum The seat of the production of Animal Spirits is the Rete Mirabile according to Galen in reti mirabili fieri animalem asserit e quo effundatur in Ventriculos This minute Plexe of the Rete mirabile cannot furnish Blood enough it being composed of small Carotides to supply the Brain with so large a proportion of Animal Spirits as are requisite to irradiate the great Orb of the Brain and the numerous Nerves springing out of it Other eminent Physitians place it in the Plexus Choroeides Others place it in the Plexus Choroiedes conceiving the Animal Spirits to be elaborated in it which if true doth suppose a separation of the serous parts of the Blood producing the Animal Spirits from the Red Crassament but the contrary is very evident to Sense and Incision being made into the Plexus Choroeides Blood immediately gusheth out tinged with a perfect Red no way inclining to an Albuminous Colour the true hue of the nervous Liquor plainly discernible in the substance of the Brain of Fishes and Birds whose Brains upon Incision are bedewed freely with Animal Juyces distilling out of the wounded Fibrils of the Brain Regius Others place their Generation in the Ventricles of the Brain Mercatus Laurentius Riolanus and many Arabian Physitians place the generation of the Animal Spirits in the Ventricles those meaner chambers of the Brain Laurentius speaking of the Animal Spirits Fit itaque in plexibus tantum praeparatio in ventriculis
Womb. which is very improper seeing the Atrabilian Humor is not first generated in the Womb which is only occasional in point of an ill mass of Blood produced by the suppressed purgation of the Menses whereupon the vital Liquor groweth degenerate as being depressed with gross saline and sulphureous Particles which being associated with the Blood imparted by the carotide Artery into the substance of the cortical Glands doth make an ill nervous Liquor the vehicle and ground of the Animal Spirits And as to the Spleen it is vulgarly apprehended to be the subject of the Atrabilarian Humors The Spleen by divers is apprehended to be the subject of Atrabilarian Humors commonly called Hypocondriacal Melancholy by reason of the Blood being filled with many Faeces is not depurated in the Glands of the Spleen whereupon the Ferments of the Blood are spoiled and being carried with it into the substance of the Brain doth produce an impure Animal Liquor vitiating its more volatil Particles commonly styled Spirits causing a melancholick distemper Sometimes this sad Disease is conceived to be propagated from all the apartiments of the Body as in a Scorbutick habit wherein the mass of Blood hath lost its tone and bounty as being tainted with gross saline and sulphureous parts which are not severed from the vital Liquor in the various colatories of Blood the Spleen Liver Kidneys consisting of numerous Glands the systems of innumerable and various vessels the secretories of the vital Liquor from several kinds of Recrements especially as being saline and sulphureous which being not separated from the mass of Blood have a recourse to the Brain and defeat the production of good nervous Liquor and Spirits the ground of this Atrabilarian Malady This Disease sometimes proceeds from a sanious Matter in the Left Ventricle of the Heart An observation according to the said Case This Disease sometimes ariseth from a sanious and mucous Matter in the Left Ventricle of the Heart and from the Gangreen of the Liver and Spleen and from the jugular Veins full of adust black Blood A Servant of a Merchant labouring under a melancholick affection was so afflicted with a deep sadness that she perpetually wished for death always treating her self with Sighs and Tears After death the Head being opened and the Coats taken off the veins of the Brain appeared full of black Blood and the Right Ventricle of the Brain was discovered to be stuffed with Blood made up of many concreted Filaments and in the Left Ventricle was lodged a quantity of sanious mucous Matter And afterward the Thorax being opened and the Heart Dissected a quantity of black Blood gushed out and the Lobes of the Lungs were livide and being opened a sanious corrupt Matter distilled out of their substance And the lower Apartiment being laid open the convex part of the Liver was discoloured with a livide hue and the middle of the Spleen was defaced with a blewish colour about the surface and its more Interior Recesses being inspected were found to be of a laudable colour and substance This dreadful Malady sometimes proceedeth from black corrupt Humors Melancholy sometimes cometh from corrupt Humors in the Stomach lodged in the bosom of the Stomach attended with a Scirrhus of the Pylorus and a Scirrhus of the Mesentery of which some part is concreted into a hard strong substance A person of Honour being endued with a cholerick Constitution An Instance of this Case and of a thin habit of Body found a great weight in the bottom of his Stomach attended with faetide Belchings and much Flatus making a noise in its passage found the Intestines and distensions of the Hypocondres accompanied with great Fear and Sadness and deep Thoughts and a weakness of the Animal Faculty and after a proper course of Physick had been administred to satisfy all Indications according to Art nothing proved successful in this desperate Disease And after he had yielded to Fate his Body being Dissected and the distended Stomach being opened in the bottom of it was seen a black corrupt Matter resembling Ink and the Pylorus was found to be Scirrhous shutting up the passage out of the Ventricle into the Guts And the Mesentery was discerned to be also Scirrhus and some part of it was concreted by a lapidescente Juyce into a hard Matter somewhat like Stone And a melancholick distemper of the Brain may take its rise from menstruous Blood debased by gross saline and sulphureous Particles when the natural Channels are stopped in the Uterus Melancholy flowing from the obstruction of the Vterus so that it cannot be discharged monthly by the Cavity of the Body and Vagina of the Womb so that the terminations of the Spermatick and Hypogastrick Arteries carrying Blood into the substance of the Uterus and the secret Meatus leading into the bosom of the Womb being obstructed the vital Liquor is received into the Spermatick and Hypogastrick Veins and transmitted through the ascendent Trunk of the Vena Cava into the Right Ventricle of the Heart and from thence through the Blood-vessels of the Lungs into the Left Chamber of the Heart and conveyed afterward through the common and ascendent Trunk of the Aorta and Carotide Arteries into the substance of the Cortical Glands wherin the Blood tainted with a fermentative and Atrabilarian Disposition and not discharged by the Uterus doth take off the purity of the nervous Liquor and Animal Spirits and deprave the upper and lower Animal Functions often attended with deep sad and despairing imaginations highly torturing the unquiet minds of Patients as fancying themselves Eternally unhappy An Instance may be given of this case in a Gentlewoman committed to my care of a Sanguine Constitution who walking in the Fields presently after a free evacuation by Sweat was surprized with cold blasts of Wind shutting up the cutaneous Pores and stopping her Menstrua which were then in motion whereupon the ill-affected Blood had a recourse to the Heart producing great Fears and despairing Thoughts and quick pulsations and afterward the Atrabilarian Blood being impelled by the Carotide Arteries into the substance of the Brain did infect the Liquor and Spirits with saline and sulphureous Atomes and pervert the operations of her imagination Memory and Reason accompanied with dreadful passions rendring her most unquiet in the sad apprehensions of infernal fire and pains which all cease upon repeated Bleeding in the Foot and by application of Leeches to the Haemorrhoidal Veins and a course of cordial and cephalick Medicines perfectly restoring her by Gods assistance and blessing to the former use of all the Faculties of her reason and inward and outward Senses to the great joy and satisfaction of her Friends and Relations and the Glory of the All-Wise and Sovereign Physician of Body and Soul As to the cure of Melancholy in a general notion The cure of Melancholy is in a great part effected by the defaecation of the Blood in reference to its
bowed proceeding as I humbly conceive from a grosser Matter than that of Convulsive Motions so highly aggrieving the Fibrous parts that they can hardly discharge themselves from it whereupon the Muscles are put upon a constant trouble of unnatural Contractions till they can free themselves from their burden by the Extremities of the Nerves and Fibres A most remarkable Instance of great Convulsions of which I can give a notable Instance in Mrs. Susan Floide a Patient of mine Dr. Bathurst and Sir Charles Scarburgh being joyned with me who was strongly oppressed with such Hysterick Fits that produced universal Convulsions through the whole Body lying in a Tetanus eleven hours wherein the exercise of her Sense and Reason was intercepted and the whole Trunk and Limbs of her Body were so violently Contracted that they remained altogether inflexible and after the lying eleven hours in one rigid posture she began in some part to be reduced to the use of Sense and Reason and then creeping from the Bed to the Floor on which she moved divers times backward and forward upon her Hands and Feet and afterwards rising from the Floor she ran up and down the Chamber a good while and then turned round again and again about thirty times and so was restored to the exercise of all the functions of her Mind and Body for an hour in which she supplied Nature with Aliment and then returned again to lying on the Bed as before and began to act over again those sad Scenes in contracting those universal machines of Motion and those several parts before nominated which she did in the very same method and manner for every day three weeks or a month so that her Friends apprehended her to be Enchanted by reason of those wonderful symptoms which indeed were the effects of a Disease and not of Sorcery afterward plainly evinced in the sequel of the Cure Ut miserrimo huic aegrotanti horrenda symptomatum serie laboranti obsteticaremus methodo medendi ex Medicamentis faetidis variis prescribendi formulto instituta sed Eheu incassum omnia Tandem venis tribus aut quater vicibus pertusis liberali manu sanguine detraximus cujus pars serosa quae clara esset Cristallina ex naturae praescripto sed vi morbi opaca turbida evasit Latice â—â—tem tum seroso quam purpureo copiosius emissis generosa haec puella bonis avibus in pristinum salutis statum restituitur Having in some manner treated you with the Pathology of the Brain in point of Convulsions it may not be altogether impertinent to give you some account of Convulsive Motions Convulsive motions are nearly related to Convulsions which are so near akin to Convulsions that they are promiscuously used for each other by Learned Authors But in a strict Sense I humbly conceive they differ both in their Causes and Symptoms The Convulsions flowing from a more thick Matter are not easily shaken off which forcibly detein the Muscular parts in one contracted stiff posture The difference of Convulsive motions and Convulsions in reference to their various causes whereas Convulsive Motions do proceed as I conceive from some subtle Vaporous Matter quickly insinuated all along the Filaments and speedily discussed through the Extremities of the Nerves and Tendinous Fibres by many violent contractions of the Muscles which have thereupon frequent intervals of rest by the discharge of the Matter till new accessions are made by the Morbifick Matter infecting the Animal Liquor impelled into the Nerves and Fibres which giveth them a fresh trouble causing many brisk concussions of the Muscles which by divers great compressions empty the Tendinous Fibres of Spirituous Saline Particles and the Carnous of Nitrosulphureous till they receive new supplies of Nervous and Purple Liquor from the Brain and Heart by the mediation of the Nerves and Arteries Hence may be assigned the reason of Convulsive Motions Convulsive motions derived essentially from the Brain which sometimes are derived essentially from the Brain by an ill Diathesis of Humors imprinted in the substance of it creating an habitual weakness whereby it is rendred uncapable to exterminate the noysome Particles of the Blood by the Jugular Veins which are received and lodged with the Animal Liquor in Pores of the Brain which is sometimes so highly provoked by the trouble of the Matter it self and sometimes vehementibus animi pathematis wherein the Brain being highly molested endeavoureth to free it self by forcing the Heterogenous Particles embodied with the Animal Liquor into the Nervous and Tendinous Fibres producing great vibrations of the Muscles And Convulsive Motions are not only generated primarily and essentially from the Brain Convulsive motions proceed from the habitual weakness of the Brain This Disease may be derived from an acquired debility of the Brain Convulsive motions coming from the venenate nature of the Blood by reason of an habitual weakness and ill disposition which is sometimes hereditary infecting the Seminal Matter the first principle of the Brain propagated from Parents but also from an acquired debility of the Brain communicated to it vi imbecillitatis cerebri recipientis aut vitio sanguinis mandantis when its impure Particles are not discharged by the Lymphaeducts as some are of an opinion or in the return of the Blood by the Veins or excretory Vessels by Sweat and insensible transpiration whereupon the Morbifick Matter is impelled into the Brain by the internal Carotide Arteries whence the whole mass of Blood is infected with a venenate nature as in Malignant Fevers and Scorbutick and Cacochymick habits of Bodies as also in Virulent Abscesses and Ulcers of the Viscera whence arise great Ebullitions of the Blood whose venenate impure Miasms are carried out of the Ulcered Spleen by the Splenick Branches into the Porta and Cava and out of the Abscesses of the Liver immediately into the Cava and hence by the right Ventricle of the Heart into the Pulmonary Artery and Vein into the left Ventricle and the Aorta but in the Abscesses of the Lungs it hath a shorter cut when the Ulcerous Matter is immediately conveyed by the Pulmonary Veins into the left Ventricle and thence by the ascendent Trunk of the Aorta and internal Corides into the Brain whence these impurities when they cannot be otherways discharged are hurried with the Animal Liquor into the Nerves and Fibres causing impetuous motions of the Muscles which are most signally conspicuous in the Diseases of Epilepsies Malignant Fevers and Hysterick passions as to Epilepsies The nature of Epileptick Convulsive motions is very intricate their symptoms are as stupendous as their causes and nature intricate whence arise great Controversies both of parts affected and the manner how the Disease is imparted to them many do assign its chief seat to the Brain Ventricles and Coats of it others to the middle and lower Venter of which I will give you account hereafter in the Parts affected and the Causes and Symptoms of
Thirdly in Wine Wine and Blood are turned acide when the Saline parts over-act the Sulphureous the Spirit being evaporated by the ambient heat of the Air or the sulphureous parts being too much depressed the Saline over-act the other Elements and turn Wine into Vineger in this a parallel of Wine may be made with Blood labouring under too active saline parts which being over-exalted do obtain a Fluor and render the Blood acide found in melancholy distempers Fourthly Wine loseth its good temper when its spirituous parts are too much depressed and the sulphureous and saline Elements being in combination are too highly advanced growing viscide and mucilaginous whereupon Wines become over-fretted or ropy as the Vintners the Masters of the Art of curing Wines do phrase it Generous Wines upon the Lees in hot weather have a long and great Fermentation as the various Elements have great contests with each other and the spirituous parts do partly evaporate and are partly confounded with more gross Elements whereupon the Sulphur being very exuberant is more and more exalted and the spirituous part adhaering to the saline doth advance it and alter the mixtion of the Elements to which being added the eminent combination of the Sulphur and Salt the Wine acquireth a rancide oleaginous Consistence And the Fermentation of the Blood in the Scurvey somewhat resembleth that of Wine in reference to the former acide disposition Blood resembleth Wine as growing acide by the Saline parts brought to a Fluor coming from saline Elements brought to a Fluor which appeareth plain in acide saline parts of Spittle spued out of the oral Glands with serous Liquor discharged out of the glandulous coat of the Stomach by excretory Ducts into its Cavity and afterward thrown off by Vomiting And the Blood also is like over-fretted Wine in its exalted Sulphur Wine and Blood are alike as growing mucilaginous by too great a Fermentâ—tion and Salt as nearly associated making a rancide clammy quality in the Blood whereupon it groweth gross producing a Cough and difficulty of Breathing and a Leucophlegmatia as stagnating in the substance of the Muscular parts of the Body Farthermore the Dyscrasy of the Blood in a Scorbutick habit of Body is somewhat related to Wine as it proceedeth from sulphureous-saline Elements when the Blood is over-powred with Sulphur entring into confederacy with a less active Salt whereupon the vital Liquor acted with an over-fretting motion doth discharge its adust Recrements by the hepatick Glands and excretory Vessels into the Ductus cholidochus and Intestines and its saline Particles into the Renal Glands and Urinary Vessels and Ureters into the Bladder And the Sulphureous saline Recrements of the Blood The exalted fulphureous parts are the cause of the over-fretting of the Blood being of a restless Fermentative disposition are transmitted out of the Left Ventricle of the Heart First into arterial Trunks and then into smaller and smaller Branches till at last they land in the cutaneous Glands wherein the adust and saline Recrements being secerned from the more pure parts of the Purple Liquor are carried by excretory ducts into the surface of the Cuticula where they are setled or concreted making Spots Scabs Scurfe Tumors Ulcers c. And if these sulphureous and salt Faeces of the Blood be transmitted by the caeliack Artery into the Stomach they produce great pains Vomitings and if they be discharged by the mesenterick Arteries into the Intestines they make Cholick pains Diarrhaeas Dysenteries c. And if the saline Recrements of the Blood being more predominant The Fermentation is more moderate when the Saline are predominant over the Sulphureous do embody with the concreted oily Particles the ebullition and fermentation of the vital Liquor is more moderate and so its rancide or mucilaginous Particles make a slow circulation through the Viscera wherein great obstructions are produced as clammy parts of the Blood do adhere to the sides of the Vessels in their passage producing a Jaundise in the Liver and a slow motion of the Blood in the Renal Glands generateth the Stone in the Kidneys when the Tartar of the Blood associated with viscide Recrements is concreted and this gross mucilaginous Blood passing through the substance of the Lungs The cause of a difficult Respiration in the Lungs and of dreadful Symptomes in the Heart maketh a difficult Respiration and this over-fretting viscid Blood taking its progress through the ventricles of the Heart maketh Palpitations Lipothymies Syncopes irregular Pulsations and polypose Concretions which proceed from a gross mass of Blood which moving slowly highly oppresseth and is ready to suffocate the Heart Having discoursed of the discrasy of the Blood and its Elements in a Scorbutick disaffection I will take the freedom now to declare how the ill principles of the Purple juyce do infect the nervous Liquor which in its own Ingeny is very mild and thin The nervous Liquor is very much exalted by the nitrous saline Particles of Air and advanced by the influences of the Planets endued with spirituous and volatil saline Particles much improved by the subtle nitrous Particles of Air advanced with aethereal Atomes and is exalted by the more benigne influxes of the Sun Moon and Stars whereupon the Animal Spirits having a subtle elastick Nature do insinuate themselves between the Filaments of nervous Fibrils constituting the curious Compage of the Brain and render them tense and fit for the exercises of the nobler and more mean operations of Reason and Sense which they celebrate in great perfection as long as the Blood is accomplished with fine vital Particles which being very much impaired in an acide disposition or when it is debased with gross sulphureous and saline Recrements too much depressing the spirituous parts of the Blood or when it is rendred viscide and oleaginous by too much exalted oily Particles combining with the saline putting the Blood into an over-fretting disposition The nervous Liquor is depraved by the ill Elements of the Blood causing many Cephalick Diseases which vitiateth the purity of the nervous Liquor and taketh off the brightness of the Rays and delicacy of the Temper relating to the Animal Spirits by making them decline toward an acide disposition whereby they grow depauperated and dispirited as losing their elastick Nature and brisk active temper the cause of many Cephalick Diseases of Meagrums Palsies Tremors Pains Convulsive motions c. which take their first rise from a discrasy of the Blood and nervous Liquor residing in a Scorbutick habit of Body Many Learned Professors of our Faculty have made the Scurvey a kind of Farrago of all Diseases which renders the Art of Physick confused in a complication of numerous Maladies having one appellative This may be truly asserted that a Scorbutick habit of Body proceeding from a dyscrasy of Blood The Scurvey is a Parent of many Diseases is a Parent of many disaffections from which almost all
Creature the Godhead of Nature appears very illustrious in making the August and great Structure of Man's Body out of so minute Particles of Seminal Liquor out of which an admirable variety of different Parts are formed The Bones are the Pillars of the Body and Centers of Motion composed into Joynts mutually tied with many Ligaments and increased with Cartilages These Bones are vailed with Tunicles and cloathed with the more thick Robes of Muscles moving the various Articulations in different Positions This Magnificent Fabrick is enclosed with common Integuments as with so many fine Walls and the three Apartiments are beautified with Membranes as with curious Hangings consisting of many well-spun Filaments close struck and curiously interwoven with each other in variety of Postures encircling the choice Housholdstuff of the Viscera as so many Colatories of the Blood made up of many Tubes of Arteries Veins Nerves Lymphaeducts transmitting various Liquors into all Parts of this lovely Frame of the Body Anatomy also declareth to us the unspeakable Wisdom as well as Power of the most Heavenly Mind in the great Artifice of setting together so many Similar and Dissimilar Parts in a due situation Connexion and a decent Figure Magnitude Number and proper substance and chiefly in the disposition of many different parts subservient to each other in admirable order This curious Art is a Key unlocking the Skull the Ivory Cabinet of the Head shaded with Hair and immured with many other fine Coverings whereby you may see the more Noble Jewel of the Brain the Pallace of Minerva encircled with fine Vails investing the Maeanders of its Ambient parts which being opened you may treat your self with the fruitful Branches of divers Arterial and Venal Ducts and with various Sinus as so many Cysterns of Vital Juice and the streaky compage of the Brain consisting of many minute Fibrils the Channels of Nervous Liquor transmitting it through the Processes of the Brain into the more remote Apartiments of the Body In this learned Academy of Arts and Sciences the Rational as a Soveraign Queen hath her Presence Chamber wherein the Faculties of the Understanding and Will are Celebrated giving their Commands to the Concupiscible Irascible and motive Faculties most readily obeying the Superior Whereupon we may see admire and adore the infinite Goodness of the Creator manifested by this curious Art of Dissecting whereby we may clearly apprehend the actions and uses of Parts as their principal end and perfection the Mouth is a preparatory of Aliment by Mastication breaking it into small Particles impregnated with Air and Salival Liquor and afterward the Meat is transmitted by the Gulet as by a Neck into the body of the Stomach where it is embodied with Serous and Nervous Liquor as a Menstruum to colliquate and dissolve it into various parts out of which a milky Liquor is extracted and then it is discharged out of the Retort of the Stomach into the Serpentine Ducts of the Guts to receive a farther Elaboration as mixed with Bilious and Pancreatick Liquor and afterward this Alimentary Liquor is carried by the milky Mesenterick Vessels into the common Receptacle where it as associated with Lympha attenuating it and then it is transmitted through the Thoracick Duct into the subclavian Veins where it espouseth a union with the Blood and is farther conveyed into the right Ventricle of the Heart where it receiveth a greater Comminution and is thence imported through the various Blood-vessels into the substance of the Lungs wherein it is impregnated with the Nitrous or Elastick Particles of Air refining the Blood which being imparted to the left Chamber of the Heart and by the ascending and descending Trunks of Arteries and their Branches into the Brain Spleen Liver Pancreas Kidneys and Testicles as so many strainers of the Blood to defaecate it from its more gross Recrements And here we may see with Eucharist and Adoration the unspeakable Works of the Great Architect which He hath declared in the most admirable Artifice of a Humane Body in reference to its Structure Actions and Uses And Anatomy doth not only very much contribute to the knowledge of our Maker but our Selves too as we are Compounds of two Essential Parts Matter and Form Body and Soul which celebrate her various Operations while confined to our Body by proper Organs of outward Senses duly qualified by reason all intellectual knowledge taketh its rise from outward objects first presented to the outward sensitive Organs and afterward communicated to the common Sense and Fancy whose Phantasms being represented to the Understanding produce the more elevated notions of Reason giving her Dictates to the Will which by her Commands bringeth the inferior Concupiscible Irascible and loco-motive Faculties into Acts. Whereupon it must be inferred That seeing the superior Faculties do use the outward senses of Hearing and Seeing as their Ministers Anatomy is very necessary to conduct us to the due qualifying of the Eyes when indisposed by teaching us the various Coats Pupil and Humors which constitute the Eye whose act is celebrated by visible Images arrayed with Light reflected from Opaque Bodies and being conveyed through many more rare or dense transparent mediums of Tunicles and Humours do make divers refractions and at last make Appulses upon the Retina the immediate subject of Vision an expansion of the Optick Nerve which being affected by the stâ—â—kes of the Retina communicates them to the Fancy whose Phantasms being represented to the Understanding are productive of more sublime Sentiments Anatomy doth render the act of Hearing intelligible by discovering the Auditory passage Muscles and Bones of the Ear Tympanum Foramen ovale rotundum Labarynthus which convey Sounds the various models of Air making appulses upon the Auditory Nerve the ultimate subject of Hearing which are thence imparted by the continuation of Nerves to the inward Sensory the Judge of outward Objects By Dissecting the Heart we discern its Chambers as the Cysterns of Blood and the Tendinous and Carnous Fibres contracting the Cavities of the Heart and out of its right Ventricle do impell the Vital Liquor into the Lungs and out of the left Ventricle into the common Trunk and into the ascendent and descendent Trunk of the Aorta and their Branches transmitting Blood into all parts of the Body By this Art we discover the Cortical Glands of the Brain as Systems of various Vessels wherein the Nervous Liquor is generated and conveyed through the Fibrous Compage of many Processes into the Trunks of Nerves very conspicuous in the lower Region of the Brain when it is laid open by Art By Anatomy we may discern the Glands of the Cutis Pancreas Spleen Liver Kidneys and Testicles as so many collective Bodies of several Vessels percolating the Blood By it we may view the various Vessels the different Channels of Liquors and the Carnous and Tendinous Fibres contracting the Muscles as so many Engines of motion By this Art we pry into the inward Recesses of the
complexi c. and this Apartiment is guarded before with the pectoral Muscles the Subclavii Triangulares and on the sides with the intercostales externi interni This rare Story being beautified with excellent Housholdstuff is fortified before with the Bones of the Sternon as with a Breast-plate and encircled on each side with Twelve Ribs as so many bony Arches conjoyned behind to Twelve Vertebers of the Back making a fair Colume curiously wrought with fine carved work of acute transverse and oblique Processes as the various Centers of motion into which great variety of Muscles are implanted This noble Apartiment hath its inside adorned with the choice Hangings of the Pleura The parts of the middle Apartiment and Mediastine Contextures of numerous Fibrils running in various positions finely interwoven with each other making a soft Membrane to guard the tender Compages of the Lungs and Heart from grating against the more hard substance of the Ribs and Vertebers of the Back 'T is floored below with the arch of the Midriffe and Seeled above with the highest Ribs and the Clavicles and within the Cavity of this Apartiment is placed the noble Furniture of the Thoracick Ducts and Blood-vessels and of the Heart and Lungs as in a safe allodgment The Utensils of this Apartiment The Thoracick Duct or Chyliferous Duct are the Thoracick Ducts the Conduit-pipes of Chyle and the ascendent and descendent Trunks of the Aorta and Vena Cava the greater Channels of Blood and the Heart is an Engine of motion by which the vital Liquor is impelled up and down the Sanguiducts for its refinement and the Lungs Midriffe and intercostal Muscles are Organs of Respiration fanning the flame of Life and exalting the generous Liquor of Blood by the nitrous and elastick Particles of Air. The Thoracick Duct cometh from the upper region of the common receptacle as a round Tube The Thoracick Duct is covered with a thin Tunicle The progress of this Duct and is covered with a thin transparent Membrane and enclosed with the Pleura about the middle of the Spine upon which it resteth and afterward is reflected toward the right side of the Artery and then ascendeth farther under the great Artery and about the fifth and sixth Verteber of the Back doth bend toward the Left side and below the intercostal Arteries and Veins doth climb under the Pleura and Thymus to the Left subclavian Vein into which it dischargeth the Chyle The composition of the Heart which associates with the Blood and is carried by the Vena Cava into the Heart adorned with a pyramidal Figure and consisteth of various parts Auricles Valves Ventricles variety of Vessels Arteries Veins and Nerves tendinous and carnous Fibres embroidering the Ventricles within and the Coronary Arteries and Veins enamel the surface of the Heart The Auricles of which one is seated in the right side by the Cava and the other in the Left by the pulmonary Vein are furnished with numerous oblique Fibres which diversely contract the right and left Auricle thereby immediatly impelling the Blood into both Sinus whose Fibres being irritated by the quantity and heat of the vital Liquor do draw those of the Ventricles into consent The Valves called Tricuspides by the Antients are seated round the Orifice of the Vena Cava in the right Ventricle The Valvulae Tricuspidales and are not endued with a triangular or tricuspidal Form as it hath been formerly imagined they are thin Membranes interwoven above and below with many Ligaments which terminate into a few more large Cords inserted for the most part into the Septum adjoyning to the right Ventricle and very few of them are implanted into the inside of the Wall belonging to it these Valves check the motion of the Blood out-of the right Ventricle into the Vena Cava The Valves called Semilunares resembling great C C are seated near the Orifice of the pulmonary Artery The Valvulae Semilunares to intercept the current of Blood out of the Lungs into the right chamber of the Heart The fleshy Fibres are most large in their Origens The dimensions of the carnous Fibres of the Heart as in so many Trunks adjoyning to the Tendon of the Auricle near the Base of the Heart and grow less and less as they branch themselves in an oblique or spiral position toward the Cone The most inward ranks of Fibres besetting the inside of the right Chamber of the Heart are greatest and strongest and the second rank is more small and weak And after the same manner the most inward lair of carnous Fibres have greatest dimensions and the next ranks smaller and smaller as they approach the outside The Interstices or Areae of the fleshy Fibres being interwoven with each other in a kind of Network are some of a Rhomboidal and others of an oval Figure and others resemble Parallelograms The Valves called Mitrales The Valves called Mitrales placed in the Left Ventricle and are somewhat like those of the Right Chamber encompassing the Vena Cava only they are larger and thicker and have their Origen and upper part strengthened with a cartilaginous Expansion and have their Skirt membranous to which are affixed many Ligaments which end into greater Cords implanted into fleshy Columns of a kind of pyramidal Figure as they are greater in their beginning and smaller toward their termination which close in a kind of obtuse Cones near the Cone of the Heart There are also many Ligaments which arise out of the Tendon encircling some part of the Left Auricle near the Base of the Heart and pass down the Wall of the Left Chamber The Ligaments of the Heart and end in some few larger Ligaments which are fastned to the head of a strong pyramidal Columne The fleshy Fibres are much greater in this Ventricle then those of the other and are placed more close to each other and have their Areae or Interstices less and fewer The Heart being a curious contexture of divers parts The use of the Heart may be styled a rare Engine of Motion making good the current of the Blood by Arteries branched into all parts of the Body as so many Channels going from the Center toward the circumference The Arteries These Arteries are Tubes consisting of two Coats beset with many circular fleshy Fibres which narrowing the bore of the Arteries do press it forward toward the surface of the Body The Veins chiefly terminating into the right Ventricle of the Heart The Veins as into a large Trunk are so many Sanguiducts bringing the Blood back again from the circumference to the center from the more outward parts to the Heart these Vessels also as well as the Arteries as I humbly conceive are furnished with many annular carnous Fibres which by their frequent Contractions do assist the motion of the Blood from the ambient parts to the more inward recesses of the Body The composition of the Lungs The Lungs being Organs of Respiration are a fine contexture of many Tubes Arteries
evacuations of salival Liquor a good sign in the Flux Pox. is a Cough proceeding from a gross Matter commonly called Flegme which is an indigested Succus nutricius dicharged by the excretory Ducts of the salival Glands all besetting the Palate Tongue and Fauces which in the Flux-Pox emit large streams of salival Liquor discharging in a great part the foulness of the Blood and the malignity of the Fever in free and critical evacuations of vitiated recrements of the Blood through the numerous conglomerated Glands in and about the Tongue Palate and Fauces as if a Ptyalisme was raised by a Mercurial Medicine And before and in the time of the Salivation in this ill kind of small Pox a crude thin and serous Liquor is protruded by the capillary Arteries into the Glands the inhabitants of the Skin where it is separated from the Blood and forced through the excretory Tubes to the surface of the inward Skin where the Matter being very thin and fluide is not readily confined within the due limits of many round prominent circumferences made in the outward Skin but runneth confused one part with another which is occasioned by the thinness and sharpness of the Matter often corroding like Aqua-fortis the rare contexture of the Skin integrated of numerous Filaments variously intangled with each other in which it maketh divers Cavities and Furrows The Face is disguised with cavities and scars caused by the corroding perulent Matter of the Small Pox. often despoiling the Face of its elegant Air and amiable Features and leaving great impressions not only in the skin of the Face but in the Palate Nerves and Tendons of the Fingers of which an instance may be given in a Grocers Daughter of London in whom the virulent corroding Matter of the Flux-Pox did eat quite through the Palate by making a large perforation into the cavity of the Mouth and did so corrode the Nerves Tendons and Ligaments relating to the second Bone of the fore-Finger that the Bone upon motion of the Finger started through the Skin and was wholly parted from the Joynts leaving a lameness in them Sometimes the Small Pox are not only a Disease but a kind of Symptome of an essential malignant Fever deforming it with Red and Blew spots when it increaseth more and more after the eruption of the Matter the cause of the Small-Pox And although a great quantity of gross Succus nutricius is vented by the salival Glands into the Mouth by which Nature designeth to relieve it self yet the Fever groweth higher and higher and at last the Skin is sometime defaced with great and numerous spots which first appearing Red do afterwards degenerate into Blew near the approaches of Death An Honourable Lady finding her self highly discomposed drank freely of Cordial Water which put her Blood into a high effervescence rendring it very hot and thin which being impelled to the cutaneous Glands where the Purple Liquor is streined and returned by the capillary Veins while the serous Recrements are transmitted through the excretory Vessels into the most exterior parts which grow tumefied into small pustles the dismal marks of the Flux-Pox and were associated with a great salivation in the Mouth assisted with opening and cleansing Gargarismes by whose help she vented two or three quarts a day of thick ropy Matter thereby giving frequently a great alleviation to the Pox which had not this effect in this Honourable Person in whom the Small Pox was symptomatic because notwithstanding the free evacuation of the depraved Succus nutricius through the cutaneous and salival Glands yet the Fever grew more and more importunate by shewing it self Essential and Malignant when the products of the Pox the Ulcers grew dry and scaled off then the surface of the Body was deformed with Red spots which afterward turned Blew the mournful Scenes of a dismal Tragedy The more kindly Small Pox have for their Materia substrata the Succus nutricius depraved by a peculiar indisposition of the Blood often communicated to it by contagious steams impelled with the Air through the bronchia and their appendant Vessels into the substance of the Lungs where it encounters and infects with its Ferment the Succus nutricius running confusely mixed with the Blood raising in it another ebullition which being received by the pulmonary Veins into the left Chamber of the Heart is thence protruded into the greater Trunks and smaller Branches of the Arteries The beginning of the Small Pox is the first four or five days wherein the Small Pox do appear but little after the fifth day cometh the increase of the Small Pox. this Fermentation of the infected Blood lasteth four or five days which is the beginning of the Disease And about the fourth or fifth day an inflammation of the Skin appeareth in the Small Pox derived from the vital Liquor impelled into the extremities of the capillary Arteries inserted into the Skin whence the Face and Hands are often disguised with unnatural Swellings and afterwards Pimples start up in the Skin arising from the Blood not yet severed from the Succus nutricius the Matter of the Small Pox. And now commenceth the time of maturation of them The stat◠〈◊〉 Small Pox is that of Maturation which cometh to a height when they turn yellow when these little round Swellings grow more enlarged are turned more whitish as the Succus Nutricius is more and more secerned from the purple Juice and then oftentimes the Pustles are surrounded for some time with a red Circle proceeding from thin blood separated from the confines of the Succus Nutricius and derived into the adjacent parts of the Skin and about the seventh day the maturation cometh more and more to a height when the numerous acuminated Swellings full of purulent Matter put off their white Robes and are apparaleld with a yellow hew which is the height of the Maturation The declination of the small Pox is about the eleventh day happening about the eleventh day and afterward the declination of the Disease beginneth wherein the Ulcerous Matter being dried up the Impostumes are turned into Scabs about the fourteenth day sometimes leaving behind red Marks and Scars as tokens of God's Justice punishing us for our Prevarications the causes of Diseases and as remembrancers of his Mercy expressed in a happy recovery from this troublesome and noisome Malady And that we may give a more clear account of divers disaffections of the Skin I humbly conceive they may be in some sort deduced A Cause of Cutaneous Diseases flowing from the streitness of Vessels either from the ill formation of the Vessels or Pores relating to the Glands or from several Liquors residing in or impelled into the Glands As to the Vessels they labour under so much streitness or largeness An Inflamation of the Skin proceeding from Blood stagnant in the Cutaneous Glands wherein the Veins do not receive the Blood upon the first the Glands grow tumefied with too great a
the Cutaneous Glands assumeth a psorous disposition and after breaketh out into wheals into the Cutaneous Glands where it being stagnant is not able on the one side to be discharged outwardly through the Excretory Ducts of the Skin nor inwardly to be received on the other into the extreamities of the Veins so that by its long deteinment in the Papillary Glands the extravasated Liquor doth not only assume a psorous Indisposition but also a vitriolic corrosive quality whence arise divers asperities of the Skin This Ferment acquireth a Septick Indisposition by a long stagnancy in the Cutaneous Glands producing a Leprous Scurf caused by various eruptions of this depraved Matter breaking out into Wheals or Pimples rendring the amiable surface of the Body unpleasant to the Eye proceeding from a matter putrescent in the ambient parts of the Body where in a long Stagnation it acquireth a kind of septic quality corroding the Skin and neighbouring fleshy parts affecting them with the horrid diseases of Leprous Scurfs and Cancerous Ulcers which move a great compassion in the condoling Spectator And not only this irksome disease of the Itch springeth from an intrinsick Cause the depraved quality of the Glandulous Liquor derived from the Stagnation of it and from the impurities of the Blood imparted to it in motion but also from an outward procatartick cause by Contagion wherein the secret miasmes are most readily conveighed from some Diseased Person through the Pores of the Skin of one Person to the Pores of another thereby infecting the Glandulous Liquor lodged near the surface of the Body This psorous Disease is imparted by contagion from subtle parts streaming out of the Body and making the like impressions in another as being received into the Pores of the Skin And this virulent Infection derived from ichorous Pimples is most easily communicated from body to body by the quick operation of the Contagious Ferment consisting in subtle Particles always streaming out of the Body and by the indisposition of the Glandulous Liquor receptive of these infectious steams proceeding from a neighbouring diseased Body making the like impressions in another in which the Liquor of the Cutaneous Glands being made up of Nervous and Serous Liquor flowing from the Nerves and Arteries is compounded of different subtle Particles very obnoxious to Fermentation So that the active Effluvia of this Contagious Distemper do freely insinuate themselves through the minute meatus of the Exterior Skin into the Cutaneous Glands and from thence received into the lesser and greater Venous Tubes and into the right Cistern of the Heart and then through the Pulmonary Arteries and Veins into the left Ventricle of the Heart and afterward impelled through greater and lesser arterial Channels into all the parts of the Body and therein imparting from the Center to the Circumference this nasty contagious Ferment with the Blood into the Cutaneous Glands where the infected Serous and Nutritious Liquor is secerned from the more pure parts of the Blood and emitted through the Excretory Vessels to the surface of the inward Skin and one Particle crowding another forward do raise up the outward Skin into Pustles full of purulent Matter which being Concreted is turned into numerous Scabs Lastly The Leprosie is a Cutaneous Disease proceeding from a Mass of Blood highly corrupted with virulent Miasmes and Acide Saline and Sulphureous Particles which though moving in association with the Vital Liquor yet cannot be so far subdued as broke into small Particles and volatilized by frequent Circulations that these Acide Saline and Sulphureous Atomes might be assimilated into Blood whereupon the Heart being highly aggrieved with these Recrements impelleth them with the Purple Liquor into the substance of the Cutaneous Glands wherein the Serous are secerned from the Alimentary Particles of the Blood which is returned by the Veins and the watry impraegnated with degenerated Saline and Sulphureous parts are conveyed by the Excretory Ducts to the surface of the â—kin where the most Liquid parts of these Recrements being evaporated the acide saline do Coagulate like Tarter incrusting the Skin which being rubb'd or scratch'd the concreted saline parts fall off like scales of Fish and the serous parts ouse out of the Skin which being dried up thereupon follow new saline accretions casing the Skin with another Crust CHAP. VII Of the Cure of Cutaneous Diseases HAving Treated of the Pathology of the Skin it may seem Methodical to say somewhat of the Cures belonging to Cutaneous Diseases among which the Measles and Small Pox lead the Van which are different Disaffections in reference to their several Aspects as various Tumours and as proceeding from divers Causes the one beginning in redness and driness disappearing in a Roughness the other commencing in Red Pimples grow after wards greater and come by degrees to Maturation appearing in numerous white Heads of small Tumours which at last determine in dry Scabs These Diseases of Measles and Small Pox though different upon many accounts yet they are both attended with Cures much alike in many cases both in a slender and temper Diet and the administration of gentle Cordials If Nature be slow in throwing out the matter of the Diseases from the Center to the Circumference by Arterial Trunks Branches and Capillaries into the small Cutaneous Glands and from thence by Excretory Vessels Dyarrhaeas and Disenteries are to be suppressed in the Measles and Small Pox and by gentle Astringent Cordial Medicines throwing out the Matter from the inward to the outward parts into the surface of the Body And in both Diseases a violent Looseness and Bloody-Flux gentle Cordials are to be advised to suppress these irregular motions which pervert the proper Course of Nature in diverting the matter of the Diseases from the surface of the Body to the inward Recesses wherefore upon this account quiet Diaphoreticks are to be mixed with Astringents at once to check the irregular and promote the regular motion of the disaffected Humours the Causes of these Diseases In the greatest Cases that can happen in these Diseases wherein they are accompanied with internal Inflammations of the Lungs in a Perikneumonia of the Plura in a Plurisie of the Membranes of the Brain in a Phrenitis of the Diaphragme in a Paruphrenitis or of the Muscles of the Larynx in a Quinsie or in any other internal Inflammation a Vein is to be opened that the most urgent and eminent Disease may be first opposed A Vein is to be opened in the Measles and Small Pox when they are accompanied with dangerous Inflammations of the inward and noble parts which will prove fatal without dispute if the Patient be not speedily relieved by Blood letting which will much advance the eruption of the Matter offending in the Measles and Small Pox wherein the sick Person being of a Plethorick Constitution is oppressed with an exuberant Mass of Blood highly obstructing the free motion of it and the Succus Nutricius in association with it
her high Discomposure was so prevalent with her as to desire with Blushing and Weeping the assistance of a Physician to order the Amputation of the Tumour in her Thigh Which was so great and Malignant that it was judged wholly unsafe to Cut it off but more reasonable to apply an Ointment prepared with Lead which so suppressed the Increment and Malignity of this stupendous Tumour that she Lived above Seventeen Years afterward And after her Death the Tumour which rendred the Skin very uneven as defaced with many Protuberancies being opened a Steatome appeared within full of Matter like Plaister and many small Stones proceeding as I conceive from Saline and Earthy Particles concreted But most frequently a Steatome taketh its rise from a Pituitous Humour The cause of a Steatome iâ— indigested Chyle which in truth is an indigested Chyle or Chyme parted from the Blood and extravasated in the substance of the Body when it is immured within the soft Walls of a Membrane and Consolidated by the heat of the Body most commonly resembling the consistence of Lard A young Child whose left Thigh did from time to time more and more increase in bigness to the great trouble and discomposure of the Parents who like drowning Persons did lay hold upon any Twig though never so weak to support themselves sending for Barbers Empyricks and the like but finding their swelled Child to receive no advantage but rather grow worse upon their Inartificial Applications They consulted Physicians who administred the most proper Medicines both inward and outward which were not seconded with success And the Child being Dead an Incision was made into the swelled Thigh upon which immediately appeared a Mucilaginous compact Matter not unlike Lard An Atherome is a white Indolent Tumour The description of an Atherome not disguising the Colour of the Skin caused by Phlegmatick Matter not unlike Pap which I conceive was the Chyme first in association with the Blood and afterward separated from it and lodged in a proper Tunicle Meliceris is a Swelling without Pain not disguising the Surface of the Body by any unnatural Colour which I conceive proceedeth from an ill concocted Chyme commonly stiled Phlegme settled in the substance of the Muscular parts and included in the confines of a peculiar Coat So that the several Swellings having the appellatives of Steatomes Unassimilated Chyme of greater or less consistence is the cause of Steatomes Atheromes and Melicerids Atheromes and Melicerids have the same material cause of unassimilated Chyme enwrapped in peculiar Membranes and are discriminated by different Concretions of the same Matter as more or less indurated by greater or lesser heat making different impressions in the stagnant Phlegmatick Humours which cause no pain as they are not effected with Acid and Saline Particles And by reason these Tumors included in proper Tunicles represent sometime Lard other times Pap or Honey and are not apt to Suppurate unless associated with the Blood which imparteth heat and rendreth them fit for Suppuration And these Tumours as they proceed from a gross Chyme the Materia substrata of the Blood more or less Consolidated they may be Discriminated from one another according to several touches as endued with more or less softness or a greater or less quantity of Morbifick Matter A Steatome is a more hard Tumour Difference of a Steatome Atherome and Meliceris and resisteth the pressure of the Fingers but the Atherome is more compliable and sooner giveth way to the Touch as being a more lax Tumour then a Steatome And the Meliceris is the more soft Tumour of all the three and is soon pressed inward because it being contained within a Membrane of a more thin consistence than the rest therefore a Dint made in it remaineth longer by reason the Humour forced inward being of a more thin substance is longer before it returneth to fill the Cavity made in the soft Tumour by the compression of the Fingers As to the Cure These Diseases are Cured principally by Chyrurgery These different Tumours having one Matter modelled into different Consistences do obtain the same kind of Cure which may be attempted after Purging Medicines have been Administred to discharge the offensive Matter which being not removed Emollient Medicines are to be applied which being uneffectual Suppurating Topicks are to be used and if these prove not Efficacious an Incision may be made into the Tumours which must be attempted with great Caution by a Skilful Chyrurgeon that the Tumours being opened the Matter either like Lard Pap or Honey may be taken away with their proper Membranes in which they were inclosed Another Tumour is this of an Inflammation proceeding not from a Phlegmatick Matter as in Steatomes Atheromes Melicerids but from Blood Extravasated which that it might be plainly understood it may not be amiss to Treat somewhat of the Circulation of the Blood which passeth through the Heart in strong Contractions to give it heat by Motion and to break the Chyle received by the Vena Cava into the right Chamber of the Heart into small Particles in order to its Assimilation with the Blood which is afterwards carried into the substance of the Lungs to be embodied with Air impraegnated with Nitrous Particles and thence transmitted into the left Cistern of the Heart for the more perfect Assimilation of the Chyle and the common Trunk and various Arterial Channels into the substance of the Muscular parts into which it is conveyed not by Anastomoses of Arteries with Veins but by terminations of Arteries into the Interstices of Vessels that the more mild parts of the Blood being confaederated with Liquor distilling out of the Extreamities of the Nerves may give Nourishment to the neighbouring Vessels which being unable to receive the twentieth part of the serous parts of the Vital Liquor it is requisite that they being associated with it should be reconveyed out of the habit of the Body into the Extreamities of the Veins to make good the Motion of the Blood towards the Heart by greater and greater Channels leading to it Whereupon the Blood being impelled by the Arteries in too great a quantity The divers causes of stagnation of Blood producing an Inflammation or if the Blood be so gross that the small Orifices of the Veins are not capable to receive it or if upon some great contusion of the Vessels which being torn do immit too great a proportion of Vital Liquor into the empty spaces of the Vessels not possible to be entertained into the Minute Orifices of the Veins whence the habit of the Body is immediately swelled So that the continent cause of an Inflammation is an exuberant Mass of Blood stagnant in the habit of the Body caused by the Circulation of the Blood stopped in that part The distention of the adjacent parts causeth the troublesome Pulsation of the Artery whereby it groweth Tumified Red and very hot accompanied with a painful pulsation of the Artery proceeding from
substance of it An Oedema is a white soft Indolent Swelling An Oedema is caused by an indigested Chyme seated very often in the Limbs caused by reason of ill Sanguification proceeding from a Phlegmatick Matter an indigested Chyle associated with the Purple Liquor which giveth a trouble to Nature seeing it cannot be assimilated into Blood and so improper for Nutrition which being impelled out of the Terminations of the Arteries into the Interstices of the Muscles where it is lodged by reason of its great thickness as not being able to be admitted into the Orifices of the Veins whereupon the habit of the Body is distended causing a great Tension and Stiffness in the parts affected which being near akin to an Anasarca hath the same Indications and Cure recited in the discourse of the Leucophlegmatia A Student in Philosophy being affected with an Ascitis and Timpanites was restored out of a Quartan Ague unto perfect Health and afterward being unmindful of his former Distemper applied himself to his Studies and led a Sedentary Life and thereupon fell into a great difficulty of Breathing derived from a gross Mass of Blood impelled out of the Pulmonary Artery into the substance of the Lungs receiving frequent draughts of Air to inspire the Mass of Blood with fine Volatil Particles to promote its Circulation by the Pulmonary Veins into the left Chamber of the Heart and within a very short space this gross Mass of Blood was carried down by the Descendent Trunk of the Aorta into the Iliack Branch and so into the Muscles of the Thighs which were much swelled with this pituitous Mass of Blood not lodged only in the empty spaces of the Muscles but also in the Minute Glands of the Skin very much swelled in Oedematous Tumours and Anasarca's which very much resemble one another both in Pathology and in Pharmaceuticks A Scirrhus is a hard Indolent Tumour taking its rise from gross Blood A Scirrhus is caused by a gross indurated serous of pituitous Liquor or from a thick Lintous Humour mixed with the Vital Liquor transmitted into the habit of the Body where the more thin and watry Particles being Evaporated the gross parts of the Blood do communicate a hardness to the distended Fleshy parts which may also arise from gross Humours settled in the habit of the Body consisting of Saline Earthy Particles which are disposed for Concretion In order to the Cure of a Scirrhus two Indications do offer themselves the Indicative and Curative The first hath relation to the Antecedent Cause the gross Mass of Blood resident in Scorbutick habits of Body which are to be Cured by Purgatives Antiscorbuticks Diureticks and Chalybeats so that the more gross parts of the Peccant Matter being carried off by Catharticks the more thin may be discharged by Diureticks and the Fermentation of the Blood may be renewed by Chalybeats As to the Curative Indication of a Scirrhus derived from the continent Cause of gross Humours settled and indurated in the empty spaces of the Muscles it doth denote Emollient and Moistning Medicines which must be applied again and again to soften the Indurated parts and afterward gentle Discutients mixed with Emollients may be used else if hot Discutients be first applied before the parts be softned they acquire a greater Induration and the Scirrhus will be rendred more difficult to be Cured A Cancer is a hard round Tumour of a Blew or Blackish Colour A Cancer is a hard painful Tumour like Crabs Claws full of sharp pain beset with many Veins big with a Black Humour resembling Crabs Claws from whence it borroweth its Denomination and taketh its origen from Blood infected with a Malignant Disposition and Venenate Nature This Humour concreteth it self in the beginning not exceeding the bigness of a Pea and afterward groweth greater in Bulk especially if it be enraged with sharp Medicines whereupon it encreaseth in acute hot pains somewhat like the pricking of Needles derived from sharp Vitriolick Particles and the poysonous quality of the Blood grievously torturing the Nervous and Membranous parts the subject of pain in this Disease The antecedent cause of a Cancer according to the Ancients is a Melancholick Humour But in truth the Blood affected with a Venenate Nature while it circulates in the Vessels but when this Poysonous Humour is Extravasated and lodged in the Interstices of the Vessels as not received into the Veins it is the continent cause of a Cancer which is a Black venenate Blood making a Tumour in the habit of the Body tormenting the Nervous parts with severe pains Cancers are of two kinds the one not Ulcered the other Ulcered A Cancer not not Ulcered The first proceedeth from a more gentle and less malignant Mass of Blood easily confining it self within the empty Spaces of the Fleshy parts without intolerable pains as not offering any great Violation to the union of the Muscular and Cutaneous parts The Ulcered Cancer is derived from a most hot Mass of Blood full of fierce Saline and Malignant Particles which being settled in the empty Spaces of the Vessels A Cancer Ulcered parteth them from each other and raiseth a Tumour arising from these sharp Vitriolick Humours corroding the Fleshy parts and Skin whence gusheth out a thin sharp Gleet sometimes mixed with a depraved Blood very offensive to the adjacent parts As to the Curative parts of a Cancer it is so stubborn by reason of its great Malignity that it cannot be subdued by the most powerful Pharmacy In order to hinder the growth of it Blood-letting may be advised as also Decoctions of China Sarsa Parilla and Antiscorbuticks and other Medicines which do cool purge and sweeten the Blood by Diureticks of a mild nature a cooling and moistning Diet may prove very Beneficial and above all Milk and the most choice is that of Asses which being of a serous substance may be easily Concocted without any Coagulation in the Stomach and hath a cooling and moistning quality Topicks in this Disease prove often prejudicial Sharp and hot Topicks are very prejudicial in Cancers especially hot and sharp Applications that enrage the Fiery and Malignant disposition of a Cancer and outward Medicines of an Emplastick Oily nature are very poysonous By reason they hinder Transpiration and by deteining the hot and poysonous steams of the Blood do much Exasperate the fierce Saline Atomes of this Disease rendring it Ulcerous whose sharp Matter doth Corrode the Neighbouring parts with intolerable pains An Ancient Woman a Victualer by Profession being affected with a Scorbutick habit of Body was afflicted with a Cancerous Tumour in her Breast to which an unskilful Chyrurgeon applied sharp and Emplastick Medicines to bring the Tumour to Suppuration which could not be affected but at last ended in a most Malignant Ulcer whose thin Caustick Matter did eat away her Breast and penetrating the Intercostal Muscles into the Thorax did destroy the Noble parts whereupon this devouring Disease gave
a free and open Inflation of it without any appulse of the Finger Consonants abstractly taken are Mutes and like Ciphers without Figures have no value of themselves receiving their significancy from association of Vowels because Consonants denuded of Vowels either preclude all Sound or at least give a check to it Consonants are rendred significant by the association of Vowels they being Articulated by the apposition of one organ of Speech to another Hence ariseth the easiness of uniting Consonants to Vowels because it is more facile to pass from the appulse of one organ of Speech upon another to the Aperture Vowels make Speech intelligible and easie as passing from an appulse of one organ of Speech upon another to an aperture of the Mouth then to go from stop to stop without an Aperture and the Articulation of some Consonants is caused by the closure of the Mouth which is made by the Temporal Muscle drawing up the lower Mandible with Lips joyned to it till it kiss the upper and the Aperture is successively produced in the pronounciation of Vowels derived from the secret motions of the Tongue with the free passage of the Breath in an open Mouth caused by the contraction of the Digastrick Muscles pulling the lower Mandible and Lip downward Again Besides the significancy and easiness of Speech Vowels are also easie in reference to free play of breath in an open Mouth in Vowels which is more close in the forming of Consonants proceeding from the joyning of Consonants with Vowels there is also less expense of Breath made or at least a freer play of it every Consonant being framed by a stop of one organ of Speech upon another hindreth Respiration detaining the Breath within the Mouth whereas the Vowels are pronounced with open Lips wherein we entertain a free entercourse of inspired and expired Air. CHAP. VIII Of Spittle HAving spoke of the nature and situation of divers Conglomerated Glands Oral Glands emitting Liquor into the Mouth it may not seem altogether amiss to Treat somewhat of the several Liquors such and such Recrements emitted by Excretory Vessels into the Mouth comprehended under one general term of Spittle A fourfold matter of Spittle consisting of a fourfold distinct Matter The first called Bronchus a pituitous Matter coughed out of the Lungs The second is Coriza Narium The third Mucus Tonsillarum The fourth Saliva which I handle chiefly in reference to Mastication and Digestion of Aliment Bronchus is a crass viscid Humour Bronchus is a clammy matter derived originally from the ill concocted Chyme often deriving its origen from an ill Concoction of the Stomach producing a crude Chyle which being conveyed by the Mesenterick and Thoracic Lacteae to the Subclavian Vessels is thence transmitted by the Cava into the right Chamber of the Heart where the Milky Humour is so gross and clammy that it cannot receive so exact a comminution into small Particles by the motion of the Heart whereupon the Chyme remaining unmixed to a great degree cannot be well turned into Blood and is squeesed out of the right Ventricle by the contraction of the Heart into the Pulmonary Artery where although this Lacteous Juice receiveth a farther Comminution yet remaineth so unassimilated that the more Minute Capillary Veins of the Lungs cannot give a reception to this gross clammy Matter The crude Chyme separated from the Blood in the Lungs is discharged by a Cough out of the Bronchia and Aspera Arteria commonly called Pituita which is impelled with the Blood by the Pulsation of the Artery into the Interstices of the Vessels where this gross Recrement is streined from the Blood and forced into the Branches of the Bronchia which being irritated forcibly contract themselves to throw out this unwelcome Guest with the Breath out of their more Minute Ducts into the greater Channel of the Aspera Arteria whose lower region being first Contracted by its right and Circular Fibres The pituitous Matter is ejected the Bronchia by the contraction of the right and circular Fibres and then the upper move higher and higher with great quickness till this pituitous Matter is discharged into the Mouth and at last spit out This Recrement of the Blood is as I conceive more thin and frothy when it is first landed out of the substance of the Lungs into the Bronchia where it acquireth a greater Consistence and is endued with various Colours as White speaking its race from the Lacteous Humour as also with Yellow and Green proceeding either from the mixtures of Purulent Matter in Ulcers of the Lungs or from the impurities of the Serous Liquor of the Blood from whose red Crassament the Ulcerous Pituitous Matter is tinged with Red and thrown up in violent Coughs But if the Chyme be so far attenuated by the Motion of the Blood that it can be entertained with it into the Pulmonary Veins it is afterward communicated to the left Chamber of the Heart and thence impelled by a brisk Motion first into the Common Trunk and afterward into the Ascendent Trunk of the Aorta The second kind of Spittle the Mucus Tonsillarum is the gross Matter severed from the Blood in the substance of the Tonsils as in a Colatory and by the External Carotides terminating into the Tonsillary Glands in whose substance as by a Colatory the Blood being depurated from its grosser Recrement called by Doctor Wharton Mucus Tonsillarum is returned by the External Jugulars while its Recremental Mucous part stayeth behind being lodged sometime in the substance of the Tonsils where it being more thickned is at last Exonerated by hawking through the smaller Excretory Vessels into a greater Channel terminating into the Mouth Furthermore The Tonsils being accommodated with divers Fibres issuing from the Nerves of the Third Fourth and perhaps from the Fifth pair of Nerves These Glands being not endued with Motion A Nervous Liquor doth impraegnate the serous parts of the Blood and is the nourishment of the Tonsils nor with much of Sense a small portion of Nerves would be sufficient for them unless they were designed to some other use which is to convey as I conceive Nervous Liquor into the substance of the Tonsils where a Defaecation being made the purer part is ordained for their Nourishment and the less pure and in some degree profitable Particles of the Recrement are returned into the Lymphaeducts while the more gross being longer deteined and incrassated in the substance of the Glands are at length ejected by the Excretory Vessels terminating near the Root of the Tongue and these Faeces of the Nervous Liquor make a considerable part of the Mucus of the Tonsils The third kind of Spittle The third kind of Spittle is Mucus Narium is that Recrement of the Nostrils called Coryza sometimes exuding out of the terminations of the Capillary Arteries and Fibres of Nerves inserted into the inward Coat of the Nose and other
its Divarications terminating into the Coats of the Stomach whence the Fibres grow senseless and stupid wholly unmindful of their duty of Contraction producing the greatest misdemeanor of the Expulsive Faculty the loss of its Function whereby it giveth no ease to the Stomach by taking off its burden of Recrements the reliques of Concoction The lost Tone of the Stomach flowing from the Fibres of the Brain Another disaffection of the expulsive Faculty of the Stomach floweth from the compression of the Fibres of the Brain by a quantity of extravasated Blood Cephalick Potions are good in this distemper compressed by a quantity of Stagnant Blood lodged in the Cortex of the Brain and intecepting the admission of the animal Liquor into the Extreamities of the nervous Fibrils doth indicate Blood letting to make good the circulation of it and to discharge the Brain from its importunate extravasation destructive of the Principal and sometimes of all the Functions relating to the Head The lost Tone of the Stomach is derived also from the grossness of the Nervous Liquor stopping up the Origen of the Nervous Fibres whence the propagation of the animal Liquor and Spirits is hindred into the eighth pair of Nerves implanting many Branches into the Stomach This Disease doth denote cephalick Decoctions mixed with Aqua Paeoniae Comp. Brion Comp. Lavendul Comp. c. Cephalick Pills and Electuaries compounded of Conserves of Lime Flowers Lillies of the Valley Flowers of Betony and Rosemary mixed with Powder of Amber Castor c. and made up with some cephalick Syrup Drinking after it a large Draught of a specifick Julap which do attenuate the gross Saline parts of Blood and Animal Liquor rendring them fluid and fit to be received into the extreamities of the nervous Fibrils in the Brain and to pass into the Interstices of the Filaments of the Par Vagum and its Branches inserted into the Stomach whereupon the Tone of the Stomacick Fibres is rectified disposing them to exert their due expulsive Operations caused by the influence of a well qualified animal Liquor giving vigor to the Fibres seated in the Stomach in order to discharge its Excrements and Reliques of Concoction The second Error of the expulsive Faculty may be deduced from a remisness in doing its Duty of Contraction The Second Error of the expulsive Faculty is the faintness of the Tones relating to the Stomacick Fibres wherein the Stomacick Fibres being faint and lazy by reason they are not acted with good animal Liquor and Spirits as the efficient of soporiferous Diseases lodged in the upper Apartment of the Head whereupon the Fibres of the Stomach being destitute of laudable nervous juyce render the expulsive Power stupid and unactive The remiss action of the Stomacic Fibres may also proceed from a cold and moist Distemper in Hydropic and other Chronick Diseases The weakness of Stoma-Fibres flowing from a cold and moist distemper produced by a super-abundance of watry Humors not secerned in the Glands of the Kidneys and transmitted by the urinary Ducts and papillary Caruncles into the Pelvis and Ureters whereupon the Blood groweth watry and is returned through the Heart and Lungs by variety of Vessels into the descendent Trunk of the Aorta and thence watry Blood passeth by the Caeliac Artery into the Stomach imparting to it a cold and moist indisposition whereby the Fibres of the Ventricle are rendred flabby and unable to perform such a Contraction as is requisite for a due expulsion of the dregs of Concoction altogether unprofitable to Nature in point of Refection of the Body by Aliment which it vitiateth by its over long stay in the Stomach instituted primarily by Nature to be a receptacle of Meat and Drink and not of Recrements which the Stomach dischargeth as irksom to it The remiss Action of the expulsive Faculty The weakness of Stomacick Fibres may proceed firm the too free Draughts of cold water and other cooling Liquors which is cured by warm and drying remedies caused by weak Stomacic Fibres may also arise from immoderate Drinking of cold Water and other cooling Liquors which do confound the natural heat of the Stomach and make its Fibres stupid and flaccide whence the Ventricle groweth insensible of its burden and faint in Contraction in order to the discharge of Faetulencys a grand impediment to Concoction The faint Tone of Stomacic Fibres proceeding from a cold and moist distemper in Hydropic Diseases doth signifie warm and drying Remedies and the depuration of the purple Liquor is effected by purging and diuretic Medicines expelling by Urine and Stools the watry Recrements of the Blood and Stomach whose weak Tone is afterwards repaired by bitter and astringent Remedies as Wine prepared with Steel and Decoctions of Gentian Roots Enula-Campane the tops of Centaury the less and also Thirty or Forty drops of Elixir proprietatis taken three or four times a day in a draught of old and generous Rhenish Wine The third kind of disaffection The depraved action of the Stomach is when the Fibres are ever-contracted in Purging Vomitings Hyccops c. incident to the Stomach and that none of the least is the depraved action of the expulsive Faculty when it is too much heightned and aggrieved when the Fibres of the Stomach are receptive of great degrees of Contraction then are instituted by naure as in Purgings Hyccops Nauseatings Vomitings and in both Purgings and Vomitings immediately succeeding each other as in a Disease called Cholera In Purgings the Stomach beginneth to contract her right annular and oblique Fibres near the Left Orifice of the Stomach where its Cavity is first lessened and step by step more and more as the Fibres contract themselves toward the Pylorus where the Ventricle being contracted must by consequence discharge offensive Humors out of the Confines of the Stomach into the Duodenum so that Purging may be described an excretory Motion of the Ventricle briskly performed by a vigorous tone of Fibres gradually contracting themselves from the Left to the Right Orifice as from Term to Term Vomiting is the unkindly Motion of the alimentary Liquor and Reliques of Concoction The inverted peristaltick motion of the Guts doth cause the Stomach to throw up recrements and the pituitous Humors incrusting the inside of the Stomach as also of the bilious and pancreatick Liquors transmitted from the Liver and Pancreas by an inverted peristaltic Motion of the Duodenum into the Ventricle which doth solicit the Stomacic Fibres by a troublesome importunity to eject all offensive Recrements the bounds of the Stomach upward wherein it prudently consulteth its ease and quiet which is also frequently discomposed by a thinner and more troublesome Matter the result of an ill Concoction received into the bosom of the Stomach which I conceive is generated after this manner Meat and Drink are admitted into the Ventricle and their Elaboration in order to Digestion is matured by Heat and Ferments entring into the Compage
of the Testicles And Dr. Glysson Dr. Wharton and Dr. Willis have discovered the Succus Nervosus and the last of them its production into the cortical Glands of the Brain Dr. Grew and Malpighius the Vessels of Air Sap Milk Resine Turpentine c. in Plants Dr. Croone discovered the Muscles called Pterigostaphylini to belong to the Palate and not the Uvula and hath very well explained the nature and use of the parts of the Ear Sir George Ent hath Dissected many Animals and made new discoveries of parts not mentioned by other Anatomists and more particularly in the Rana Piscatrix Dr. Lower and Steno found out the spiral Fibres and many other ranks disposed in great order in the Heart Dr. Charlton Sir Thomas Millington Dr. Lawson Dr. Tyson and all the Fellows of our Colledge are very skilful in Anatomical Dissections of Animals wherein they have laid open many Secrets of Nature Vpon this account I have given you the trouble of a History of New Discoveries made by most Learned Anatomists in the Body of Man and other Animals in curious Dissections that you may see the great Vse and Dignity of Anatomy and of your Glorious Theater consigned to it wherein all our Learned Exercises are celebrated to the advancement of Natural Philosophy and the Republick of Learning to which I have contributed my Mite Thus making my most Humble Addresses to the Almighty Creator Redeemer and Preserver That out of his infinite Goodness he would be Graciously pleased to return all your ample Favours to Me and our Society sevenfold into your own Bosome and to Grant you all Felicity in this World and Eternal Glory in the World to come which is the earnest Prayer of SIR Your most Faithful And most obliged Servant SAMUEL COLLINS The First BOOK The Third PART CHAP. I. Of the Spleen I Have spoken of the several parts in which the Chyle The manner of concoction of Chyle by various Ferments in the Mouth Stomach and Guts and its distribution through the Lacteal and Thoracick Ducts and Subclavian Veins into the Mass of Blood and so conveyed through the Heart Lungs and other Vessels into the Spleen the Materia Substrata of Blood is prepared and perfectly Concocted and first of the Mouth in which as a Room of entertainment we treat our selves with variety of Meat and Drink which being broken into small Particles impraegnated with Nitro-aereal Atomes and Salival Liquor destilling out of the Oral Glands are conveyed through the Gulet as a Gallery into the Kitchin of the Stomach where the prepared Aliment is farther Cooked by the natural heat and Serous and Nervous Ferments ousing out of the Terminations of Arteries and Nerves implanted into the glandulous Coat of the Ventricle and thence transmitted through secret passages into its Cavity wherein the said Ferments embody with the broken Aliment consisting of different principles preinspired with Elastick and Volatil Airy Particles and intenerated with Salival Liquor whereupon a Fermentation ariseth in the Stomach making in some manner a dissolution of the Compage of Meat by Colliquation out of which a Milky Tincture is extracted in the Ventricle and transmitted into the Guts wherein it associateth with new Ferments of Pancreatick and Bilious Liquor giving a farther Concoction to the Chyle as rendring it more attenuated and white which is afterward dispensed through the Mesenterick Lacteal Vessels into the common Receptacle and from thence through the Thoracick Ducts into the Subclavian Veins where the Chyle confederates with the Blood into which it is assimilated by degrees and is imported by the Vena Cava into the right Chamber of the Heart by whose contraction made by Carnous Fibres the Vital Liquor is coveyed through the Lungs by the Pulmonary Arteries and Veins into the left Cistern of the Heart and there some streams of Blood are impelled through the common and descendent Trunk of the Aorta and Caeliack Artery a Branch of it into the Spleen which is my Province at this time So that having discoursed of the several parts The Blood is refined in the Spleen in which the Chyle is generated and dispensed by many Vessels into the Blood and by various Intestine and Local Motions is assimilated into it My Task is now to give you an account how the Purple Liquor the perfection of Chyle is percolated and refined in the Spleen And to that intent as ambulatory to it I will handle its Membranes Situation Connexion Colour Figure Magnitude Vessels Substance Glands and their Uses to which I will add at last its Pathology and its Cures The Spleen is lodged in the Left Side The situation of the Spleen not directly opposite to the Liver as being placed somewhat lower and farther distant from the Diaphragme in the middle between the Vertebres and the Cartilages of the Bastard Ribs according to Vesalius upon which the Spleen leaneth and is guarded with the Ribs it hath a Cavity in its Head bending toward the Right Side which giveth a reception to the Protuberance of the adjacent part of the Stomach when it is extended This part of the Spleen is more hollow in Bullocks Hogs and Dogs then in Men and in those Animals the Cavity of it embraceth the Convex Surface of the Stomach the third part of a Circle In its upper and Convex Region The connexion of the Spleen it is loosely tied to the Midriff and in its lower part to the left Kidney by the mediation of thin Membraneous Fibrils derived from the Rim of the Belly and the Spleen in its hollowish part it is fastned to the Caul and Neighbouring parts and in a healthy Body it doth not descend below the lowest Rib But in an ill Constitution the Ligaments being relaxed or broken by which it is affixed 〈…〉 Midriff Left Kidney and Caul The Spleen hath been observed 〈◊〉 Cabrolius to fall down into the Cavity of the belly and by Riolan to reâ—â—â— upon the Womb in a Woman of Paris The Spleen of a Foetus The colour of the Spleen is hued with a bright Red resembling in Colour that of the Liver but in young Men it is of a more deep Red and Persons of Elder Years inclineth to a blackish or deep Purple which is more black in some Bruits and is more light in Hogs and Ash-coloured in divers Fish The Spleen is thicker in its top The dimensions and figure of the Spleen and more thin toward its bottom ending in a kind of obtuse Cone and is called by some Anatomists Viscus Linguosum from resembling a Tongue in Figure which is more eminent in the Spleen of Bruits it hath a Convex Surface without toward the Left Side and Midriff and a flattish in the lower Region and is hollow toward the Right Side to give admission to the Protuberance of the neighbouring parts of the Stomach into its Bosome and is endued with a white Line running the whole length and with some Asperities where it giveth reception to
the left side and as to the length of the Thorax the Base of the Heart is much nearer to the first Vertebre than the Cone to the twelfth and moreover the Base of the Heart is more distant from the upper Bone than from the lower the Sword-like Cartilage And its Base may be more truly said to be placed in the middle of the Thorax in reference to its left and right side and the upper region of the Base is equally distant too in relation to the Sternon as being measured by a right line whereupon the Base will be found not to incline to either Extremity of the Sternon And farthermore the Hearts of Bruits are seated more truly in the middle of the Thorax than this of Man The Connexion of the Heart is made principally by the Vena Cava and Aorta which fasten its Base to the backside of the Thorax The Connexion of the Heart and it is tied also to the Pericardium and Diaphragm by its interposition The greatness of this noble Viscus is various in several Ages The dimensions of the Heart and it hath greater dimensions in Man if regard be had to the proportion of his Body than in any other Animal and it is commonly in Persons of mature age six fingers longs and four broad and it hath been observed to be less and more firm and compact in daring men of Eminent courage than in Cowards who are said to have flabby great Hearts The Heart is adorned with a kind of Pyramidal Figure The Firgure of the Heart as being more enlarged in its Base and ending in a Cone somewhat resembling a Pine Nut and is not perfectly Orbicular as being somewhat more depressed in its anterior and posterior Region and more Protuberant on each side The Surface of the Heart is for the most part smooth The Surface of the Heart only it hath some little inequality in reference to the Blood-vessels which are divaricated through its Ambient parts and admitteth some Asperities in relation to its Fat This Noble Machine of Motion may be truly styled a Muscle The Heart is a true Muscle as being furnished with all its parts disposed in a most Elegant order and is Compounded of Carnous Fibres Nerves Tendons Arteries Veins c. This excellent Muscle being beautified with a kind of Circular Figure in point of its Circumference and Pyramidal in reference to its length is furnished with divers rank of Fleshy Fibres which do not take their progress in right Lines but in oblique before they are inserted into their Tendons to give them the advantage of Contracting themselves with greater force as making their approaches nearer to each other whereupon the body of this Eminent Muscle groweth more strong rigid and tense as being highly invigorated in its Contraction And in a well boiled Sheeps or Bullocks Heart The Tendon of the Heart into which many fleshy Fibres are inserted being divested of its Vessels and Auricles a strong Tendon may be discovered which encircleth the Margents about the right and left entrance into its Ventricles Into this Tendon as Learned Dr. Lower hath well observed many Carnous Fibres integrating the Ambient parts of the Heart are Inserted with an oblique position And not only the outward region of the Heart The Ventricles of the Heart are beset with many Fibres but the inward recesses of the Ventricles too are beset with Fleshy Fibres carried in Flexures except some few Fibres which climb directly upward through the outward surface of the Ventricle and are inserted into the Base of the Heart The other Fibres which beset each Ventricle of the Heart The various Fibres of the Ventricles are carried in opposite Positions have a double rank and order and are carried in a contrary progress by reason the Fibres lodged under these right ones do climb up obliquely from the left side to the right and terminate into the Base of the Heart and do very much resemble the winding Cavities of the Ear in their Spiral Circumference Other Fibres are also seated under the Ambient Fibres which pass in an opposite posture to the former and as the other treated of before run from the left side toward the right So these arise out of the right side of the Heart and take their progress toward the left in oblique manner and encircle both Chambers of the Heart and ascend to the Base of the left side and make many Spires in inverted positions to those Fibres that proceed from the left side of the Heart This extraordinary Muscle is made up of divers ranks of fleshy Fibres Divers ranks of Fibres may be discovered upon the Excarnation of the Heart which present themselves to our Eye one after another upon the Excarnation of a boiled Heart The first rank appear as soon as the Tunicle is taken off and these lodged more deeply cannot be discovered unless the Heart be divested of its outward row The tracts and windings of these Fibres may be discerned as if we were led by a thread The Fibres do somewhat resemble a Skain of Thread as Learned Dr. Lower phraseth it but by reason some threads being less fine are wound into a Skain and seem at the first sight to resemble the complicated Fibres not made up after the same order as threads in a Skain but have very different Progresses observing various methods which very much thwart each other So that the Tunicle of the Heart being removed some may fancy that all Fibres of the Heart are carried obliquely from the Base of the Cone in one continued Duct but upon a more curious search he shall find Most of the Fibres are reflected when they have the length of the Heart that few of them do make half the length of the Heart but a little space after they have arose out of the Tendon they are reflected under the superior rank and then wholly disappear And moreover it is remarkable that the Ambient rank of Fibres are not all extended from the Base to the Cone of the Heart but some of them when they have arrived to the middle of its Circumference or rather Length are reflected in the manner of an Arch and are inserted with an oblique Duct into the Tendon of the other side and Ventricle The right Ventricle being cut off let us consider the Mechanism of the left which in some sort holdeth Analogy with the right and is different by reason the double rank of Fibres in the left Chamber of the Heart hath an inverted order terminating into opposite Tendons The double rank of Fibres of the left Ventricle do terminate into opposite Tendons because the outward Fibres being carried the whole compass of the Ventricle in the left side do climb up with Spiral Flexures and end into the Base of the Heart But the more inward Fibres of this Ventricle which have the same elongation with the outward in reference to the Cone are carried
in dimensions The Carnous Fibres are placed on each side of the Columns and intersect each other after the manner of Latise-work and are firmly tied to each other by strong Membranes Ligaments and Fibrous branches †T. 15. F. 1. iiii which keep the various ranks of Fibres close to each other as mutual Auxiliaries So that they cannot part when they are engaged in a joynt action producing the Systole of the Heart The Areae or Interstices lodged between the intersections of fleshy Fibres The divers empty spaces of the fleshy Fibres are most of them Rhomboids and some of them Oval and others Parallelograms †T. 15. F. 1. k k. Many Ligaments do arise out of the Tendon encircling some part of the left Auricle near the Base of the Heart and pass down the Wall relating to the left Chamber †F. 2. g g. Ligaments sprouting out of the Tendon of the left Auricle and end in some few larger Ligaments which are sometime fastned about the top of a strong pyramidal Column which I conceive is made up of many fleshy Fibres giving strength to the Ventricle in reference to Motion For the present I will not treat of Arteries and Veins of the Heart but refer them to a subsequent discourse The Heart is inchased in every Region The Fibres of the Heart derived from the recurrent Nerves with various Nerves and Nervous Fibres partly proceeding from the recurrent Nerve which about the Nodes of Reflection transmit many branches into the Posterior and Anterior Compage of the Heart as also into its Surface Whereupon it is adorned with two eminent Plexes distributed into it the upper and greater passeth between the Aorta and Pulmonary Artery The upper and greater Cardiack Plex proceedeth from the Par vagum and Nerves arising out of Intercostal branch according to Dr. Willis and taketh its rise from great branches derived in each side from the Par Vagum And also many considerable Nerves of the Heart do arise out of the Intercostal branch as Learned Dr. Willis will have it which most Ingenious Dr. Lower very Skilful in the discovery of the Nerves as having a curious and dextrous hand in Dissection denieth in these words Cum propagines nervosa à solo octavi paris Nervo in Cor humanum inferantur These Cardiack Nerves have great Divarications through the numerous ranks of fleshy Fibres besetting the whole substance of the Heart and are inferted into the Walls relating to both Chambers and into the outward Membrane every where encompassing and guarding this excellent Muscle of the Heart CHAP. XVI Of the Auricles of the Heart THe right and left Ventricle of the Heart are adorned with an Auricle as with two Appendages and in truth are two little Hearts The Auricles of the Heart as having peculiar Fibres if not Blood-vessels and Nerves and are Auxiliary Muscles subservient to the greater Machine of the Heart and are like two Servants waiting at the doors of the Chambers to convey the Blood more readily into the greater Cisterns or Lakes of this rare Engine of Motion The right Auricle is affixed to the right side of the Base of the Heart and doth cover the termination of the Vena Cava and not its Origens as Great Vessalius conceiveth which hath its length somewhat answering that of the right Auricle This Auricle is endued with somewhat of a Pyramidal Figure The right Auricle of the Heart is endued with a kind of Pyramidal Figure The Auricles when filled with Blood have an equal Convex Surface and when lank have many Asperities or wrinkles as some will have it because it hath an oblong Base ending into a more acute Cone and is not far extended above the Base of the Heart The Base of this Auricle being distended with Blood hath a Longitude far exceeding its Latitude and its outward surface doth much vary according to its Repletion by reason when the Auricle is distended it is endued with an equal Convex Surface and when it is rendred lank as being emptied by the contraction of its Fibres the Surface is full of roughness as endued with many wrinkles and its Surface is outwardly bedewed with watry Liquor in which it is akin to the ambient parts of the Heart The inward surface of this Auricle encircling its Cavity holdeth great Analogy with that relating to the Ventricles of the Heart and is smooth only where the Vena Cava doth terminate and for the most part is rough and full of Furrows as consisting of many implications of Carnous Fibres So that it seemeth in some sort to outdo the Ventricles in eminent Asperities and the dimensions of the Auricles are rendred greater or less as distended or emptied of Blood And hath its Connexion after this manner as I humbly conceive The Connexion of the right Auricle The left side of its Base is conjoyned to the Confines and extreme parts of the substance of the Heart where the anterior Region of the Vena Cava is lodged in the right Sinus and the right side of the Base is connected to the body of the Vena Cava according to the length of its insertion into the Heart to which the Auricle is so united in its Anterior Region as it seemeth to make one body with it and in all other parts the Auricle seemeth to be free from all Connexion and is lodged as well as the body of the Heart within the Confines of the Pericardium to which it is no where affixed by the interposition of any Membrane The left Auricle of the Heart is in conjunction with the termination of the Pulmonary Vein and is adorned with a kind of Pyramidal The Connexion of the left Ventricle or rather Oval †T. 15. F. 1. b b. Figure whose Cone is more acute than that of the right Auricle and is not carried upward as is the Cone of the other Auricle but bendeth somewhat sidewise toward the left The left Auricle in persons of more mature years or rather in old age The lest Auricle is lessened in persons of old age groweth much less in dimensions than the right Auricle and the Orifice seated in the termination of the Pulmonary Vein to which the left Auricle is conjoyned which is more narrow than that of the Termination belonging to the Vena Cava to which the right is affixed The outward Surface of the left when rendered turgent with Blood is like the right Auricle in its smooth Convex Figure and the left doth very much resemble the other in its inward Surface as furnished with many Furrows and Roughnesses The left Auricle also observeth much Analogy with the right in its Connexion The left Auricle is very like the right by reason as the right is conjoyned to the termination of the Vena Cava in one side and to its Body in the other so the left Auricle in the right side of its Base is tied to the
open entrance of the Aorta to make good the motion of the Vital Liquor into all parts of the Body The Semilunary Valves lodged in the left Ventricle of the Heart are partly made up in its lower Region of many Semicircular Fibres The Semilunary Valves of the left Ventricles and in their upper with many right fine Fibrils filling up the Surface of these Valves †T. 15. F. 2. d d d. which are three in number encompassing the Orifice of the great Artery of which the greatest is seated in the middle †T. 15. F. 2. a a a. The use of these fine Valves is to hinder the recourse of Blood out of the Orifice of the Aorta into the Cavity of the left Ventricle The use of the Semilunary Valves lodged in the left Ventricle of the Heart which may be clearly proved by the structure of the Valves which being Concave bodies seated in the entrance of the great Artery are receptive of the Blood entertained into the Aorta and moving toward the left Ventricle So that Blood being detained in these Valves as so many Receptacles doth impede its motion backward toward the left Chamber of the Heart and at the same moment the Cavity of the Aorta being straightned by many Circular Fibres doth impel the Blood more and more forward toward the ascendent and descendent Trunk of the Aorta to promote the Circulation of the Purple Liquor into the several Apartiments of the Body When the Blood is received out of the left Ventricle into the Cavity of the Aorta Nature hath provided Semilunary Valves affixed to the mouth of the great Artery which do detain some parts of the Blood beaten back by the Pulsation of the Arteries in their Cavities The use of the Semicircular and right Fibres relating to the Semilunary Vavles as so many Membranous Cells beset with divers Semicircular and right Fibres which do Contract themselves and narrow the hollowness of the Semicircular Valves and help to impel the recoiling Blood forward into the common Trunk of the great Artery and afterward into the greater and smaller Arterial Branches to give Life and Heat to all regions of the Body CHAP. XVIII Of the Motion of the Heart THe Heart is the most noble piece of Houshold-stuff The Heart is a Machine of Motion belonging to the middle Apartiment as it is a rate Machine of Motion ordained by Nature to make good the Circulation of Blood the great Preservative of Life whereupon it may justly claim to it self a Prerogative of being the chief Muscle of the whole Body as it is in perpetual motion and thereupon hath most strong Carnous Fibres considering its small bulk So that its Flesh is very solid firm and uniform tinged with a bright Red and its Prismatick Columns are so strongly conjoyned that they cannot be easily severed from their Membranes and numerous Tendinous Fibres And above all the fleshy Fibres of the Heart are so linked together in each Ventricle that they will hardly admit any separation And moreover the Fibres of this rare Engine of Motion The Fibres do not always run parallel but in irregular Lines being as it were so many minute Muscles have a different disposition and configuration from those of other Muscles as they do not run in parallel but more irregular Lines as variously intersecting each other sometimes in Obtuse and other times in right Angles and make their progress in various positions vid. right obliâ—ue transverse and spiral The Walls belonging to the Chambers of the Heart The Walls of the Heart are made of divers ranks of Fibres are framed of divers ranks of Carnous Fibres as so many Machines of Motion seated one above another which are not only affixed to each other by the interposition of strong Membranes or Ligaments but are also firmly and mutually tied by the mediation of fleshy Fibres This curious Fabrick of the Heart is contrived with wonderful Artifice speaking the infinite Wisdom of the Grand Architect and under the Membrane immediately encircling the Heart and from its Base and from the Tendinous Circular Orifices in which the Vena Cava and the Pulmonary Vein do Terminate and from the Origens of the Aorta and Pulmonary Artery is propagated a rank of fleshy Fibres The first rank of fleshy Fibres and their progress which observe a kind of equidistance from each other and passing in right Lines toward the Cone where they being variously interwoven are reflected toward the inward Walls of the Ventricles Under this outward row are seated other more inward ranks of fleshy Fibres running in oblique and spiral postures which tending toward the Cone do bend backward before they arrive its point and decussate each other with various Plexes and afterward do pass inward in oblique and spiral wreaths being in conjunction with many ranks toward the Base of the Heart and do partly make the inward Columns of the Ventricles to which the Ligaments of the Tricuspidal and Mitral Valves are affixed and the most inward ranks of these strong fleshy Fibres do integrate the Walls of the right and left Chambers of the Heart Their inward fleshy Fibres are large The inward fleshy Fibres of the Heart like so many Trunks where they are implanted into the Tendon about the right Auricle near the Base of the Heart and afterward grow less and less as they branch themselves in oblique and spiral positions toward the Cone The most inward Lair of Carnous Fibres have greatest Dimensions The most inward rank of Fibres are the greatest and the next ranks grow smaller and smaller as they more and more approach the Circumference of the Heart and all the rows of Fibers are curiously interwoven and strongly tied to each other by many Ligaments and fleshy Fibres which I have often clearly viewed upon Dissections Whereupon the many ranks of Fibres being firmly and mutually conjoyned do joyntly assist each other as one Compage in order to move the Heart which is made inward toward the Center in which the most strong Fibres are seated as most able to Contract the Ventricles of the Heart and make the more brisk impulse of the Blood into the Origens of the Arteries The Areae The Areae of the fleshy Fibres are adorned with various Figures or Interstices of the fleshy Fibres interwoven with each other in a kind of Network are endued with variety of Figures some resembling Rhomboids others Prismes a third Ovals and a fourth have several irregular shapes and different magnitudes And these fleshy Fibres have not only divers empty spaces interceding their numerous intersections The fleshy Fibres are beset with many small Pores and Plexes but the Fibres themselves are beset with numerous minute Pores capable to receive Vital Liquor which distendeth the Compage of the Fibres rendring it tense and rigid Learned Borellus Borellus his Illustration of the Motion of the Heart Mechanically by a Clue of moistned Thread
be taken from an undue fermentation of the Blood may be fetched from an undue fermentation of the Blood as consisting of unactive and too much depressed Elements hindring the Intestine motion of the Vital Juyce which is often found in Cachectick bodies in the Scorbutick Distempers of Men and Women wherein the dispirited mass of Blood is apt to Coagulate in the Ventricles of the Heart So that the Heart is forced to make many brisk and often repeated Systoles and erections of the Cone against the left side A third cause of this Disaffection may take its rise from the great effervescence of the Blood proceeding from a high Fermentation of it A Palpitation of the Heart arising out of an effervescence of the Blood as composed of too much exalted saline and sulphureous Particles often found in Hypocondriacal and Hysterical Distempers Wherein the Fibres of the Heart being highly aggrieved with the fiery heat of overmuch fermenting Blood do produce vigorous Constrictions of the Ventricles and strong Vibrations of the Cardiack Cone against the Thorax The fourth cause of this disorderly Convulsive motion of the Heart The Palpitation of the Heart proceeding from the indisposition of the Brain may be derived from the indisposition of the Cortex of the Brain in which an ill Animal Liquor is generated as partly consisting of exalted Saline and Oyly Particles produced from ill Blood whose Albuminous part is the Materia Substrata of Nervous Juyce which is transmitted through the Fibrous parts of the several processes of the Brain into the Origens of the eighth pair of Nerves and from thence into the Cardiack branches whereupon numerous Nervous Fibrils inserted into the Carnous Fibres being highly irritated by an ill Succus Nervosus do draw the Fibres into violent irregular Convulsive motion So that the elevated Cone of the Heart maketh many impetuous strokes against the Thorax As to the Cure of the Palpitation of the Heart arising from too great a quantity of Blood clogging the Heart Blood-letting is good in a Palpitation of the Heart flowing from an exuberance of Blood and putting the Fibres upon irregular Contractions it denoteth a free mission of Blood which will speak an Alleviation to great Vibrations of the Heart An instance may be given of this disaffection in a Knight a Pensioner of his Majesties who being endued with a Plethorick constitution was often afflicted with a great Palpitation proceeding from an exuberant quantity of Blood evidenced in a high Pulse oppressing the Heart and was immediately freed from this troublesome Distemper in opening a Vein by which a large proportion of Blood was immediately discharged and the Patient relieved The irregular motions of the Heart derived from the want of Fermentation of Blood Bitter Medicines are proper in a Palpitation of the Heart produced by improper Ferments do indicate bitter Medicines which Corroborate the Stomach and Anti-Scorbutick Medicines mixed with Chalybeates which rectifie the fixed saline and sulphureous parts of the Blood and endue it with proper Fermentative Principles A Mercers Wife in Covent-Garden endued with a thin Body a weak Pulse and an ill Concoction of Stomach was often highly afflicted with Palpitations of the Heart proceeding from the defect of a good Intestine motion of the Blood whereupon it grew depauperated and the Patient liable to fainting Fits and a great difficulty of Breathing which were much alleviated by bitter Decoctions Pearl Julaps Spirit of Hartshorn and Chalybeates given in Apozemes made of opening Roots Sarsa Parilla Pine and Fir and at last by the drinking Tunbridge Waters The Palpitation of the Heart arising out of the Blood over acted with too high an Intestine motion of the Blood Testaceous Powders are good in an undue fermentation of the Blood produced by exalted saline and sulphureous parts doth denote Testaceous Powders as Pearl Crabs Claws Crabs Eyes Coral and the like which do dulcifie the mass of Blood given with temperate Diuretick Apozemes and discharge the fixed saline Particles by Urine and attemper the hot Atoms of Blood In this case also Chalybeates mixed with temperate Anti-Scorbuticks may be given with good success Dr. An instance of the Cure of the Palpitation of the Heart derived from an ill fermenting Blood Huit a Person of great Vertue Learning and most eminent Loyalty for which he was Murdered in the time of Usurpation was affected with a hot Scorbutick habit of Body and highly discomposed with great Palpitations of the Heart taking its rise as I humbly conceive from too great a Fermentation of the Blood as consisting of active Heterogeneous Elements whereupon I advised him to take Testaceous Powders taken with cooling Julaps and temperate Cordials mingled with Pearl as also Chalybeate Syrups taken with Diureticks and temperate Anti-Scorbutick Apozemes by which the Patient God be praised was perfectly recovered The fourth kind of irregular motion of the Heart being Convulsive Cephalick Medicines are proper in the Convulsive motions of the Heart as produced by an ill Succus Nervosus transmitted into and irritating the Cardiack Nerves doth denote proper Medicines to refine the Albuminous part of the Blood the Materia Substrata of Animal Liquor and also Cephalick Medicines to Corroborate the Brain and Nerves of the Heart Palpitations of the Heart are accompanied also with Convulsive motions of the Nerves seated in divers parts of the Body A second cause of the Convulsive motions of the Heart and chiefly about the Base of the Heart which is backed by the Sentiments of Learned Dr. Willis encircling the Trunks of the Aorta and Vena Cava to hinder the immediate flux and reflux of the Blood and its great effervescence and Stagnations produced by vehement passions of Anger Fear Sorrow and Joy which highly disorder the various Nerves inserted into the Coats and make irregular motions in the Arteries and especially in the Aorta near the Heart whereby its Nerves are drawn into Consent and are productive of Convulsive Motions Another cause of the unkindly motion of the Heart may proceed from the frequent Pulsation of the Arteries caused by the Carnous Fibres A third cause of Cardiack Convulsions irritated by the Convulsive motion of the great company of Nervous Fibrils implanted into the fleshy Fibres of the Trunks relating to the Arteries which renders their repeated Contractions very violent whereupon the Blood is impetuously moved first through the Arteries and then through the smaller and greater branches of the Vein into the right Ventricle of the Heart So that the Carnous Fibres are highly sollicited to make many irregular Motions which are in truth Convulsive in order to discharge the great torrent of Blood into the Pulmonary Artery which being highly aggrieved by impetuous streams of Purple Liquor doth make irregular Contractions to discharge the exuberant source of Blood into the Pulmonary Vein which draweth the Heart into a Sympathy as the Orifice of the Pulmonary Artery is implanted into the right Ventricle of
the Heart A fourth cause of the inordinate motion of the Heart may be deduced from the Nerves A fourth cause of Convulsive motions in the Heart animating the Carnous Fibres of the Arteries which do interrupt the equal and natural course of the Blood by reason the Cavities of the Arteries are very much narrowed by the Convulsion of the Nerves inserted into the Carnous Fibres whereupon the impulse of Blood is stopped as in the disorder of the Nerves in great passions of Anger Fear Sorrow and the like which cause great consternation and confusion So that it is probable that the Trunk of the Aorta being very much lessened by the Convulsion of the Nervous Fibril drawing the Carnous seated in the Coat of the great Artery adjoyning to the left Chamber of the Heart much hinder the motion of the Blood out of the Heart into the Aorta whereupon the Ventricle of the Heart being highly distended by overmuch Blood will cause many violent Pulsations or Convulsive Contractions to discharge the exuberant quantity of Blood into the Orifice of the great Artery Persons subject to immoderate passion of Anger Grief Joy and those that are much afflicted with Hypocondriacal and Scorbutical Diseases are very obnoxious upon every light occasion and sometimes without any provocation to passions and convulsive motions of the Heart called vulgarly the Palpitations of it as having the Cardiack Nerves affected with a gross Succus Nutricius proceeding from ill humors in a Cachectick body oppressed with Acide Ferments of the Blood acted also with gross saline Particles Palpitations of the Heart also proceed from a great quantity of Blood ready to suffocate the Heart and put the Fibres of the Heart into inordinate Motions as well as the Nerves highly irritated by an exuberance of Blood compressing of the Heart and thereby hindring the passage of the Nervous Liquor in the Interstices of the Filaments often productive of Convulsive motions afflicting the Heart These irregular motions are also generated in the origen of the Nerves when they are disordered with some Acrimonious Matter vellicating the Fibres seated in the ambient parts of the Brain As to the Cure of these Convulsive Motions producing a great exuberance of Stagnant Vital Liquor in the Heart it denoteth frequent opening of a Vein to sollicite the motion of Stagnant Blood to abase its quantity And in reference to the cause of Convulsions seated in the Nerves producing the palpitation of the Heart Cephalick Apozemes Electuaries Spirit of Hearts Horn Spirit of Amber Succinated c. may be of great use CHAP. XX. Of the Motion of the Blood HAving given my Sentiments of the Structure and Motion of the Heart I will now Treat of the Motion of the Blood as the End and Complement of the other by reason the Heart is designed by Nature to be a rare Engine of Motion to make good the circulation of the Vital Liquor The All Wise and Omnipotent Agent created Man as the Soveraign of this lower Orb after his own Image and inspired him with the Spirit of life conserved by Motion of the Blood and to this end the Grand Architect hath framed a fit Apparatus of Organs the Heart as a noble Blood-work furnished with numerous appendages of Channels as so many Sanguiducts the Veins and Arteries to import and export streams of Blood to and from the Heart as a choice Engine to promote the Motion of the Blood the great preservative of Life In order to the better understanding of the Motion of the Blood these Considerables may seem to offer themselves to our notice First The manner how this Motion is accomplished Secondly What quantity of Blood passeth through the chambers of the Heart in a short space of time Thirdly The Cisterns and Ducts through which this noble Liquor floweth out of the Heart first into the Lungs and after runs into all parts of the Body And Lastly the end to which the Motion of the Blood is consigned The manner of the motion of the vital Liquor The Motion of the vital Liquor is performed by the Diastole and Systole of the Heart the First is rather a Laxament than a Motion wherein its Fibres are relaxed by streams of Blood expanding the cavities of the Heart which being received through numerous Pores into the inward Compage of the fleshy fibres do enlarge their Dimensions and put them upon greater and greater Contractions as they more and more approach the center whereby the Concave surface of the Ventricles grow less and less as they approach nearer and nearer to each other In the Diastole of the distended fibres The Ventricles of the Heart are distended with Blood in the Diastole and emptied by a Systole the Ventricles are dilated with a quantity of Blood filling up their Cavities and in the Systole their concave Perimeter is taken up with fleshy fibres having imbibed innumerable drops of Blood whereupon the inward swelled walls of the Heart being drawn close to each other do squeeze the drops contained in the pores of the Fibres and the greater streams of Blood lately received into the empty spaces of the Ventricles into the neighbouring Arteries to make good the Motion of the Blood As to the manner how the motion of the vital Juyce is managed out of the Cistern of the Heart into the adjacent Sanguiducts The manner how the Motion of the Blood is made in the Blood-Vessels some conceive it to be acted mechanically by a spiral wreathing of the Fibres after the same manner as water is squeezed out of wet Cloaths by a greater and greater winding them round whereby the drops of liquor lodged in the many interstices of the Filaments do quit their Allodgments but it may be proved by Reason and ocular Demonstration that there can be no such straining the Blood by the constriction of the Ventricles of the Heart by the same Organs and the same mechanical action by reason the filaments of the Cloth were laxe before their Contorsion as having many interstices obtaining a repletion by many drops of Water but afterward when the Cloth was variously modelled into divers wreaths the filaments were forced to make many Circumvolutions about the body of the Cloth whereupon the threads were not only lengthened into oblong Gyres but were also lessened in bulk and rendred more tense but the repletion of the Cavities of the Heart with Blood was made in a different manner from that of the Interstices of the Filaments of the Cloth filled with Water in which the Threads require greater Dimensions in length but the Fibres of the Heart are rather contracted according to the nature of all Muscular Fibres and the Cavities of the Heart grow greater in breadth as being expanded by the repletion of Blood and above all the Pores of the Fibres and Cavities of the Ventricles are not emptied by any Contortion as it is made inward in the Filaments of Cloth when the Water is squeezed out of their Interstices
but the Blood is strained out of the Pores of the Fibres and Ventricles of the Heart not by various wreaths but by many corrugations of the Fibres more and more contracting as they come nearer and nearer to the Center of the Ventricles whereby their Walls are brought close and briskly dash against each other produced by the strong Contractions of many ranks of Fibres tied together by firm Ligaments and a mutual entercourse so that the sides of the Cisterns of the Heart by joynt appulses being dashed against each other do squeeze out the Blood not by Contorsion of the Fibres as when the Water is wrung out of the Interstices of a wet Cloth by the force of many Circumvolutions but by the mutual Contacts of many ranks of contracted Fibres running close to each other whereby the Concave Perimeter of the Ventricles is taken away and the Blood squeezed after the manner of a Presse into the adjoyning Blood-Vessels Learned Borellus is of an Opinion Borellus Opinion that the Constrictive Power of the Heart is less then the resistance of the Blood that the constrictive power of the Heart is less then the resistance which the Blood maketh in the Ventricles of the Heart as this renowned Author hath it Tomo 2 do De motu animalium Propos 70. P. 139. Potentia Cordis Musculum constringens minor est resistentia quam exercet sanguis in ventriculis ejus Contentus in proportione subsesquiatera which if true as I humbly conceive the Blood would be stagnant in the Ventricles as over-balancing the power of the Fibres by the resistance of its Elastick Particles countermanding the Appulses of the Fibres upon the Blood in order to its Compression and Exclusion which contradicteth Experience and Autopsy because the Fibres of the Heart do more and more contract as they come nearer to the Center of the Heart till the Concave Surface is reduced toward a Plain whereby the constrictive power of the Fibres do so highly compress the Blood that they wholly overpower the resistance it maketh in the Ventricles by impelling it into the neighbouring Sanguiducts The External Fibres of the Heart The reason of the Authors said Opinion as the said Learned Author apprehendeth do act after the manner of a Rope encircling a Globe or Cylinder so that the power contracting the External Fibres of the Heart hath the same proportion in reference to the resistence of the compressed Blood as a Semidiameter to the circumference that is saith he in the recited Page that the power of the Fibres is less by a Sixth part then the resistance of the compressed Blood Praeterea ait ille At Fibrae Cordis profundiores Externarum partes cavae agunt rugas plicas inflando adeo actione Cunei vel Emboli impellunt directo motu a peripheria ad Cordis centrum Sanguineum ei inclusum Quia vero in hac actione aequalibus momentis per eosdem diametros eodemque tempore fit impulsus repulsus ergo potentia Fibrarum internarum aequalis resistentiae Sanguinis ab eis Compressi So that here this Great Author granteth a greater constrictive power to the Fibres of the Heart then in the beginning or proposition of the Chapter where he saith it is inferior to the resistance the Blood maketh in the Ventricles of the Heart to which I have given my reply above for which I humbly beg pardon in not complying with his Learned Sense which I submit to the most Candid and Judicious Reader The manner of the Motion of the Blood having been discoursed The proportion of Blood which passeth through the Heart every Pulsation now followeth in order the Quantity of Blood that passeth through the Heart every pulsation which some Anatomists have made very inconsiderable as being a Scruple Drachme or half an Ounce And I humbly conceive that the Heart of greater Animals as endued with more large Cavities are receptive of a greater proportion of Blood of which the chief part if not all is discharged in every Sistole In every Diastole the Cisterns of the Heart are filled with Blood The Ventricles of the Heart are filled every Diastole and emptied every Systole and are emptied every Sistole into the adjoyning Sanguiducts by reason the Walls of the Ventricles are so closely conjoyned by the strong contractions of the Fibres that the Blood must be wholly squeezed out of the greater Cavities of the Heart into the smaller Cylindres of Arteries in every Pulsation This assertion may be made good in the Dissection of live Animals An Experiment in the Dissection of live Animals wherein the Cone of the Heart being cut off and a Finger immitted into the Left Ventricle it will be found to be highly pinched by the strong Contraction of Fleshy Fibres narrowing the Cavity of the Ventricle whence it may be clearly inferred by the same reason that the Blood contained in the bosom of the Heart must be discharged by a powerful Compression in every Systole This Hypothesis may be farther proved by ocular Demonstration upon the opening the Bodies of Frogs Eels Vipers Snakes c. The Motion of the Blood made good by Autopsy in live Animals wherein it may be plainly discerned that their transparent Hearts turn pale every Systole as having their Ventricles empty of Blood and their hearts grow Red again in the Diastole as filled with streams of Purple Liquor tinging them with a more vivid colour And by Analogy of Reason the Cavities of the Hearts of greater Animals are filled with Blood in every Diastole and emptied in the Systole though it cannot be discerned by reason of the thick and opace fleshy Walls within which the chambers of the Heart are enclosed These Premises being granted it will not be difficult to compute what quantity of Blood passeth through the Cysterns of the Heart into the Sanguiducts in the space of an hour and upon a supposition that Two Ounces of Blood as transmitted out of the Left Ventricle in every Pulsation as Great Dr. Harvey and Renowned Dr. The quantity of Blood received in every Diastole is wholly discharged in every Systole of the Heart Lower have observed and that all the Blood received every Diastole into the Cisterns of the Heart is discharged by every Sistole into the adjacent Sanguiducts and that in the space of an hour Two thousand Pulses being counted it will follow of necessity that Four thousand Ounces of Blood are carried through the bosom of the Heart in Threescore Minutes So that the said quantity of Blood doth amount to Three hundred thirty and two pound and it being supposed that a Man is furnished with Twenty five pound of Blood which is a liberal proportion it may be inferred The whole Mass of Blood doth probably pass Twelve times through the Heart every hour that the whole Mass of Blood doth circulate through the Ventricles of the Heart above Twelve times in an hour and oftner in Men that have quick
enlarged by the accretions of new Fibres and Saline Particles of crude Blood Most ingenious Malpighius proveth this Hypothesis by a remarkable instance communicated to him by Learned Borellus Ait ille in hujus confirmationem licebit his exarare mirabilem Polypi structuram magnitudinem Florentiae in sene sexagesimum quartum annum agente inopinatò defuncto observatum à Doctissimo viro Jo. Alphonso Borello mihi humanissime Communicatam In Aorta prope Cor quae in tumorem excreverat ad mensuram duorum pugnorum Polypus consimilis magnitudinis repertus est absque appendicibus Caudis ejus autem moles membranosis tunicis ad invicem super impositis absque Continuitate consurgebat quae crassitie non superabant vulgarem chartam haedinam super his producebantur filamenta quaedam alba quae foliorum fibras seu vasa aemulabantur quae omnia ab albidiori trunco dependebant Tunicarum Polypum efformantium color cinereus erat cum rubicundis quibusdam maculis ita ut tota haec structura brassicam capitatam aemularetur Out of this History it may be clearly inferred that the production of a Polypus is made of many Filmes seated one above another whose Interstices being kept open by an interceding current of Blood do somewhat resemble the Leaves of Plants as the Membranes of the Polypus are composed of divers united Filaments not unlike the Fibres branched through the foliage of Trees Some do entertain themselves with an opinion that the Membranes of the Polypus hath divarications of Blood-Vessels which may seem somewhat probable by reason the small streams of Blood may be confined within the united Fibres as within so many Tubes or Vessels and after this manner Vessels may be formed in the Colliquaments of Seed in the Vterus of Animals and in false Conceptions and in the ascititious Glands and all other fleshy excrescences This Disease when it hath arrived a height A Polypus when it cometh to a hight is incurable is incurable as obstructing the greater Trunks of Blood-Vessels and the Ventricles of the Heart whereupon the current of Blood is intercepted the fore-runner of death so that a Polypus admitteth no curatory indication as the Disease is mortal and therefore it concerneth the Professors of Physick to be careful to prevent this fatal malady in a timely taking away the cause consisting in a gross mass of Blood made up of over-fibrous Particles productive of a Polypus whose preservatory indication denoteth in reference to the procatartick Cause a Serene Air Diet easy of Digestion and moderate exercise and in relation to the antecedent cause Antiscorbutick Diuretick and Chalybeat Medicines and chiefly Turnebridg Knawsborough and the German Spaw Waters which put the Blood into a kindly Fermentation in attenuating its grossness by a due precolation from bilious recrements in the Hepatick Glands and from fixed Salt a main cause of Concoction in a Polypus in the Glands of the Kidneys In the beginning of this Disease In the beginning to prevent a Polypus Purging and Bleeding is good Bleeding and Purging will speak a great advantage to the Patient by taking away the gross Faeculencies of the Blood and by promoting its circulation through the greater and less Tubes of Blood-Vessels and through the more enlarged Cisterns of the Heart in which the Disease is principally seated CHAP. XXVIII Of the Hearts of great Animals THe Heart of other more perfect Animals have much conformity with that of Man in relation to Situation Connexion Figure The Heart of great Animals are much akin to that of Man and Substance The Hearts of greater and less Beasts The situation of the Hearts of other Animals are conceived to be lodged about the middle of the Thorax which must be meant of their Bases and not of their Cones as somewhat inclining toward the Left Side and the Hearts of Brutes have their Situation much nearer the middle of the Breast then that of Mans. The Hearts of other Animals as well as Mans The Connection of the Hearts of Animals The Figure of their Hearts are Connected to the Back by the Trunks of the Vena Cava and Arteria Magna The Hearts of more perfect Animals are endued with a round pyramidal Figure and Cetaceous Fish with a flattish pyramidal shape And these of most Animals have a Compage encircled with a thin Membrane and made up of variety of Vessels and many ranks of fleshy Fibres interspersed with tendinous and nervous Fibrils conjoyned to each other by the interposition of strong ligaments and carnous Branches that they may not be divided but assist each other in joynt Contractions in the Systole of the Heart Learned Thomas Bartholine giveth an account The contexture of Nerve about the Cone of the Heart belonging to a Hog that he discovered in a Hog an elegant contexture of Nerves about the Cone of the Left Ventricle corroborating the fleshy walls of the Heart and further discerned many perforations about the bigness of a Brisle which passed quite through the Septum of the Heart from the Right to the Left Ventricle where he found a Membrane covering the holes to intercept the regress of any Liquor from the Left to the Right Chamber of the Heart The Heart of a Pig being opened The Left Ventricle of a Pig the Left Ventricle may be discovered to be adorned with various ranks of carnous Fibres enwrapping each other as also the mitral Valves †T. 15. F. a a. encircling the Orifice of the pulmonary Veine The carnous Columns †b b b. of this Ventricle are more small and numerous then those of greater Animals and have many Ligaments †d d d. arising out of the tops of these Columns implanted into the mitral Valves These Columns have many Ligaments †c c c. seated near their small Extremities fastning them to each other The Heart of a Lion is bigger then that of other Animals †e e e. according to the proportion of his Body The Heart of a Lion And hath a very hard and firm Compage as Learned Borichius affirmeth endued with a thick wall in the Right Ventricle and may be observed in a Dissected Lion the Septum to be extended the whole length of the Heart and not to exceed Paper in thickness and both Ventricles to be stuffed with a glutinous Polypose Matter and one Valve only to be set before the beginning of the Aorta The Heart of a Land Tortoise resembleth Fish in its Figure The Heart of a Tortoise as tricuspidal and also in one Ventricle and Auricle which is very eminent in this Animal and being blown up is threefold as big as the body of the Heart and is hued with a Blackish colour and the Heart with Red. A Camels Heart is wonderful The Heart of a Camel in reference to its dimensions as being Nineteen transverse Fingers in length and Seven in breadth and is adored with a very acute Cone
the Vena Cava in the Heart of this Fish The tricuspidal and mitral Valves is encircled with tricuspidal Valves in the Right Ventricle and the Orifice of the pulmonary Vein seated in the Left is immured with mitral Valves in the Left Ventricle The Orifices of the pulmonary Artery and Aorta The semiluâ—ary Valves are enclosed with semilunary Valves which are Concave Membranous Compages beset with many Semi-circular and Right Fibres The Hearts of Fish The Heart of 〈◊〉 Thornback and its allodgment except those of a Cetaceous kind are lodged in a small Apartiment a little below the Mouth not far from the Gills This Chamber of the Heart in a Thornback Skaite Fireflair and other cartilaginous Fish is immured in its upper Region if considered as it swimeth with a Cartilaginous or Bony cieling enwrapped above and below with a White Membrane to secure the Heart from a violent compression which would intercept the Motion of the Blood in swallowing of whole Fish This Receptacle The Figure of the Repository of the Heart or Allodgment entertaining the Heart of a Thornback is endued with a round and somewhat depressed Figure much larger then the Heart to give it a free play in order to frequent Motions The Heart of this and most other Fish dressed with Gills The Figure of the Heart of a Thornback is adorned with a triangular or rather tricuspidal Figure and hath the Aorta arising out of the Base of the Heart guarded with a Cartilaginous substance The Heart of a Skait is endued with triangular The Figure of the Heart of a Skaite The Heart of a Skait is endued with triangular or tricuspidal Figure †T. 29. c. and hath but one Auricle lodged under the Heart and runneth cross-wise †d. as dissected in a supine posture and above it as the Fish swimmeth This Fish hath a Gland hued with a yellow colour The Auricle of the Heart besetting the great Artery near the Mouth where it emitteth its Branches into the Gills A common Trunk ariseth immediately out of the Base of the Heart †e. and out of the great Artery do sprout a tripartite Branch †F. on each side The common Trunk of the Artery and after a little space ariseth out of the common Trunk a tripartite Branch †G. The tripartite Branch of the Artery which are inserted into the Gilâ—s †H. from whence are propagated numerous Ramulets fringing their bony Semi-circles The Heart of a Dog-Fish called by the Latines Galaeus levis The tripartite Branch is adorned with an inverted pyramidal Figure its Base †32. D. is naturally seated upward and its Cone †C. downward The Figure of the Heart of a Dog-Fish and hath but one Auricle seated under the Heart †e e. according to the posture of Dissection This Fish as well as other hath a common Trunk †A. coming immediately out of the Base of the Heart and hath many Branches †B. B. springing out of it The Heart of a Lamprey is encircled with a Cartilaginous integument as being the pericardium †T. 38. a. a. suitable to the Heart in Figure The Pericordia of a Lampry The Heart in this Fish is very remarkable as seeming to be double consisting of a Right and Left Lobe which is manifest to Autopsy the First is seated in the Right side of the Heart †B. in an Auricle The Right Lobe of the Heart or Auricle which is not placed as in other Fish under the Base of the Heart but maketh its progress all along the Left Ventricle and seemeth to constitute another Heart which being pricked made no motion but the Left Lobe †C. or Ventricle The Left Lobe of the Heart or Ventricle being wounded with the point of a knife made many vibrations and was quiet before it was pricked The Heart of a Salmon The Heart of a Salmon is adorned with a triangular Figure which is found in most Fish and hath only one Auricle into which the Vena Cava is implanted †T. 15. T. 5. a a. in which being opened many greater and less Branches †b b. may be plainly discovered somewhat resembling the Right Auricle of more perfect Animals These Fibres are interspersed with many Areae or Interstices endued with different shapes and sizes †c c. The Ventricle in this Fish is strengthened with Columns †d d. much assisting the contraction of the Heart and hath a great company of fleshy Fibres †e e. seated in several ranks one lodged above another as in other Animals between these Fibres are placed many Interstices †f f. after the manner of Network finely wrought in various Figures and Magnitudes This Ventricle is guarded with a Tendon †g g. seated in the inside near the Base of the Heart into which the carnous Fibres are inserted The Trunk of the Aorta arising out of the Base of the Heart being opened two Semi-lunary Valves †h h. may be seen which intercept the retrograde Motion of the Blood out of the Aorta into the Ventricle This Trunk the of Aorta is inwardly Embroidered with various Branches †ii of fleshy Fibres which render the inward surface full of unevennesses and much alike the Left Auricle of the Heart impelling the Blood out of the Trunk of the Aorta into the Arterial Branches leading into the Gills The Heart of a Viper †T. 41. F. 1.1 is different in shape from other Animals The Heart of a Viper as its Origen hath small Dimensions and its Termination much greater somewhat resembling a Bladder which beginneth in a Neck and endeth in a far larger extent and its origination adjoyneth to the Termination of the Liver The obtuse Cone or Base of the Heart †T. 41. F. 2. relating to a Snake The Heart of a Snake opened is seated immediately above the Origen of the Lungs and the Heart endeth in an acute Cone The Auricle of the Heart †h. running in length and not cross-wise as in Fish embraceth a great part of the Right Side of the Heart out of whose obtuse Cone or Base ariseth the Trunk of the Aorta †i. i. CHAP. XXX The Hearts of Insects THe heart of a Silk-worm is seated among the Muscles The Heart of a Silk-worm and its Situation implanted into the Incisures and passeth all along the Back from the head to the Extremity of the Body so that its Pulsation may be obscurely discerned in the Ambient parts by the apposition of the hand as a Learned Anatomist will have it I have seen the frequent Vibrations of the heart when it hath been laid bare by opening the Body Learned Malpighius saith The Compage of the Heart It is a Compage made up of thin Membranes which in their first rudiments are
Belly in the lowest and is destitute of it when it enters into the Viscera This Coat is of a Nervous constitution as integrated of many Nervous Fibres finely spun and curiously interwoven with each other after the manner of Network wrought in the inside The second Coat of the Arteries is affixed to this retiform Tunicle The second Coat of the Aorta and is a Membrane beset with numerous minute Glands overspreading its inward surface and is adorned in its upper side with a retiform plex of divaricated Fibrils this Tunicle as I conceive is propagated from the Coat investing the Heart to which it is continued The third Tunicle of the Arteries is more firm and thick The third is endued with many fleshy Fibres then the outward especially in the common Trunk of the Aorta conjoyned to the left Ventricle of the Heart that it might contain the hot spirituous thin blood immediately received from the left Ventricle without the dissipation of its Volatil Spirituous parts and as the Arteries are more distant from the Center of the Body they grow more thin and soft This Coat is furnished with many transverse or rather circular fleshy Fibres which are very conspicuous in the common Trunk of the Aorta relating to a great Beast Learned Rolfinchius conceived the substance of the Arteries to be wholly Membranous as not having any fleshy Fibres Lib. 6. Anatomes Cap. 4. Ait ille nos statuimus substantiam Arteriarum esse 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Membraneam neque apte posse referri ad aliquam dictarum partium sed esse propriam sui generis similitudine tamen Coloris Crassitiei aemulari Cartilagines Fibrae in hac Arteriarum substantia non dantur propriè dictae but with deference to this worthy Author I humbly conceive this Conjecture opposeth Autopsie for we may easily discern the fleshy Fibres in the common Trunk of the Aorta when boiled Farthermore I apprehend that the fleshy Fibres of the Arteries may be clearly evinced by Reason because if the Arteries were not beset with Carnous Fibres when they are dilated by a great quantity of Blood in strong Pulsations they would remain in the same distended posture had they not a power to restore themselves to their former tone by the power of Fibres And I farther believe that the cause of an Aneurism that when the second Coat of the Arteries and its Fibres being broken the Blood hath a recourse to the outward Tunicle which being soft is easily distended whence ariseth oftentimes a large beating tumor The fourth Tunicle of the Arteries as Great Galen hath observed The fourth Coat of the Aorta is as it were a thin membranous Tunicle resembling a Spiders Web which is visible to a curious Eye making inspection into the inward recesses of the great Artery and seemeth to be the off-spring of the inward Tunicle investing the inside of the left Ventricle as being a continuation of that thin Coat This Tunicle is Membranous as composed of many Fibres of the same kind some of which being carried in length do intersect the annular fleshy Fibres according to right Angles As to the substance of the Arteries some hold it to be wholly Nervous Some hold the substance of Arteries to be wholly Nervous as being composed of many Fibres which cannot be the sole off-spring of Nerves by reason the Arteries are endued with little or no sense Others conceive the Compage of the Arteries to be Cartilagineous by reason many great Anatomists have found the Arteries near the Heart to be grisly and sometimes bony but this is preternatural and cannot be termed the true and proper substance of the Arteries which is chiefly made up of many Membranous Fibres endued with an obtuse sense and these Fibres are peculiar to the Coats of the Arteries and Veins and to no other Membranes relating to the Body The Arteries seem to have a double motion Diastole and Systole The Arteries have a double motion Systole and Diastole The first I humbly conceive is produced by the systole of the Heart highly contracting the Ventricles impelling the Blood out of the right Ventricle into the Pulmonary Artery and out of the left into the common Trunk of the Aorta and so into all Arteries but the manner how the pulsation of the Arteries is made in all parts of the body in the same instant is hard to be understood Learned Dr. Harvey expresseth it after this manner That the pulsation of Arteries is performed by the impulse of the Blood The manner of the Pulsation of the Arteries according to Dr. Harvey at the same time affecting all the Arteries as when an immission of Breath is made into the great cavity of a Glove at the same moment all the Fingers are distended In Lib. de Motu Cordis Cap. 35. Ait ille Denique Arteriarum Pulsum fieri ab impulsu sanguinis è Ventriculo sinistro eo pacto quo cum quis in Chirothecam inflat omnes digitos simul videt distendi Pulsum aemulari To which I make bold with the Great Author's leave to speak this Reply That the Simile of immission of Breath from the Hand to the Fingers doth not hold by reason the distance is very small between them so that the Breath may be immediately conveyed from one part to the other which cannot be so easily effected in the motion of the Blood from the left Chamber of the Heart into the Extremities of the Arteries which are seated at a great distance from each other Learned Diemerbroeck backeth this Hypothesis by a farther argument That the Blood being hot and thin as it is rarefied and easily moveable and thereupon may be impelled from the Heart into the Arteries filled with Blood Ait ille Anatomes Lib. 6. pag. 807 Sanguinem Arteriarum esse rarefactum calidum tenuem hinc facile mobilem eumque é Corde impelli in Arterias simili sanguine antea repletas unde pauxillum quid è Corde in Arteriam magnam propellitur mox ab illo pauxillo etiam necessario totum quod omnibus Arteriis inest simul propelli sicque omnes Arterias eodem tempore simul distendi si in Orbe stanneo vel Scutella deponatur circulus Globulorum Contiguorum unus eorum manu promoveatur seu impellatur ille proximum alter tertium sic deinceps omnes eodem momento promoventur impelluntur ita se habet in Arteriis in quibus una parte sanguinis mota moventur omnes This famous Author Illustrates the Motion of the Blood in the pulsation of the Artery by the motion of many Bullets put into a Vessel wherein one being moved all do move So that by this instance he concludeth that the Bullets move at once which seemeth to contradict Reason and Sense because though they be Contiguous yet they press one another forward by a successive motion and is done so quickly as it seemeth to be but a moment
a distance and confining the extravasated Air transmitted through the perforated Lungs is furnished with many fleshy and membranous or fine tendinous Fibres making a kind of fine muscular Expansion supplying the place of a Diaphragme and different from that of other more perfect Animals upon a double account by reason First this of Birds when relaxed hath its Concave Surface facing the Lungs and Convexe toward the Intestines but the Diaphragme of Man and Beast in its state of restitution hath its Convexe Surface bending toward the Lungs and its Concave facing the Viscera of the lowest Apartiment Again this membranous Contexture interlined with fleshy Fibres may be discriminated from the Midriffs of other Animals by reason the First when it is contracted lessens the peculiar Cavity in which the Lungs are lodged and thereby squeezeth the extravasated Air into the perforations of the Lungs but the Diaphragme of other Animals when contracted doth enlarge the Perimeter of the Thorax in length to give entertainment to the Lungs dilated with Air. Of the Lungs and Gills of Fish CHAP. XLI WHales and all cetaceous Fish have Lungs much resembling those of Quadrupedes in their Divarications of the Bronchia Vesicles and Blood-vessels The Lungs of a Porpess are furnished only with two Lobes Tâ—e Lungs of a Perpâ—s †T. 41. on each side one encompassing the Right and Left Region of the Heart they are most thick in their Origens and grow into more narrow and thin Expansions about their Terminations and are beautified with a pale Red and in one part do somewhat adhere to the Midriff and are every way immured within a strong Membrane As to their substance The subsâ—ance of the Lungs of a Porpâ—ss they may be stiled a curious Compage made up of numerous greater and smaller Branches of Air-pipes and appendant Sinus accompanied with many pulmonary and bronchial Divarications of Arteries and Veins framed in reticular Plexes which I plainly saw in a Dissected Porpess with Wonder and Delight The Lungs in this Fish are accommodated with many Nerves The Lungs of Fish have their Blood-Vessels accompanied with Nerves The Bronchia of the Lungs are beset with many minute Glands branched through the substance of the Lungs and accompanying the Blood-vessels The Bronchia are associated with many small Glands which Dr. Tyson observed to be Steatomatous in a Porpess he Dissected And I humbly conceive that humane Lungs have Glands too seated about the Divarications of the Trachaea in the substance of the Lungs and the use may be to percolate the Blood whose purer part is received into the extremities of the Veins and the recrements into the origens of the Lympheducts and conveyed into the subclavian Vessels The Gills of Fish are Systemes of numerous Branches of Arteries and Veins formed into Arches The Gills of Fish are made up of many Blood-Vessels affixed to â—â—mi-circular bony Procâ—sses and affixed to bony Processes to keep them in due order and to give them a defence against the assaults of ill accidents These curious Contextures of Vessels have some affinity with those of the pulmonary Arteries and Veins as the Blood coming from the Ventricle of the Heart in most Fish is first impelled into the Trunk and Branches of the Aorta and then into the Branchial Arteries and afterward received into the extremities of the Branchial Veins so that the Blood of Fish maketh a circuit through the various Blood-vessels of the Gills in some manner resembling that in the pulmonary Vessels whereby the Blood of Fish is impregnated with airy Particles in the Gills as well as in the substance of the Lungs relating to other Animals And now I will endeavour to give you an account of the Fabrick of the Gills in a Skaite The manner of the progress of the Arteries and Veins into the Gills and of the Trunk and Divarications of the Artery †T. 29. entring into them after this manner out of the base of the Heart ariseth a great Trunk of an Artery encircled with a white hard Shell which climbeth upright single for an Inch or thereabouts and is then divided into Two Branches on eachside one and afterward each Branch is subdivided into three which on each side run along the lower Region of the Three first bony Arches of the Gills which are beset with many minute Divarications sprouting out of the first greater Branches and end into one common Trunk And about an Inch or more above the First Branches of Arteries The Second progress of the Arteries into the Gills ariseth on each side one springing out of the arterial Trunk and each of them is subdivided into a pair of Branches which take their progress all along the lower part of the two semicircular bony Arches belonging to the upper Gills and these greater Branches are again divaricated into many smaller Ramulets terminating into one common Trunk which wheeling backward is afterward divided into numerous arterial Branches transmitting Blood into all parts of the body of Fish which is brought back again to the Heart by venous Branches and Trunks so that every indentment of the semicircular Arches garnished with many Branches of Arteries is again answered with an equal number of venous Divarications The Arteries of the Gills are answered with an equal number of Veins And those of the descendent Trunk of the Cava do address themselves to the ascendent of the Aorta and the Branches of the ascendent Trunk of the Cava do apply themselves to those of the descendent Trunk of the Aorta which may be manifest by opening the arterial and venous Branches appendant to the lower regions of the arches of the Gills fringed with many Red indentments into which may easily be seen the rows of holes leading into them so that a Black Liquor being injected into the Arteries of the Gills An experiment to prove some part of Liquor passeth into the Gills and another part into the descendent Trunk of the Aorta it will return again by the Veins And the Black Liquor being immitted into the Arteries some part passeth into the Fringes of the Gills and another part is carried in a straight course into the descendent Trunk of the Aorta whence it may be clearly deduced that the Gills in Fish do supply the place of Lungs in more perfect Animals through which the Blood taketh its circuit to be impregnated with the more pure and nitrous parts of Air which being associated with Water are received into the Mouth and Gills of Fish and affect the Blood passing up and down the Red Fringes of the bony Arches Water inspired with Air may goe into the Arteries and mixe with Blood passing through the vessels of the Gills which are ranks of Arteries and Veins exporting and importing vital Liquor from and to the Heart So that the Water inspired with the more thin and nitrous Particles of Air may diffuse it self through the Pores of the Arteries affixed to
Body the several Bones and their Protuberances and Sinus framing different Articulations of Joints whose motion is made easie by Cartilages and rendred firm as encircled and fastned together by Ligaments By many curious Dissections great discoveries have been lately made in the Body of Man and other Animals much improving the Theory and Praxis of Physick of the Milky Vessels in the Mesentery of the common Receptacle and Thoracick Duct in the middle Apartiment of the Lymphaeducts in the Liver and other parts of the Body of the many Tunicles of the Stomach and Guts and of the Glands and Nervous Compage of the Brain and various Processes and Animal Liquor and of the Carnous Nervous and Tendinous Fibres of the Heart of the Vesicles of Air and Lobules in the Lungs and of the Glands in the Cutis Mesentery Spleen Liver Kidneys and Testicles of new Seminal Vessels in them and of many actions and uses of the parts and of the motion of the Chyle Lympha Blood and Nervous Liquor The principal end and accomplishment of Physick is its Praxis relating to Diagnosticks Prognosticks and Therapeuticks which are all derived à parte affecta actione laesa both these are made known by Anatomy whereby we inspect the outward parts and the more inward Recesses the Viscera whose penetrals are discovered by Dissections So that no person can truly deserve the appellative of a Learned and able Physician which is not well versed in Anatomy whose precepts relate to Physiology and are the first rudiments of our Art without which we cannot truly judge the nature of a Disease manifested in the part affected and the actions offended And to this end to promote the Art of Physick which hath been my long Study and Employment I have been concerned in many Dissections of the Body of Man to contribute my Mite to the improvement of Experimental Phylosophy depending upon Anatomy the chief part of Physiology which is much advanced by the Dissections of the Bodies of other Animals as well as that of Man to render his Parts more clear and intelligible So that I have with great Care and Faithfulness laid open various kinds of Creatures to inspect their Viscera which I have ordered to be curiously drawn with a Pensil from the Life in many Schemes beautified with variety of Elegant Figures Engraven in Copper-Plates as so many Monuments of Art and Copies of Nature lively representing the Noble Parts of the Body of Man and other Creatures faithfully recommending them to Posterity that the Republick of Learning may have a recourse to them to revive their Notions gained by great Observation made by Autopsie upon the Bodies of Animals These curious Tables embelished with the Images of various Parts may be termed Natures fine Pictures copied by Art wherein we may read God's most admirable Works as so many Products of His infinite Essence written in fair Characters in the Book of the Creatures composed of divers Volumes disposed in excellent order consisting of several fine Leaves bound up with great Artifice teaching us to know love and adore the Supreme Good the Author of all Being Goodness and Perfection The Following SCHEMES Are Adorned with many FIGURES Representing the VISCERA of MAN and other Animals Engraven in large Copper-Plates Tab. I. A Humane Body opened a a. THe Cartilages of the Aspera Arteria which are not perfectly circular α α. The long Fibers passing down the Aspera Arteria β β. The circular Fibers every way surrounding the Aspera Arteria b b. The outward Skin of the Arm being turned back the first and Reticular Coat of the inward Skin appears c c. The Papillae Pyramidales seated in the wrinkles of the Skin are derived from the Nervous Coat and terminate into the Cuticula d d. The Reticular Coat of the Skin being turned up the Nervous appears being composed of long transvers and oblique Filaments e e. The minute Membranous Fibers are derived from the Membrana Musculorum Communis and passing through the Fat and Membrana Adiposa are inserted into the Skin f f. The Nervous Coat being turned back the Glandulous discovereth it self beset with small Glands which are Colatories of the Blood having recourse to the Ambient part of the Body g g g g. Part of the Ribs seated on each side of the Thorax h. The Thymus being fastned in its Base to the Pericardium climbeth up till its top arriveth the highest Rib. ii The right Lobes of Lungs turned toward the right side k k. The numerous divarications of Blood-vessels seated in the Surface of the right Lobes after the manner of Network l l. The left Lobes of the Lungs lifted up that the Heart may appear are beautified with Blood-vessels after a reticular manner m m. The right Auricle of the Heart surrounded with many circular Fibers running Horizontally n n. The Base of the Heart seated exactly in the middle of the Thorax o o. The Cone of the Heart inclining toward the left Pap. p p p p. The Coronary Blood-vessels Enameling the Surface of the Heart q q q. The Diaphragm passing horizontally in an Arch parteth the lowest Apartiment from the middle and hath in its Relaxation a Convex Surface toward the Thorax and a Concave toward the Belly r. The broad suspensory Ligament derived from the Peritonaeum by which the Liver is fastned above to the Midriff s s. The right Region of the Liver turned backward that the Stomach may be discerned t t. The left Region of the Liver being put out of its situation inclineth toward the left Hypocondre u u. The Blood-vessels branching themselves upon the Surface of the Liver after the manner of Network w w. The minute Glands besetting the ambient parts of the Liver x x. The Bladder of Gall which in its natural situation is lodged in the concave part of the Liver α α. The Trunk of the Gastrepiploick Vessels running horizontally over the Caul after the form of an Arch. β β. The Gastrepiploick Vessels sprouting out of the Trunk are branched downward all along the Caul δ δ. The greater Adipose Ducts accompanying the Blood-vessels Υ Υ. †ε ε. The more numerous small Adipose Ducts seated in the Area †of the greater Vessels are branched after the manner of a curious small Network y y. The body of the Stomach appearing upon the turning up the Liver z z. The first Coat of the Stomach Enameled by Blood-vessels Tab. 1. Tab. II. Fig. 1. Represents the Vpper-Lip Cheeks Teeth Palate Uvula of a Man a a. THe transverse Fissures of the Upper-Lip b b. Some part of the Upper-Lip stripped of its Coat wherein the spongy substance of it may be discovered as interspersed with many minute red Glands c c c c. The Fat of the Cheeks cut open wherein are seated many Particles of Fat as in so many Membranous Cells resembling Glands of divers magnitudes and figures d d. The Cheek being cut many small Glands may be discerned accompanying the fleshy parts of the Buccinators
Vterus or body of the Womb. N N. The Cornua Uteri which are extended to a considerable length O O. The Tubae Fallopianae or deferent Vessels of the Womb. P P. The Testicula or Ovaria composed of many Seminal Vesicles or Eggs. Q. Q. Muscular Fibers that go to the Cornua Uteri S S S. Numerous branches of Blood-vessels that make their progress to the Cornua Uteri Ovaria c. T T. The Alae or Wings of the Womb. U U. Part of the Peritonaeum or Rim of the Belly Tab. 12. Tab. XIII Fig. 1. The Organs of Generation relating to Man A. THe fore-part of the Bladder of Urine B. The neck of the Bladder C C. Part of the Ureters D D. Part of the deferent Vessels carrying Seminal Liquor to the Vesicles E E. Blood-vessels running to the Seminal Vesicles F F. The Seminal Vesicles G G. The fore-part of the Prostates H. The Vrethra or passage of Urine adjoyning to its spungy part I I. The spungy part of the passage of Urine K K. The Musculi called Erectores Penis L L. The origens of the Nervous Bodies severed from the Share-bones which are blown up like Bellows when the Penis is erected M M. The Cutis of the Penis being opened is turned to each side N N. The Duplicature of the Cutis which maketh the Prepuce O O. The Cutis seated behind the Glans P P. The Dorsum or Back of the Penis Q. The Glans of the Penis R. The Urinary passage perforated in the fore-part of the Glans S S. Nerves running upon the Back of the Penis T T. Arteries divaricated upon the Dorsum Penis V. The Corpora Nervosa being united W W. Two Veins uniting run with a great Trunk upon the back of the Penis X. A Vein opened that the Valves may be discovered Fig. 2. A. Part of the deferent Vessels endued with a thick substance and small Cavity B. Part of the deferent Vessels endued with a thin substance and large Cavity C C. The Extremities of the deferent Vessels inserted with a small hole into the Seminal Vesicles D D. The neck of the Seminal Vesicles is divided into two parts by the interposition of a Membrane to keep the Semen of one side from mixing with that of the other E E E E. The Seminal Vesicles distended with Wind that their Meanders may be plainly seen F F. The Blood-vessels going to the Seminal Vesicles G G G. The Membranes keeping the deferent Vessels and Seminal Vesicles in their due situation h h. The Blood-vessels going to the sides of the deferent Vessels I I. The Prostates K. The Vrethra L. The Muscle improperly said to dilate the passage of Urine M. The same Muscle turned on one side out of its situation N. The spungy part lying under the Vrethra O O. The Vrethra with its spungy part P P. The Nervous Bodies of the Penis Q. The lower Region of the Glans r r. The Extensors improperly called the Erectors of the Penis Fig. 3. A A A A. The numerous Seminal Vessels of the Testicles runnning in various short Maeanders are disposed among the fine Membranes in excellent order B B. The Seminal Vessels passing through the membranous substance adhering to the back of the Testicle C. Part of the Seminal Vessels perforating the Albugineous Coat cut off before in Serpentine Ducts they constitute the greater Globe of the Epididymis D D D D. The Albugineous Coat of the Testicle is open in its fore-part and turned to the Sides Fig. 4. Shewing the Testicles of Bruits and their Vesicles A. The Preparing Vessels cut off B. The confused posture of the Preparing Vessels C. The branches of the Preparing Vessels tending to the Epididymis D D. The greatest branch of the Preparing Artery going through the body of the Testicle E E. The ramification of Preparing Veins F. A Dogs Testicle full of Seminal Matter G. The greater Globe of Epididymis turgid with Semen H. The lesser Globe of the Epididymis distended with equality of Genital Liquor I. The termination of the Epididymis or the beginning of the deferent Vessel K. The deferent Vessel having a Ligature that the Seminal Vessels may be more clearly discerned Tab 13 Tab. XIV The Uterus of a Virgin according to Learned Swammerdam A A. THe Spermatick Vessels of each side implanted into the Ovary Tube and Body of the Uterus B B. The Preparing Veins and Arteries of each side which constitute the Pyramidal body C. The left Testicle or Ovary with its transparent Eggs. D. The Veins and Spermatick Arteries branched through the Ovary E E E. The Membranous Ligament resembling the Wing of a Bat through which the Spermatick-vessels are carried into the Tube f f f f. The union of the Hypogastrick and Preparing-vessels climbing up the sides of the Womb under the Tube and round Ligament G G. The Hypogastrick Veins seated in each side H H. The Hypogastrick Arteries placed in each side I I I I. The Inosculations of the Arteries of the Womb. K K. The divarications of Veins of the Womb. L L. The left Fallopian Tube M. The large hole of the Tube opened attended with its Fimbriae or Fringes N. The Membrane of the right Ovary taken off and turned back that the insertion of the Spermatick-vessels into the Ovary and Eggs may be seen O. The inversion of the right Tube that the Cavity may be seen through which the Eggs pass into the Body of the Womb. P. The Fimbriae or Fringes seated in the origen of the right Tube Q. The Fundus or rather the top of the Womb obscurely swelling R. The Fundus of the Womb a little opened S. The open Orifices of the Vessels cut cross-ways in the substance of the Womb. T. Part of the Membrane covering the Intestinum Rectum VV. The round Ligaments seated in each side and terminating near the Clitoris and the Fat of the Pubes X X. The outward Thighs of the Clitoris Y Y. The inward Thighs of the Clitoris Z Z. The Vessels branched through the Clitoris a. The Bladder removed out of its place toward the right side B. The insertion of the neck of the Bladder near the Clitoris c c c c c c c c. The Ureters D D. The insertion of the Ureters into the Bladder E. The Hydatids F F. The Valves of the Veins Tab 14. Tab. XV. Fig. 1. Of the Left Ventricle of the Heart opened a. THE Foramen ovale by which the Blood of the Foetus is carried into the pulmonary Vein adjoyning to the Left Ventricle b b. The Left Auricle is endued with an oval Figure and beset with diverse ranks of fleshy Fibres lodged one above another so that it seemeth to be a kind of a little Heart c c c. The mitral Valves or Membraness encircling the Orifice of the pulmonary Vein d d d. The Ligaments arising out of the Heads of the carnous pyramidal Columns do terminate into two or three or more branches implanted into the mitral Valves e e. The
carnous Columns adorned with a pyramidal Figure their Bases enclining toward the mitral Valves and their Cones toward the Cone of the Heart f f. The Ligaments by whose mediation the carnous Columns are tied to each other g g. The Ligaments of the carnous Columns inserted into the fleshy Fibres seated on each side of them h h. The carnous Fibres placed on each side of the Columns iiii The ranks of fleshy Fibres lodged within the Columns after the manner of Lattise-work which do intersect each other and are mutually tied by strong Ligaments and Fibres k k. The Areae or Interstices of the fleshy Fibres of which most are Rhomboides some Oval and others Parallelograms Fig. 2. Of the Left Ventricle of the Heart opened and other ways described a a a. The Aorta opened which is encircled with three semi-lunary Valves of which the greatest is placed in the middle b b b. The Semi-lunary Valves consisting of many Semi-circular Fibres immuring the Orifice of the Aorta d d d. The Membranes belonging to the Semi-lunary Valves made up of many right Fibrils filling up the surface of the Valves e e e e. The Ligaments sprouting out of the carnous Columns and inserted into the mitral Valves f f. The carnous Columns endued with a pyramidal Figure g g. The fleshy Fibres seated between the Columns and resembling Lattise-work Fig. 3. Of the Left Ventricle of the Heart of a Pig opened a a. The Left Auricle consisting of many ranks of Fibres enwrapping each other b b b. The mitral Valves encompassing the pulmonary Vein c c. The Ligaments arising out of the top of the carnous Columns and implanted into the mitral Valves d d d. The carnous Columns are more small and numerous then those of greater Animals e e e. Ligaments fastning the various Columns to each other Fig. 4. Of the Left Ventricle of the Heart of a Wild-Duck opened a a. The Left Auricle of the Heart composed of many ranks of Fibres b b. The mitral Valves encompassing the pulmonary Vein c c. The Ligaments springing out of the heads of the carnous Columns and inserted into the mitral Valves d d d d. The carnous Columns beautified with a pyramidal Figure e e. The Ligaments fastening the carnous Columns to each other Fig. 5. The Heart of a Salmon opened a a. The Auricle of the Heart opened into which the orifice of the Vena cava is implanted b b. The Fibres of the Auricle propagated into greater and lesser Branches c c. The Areae running between the Fibres which are of different shapes and sizes d d. The Columns relating to the Ventricle of the Heart e e. The Fibres of the Ventricle f f. The Areae or Interstices of the Fibres endued with diverse Figures and Magnitudes wrought after the manner of Network g g. The Tendon seated near the Base of the Heart into which the Fibres are inserted h h. The two Semi-lunary Valves intercepting the retrograde motion of the Blood out of the Aorta into the Left Ventricle ii Fibres of the Origen of the Trunk of the Aorta impelling Blood through it into the Arterial branches leading into the Gills do much resemble the Left Auricle of the Heart Tab 15. Tab. XVI Fig. 1. A A A A. HAlfe a Lobe of the Lungs of a Man b b. The Trunk of the Pulmonary Artery c. A hole where the Artery is cut off d d. The Branches of the pulmonary Artery cut off e e e e. The Trunks of Arteries out of which many Branches do sprout f f f f. The Branches of the Artery g g g g. The Branches of the Bronchial Artery cut off Fig. 2. A. The Trunk of the pulmonary Artery cut off B B B. The lower part of the Artery opened by Dissection a a a. Little holes leading into diverse Branches of Blood-vessels b b b. Diverse muscular Fibres upon which other circular do rest c c. The smaller and upper Trunk of Arteries left unopened that the annular Cartilages may be discerned d d d d. The Branches of the Aspera arteria constituting the lesser Lobules in which the annular Cartilages may be discovered e e e e. Part of the arterial Branches are opened that the right muscular Fibres may be seen f f f f. Some Trunks of the Aspera arteria are cut off that the rest may be rendred more conspicuous g g g g. The secondary Lobules appendant like Grapes to the Branches of Wind-pipe which may be divided into more small Lobules whose interior Ducts do lead into the vesicular Cells of Air. h h h h. Blood-vessels shading the surface of these Lobues Fig. 3. A. The Trunk of the Wind-pipe b b b b. The Branches of the Wind-pipe sprouting out of that Trunk c c c c. The passages of those Branches leading into the orbicular Vesicles which seem to resemble bunches of Grapes d d d. Vessels distinct from the pulmonary covering the Aspera arteria Fig. 4. The pulmonary Arteries and Veins which do make numerous divarications which being interspersed with the ramifications of the Aspera Arteria do constitute the greatest part of the Compage of the Lungs Tab 16 Tab. XVII Fig. 1. The Tongue of a Lion a a. THe tip of the Tongue which is smooth near its origen b b. The pointed Protuberances seated in the middle and do bend inward c c c c. The pointed Prominencies placed on the sides of the Tongue which are more small then those of the middle d d. The pointed Protuberancies are more large toward the roots of the Tongue e. The Larynx or top of the Wind-pipe f f f f. The Cartilages of the Aspera Arteria which is almost circular Fig. 2. The Spleen of a Lion a a a. †A A. The Convex part of the Spleen furnished with an eminent Prominence †b b. The origen of the Spleen confining on the left Hypoconder d d d. The part of the Spleen growing less and less hath a more straight progress e e. The Termination of the Spleen much smaller then the Origen f f f. The Concave part of the Spleen adorned with a Semicircular figure g. The connexion of the Spleen with the Stomach in its Protuberance h h. And the connexion of the Spleen with the but-end of the Pancreas Fig. 3. The Pancreas of a Lion a a. The but-end of the Pancreas much larger then the rest b b. The small Glands seated in the but-end of the Pancreas c c c. The greater Glands of the Pancreas d d d d. The circular part of the Pancreas Tab. 17. Tab. XVIII Fig. 1. The Viscera of an Ape a. THe origen of the Stomach b b. The body of the Stomach c. The bottom of the Stomach d. The termination of the Stomach or Pylorus e e. The Duodenum E. The Spleen resembling the Heart of a Bird. f. The Base of the Spleen confining on the greater part of the Pancreas which I conceive to be its origen g. The Cone of the Spleen turned upward h. The larger part of
by the neighbouring parts doth resemble somewhat of a Semi-circle k k. The Vessel arising out of the Pancreas and inserted into the great Gut l l. Another Vessel passing over the Stomach is inserted into the middle of the Arch relating to the Semi-lunary Spleen m m. A Vessel arising out of the lesser Spleen and inserted into the middle of the Stomach n n. A Vessel encircling the Stomach o o. A Vessel arising out of the middle of a Vessel going out of the lesser Spleen and passing over the Pancreas and Stomach tendeth downward and terminates into a Gland p p. The great Semi-lunary Spleen encompassing the bottom of the Stomach Fig. 3. a a. The partition of the first rowe of Glands relating to the Milte b b. The Origen of the second rank of Glands being Spiral c c. The two Ducts that transmit the milky Humor into the Glands affixed to the Spine d d d d. The second rank of Glands running all down the Spine e e. The terminations of the ranks of Glands having Ducts inserted into the last Gut near the Anus f f. The last Gut into which the excretory Ducts of the second of Glands is inserted g g. The beginning of the Kidney in a point h h. The Kidney seated on the outside of the second rowe of Milky Glands ii The termination of the Kidney in a small Process of Glands and is inserted by a Center into the Gut near the Anus Tab 27. Tab. XXVIII A Fireflaire opened a a. THE cover of the Nostrils b. The Mouth c. The Trunk of the Aorta d. The Heart e. The right Auricle lying under the lower region of the Heart F. †g. Part of the Membrane encompassing the cartilaginous Arch †parted in the middle to give sight to the Heart is Concave toward the lower Venter and Convex toward the upper H. The top or origen of the Gulet much broader then the rest and after groweth narrower as it approacheth toward the Ventricle I. The Gulet K. The Left Orifice of the Stomach l l l. The circumference of the Stomach representing an Arch. m. The Right Orifice of the Stomach n. The beginning of the Duodenum or great Gut having a narrow Neck o. The turn of the Duodenum where the Pancreas beginneth p p. The Pancreas arising near the turn of the Duodenum inserteth it self into the inside of the Right Gut and that part of the Pancreas that lieth under the Duodenum is of a kind of triangular Figure q. The Spleen lying within the circumference of the Arch of the Stomach r. The ridge of the Spleen s s s. The great Gut lying in the Right Side T. The Intestinum rectum u. The termination of the Intestinum rectum w. The part of the Gut that lieth in the Left Side x. The Milte consisting of numerous minute Glands and Vessels y. The Kidney consisting of many Red Glands interspersed with white Membranes z. The Ureter discharging it self into the Intestinum rectum 1. The descendent Trunk of the Artery lodged near the Spine in the Left Side 2. The Artery seated in the Left Side derived from the descendent Trunk of the Aorta and passing the length of the Milte transmitteth many Branches into the minute Glands of it 3. The ascendent Trunk of the Vena Cava climbing all along near the Spine 4. The termination of the Intestine seated in the Left Side to which are affixed a company of white minute Glands all joyned together by thin small minute Membranes Tab 28. Tab. XXIX The Viscera of a Skait c. A. THe Nostrils seated above the Mouth on each side of a Skait B. The Mouth with three rows of Teeth above and below C. The Heart being endued with a Pyramidal figure d. The right Ventricle running cross-wise under the Heart E. The common Trunk arising immediately out of the Heart F. The first and Tripartite branches sprouting on each side out of the common Trunk and inserted into the three lower Gills G. The Bipartite Branches emitted on each side out of the Arterial Trunk implanted into the two upper Gills H. The five Gills seated on each side J. The Cartilaginous Intersepiment or Wall parting the Middle from the lower Apartiment K. The left Lobe of the Liver L. The middle Lobe M. The right Lobe N. The Bladder of Gall. O. Part of the Pancreas seated upon the first Gut p. Part of the Spleen q. The Cava entring into the right side of the Appendix of the Heart lying under the body of it R. The descendent Trunk of the Aorta arising out of the left side of the Appendix of the Heart S. Part of the Gulet appearing between the Lobes of the Liver t. The orbicular Fibers of the Gulet u. The long Fibers of the Gulet w. Part of the Surface of the Stomach A. The Vessels appertaining to the Gills Tab 29. Tab. XXX Fig. 1. Containing the Gulet Ventricle Pancreas c. of a Skait THe Gulet according to Aristotle is only found in those Animals which are endued with Respiration whereupon Learned Steno was of an opinion that a Skait had no Aesophagus as he hath it in the 4th Page of the Anatomy of a Skait His words are these treating of a Skait Ori continuus sine Aesophago Ventriculus unam eandemque cum illo in mortuis videtur conficere cavitatem The Ventricle being continued to the Mouth without a Gulet doth seem to make one and the same cavity with it in dead Fish With deference to this Learned Author I take the boldness to make this Reply That the dimensions and form of the Gulet and Stomach are very different in a Skait in which the Aesophagus in this Fish holdeth much Analogy with the Gulet of other Animals having Respiration in point of Figure A A. The Gulet adorned with a round figure and much less then the Ventricle a a a The annular Fibers of the Gulet so called as encircling it b b. The oblong Fibers making their progress through the length of the Gulet C. The beginning of the Stomach D. The Pylorus or termination of the Stomach d. The great Branches of Blood-vessels belonging to the Stomach E E. The transverse or circular Fibers dressing the first Coat of the Stomach f. The oblique Fibers of the second Coat of the Stomach passing in bevil lines g g. The Duodenum or beginning of the Guts h. The greater part or beginning of the Pancreas i. The branches of Blood-vessels shading the Surface of the Pancreas k. The smaller parts or termination of the Pancreas l l l. The branch of the Porta encircling the lower region of the Stomach m. The Spleen being endued with a livid Colour and a triangular Figure is seated in an Arch of the Stomach n n. The Milte being dispoiled of its Coat may be seen to be composed of many small Glands Fig. 2. The Skull of a Cod. a a. †b b. The Process running in the middle of the Skull is endued with a thin edge
the Kidney endued with a Pyramidal figure the Base being in its origen and Point in its termination k. The Cone or termination of the Kidney l. The Ureter coming from the Kidney is inserted into the Bladder m. The Ureter cut off n. The beginning of the Bladder of Urine o. The body of the Bladder endued with an oblong round Figure p. The termination of the Bladder confining on the Vent seated on the right side of the Fish q q q. The Ovaries beginning in large dimensions and ending into a Cone and are double lying upon one another in the right side and after the same manner the Milts are placed Tab. 37 Tab. XXXVIII Fig. 1. The Bowels of a Lamprey †a a. THe Heart of a Lamprey is covered with a white Cartilaginous substance †as being the Pericardium resembling the form of a Heart which is double in this Autopsy for I saw the left Lobe or Ventricle being often pricked make many Vibrations three or four every time it was wounded and immediately after the right Lobe or Ventricle being pricked with the point of a Knife did not make the least motion b. The Lobe seated in the right side of the Heart c. The Lobe or Ventricle placed in the left side of the Heart d d. The Gulet is very different from the Stomach both in thickness and length and especially in the first entrance and its lower Region is enwrapped with a thick glandulous substance and is covered all over with a more thin expansion of the same nature The Gulet is encircled for an inch or more with a white Pyramidal Cartilage its Base lieth near the Mouth and its point downward e e. The Stomach is bigger above and endeth into a kind of point out of which there is a very small passage into the Guts f f f. The Caul is composed of many parts enclosed with proper Membranes and resemble the Intestines running up and down in many Gyres the whole length of the Abdomen to the Anus g g g. The Intestines in this Fish are most large in their Origen and they pass from the right to the left side and then make a Circumvolation and afterward maketh its progress in a straight course under the Liver The Intestines have greatest dimensions in their beginning and less in their termination near the Vent The Intestines are of a red colour resembling Blood-vessels in colour and are endued with numerous folds passing the length of the Guts which give a check to the over-quick motion of the Chyle and gross Excrements †h h. The Liver †of a Lamprey is destitute of Lobes being of one entire substance as in a Salmon and is bigger and thicker in its origen and endeth in a kind of point its body covereth the upper part of the Intestines ii The Globules appearing very fair in the Liver where the Coat is stripped off Fig. 2. The Bowels of a Garfish †a. †b. The Heart of a Garfish is a Triangular figure its Base †is seated upward and its Cone †downward as in most Fish and is lodged in a small apartiment under the Tongue which may be styled the Thorax which is parted from the lower Venter by a thin membranous Diaphragm †c c. Under the Heart lying in a supine posture as most convenient for Dissection is seated a large Auricle †to which the Vena Cava is fastned carrying Blood into the Heart †d. And the right side of the Auricle hath a minute Body †somewhat of a Pyramidal figure whose more large part is affixed to the Base of the Heart inclining toward the right side †e e. The Stomach †is as it were the upper part of the Intestine or origen of it having no Plicatures as are found in most Fish and hath the same structure and differeth only as somewhat bigger and no Sphincter relating to the Pylorus there being no straightness where the Stomach endeth †f f. †g. The Gut †of this Fish is destitute of any Circumvolation and maketh its progress in a straight course all down the lower Venter to the Vent †This long Intestine hath no Valves in its inside nor any Cells like those of a Honey-comb which have been discovered in the single Intestine of a Sturgeon which are instituted by Nature as I conceive to give many stops to the overhasty passage of the Excrements And the reason I conceive why this Fish hath but one Gut destitute of Folds Valves and Circumvolations is because the Ferments of the Stomach and Gut being one continued Cavity are very spirituous active and full of Volatil saline parts which can quickly colliquate the Aliment and extract the Liquor so that there needs no Folds Valves or Gyres to give a long stay to the nourishment of easie Concoction in the Stomach and Guts Fig. 3. The Liver of a Garfish a a. The upper Region of the Liver which is very broad b b. The lower Region of the Liver which groweth less and less and endeth in a Cone c. The Cone of the Liver in which it terminateth d d d d d. The Glands besetting the upper and under Region of the Liver e e e e. The Ducts importing bilious Matter secerned in the body of the Liver into the greater Cavity of the Bladder of Gall. f f. The Bladder of Gall full of small oblong Fibers by which the Bladder is contracted and the Oyl excerned out of its Bosome Fig. 4. The Kidneys of a Gurnet a a. The broader and upper part of the Spine b b. The progress of the Spine all along the Back in a Pyramidal figure c c. The upper Region of the Kidneys which is much expanded after the manner of an imperfect Triangle and consisteth of two large Lobules d d d. The progress of the Kidneys which are very narrow e e. The termination of the Kidneys when they are conjoyned which is much broader and thicker then the middle and terminate on each side near the extremity of the Intestines into two Conick Lobules much larger then any of the rest Tab 38. Tab. XXXIX Fig. 1. A Crab opened By Doctor Edward Tyson This Figure was chiefly designed to represent the Intestina Caeca which are more numerous in a Crab then in any other Animal A. THE Mouth b b. The Stomach c c c c c c. The Intestina Caeca filled with a Chymous substance and is that part that is dressed in eating a Crab. d. Other Intestina Caeca that lye upon the straight Gut that lies in the Body e e. The Rectum or straight Gut that lies in the Tail f. The Finns g g. The two Penes Fig. 2. Of a Crab opened This Figure represents the Mouth the Stomach the Intestine and double Penis of a Crab. a a. The Mouth b b. The Stomach c. The First Gut d. The Rectum in the Tail e. The Finns f f f f. The double Penis in situ naturali as retracted in the Body Tab 39. Tab. XL. Fig. 1. Asellus
of them full of diverse Glands some oval or round others of Oblong and a conick figure of various Angles c c. The Cruciform Processes of the Kidneys as going transverse to the insides of this Fish in the form of a Cross d d d d. The Ureters coming out of the cross-like Processes and passing on each side of the Kidneys are implanted into the origination of the Bladder e e e e. The small Processes of the Kidneys derived from the Cruciform Processes taking their progress on each side of the Spine to the origen of the Bladder of Urine f. The origen of the Bladder of Urine g. The body of the Bladder of Urine endued with a kind of Orbicular figure h h. The Spine descending between the Kidneys ii The greater Glands of the Milt cut off and passing on each side of it k k. The smaller Glands making a Ridg in the middle of the larger Glands and descending the whole length of it l. The deferent Vessels going down the side of the Bladder is inserted into the Vent and dischargeth the Seminal milky Liquor through it m. The Deferent Vessels cut off n. The Vent into which the Ureters and Deferent Vessels disburden their various Liquors Fig. 2. Of the Viscera of a Codling the Kidneys Ovaries c. The Kidneys of a Codling are very small in their Origens and run down on each side of the Spine and are much less on the right side then on the left in which they are chiefly seated and they are Compounded in this Fish of many small Globules consisting of innumerable minute Glands of a round Figure as far as I could judge by the help of a Glass and have short Ureters inserted into an oblong Bladder of Urine of a Pear-like figure which ascendeth under the Guts on the left side of the Kidneys The Kidneys are lodged under the Sounds which are a thick tough Membrane full of Glands and sits hollow under the Guts at some distance from the small tender Glands to guard them against the outward assaults against the pressure of the Stomach when distended by a Fish received into it a a. Part of the Sounds of a Codling which being whole do enclose the Kidneys like a Sack and secure them against outward assaults and are of a Membranous substance full of small Glands and being well Cooked are a delicate Dish of Meat b b. These Sounds have many small oblong white Processes interspersed with the red Processes of the Kidneys into which their terminations are implanted c c. The Originations of the Kidneys which are very small and run down on each side of the Spine d d. The Spine passing between the Kidneys e e e e. A Blood-vessel running all along the Spine among the Glands of the Kidneys f f f f. The bodies of the Kidneys are much larger then their beginning and are compounded of many small Glands of different shapes and sizes and have their Ureters inserted into the Bladder of Urine not far from its Neck g g. Near their termination the Kidneys are Pyramidal and end in acute Cones h h. The Bladder of Urine is endued with a kind of Pear-like figure and ascendeth under the Guts on the left side of the lower end of the Spine ii The Ovaries being lodged near the Intestines are full of an innumerable company of small Eggs. k. The Vagina or Duct through which the Eggs do pass into the cavity of the Intestinum Rectum l. The Blood-vessels which are divaricated through the Ovaries and sport themselves in numerous minute Branches m. Part of the Intestinum Rectum into which the Vagina or Neck of the Vterus and the Duct of the Bladder of Urine are inserted n. The Vent or Anus through which the Eggs are discharged Tab 42. Tab. XLIII Fig. 1. The Ovaries Oviducts and Uterus of a Thornback f f f f. g g g g. THE Ovaries integrated of greater and lesser Eggs are many divarications of small Blood-vessels shading the Ovaries h h h h. The Membranes to which the Ovaries are affixed ii Two Semi-circular white Bodies placed near the Origens of the Oviducts k k. The Oviducts beginning near the Ovaries and ending in the Vterus or Cloaca l l. The Blood-vessels tied together by Membranes and placed near the Convex Surface of the Semi-circular Bodies m m. The Eggs incrusted over with Cartilagiuous shells enclosed within the thin transparent Membranes of the Oviducts n. The Intestinum Caecum confining on the Intestinum rectum o. The Cloaca or rather Uterus p p. The Glands seated on each side of the Cloaca or Uterus Fig. 2. a. The Body or Center of the Egg taken out of the Cloaca or Uterus b b. The cartilaginous Shell of a quadrangular Figure c c c c. The Processes or Horns inserted into the Angles of the Shell Tab 43. Tab. XLIV A Female Porpess opened a. PArt of the Buckler Cartilage belonging to the Larynx b. The Wind-pipe consisting of annular Cartilages interspersed with Membranes c c. The Lobe of the Lungs encompassing the Right side of the Heart d d. The Lobe of the Lungs enclosing the Left side of the Heart e e. The Surface of the soft Lobes adorned with the terminations of vessels resembling Network f. Part of the Pericardium covering part of the Right side of the Heart g. The Base of the Heart h. The Cone of the Heart i. The Blood-vessels passing down on one side from the Base toward the Cone k k. The Diaphragme having its Concave-Surface toward the Stomach and Convex toward the Heart l l. The Right Lobe of the Liver greater then the other m. The Left Lobe of the Liver covering part of the lesser Stomach n. The lesser Stomach seated under the greater in the Left side o. Some part of the Origen of the Guts cut off which adjoyned to the lesser Stomach p. The upper part of the Stomach q. The bottom of the Stomach ending into an obtuse Cone r. The Pancreas made up of numerous Glands s. The Spleen hued with a livid colour adorned with a Pear-like Figure fastened to the upper Surface of the Stomach by Ligaments t. The Ligaments tying the Spleen to the Stomach u. One small orbicular Body adjacent to the beginning of the Spleen w w. The Kidneys endued with an Oval Figure made up of many Glands x x. The Testicles or Ovaries endued with an obtuse Conick Figure y y. The Oviducts passing in short Maeanders and terminating into the beginning of the Cornua α α. The Cornua of the Uterus being narrow in their Origen and afterward are more enlarged β. The Body of the Uterus υ υ. The Blood-vessels running to the Cornua and Ovaries Tab 44. Tab. XLV A Female Dogfish opened called by the Latines Galeus Laevis a a. THe holes relating to the Olfactory Nerves b b. The Palate beginning in a Semicircular figure c c c. The Gills seated on each side of the Palate d d d. Part of the Stomach turned up e e e. The
wondrous Works and the excellent Wisdom of the Creator It is my intendment to treat Anatomically of a Humane Body Humane Body the noblest subject of Anatomy which being apprehended under a comprehensive Notion is an universal Organ subservient to all the more noble and meaner faculties and operations of the Soul made up of great variety of Parts disposed in admirable Order so that the Inferior in their several Stations and Capacities pay a duty of subjection and obedience to the Commands of the Superiour And as preliminary to a clearer understanding of the Anatomical Disquisitions The qualification of Humane Body I will premise somewhat of the parts of the elegant Fabrick of Mans Body and their Qualifications under the notion of Solid and Fluid Soft and Hard Rare and Dense Rarefaction and Condensation Transparent and Opace Fermentation floweth from different principles promoted by various Ferments Gross and Subtle And of Fermentation flowing from these different Qualities and of the various ferments of Serous and Nervous Liquors and of Air impregnated with variety of corporeal Effluxes productive of fermentative dispositions in Fluid Bodies which are refined by secretion ambulatory to percolation made in the Glands lodged in the Membranes Viscera and Muscular parts as so many colatories of Liquors always making various Circuits from part to part So that this rare machine of Humane Body is ministerial to divers uses and operations of Life The description of Humane Body as a System of many parts disposed in excellent order Sense and Motion and may be mechanically described a Systeme of many excellent and meaner parts contrived in a well disposed order with a mutual dependance to advance each others Welfare and Interest A division of the Body into Spermatick and Sanguineous parts not proper And are divided by some into Spermatick and Sanguineous which division seemeth to me somewhat improper because they borrow their first rudiment from seminal Liquor and not out of Blood primarily because Blood it self is originally produced by Colliquation out of the ambient parts of genital Juice which is plainly visible in the white of an Egg disposed step by step to the production of a Chicken and solid parts of the muscles and parenchyma of the Viscera are stiled improperly Sanguineous because denominations are derived a majori and then the substance of the Muscles and Viscera must have the appellative of spermatick parts and are collective bodies composed of several parts generated and nourished out of seminal and nervous Liquors and are tinged only with red caused by Blood passing through the spaces of and adherent to the coats of the Vessels as a thin accretion which being of a superficial thickness may be taken away by frequent scrapings and repeated washings with fair Water whereby the aggregate bodies of many membranous tubes modelled in various sizes may be spoiled of their adventitious scarlet and be reinvested with their native whitish veils Wherefore the parts of the Body may admit another division more agreeable to Reason and the nature of the things into Similar and Dissimilar A most proper division of the Body into Similar and Dissimilar parts The first are so denominated because every Particle hath one definition or nature with the whole every part of a Fibre participateth the like substance with the whole These Similar parts are reputed Eleven in number as Bones Cartilages Ligaments Membranes Fibres Nerves Tendons Veins Arteries Lymphaeducts and Flesh but most of these if not all do not merit the title of Similar as appearing so only to sense upon a superficial view and upon a more strict survey are found to be composed of different Particles as Flesh is an aggregate body bound up with all sorts of Vessels conjoyned to each other by the interposition of many minute thin Membranes whose interstices grow big with vital Liquor and Membranes Veins Arteries and Nerves are made up of many small Filaments interspersed with vital or nervous Liquor and Tendons are framed of ligamentary and nervous Fibres the one sensible and the other insensible Dissimilars are so called because they consist of many parts of disagreeing substance and are much more considerable than the Similars who are integrals of the Dissimilar these being Limbs or at least small Machines integrating the greater Organ of Humane Body of which they are instruments upon which account these Dissimilars are termed Organical Organical parts of the Body as consigned to be ministers of Natural Actions and to that end they are accommodated with a determinate and sensible Conformation consisting in a decent Figure just magnitude due number and proper situation of parts all which do conspire and joyntly contribute to render a part Organical in celebrating the operation of Life Sense and Motion And those Organick parts may be subdivided into Fluid and Solid A subdivision of Dissimilar parts into Fluid and Solid The Fluid parts are the Liquors of the Body The first are the more excellent as the instrumental efficient causes of the rational Sensitive and vegetable Functions and are those select Liquors of the Body the Alimentary Vital and Animal all which have their proper Channels The Alimentary is conveyed from the Stomach through the Intestines and lacteal Vessels into the common receptacle and from thence through the Thoracic Ducts into the subclavian Veins where it associateth with the Vital Liquor thence transported through the Cava into the right Chamber of the Heart and from thence by the Pulmonary Arteries and Veins into the left Chamber of the Heart out of which it is impelled by various Arteries into all parts of this great Machine and then it is reconveyed again by numerous Veins into the right cistern of the Heart And the Nervous Liquor generated in the cortex of the Brain is dispersed thence through small fibrils for the most part integrating the body of the Brain into the trunks of Nerves seated in the Medulla Oblongata and Spinalis and from thence propagated by greater and lesser nervous Channels into all the parts of the Body These liquid substances are easily contained The Fluid parts or Liquors are confined within Vessels or Channels and bounded within the Channels encircled with membranous Coats and are very extravagant when left to their own conduct and therefore these Liquors as Fluid Bodies being boundless in their own nature are confined within the inclosure of Vessels and do configure their soft pliable substance to the more firm concave surface of their Channel And I conceive the fluid quality of these choice Liquors doth arise from hence because their numerous Particles have a loose compage The Description of Fluid Bodies or Liquors to have a loose compage made up of numerous Particles fit for motion and may be easily parted from each other which necessarily supposeth many spaces interceeding the fruitful atomes compounding liquid bodies rendring them very ready to move truly about the little surfaces which encircle them And these Liquors
acted with noble aethereal Emanations and more gross Effluxes issuing out of the treble order of Sublunary Entities Whereupon the Blood is compounded of Constituent Alimentary and Excrementitious parts consist of different Principles and Extraneous of Alimentary and Excrementitious of Crude and Digested Parts which being considered in their Primitive Essence are made up of different Elements some of one kind others of another So that these various Principles constituting the body of the Blood are at great variance with each other among which the more active as being near akin in disposition go hand in hand to preserve each other and to bring the disagreeing parts at enmity with them to a greater likeness and conformity in temper to espouse a more intimate union and agreement And the most stubborn The difform parts of the Blood that cannot be reconciled to it in assimilation are secerned from it in the Glands and different parts that cannot be brought to a Compliance and Concord by reason of their difformity and disagreeing nature are thereupon justly divorced from the fellowship of the Blood by a Secretion made in the manifold Glandulous parts of the body The Vital Liquor being versed in perpetual Motion is impelled through various Channels and substance of the Body wherein the Lactescent Juice is imported by proper Vessels into the Mass of Blood where it suffers many Comminutions and Effervescences caused by divers Ferments by which it is made fit by several degrees for Assimilation into Blood The unprofitable parts of the Blood are discharged by Excretory Ducts whose gross parts being uncapable to be advanced as requisite for Life are thrown off as uprofitable by Excretory Vessels Secretion being a separation of the gross parts from the more pure is accomplished by various Ferments of the acid and serous parts of the Blood Nervous Liquor and Air inspired with aethereal and sublunary Emanations raising Fermentation by insinuating themselves into the inward Recesses of the Alimentary and Purple Liquor whose body being opened the Recrements are thereby capacitated to be severed from the more noble and useful Particles of Fermenting Subjects These different Ferments as I conceive are preparatory to a farther work of Secretion which is lastly and chiefly performed by Percolation Secretion preparatory to percolation celebrated in the divers apartiments of the elegant Fabrick of Humane Body by the mediation of numerous Minute Glands seated in the Membranes and Viscera as so many Colatories to depurate the Choice Liquors of the Body The Glands may admit a division into Conglobated and Conglomerated Reductive and excretory Glands or more plainly into Reductive and Excretory Glands The first having no Excretory Ducts do only clarifie the Nervous Liquor whose Recrements are conveyed by Lymphaeducts and Veins into the Mass of Blood to give it a Fermentative Ingeny The Excretory Glands are chiefly subservient to the depuration of Liquors Depuration of Liquors in the substance of the Glands which being percolated in the substance of the Glands where the more refined Particles are received into the Lymphaeducts and Veins and the more Faeculent into the small extremities of the numerous Excretory Ducts which discharge themselves into one common Channel But the glands being secretory Organs are a great and select apparatus of numerous Vessels Arteries Veins Nerves Lymphaeducts The secretory Glands are formed of variety of Vessels of different Shapes and Sizes and sometimes excretory Ducts whose extremities being of different Magnitudes and Figures are receptive of such Liquors only as hold a conformity with them in shapes and sizes which is the greatest if not the only reason of percolation of alimentary vital and nervous Liquors whose various minute particles as being fluid Bodies do hold analogy with the different bores of manifold Vessels The Aliment being broken into small particles by mastication is impregnated with Air big with various steams and being protruded down the Gulet by the contraction of its Muscles into the cavity of the Stomach there receiveth a farther concoction by Ferments derived from the extremities of the capillary Arteries The progress of the nutricious Liquor through the various parts of the Body and nervous Fibres inserted into the inmost Coats of the Stomach in whose empty space the Compage of the aliment is opened by the elastic particles of Air whereupon the alimentary Liquor is severed by a kind of precipitation from the grosser Faeces which are again exonerated into the intestines where it is advanced by the pancreatick juyce and nervous Liquor distilling out of the termination of the Nerves implanted into the inward tunicle of the Intestines and afterwards this improved alimentary juyce is impelled by the contraction of the Diaphragme and the peristaltic motion of the Guts into the lacteous Vessels terminating into the substance of the misenteric Glands where it being percolated and advanced by the nervous Liquors exuding out of the ends of the Nerves is admitted into the second sort of lacteae and thence conveyed through the common receptacle into the thoracic Ducts The Succus nutricius being refined by several steps in divers parts entreth into association with the vital Liquor in the subclavian veins The reak of the Blood embodied with effeâ—e Air. is discharged through the bronchia and greater channels of the Aspera arteâ—â—a and subclavian Vessels into the mass of Blood with which it entreth into confederacy and passeth into the Cava and into the right Ventricle where the nutricious juyce suffereth great comminutions against the walls of the Heart caused by brisk contractions forcing it with the purple Liquor through the pulmonary Artery into the body of the Lungs where it is embodied with Air enobled with aethereal and sublunary Emanations much advancing with their spirituous and subtil Dispositions the ingeny of the Blood and by enlarging its Compage doth sever the Lympha carried into the extremities of the Lymphaeducts and purify it by emitting the fuliginous reak embodied with effaete Air into the extremities of the bronchia and greater branches of the aspera arteria while the purer part of the percolated Liquor is received into the pulmonary Veins The motion of the Blood through greater and smaller tubes of the Body and thence discharged into the left Cistern of the Heart and from thence into the common Trunk of the great Artery and afterward through the ascendent Trunk and carotide Arteries into the cortex of the Brain in which the finer parts of the serous Liquor of the Blood is secerned from the red crassament of the Blood and being admitted into the extremities of the nervous fibres while the vital Liquor is reconveyed through the jugular Veins and descendent Trunk of the cava into the right chamber of the Heart from whence it is impelled through the great and descendent Trunk of the Aorta and divers branches of the Caeliac and upper and lower mesenteric arteries into the Stomach Spleen Pancreas Intestines beset with numerous
Circles of Cells full of Diaphanous Liquor and run horizontally being most commonly graced with an Orbicular Figure and resemble many round bedes set one by another The Bark of Trees having some likeness with the Skin of Animals The Bark of Trees is fastned to the Wood by many Cortical Fibres as the Skin of Man is conjoyned to the Body by the mediation of fruitful Fibres or Ligaments is contiguous to the Wood to which it is fastned by the interposition of many Cortical Fibres as the Skin is conjoyned to the Flesh by the mediation of innumerable thin Membranes and the Vessels appertaining to the Bark do often embrace each other and afterward are inserted into the Cuticula Whereupon I conceive it proceedeth that the Bark of many Trees are laticed with divers Fissures of different Figures and Magnitudes somewhat resembling the manner of Quadrangles of unequal sides And the said Fissures present us with several Postures and windings of the Vessels in their braces which is the cause that the Cuticle of some Trees peel off in a kind of Rings because the Vessels are lodged after the same position in the Bark in which divers braces and parting 's of the Vessels do much resemble the fine Network of the Skin made by the several unions of numerous Segments configuring the Vessels placed in the Cutis of a Humane Body CHAP. V. Of Pathology specified in many Disaffections and Diseases of the Cuticula and Cutis the outward and inward Skin HAving described the rare contexture of the Cuticula and Cutis of the finer and thicker Vestments encircling the Body of Man consisting of various Vessels and Fibres rarely interspersed and interwoven with each other and accompanied with numerous minute Glands discharging the hot steams and watry and saline parts of the Blood in Sweat through the excretory Vessels terminating into the Pores of the outward Skin and the comparate Anatomy of the Skin in Fish Insects and Plants My aim at this time is to Treat of the cutaneous symptomes as shadows attending different distempers and of various Diseases lodged principally in the inward and somewhat affecting the outward Skin which being thin and insensible is less obnoxious to Diseases and more liable to Symptoms This beautiful Vaile is sometime deformed in its surface with a yellow hue in the Jaundies The Skin is tinged with Yellow in the jaundies primarily caused by the obstructions of the cholidoc Duct not discharging the bilious parts of the Blood percolated by the hepatic Glands into the Duodenum whence the Liver being oppressed with too great a proportion of choleric Matter lodged first in the interstices of the Vessels is sollicited to throw it off with the mass of Blood into the extremity of the Cava through whose Trunk it is conveyed into the right Chamber of the Heart and thence impelled by the pulmonary Arteries and Veins into the left Cistern of the Heart and afterwards through the greater Trunks and smaller Branches in the cutaneous Glands as so many colatories of the Blood in which a secretion is made of the thinner part of the bilious Humours and transmitted through the excretory Ducts of the Skin to the surface of the Body defacing its white Robe new died with Yellow derived from bilious Humours severed from the Purple Liquor And sometimes this fine vaile of the outward Skin is bespeckled with various unnatural colours The Skin is discoloured in scorbutick distempers malignant severs and the Plague with Red Purple Livid and Black Spots which are sometimes critical and other times symptomatical imparted to it by scorbutic distempers malignant Fevers and the Plague marking the sick with Red Purple Livid and Black Characters as so many emblems of different Diseases flowing from the less or greater indisposition of the Blood dispersed into the cutaneous Glands by which some thin Particles being severed from the mass of Blood are discharged through the excretory Ducts into the Confines of the Body variegated with different spots Which sometimes prove critical as giving alleviation to Patients and are good omens of Recovery and other times are ill symptomes speaking a desperate sickness and as so many Black Characters in which we may plainly read the fatal stroke of death The Skin is also obnoxious to divers Swellings Ulce Scabs and Scurfes according to variety of Diseases And so I pass from Shadows to Substances from Symptomes to Diseases produced à vitiata conformatione partium affectarum in cute whose elegant texture is highly disordered and its beautiful Figure defaced in unnatural colours Asperities Inflamations Swellings Ulcers incident to the Skin in the Measles Small Pox Scarlet Fevers St. Anthonies Fire or Erysipelus Itch Tetters Leprosies and the like The Measles and Small Pox are somewhat alike in Nature and Cure The description of the Measles and are both called by the Grecians in a general name of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 but the Small Pox are stiled more peculiarly by the Title of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Whereupon the small Pox are some times complicated with the Measles as having affinity with each other which I saw in a Kentish Gentlewoman in whom the pimples of the Skin were interspersed with various red Asperities the marks of the Measles and blew spots the Shades of a more fatal Disease The Measles are much less then the other in bulk and are asperities or small risings of the Skin accompanied with a continued Fever arising as I conceive from ebullition of Blood which is transmitted by the capillary Arteries into the cutaneous Glands when the impure parts of the Blood are percolated and thrown through the excretory Ducts into the Skin highly tinged with a Red hue and rendred rough by some extravasated particles insinuated into the secret passages of the Skin whereupon it is made unequal by many minute protuberancies which soon grow ripe and disappear The Small Pox is a much greater and more troublesome distempers The description of the Small Pox. The symptomes of the Small Pox are the pain of the Head and Back attended with the pain of the Head and Back the forerunners of this noisome Disease the first arising from the Blood having recourse through the carotide Arteries to the Membranes of the Brain which are highly afflicted with its great effervescence and the pain of the Back proceedeth also from a great ebullition of Blood whose Compage being very much expanded by unnatural heat puffeth up the descendent Trunk of the Aorta whereupon the adjoyning vertebral Nerves are much discomposed and tortured with pain The Throat is very much inwardly swelled in the small Pox which is derived from the Matter of the Disease carried by the carotide Arteries into the tonsillary Glands which being tumefied do discompose the fauces and entrance of the Gulet and lessening its cavity do make a difficulty of swallowing Another symptome a concomitant of this vexatious distemper A sore throat and Cough are attendants of the Small Pox. Great
some of them as Fellow Members of Christ and Temples of the Holy Ghost which are endearing Arguments to espouse their Wants as our own with this good Memento That by casting our Bread upon the Waters after many days 〈◊〉 shall find it And by providing for the Poor we shall lay up Treasures in Heaven The Itch and Scabs also arise from Critical Evacuations Itch and Scabs derived from critical Evacuations flowing from Acute and Cronick Diseases discharging corrupt Humours and serous Recrements into the Ambient parts of the Body whereby it is freed from more significant inward Diseases oftentimes threatning Death This unclean Disease is often derived from Contagion Itch and Scabs coming from Contagion by reason the Surface of Scabby Bodies is besmeared with a nasty and clammy moisture which being imparted to others by Contact or by Clothes or Converse which make the like Itchy and Scabby impressions into the Blood of others as being received first by the Pores of the Skin into the extreamities of the Veins and afterward into greater and greater Trunks till they land into the right Cistern of the Heart and from thence are transmitted through the â—ungs by various Vessels into the left Chamber of the Heart and from thence are impelled into the Trunk of the Aorta and into smaller and smaller Arterial Branches till they arrive the Exterior parts of the Body which being of acute sense are tortured with sharp and serous faeces of the Blood Now I make bold to offer a great Instance of this Contagious Disease of which I had Forty Patients at once in a School at Padington where the Scholars so infected one another that there could scarce be found one that was not tainted with this fruitful and filthy Disease In order to the Cure of this Disease a wholesome Diet is to be observed and all salt highly Unctuous and Fat Meats forborn as easily degenerating into corrupt and salt Faeculencies of the Blood and some propound good Roasted Meat as the most fit to dry up the serous Excrements of the Blood In reference to Pharmacy Medicines are to be advised that purge by Stool and Urine and then Bleeding is requisite Specifick Purging Medicines attended with Bleeding do evacuate serous Humours and discharge the scabby Ferments lodged in the Blood by Arteries inserted into the Intestines whence the course of nasty Recrements being diverted from the Circumference toward the Center from the Ambient toward the Interior parts is exonerated by the Guts into a more large and free Receptacle In this Distemper Salt and Watry Humours being concerned I deem it very proper to advise Medicines that purge by Urine to hasten the serous Recrements of the Blood down the descendent Trunk of the Aorta and Emulgent Artery into the Glands of the Kidney wherein the grose Saline mixed with watry Particles being secerned from the Blood are carried through the Carunculae Papillares into the Pelvis and from thence by the Ureters into the Bladder I conceive it reasonable to advise Sudorificks Sudorifick Medicines are to be Administred after Purgatives and Diureticks after Purgatives and Diureticks have been largely Administred to free the Mass of Blood from its Saline Excrements by the Cutaneous Glands and their Excretory Ducts into the confines of the Body where it is at last to be Eradicated by drying and cleansing Topicks which do satisfie the indications of these noisome and vexatious Ulcers as fed by serous and viscid Recrements which cleansing and drying outward Medicines turn into Scabs and scale them off whereby the Circumference of the Body is cleared from this foul Disease disgracing the elegant surface of the Skin CHAP. X. Of the Cure of a Cutaneous Disease the Leprosie of the Greeks THe Leprosie of the Grecians is a degree of a true Leprosie not come to a height and is produced by great confaederacy of fixed Saline and fierce Sulphureous Particles highly exalted whereupon the Mass of Blood being very much depraved and uneasie to the Noble parts is transmitted from the greater Arterial branches A Leprosie caused by saline Particles concreted into a scabby Scurf and smaller Capillaries into the substance of the Cutaneous Glands the Interstices of the Vessels where the acide saline Particles are secerned from the Mass of Blood and thrown off by the Excretory Ducts into the confines of the Body to which it concreteth and adhereth as to an outward Wall like concreted Tartar of Wine to the sides of the Hogshead This Disease is generated oftentimes by ill Diet of Flesh A Leprosie proceeding from an ill Diet of salt Meat dried in the Smoak and from eating of great slimy Fish highly salted and dried in the Sun or Smoak or from the free Cups of small and acide Wines which are impraegnated with much Tartar or from the eating of Hogs-flesh ill fed and nastily kept lying in their own Excrements without frequent change of clean Straw which rendreth the Flesh foul and unwholesome This scurfy disaffection of the Skin also taketh its rise from eating much slimy and great Fish which is familiar to them that live upon the Sea-Coast as treating themselves with well grown Fish which being of a viscide nature do spoil the Blood by making it full of gross Recrements and saline Particles as living in Salt Water which necessarily impraegnate their Blood with the same dispositions so that Fish being eaten in too great Proportions do produce gross Chyle in the Stomach and afterwards a foul Mass of Blood which is depurated in the Cutaneous Glands and thence conveyed to the outward parts where the Skin is crusted over with concreted saline Particles streined from the Vital Liquor which being highly rubbed or scratched do fall off like Scabs But this ugly Distemper doth not only proceed from ill Diet The Leprosie proceedeth from Venereal and Scorbutick Distempers but from bad internal Elements of the Blood consisting of depraved Heterogeneous parts often found in Venereal and Scorbutical Diseases which are founded in Malignant Humours of a venenate nature infecting the Blood whereupon this Prognostick may be made though it doth not threaten any eminent danger as speedily cutting off the Thread of Life yet it is hard to be Conquered as being very stubborn when deeply tooted not giving way to the Administration of powerful Medicines so that the Acide Saline and Sulphureous Particles of the Blood being rendred more and more exalted and the Patient being tired out with long Courses of Physick do degenerate into a perfect Leprosie which often proves an incurable Disease As to the Cure of it in reference to the preservative Indication which is satisfied in the removal of the Causes The first is Procatarctick flowing from a gross stagnant Air productive of the Scorby which must be carefully exchanged for a free serene Air The other Cause is an ill Diet in which we must abstain from salt Meats either dried in the Sun or Smoak and gross ill-brewed Ale
being Cut presently appeared a number of large Glands besmeared with a fatty stinking corrupt Matter A fifth swelling of the Abdomen A fifth Swelling of the Peritonaeum deduced from a pituitous Humour is a Steatome derived from a pituitous Humour or indigested Chyme resembling Fat in consistence when Concreted impelled out of the Misenteric and Caeliac Arteries into the Cavity of the Belly where it acquireth a greater Consistence as being long Extravasated and is afterward enwrapped in a Coat produced out of the most clammy part of the pituitous Matter A Wife of an ordinary Tradesman was long afflicted with a swelled Belly which robbed all parts of the Body of its due Nourishment and at last was freed from the burden of her great Belly by Death the Exit of all Sickness and Trouble And then her Belly being opened a large Tumour was discerned enclosed in a soft Membrane which being pierced an Unctuous Matter presented it self not unlike Fat whence it may be judged a Steatome lodged between the Peritonoeum and Intestines All these Tumours flowing from different Liquors and Recrements The several seats of a Dropsie distending the Belly obtain the appellative of a Dropsie commonly called Ascitis which most properly denoteth a quantity of Watry Tumours enlarging the Belly sometimes lodged within the Peritonoeum and Muscles of the Abdomen and other times between the Coats of the Peritonoeum A young Woman had her Belly much Swelled proceeding from a quantity of Watry Recrements or rather Serous Liquor A Dropsie causing an Atrophy which more encreasing made an Atrophy of the whole Body and at last cut off the Thread of her Life and the Muscular parts of the Belly being opened a great Tumour offered it self which being Cut a source of Serous Liquor did issue out which was placed between the Muscles of the Abdomen and the Peritonoeum and oftentimes in the Duplicature of it The antecedent cause of an Ascitis The antecedent cause of an Ascitis is a large quantity of Watry or Serous Humours associated with the Blood and was impelled out of the left Cistern of the Heart into the Common and then into the descendent Trunk of the Aorta and Emulgent Artery into the Glands of the Kidneys wherein the watry Recrements being not secerned from the Blood and discharged by the Urinary Ducts and Papillary Caruncles into the Pelvis the petulent Matter accompanying the Purple Liquor returneth again by the Emulgent Vein and Cava into the right Ventricle of the Heart and by the Pulmonary Vessels into the left Chamber of it and from thence into the Trunk of the Aorta and afterward by the Extreamities of the Caeliac and Mesenteric Arteries into empty spaces of the Abdomen Which groweth Tumefied by great proportions of Watry and sometimes Serous Liquor secerned in the Glands of the Caul and Peritonoeum and thence conveyed through the Pores of the Coats relating to the adjoyning parts into the Spaces interceding the Peritonaeum and Abdominal Muscles and between the Rim of the Belly Omentum and Intestines and into the Spaces between the Membranes of the Caul The Extravasation of the Blood depressed with too great a proportion of Watry Liquor is the cause of an Ascitis because the Veins are not able to entertain it Whereupon the Watry Particles are separated from the red Crassament in the Colatories Dr. Lower's Experiment to prove an Ascitis in a wounded Dog belonging to the Membranes adjoyning to the Cavity of the Belly Which Learned and Ingenious Doctor Lower my worthy Friend and Collegue hath Demonstrated by an Experiment made in the Thorax of a Dog wounded between the seventh and eighth Rib and the Cava being tied with a straight Ligature the Serous or Watry parts of the Blood were discovered in a large quantity in the opened Abdomen which I conceive proceeded from the Arteries inserted into the Glands of the Peritonoeum and Caul wherein the watry Particles are secerned from the Purple Liquor and conveyed through the Pores commensurate to the watry Atomes into the empty spaces of the Belly while the parts of the red Crassament being disproportioned in Figure and Size to the Pores of the Membranes are either contained in the Arteries or received into the Extreamities of the Veins Whereupon we may well judge the Continent cause of an Ascitis The continent cause of an Ascitis to be the watry Recrements distilled out of the Terminations of the Arteries and lodged in the Cavity of the Belly from whence it is very difficult for the watry Humours to make a retreat into the Veins when they are Extravasated in the Vacuities running between the Rim of the Belly and Muscles of the Abdomen or between the Peritonaeum Caul and Intestines The antecedent cause of Diseases belonging to the Rim The antecedent cause of a Dropsie and Cavity of the Belly is fetched from the Matter at a distance from the spaces of the Abdomen while the Watry Humours do circulate in the Vessels as being in a perpetual Motion but when the watry Recrements do quit their confinement of the Arteries and Veins and settle themselves in the Cavity of the Belly as a fixed Allodgment they are a Conjunct Cause of a Dropsie The Procatartic causes of an Ascitis The procatarctick cause of an Ascitis are principally the too free eating of great variety of Meats making a crude watry Chyle caused also by depraved Ferments of the Stomach and above all the taking frequent draughts of strong Liquors of divers sorts of Wine and Spirits which confound the heat of the Stomach and Blood and produce a quantity of watry Humours which being associated with the Blood do render it full of serous Recrements and deprave its disposition and by relaxing its Compage doth make the watry parts fit for a separation from the Purple Liquor in the terminations of the Arteries so that the Circulation of the red Crassament being intercepted the Serous Particles are severed by the bond of Mixtion being in some manner dissolved and then most easily transmitted through the Extreamities of the Capillary Arteries into the empty spaces of the Belly The cause of an Ascitis from the suppressed Haemorrhoids Sometimes an Ascitis taketh its Origen from a suppression of the Hemorrhoids by which the Faeces of the Blood being deteined in the Body do vitiate its Constitution and hinder the Elaboration of Chyle and Assimilation of it into Blood and there by filling it full of Serous Particles do render it Crude and Watry whence the Vital Liquor having its union violated tendeth to a Dissolution and then the Watry parts grow fit to part with the Purple and distil through the Terminations of the Capillary Vessels into the Interstices being between the Rim of the Belly the Caul and the Guts A Noble Lady about Five and Forty years of Age made use of Excellent Medicines prescribed in a good Method which were not Crowned with a happy Event
and is then conveyed by the second kind of Milky Vessels into the common Receptacle in which the Lympha impraegnated with Nervous Juice doth both Dilute and farther Elaborate the Chyme by rendring it more fit as attenuated to be transmitted through the minute Thoracic Ducts into the Subclavian Veins where it again encountreth the Lympha hightned with Nervous Liquor conveyed thither by the Lymphaeducts of the upper Region terminating into the Vessels seated under the Clavicles where the Chyme is first of all received into the Blood and adopted into the Vital family and is forthwith carried through the Descendent Trunk of the Cava into the right Cistern of the Heart where it groweth more exalted by a mixture of Liquor squeezed by frequent Contractions out of the Extreamities of many Nervous Fribres inserted into the inward Wall of the right Chamber of the Heart out of which the Blood being impelled through the Pulmonary Artery into the substance of the Lungs where as I humbly conceive it receiveth a tincture of a Liquor destilling out the Nervous Fibres implanted into the Interstices of the Pulmonary Arteries whence the Blood being transmitted through the Pulmonary Veins into the left Ventricle is farther meliorated with a Juice coming out of the Nervous Fibres ending in the inside of the Heart The Animal Liquor made in the Cortex of the Brain from whence it is impelled into the common Trunk and afterward into the ascendent Trunk of the Aorta whose outward Coat is encircled with many Nervous Divarications and also divers Nervous Fibres inserted into the inward Coat destill their Liquor into the Blood passing through the Aorta and inward Carotide Arteries into the Cortex of the Brain in whose Minute Glands a Percolation being made and the more refined serous parts being severed from the Red Crassament of the Blood are improved with volatil saline Particles in the substance of the Cortex from whence they are transmitted into the Extreamities of the Fibres taking their rise in the body of the Cortex and thence are propagated by numerous Minute Fibres through the various Processes of the Brain to the Trunks of the Nerves first formed in the Medulla Oblongata and thence destilling between the Filaments of the greater and lesser Branches of the Nerves are imparted to all parts of the Body to give Sense Motion and Nourishment The substance of the Viscera and all Muscular Flesh The substance of the Viscera and Flesh are Systemes of Vessels are for the most part if not altogether divers Systemes made up of greater and lesser Vessels consisting of Trunks and numerous branches of Arteries Veins and Caudexes and Fibres of Nerves and Lymphaeducts Membranes are also Contextures Membranes are Contextures of Nervous Filaments composed for the most part of numerous Fibrils of Nerves rarely interwoven with each other interspersed with Branches and Capillaries of Arteries and Veins The Blood in the Viscera being impelled out of the Terminations of the Arteries into the Interstices of the Vessels it s more soft Particles being improved with Liquor dropping out of the Extreamities of Nervous Fibres giveth it a power to separate from the Red Crassament and afterward this Serous Liquor is the Matter and the Nervous Juice is the form of the Succus Nutricius which being embodied The Succus Nutricius is made up of serous and Nervous Liquor is transmitted from the Interstices into many minute pores of the Coats of the Vessels which perfectly correspond in Figure and Magnitude with the Particles of the Succus Nutricius carried by the said Pores into the substance of the Vessels wherein it groweth more solid and uniting it self by Accretion to the body of the Vessels becommeth one entire substance with them Nutricion is made by the Succus Nutricius both accreted to the surfaces and by entring into the Pores of the Vessels and assimilated which is vulgarly called Assimilation and is principally performed by Nervous Liquor inspiring the serous part of the Blood with Animal Spirits which giveth the Succus Nutricius a power of Accretion and by configuring it self to the unequal inward surfaces of the lank solid parts doth replenish their spaces rendred empty by the heat of the Blood opening the Pores of the Body and sending out constant Effluvia Thus I have hinted as in a passage some short Remarks relating to the embroidered Hangings and fine Furniture of the middle and lower Story of Mans Body wherein I have mentioned the Elaboratory consisting of the Retort of the Stomach the Recipients and Serpentine Ducts of the Intestines and the Viscera as so many Colatories of the Blood attended with Dreins discharging its Recrements into common Receptacles Now I shall make bold to give a more full History in presenting a rough draught of the fine Pieces of Housholdstuff belonging to these Apartiments in describing the Structure Actions Uses Pathologie of divers Membranous parts composed of many Fibres propagated from Nerves and originally derived from the Fibrous parts of the Brain I may also Delineate the Viscera The various Liquors of the Body are exalted by Nervous Juice passing through the noble parts as various Contextures of Arteries Veins Nerves and Lymphaeducts and sometimes of Excretory Vessels as the Vasa Fellea in the Liver and Serosa in the Kidneys and other Recremental Ducts in the Pancreas Parotides Maxillaries Orals and other Conglomerated Glands dispensed through the whole Fabrick of the Body so that by laying open the various Compage of these parts we may make our Hypothesis more clearly appear by the farther illustration of it in several Instances how the Chyle is exalted by entring into confaederacy with a choice Liquor issuing out of Nerves in its several gesses made through the Stomach Intestines and Mesenterick Glands and afterward how the Vital Liquor is enobled with excellent Juice destilling out of the Nervous Fibres in its constant progress and circuit through the Liver Splene Kidneys and Testicles the noble parts of the lowest Story as also through the Heart Lungs and Brain those more excellent parts of the middle and upper Apartiment and how the Chyle and Blood and Animal Liquor are percolated and refined in their passage through the Viscera lodged in the several Stories of the Body CHAP. II. Of the Lips and Cheeks HAving Treated of the choice Liquors of Chyle and Blood as they are exalted by entring into Association with the Animal Juice it may not seem improper at this time to give some Account how these Liquors are originally produced and how they receive greater Improvement and what parts concur to their Propagation And having already given you a prospect of the thick and thinner Walls relating to the three Stories of Mans Body we will now make a step with your leave into the inward parts of this Elegant Building and view their fine Hangings and excellent Furniture as so many Sights full of beautiful Order and Perfection which are glorious to behold In order to a
is beset with many minute Glands The lower part of the Gulet of a Pidgeon which is much larger then in other Birds resembling another Ventricle had its outside faced with a red Carnous substance and was inserted into the top of the Gizard about the middle of it The lower region of this Gulet was furnished with many Glands emitting a Liquor much conducive to the digestion of Aliment which receiveth a farther Elaboration in the Gizard A Sea-Turtle hath a Culet much resembling that of Fish in substance its outward Coat Membranous The inward Coat of a Sea-Turtle is furnished with white pointed Protuberancies encircled with Cartilaginous Shells its middle full of Carnous Fibres but the inmost is Nervous and very remarkable as all beset with white Protuberancies of a Pyramidal Figure having their Bases affixed to the concave surface of the inward covering of the Gulet and end in Points these Prominencies are invested with thin Cartilaginous substances which being stripped off a thin Membrane was discovered enwrapping a Glandulous body A Cod hath a Gulet integrated of many Coats The first is Membranous The Gulet of a Cod hath many Coats the first membranous the second glandulous the third nervous overspread with many Blood Vessels making their progress the whole length of the Oesophagus and Stomach the Gulet in this Fish hath another Coat which is more thick then the former and is glandulous and may be stiled a Systeme of many numerous small Glands lodged between the upper and inmost Coat which is numerous as composed of many small Filaments running in different postures This Covering is perforated in divers places to transmit Liquor destilling out of the Glands into the Cavity of the Gulet The Gulet of a Skait The Gulet of a Skait hath four Tunicles the first membranous the second fleshy the third glandulous the fourth nervous consisteth of four Coats The Exterior is a most thin white Membranous Expansion composed of many fine Filaments rarely interwoven different in Colour from that of the Stomach The second is somewhat thicker then the former of a reddish Colour and may be called a Carnous Coat from its fleshy Fibres with which it is highly furnished some of which are Circular others long imparting Motion to the Gulet in order to Deglutition The third Coat is much thicker then any of the other and is of a glandulous substance integrated of many small Glands so neatly conjoyned to each other by their small Membranes that it seemeth to be one entire glandulous body much thicker then that of the Stomach The fourth Coat of the Gulet relating to a Skait is thicker then either of the two first and much thinner then the glandulous Integument and is Nervous and very tough as composed of Nervous Filaments this covering is Porous to transmit a Liquor destilling from the Glands into the Cavity of the Stomach The Gulet of a Kingston is largest in the first entrance and afterward the Cavity is endued with equal dimensions which assisteth its Concoction as a Ferment The Gulet of a Kingston is very large in its first entrance near the Mouth which is common in most Fish and afterward passeth down in an equal greatness of Bore inclining to the Left-side and at last inserteth it self into the Stomach the Gulet of this Fish is hued with Red being full of fleshy Fibres which rendreth it different from the body of the Stomach which is of a white Colour The Gulet of a Fire-Flaire The Gulet of a Fire-Flair hath a membranous fleshy glandulous and nervous Coat they being pierced in many places for the transmission of a Liquor into the Cavity of it is a Cylinder of a different form from the Stomach and is of Membranous fleshy glandulous and Nervous substance which is most conspicuous in the first second third and fourth Coat perforated in many places for the trammission of a Fermentative Liquor flowing from the Glands into the bosome of the Stomach The Gulet of a Lamprey is very different from the Stomach The Gulet of a Lamprey is accommodated with numerous glands and hath manifest citcular and long Fibres and the Orifice of the Gulet is guarded with a Pyramidal Cartilage both in thickness and largeness and especially in its Orifice and is beset in its lower with a thick glandulous substance composed of many united Glands and is covered all over in its inward Circumference with a more thin glandulous Expansion The Oesophagus of this Fish is beset with Circular running cross-ways and long Fibres passing long-ways down the Gulet and Stomach whose Orifice is covered for an Inch or more with a Pyramidal Cartilage whose Base lieth near the Mouth and point downward toward the Heart The Gulet of an Eel as in many other slender and long Fish is narrow and long about four or five Inches in length The Gulet of an Eel is long and narrow and is composed of a dissimilar substance which is an aggregate body made of Membranous Fleshy Glandulous and Nervous parts which being very thin can hardly be separated and distinguished from each other in this slender Fish But the four Coats may be clearly discerned in a Salmon The Gulet of a Salmon consisteth of four Coats of which the Glandulous is most thick of which the Glandulous is most substantial and of greater Dimensions in the Gulet then Stomach in reference to thickness and is of equal Magnitude in point of its Bore The Gulet of a Viper is very slender and about five Inches long and for some space passeth under the Aspera Arteria The Gulet of a Viper is narrow and long and afterward goeth down the Left side of the Wind-pipe and creeping under the Heart inserteth it self into the left Orifice of the Stomach The Gulet of Insects is very short and small proportionable to their Bodies The Gulet of Insects is short and small and is in a Worm of a fine Membranous substance accompanied with thin Carnous Fibres and descending in a straight Course is implanted near the top of the Ventricle The Gulet of a Silk-Worm is very short and as it were a small passage only into the Stomach which is very long and filleth up a great part of the lower Apartiment and from the Oesophagus do arise many Minute round Fibres which make their progress toward the Anus Learned Doctor Swammerdam The Gulet of an Ephemeron resembleth a Thread in smallness giveth an account of a Gulet relating to an Ephemeron which he calleth the Throat Gut or upper Gut of the Stomach which shooteth forward in the form of a small thin Thread from the Mouth through the Back and Breast and constituteth the upper part of the Stomach near which the Gulet is very much straightned being Contracted as I conceive with a Membranous Sphyncter encircling the Gulet about the upper Orifice of the Ventricle CHAP. XV. Of the Gulet of Man HAving Treated of the various Structures of the Gulet in Man and
Concoction of the Alimentary Liquor which as it is affected with a fierce heat and afterward confaederated with the Blood doth too much exalt its Sulphureous Particles which being Communicated with the Vital Liquor by the Caeliack Artery into the Stomach doth make too high and an overhasty Fermentation in the Meat and Drink Another cause of the unnatural heat of the Blood The Stomach is overheated by too hot steams of Air. and Stomach depending upon it is borrowed from the hot steams of the Air in the heat of Summer insinuating themselves into the enlarged Pores of the Skin into the Blood giving it an Ebullition which is much hightned by strong and frequent Pulsations of the Heart and Arteries through which the over-heated Blood hath a recourse to the Stomach perverting its Concoction of Meat and Drink plainly appearing in the loss of our Appetite in reference to solid Nutriment by reason the Stomach hath no inclination to that which it is capable to Concoct A third cause of the unkindly heat of the Blood The Stomach is disordered by the heat of the Blood overacted by hot steams in prohibited transpiration proceedeth from the coldness of the Ambient Air whereupon the Body shutteth up its Fore-doors the Minute Pores of the Skin to secure it self against the assaults of cold Blasts whereupon the Skin being Condensed the fiery steams of the Blood cannot Transpire whence its Temper is perverted by greater and greater degrees of Preternatural heat which being Communicated first to the Heart by Venous Channels whereupon the Purple Liquor is over-acted with too great an Ebullition commonly stiled a Fever issuing from an Extravagant heat which is afterward impelled with the Blood by a proper Artery into the Stomach wherein it depraveth the due Fermentation of the Aliment And that we may give a more clear Illustration of the unkindly heat of the Blood relating to Types and periods of the Paroxisms of Fevers The heat of the Blood somewhat resembleth the Fermentation of Wine in the Must affecting the Fermentation of the Stomach which in some sort doth resemble the Ebullition of Wine in the Must which may be raised upon two accounts either by the Heterogeneous Ferment of some Fat Liquor immitted into the Cask which doth hasten the Effervescence of some gross Wines not apt to Ferment of themselves or when New Wines turgid with a quantity of Lees are impraegnated with Sulphureous Particles exalted above measure by whose mediation the Compage of the Wine being opened and its Particles freed from a strict mixtion do produce a high Effervescence of the Fermenting Liquor And the Ebullition of the Blood holdeth some proportion though after a different manner with the fermentation of Vegetable Juices The Ebullition of the Blood holdeth some analogy with the Fermentation of Vegetable Juices as some matter of a dissimilar nature associates with the Vital Liquor and being not easily Assimilated maketh a great dispute and Effervescence in the Blood till the Extraneous Particles be subdued and brought into alliance with the Blood or severed from it as Excrementitious and discharged by Excretory Ducts that the opened Compage of the Blood may be closed again and the Particles be reunited in mixtion and reassume their former situation and posture And this Effervescence of Blood proceeding from Extraneous parts of a different Constitution not easily reconcileable to the Blood is dispensed with it into the substance of the Stomach where it much weakneth the Tone and perverteth the oeconomy of Nature in reference to the Concoction of Aliment Secondly The heat of the Blood sometimes is derived from the oily parts too much exalted The Blood hath an irregular heat and Intestine Motion when its Element the Spirituous and Oily Particles of which it is Composed are transported beyond their native Constitution and grow very abusive in their Temper in debauching the gentle heat of the Blood till it grow tumultuary and fierce in point of Ebullition and turbulent and impetuous in reference to Motion which have an influence upon the Stomach and much disorder its Fermentation relating to the Production of Chyle And after both manners either when the Blood runneth confused by reason of some Extraneous Particles of Crude Chyme not readily associating with its Mass in a perfect Union or when the Spirituous and Oily Particles grow enraged as too much exalted by undue Fermentation whereupon the Blood is disordered by too great Ebullition raised in the Heart and Vessels whereby its due Compage is relaxed and the active Particles set at liberty grow as it were into a flame and transmit their fiery Atomes into the Ventricle and all parts of the Body With this difference that the Ebullition of the Blood taking its rise from indigested Chyme is more easily quieted and giveth some intermission free from Paroxisms wherein the Stomach oftentimes recovereth its Appetite and Tone and is capable of Concocting Aliment not hard of Digestion But the Ebullition of the Purple Liquor A continued Fever is produced from the too much exalted sulphureous parts of the Purple Liquor which being imparted to the Stomach doth weaken the Retentive Faculty and hinder Concoction which ariseth out of the disorder of Spirituous and Oily Particles is productive of a continued Fever and here the Compage of the Blood is so far loosened and the bond of due mixtion is in some sort so violated that the Spirituous and Oily Atomes being as it were set on fire break out into a kind of flame which cannot receive an allay till the inflamed Spirituous and Oily parts do burn out and transpire through the innumerable Cutaneous Pores But before this is accomplished the boiling Blood having frequent accesses to the Stomach much discomposeth the various ranks of Fibres and by despoiling them of their due Tone doth weaken the Retentive Faculty of the Stomach putting it upon frequent Vomitings so that it cannot make a close application of it self to the Meat and Drink And the Vital Juice acted with unkindly heat in Fevers staieth some little time in the Interstices of the Vessels when it is received into the substance of the Ventricle whereupon it groweth inflamed CHAP. XXIX Of the Nervous Liquor as a Ferment belonging to the Stomach in order to Chylification BEfore I Treat of the peculiar Ferments of the Stomach the Nervous Juice and Serous Liquor of the Blood I will premise in short the nature and propriety of Ferments taken in a general Notice as very serviceable to the better understanding of the proper Ferments designed by Nature as efficient Causes producing the Concoction of Aliment Ferments are commonly esteemed Minute Bodies Some Ferments of the Stomach work by secretion and others by precipitation which are very little in Bulk if they be compared with the Mass they actuate and exalt causing by vertue of their Spirituous and Volatil Particles an Effervescence in the altered Matter which is founded in the Mutual Contests and Intestine
deflowred by rendring it gross and viscide vulgarly called Phlegme and is truly undigested Chyle which being accompanied with these fixed saline and acide Ferments doth make if less abundant a Bradupepsy or Dyspeysy if very exuberant an Apepsy the Dog-like Appetite Pica Malacia and severe Vomitings caused by the tender Fibres of the Stomach irritated by the acrimony of these sharp and acide Ferments rendring the nourishing Liquor crude This indigested Juyce is transmitted through the Intestines and the mesentrick and thoracick Milky Vessels the subclavian Veins and Cava into the right Chamber of the Heart wherein the Chyme being gross cannot be well assimilated and thereby giveth a thickness and a disposition of stagnancy to the Blood Difficulty of Breathing proceedeth from an ill Chyme stagnated in the substance of the Lungs lodged in the Viscera and afterward the crude Chyme being impelled with the vital Liquor out of the right Ventricle of the Heart by the pulmonary Artery into the substance of the Lungs produceth a difficulty of Breathing and being long extravasated in the spaces between the Vessels causeth a Peripneumonia an inflammation of the Lungs and this indigested Phlegme the product of an ill Concoction accompanying the Blood being also transmitted by the ascendent Trunk of the Aorta and afterwards by the internal Carotides The crude Chyme dispersed into Cortexe processes of the Brain is productive of Soporiferous Diseases into the Membranes of the Brain creates sometimes a Phrenitis and great pains of the Head and if the crude Chyme be dispersed into the Cortex and Medullary Processes of the Brain it is productive of Soporiferous Diseases as Lethargick Comatose Carous and Apoplectick Distempers But if crude Chyme A Leucoph'egmatia may proceed from a crude Chyme lodged in the Muscular parts Crude Chyme transmitted with the Blood into the Membranes and into the Interstices of the Nervous Filaments doth generate a Rheumatisme associated with Blood be impelled out of the Left Ventricle of the Heart into the descendent Trunk of the Aorta and Intercostal Arteries into the Pleura it produceth a Pleurifie And if the ill-Concocted alimentary Liquor incrassating the Blood be carried by the greater Trunks into the smaller Branches and Capillary Arteries into the Interstices of the Vessels seated in the Muscular parts it generates a Disease called Leucophlegmatia Other times these Saline and Acide Particles of the Ferments make the same impression in the Chyle which being transmitted with the Blood into Membranes covering the Muscles and the Interstices of the Nerves seated in the Carnous parts do produce high afflictive Pains called by the Modern Physicians a Rheumatisme These sharp Particles discomposing the Ferments of the Stomach The Concoction is vitiated by an ill salival Liquor flowing out of the Oral Glands produce an ill qualified alimentary Liquor which being embodied with the Blood is carried by the external Carotides into the Maxillary and Oral Glands where it is secerned from the Blood and discharged with the Salival Liquor by excretory Ducts into the Cavity of the Mouth wherein the Aliment being prepared by Mastication is infected and afterwards vitiated by a new Afflux of saline and acide Particles ejected the extremities of Arteries and Nerves inserted into the Oral Glands and from thence transmitted by excretory Vessels into the Mouth An Instance of this Distemper may be given in a worthy Member of the Colledge of Physicians who was long perplexed with universal pains raging in all parts of his Body proceeding from Serous and Nervous Liquor debased with saline and acide Particles which Nature discharged frequently out of the Oral Glands in great quantity into the Mouth wherein the salival Liquor being vitiated tainted the masticated Aliment and indisposed it for Concoction Whereupon these Serous and Saline Recrements Nature often attempteth to evacuate by the Nerves as well as Arteries The Saline Recrements are evacuated as well by the Nerves as Arteries into the Salival Glands Apepsia when little or no Mutation is made in the Meat An imperfect Conconction is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which is very slow in operation into the minute Conglomerated Glands besetting the Palate and Tongue to free her self from these ill Companions which conversing with Salival Juyce disturb the first rudiment of Digestion above in the Mouth and the greater elaboration of it in the Ventricle below That the disaffections of the Stomach in reference to Concoction may be more clearly stated I will make bold to propound the various kinds of ill Digestion the First is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 where little or no alteration is made in the Aliment out of which very little or no Alimentary Liquor is extracted The second kind of ill Concoction is made when the Aliment hath a longer stay in the Stomach then is fit or when all the Meat and Drink do not admit a laudable Concoction which is stiled 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a slow or imperfect Concoction wherein the alimentary Juyce is very gross and crude The third sort of ill Concoction is made when the Aliment degenerates into a putrid or faetide Chyle which is the worst of kinds called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the depraved action of the Ventricle where the alimentary Extract is despoiled of its amicable Disposition acquiring a corrupt Nature destructive of the Blood 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is a total disappointment of Nature in point of Concoction A pepsy is made aut à Vitiata Conformatione aut mala temperie aut Fermentis male dispositis wherein the Stomach is rendred destitute of its more noble Operation and End the extraction of Chyle as being able to make little or no impression upon Meat and Drink which remain unaltered in the Stomach proceeding from an ill temper or a vitiated Conformation a violated union of parts and sometimes for want of laudable Ferments or from an External Cause too great a quantity or from the ill quality of Meat and Drink An Apepsy is contracted also when the Tone of the Stomach is lost An Apepsymay proceed from the lost Tone of the Stomach caused when the current of animal Liquor and Spirits is intercepted in the Origen of the nervous Fibrils produced sometime by the compression of them caused by the tumor of the adjacent parts in the inflammation of the Dura and Pia Mater compressing the extreamities of the Nervous Fibres Seated in the Ambient parts of the Brain whereupon the Fibres of the Stomach derived from the Par vagum being destitute of their Liquor and Spirit do lose their Vigor and Tenseness Or Secondly when the beginning of the minute Nervous Fibres is obstructed by the grossness of the animal Liquor so that its course is totally suppressed as in an Apoplexy or its due motion slackened in more gentle soporiferous Diseases of a Coma Carus Lethargie and the like so that the animal Liquor is not propagated through the Fibres of the Cortex and other parts
Muscle annexed to the lower Margent of the Os Sacrum dressed with many annular Fibres which being contracted do purse up the perforation of the Anus thereby giving a stop to the involuntary exclusion of gross and flatulent Excrements and beside the Sphyncter may be found some semilunary Valves which do not exactly close up the Anus and do not touch each other except when the Anus is shut up by the Sphyncter these semilunary Valves may be more clearly seen in Dogs and Cats then Men. This Intestine is also accommodated with two other Muscles beside the Sphyncter named Levatores Ani which are derived from the Os Coxendicis The Muscles called Levatores ani and the ligament of the Os Sacrum which is ordained by nature to keep the Intestinum rectum in its due place and to reduce it when it is forced down by a violent expulsion of hard and gross Excrements or when relaxed by some great indisposition The Rectum goeth in a straight course from its Origen The Rectum hath no Circumvolution to its utmost extreamity from the sixth Joynt of the Os Sacrum to the Anus without any circumvolution by reason it is not destined for a long stay of Excrements whereupon it is destitute of the ligament making Connivent Valves which would give a check to the passage of the Faeces The Guts are Enamelled with divers Vessels Arteries Veins Nerves The Vessels of the Guts and lacteal Tubes The Arteries and Veins relating to the Intestines are the Caeliac The Arteries or the Caeliac and upper and lower Mesenterick the upper and lower Me senteric Branches and the Haemorrhoidal The Caeliack Artery is a very eminent Branch springing out of the descendent Trunk of the Aorta little above the Midriffe which is principally ordained by Nature for the Stomach The reason of the name of the Caeliac Artery whence it receiveth its denomination of Caeliack 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a Ventriculo and when this Artery hath imparted its Branches to the Stomach Liver Bladder of Gall and Caul it communicateth also many divarications to the Duodenumr to the Origen of the Jejunum and some part of the Colon to all which Guts Veins The Origen of the Caeliack Artery associating with the Caeliack Artery and arising out of the ascending Trunk of the Cava are derived in fruitful ramifications which return the Blood by the Porta into the Cava and thence to the Right Auricle and Ventricle of the Heart The upper Mesenterick Artery The upper Mesenterick Artery accompanied with Veins sprouting out of the Descendent Trunk of the Aorta a little below the Caeliack doth adorn with numerous ramulets the Jejunum Ileon and that part of the Colon which passeth from the Concave surface of the Liver to the Right Kidney And afterward the Veins associates of the upper Mesenterick Artery do reconvey the vital by the Porta lodged in the Liver where the Blood is depurated from its bilious Faeces before it is received into the numerous Extreamities of the Cava In the anterior parts of the descendent Trunk of the Aorta The lower Mesenterick Artery hath also Veins for its associates before it is divided into the Iliac Branches ariseth the lower Mesenterick Artery near the Os Sacrum and is dispersed into the Colon seated in the Left Side and into the Intestinum rectum from its Origen to the Anus The lower Mesenterick Veins every where accompanying the Arteries do return the Blood toward the greater Branches of Veins and Right Ventricle of the Heart to make good the circulation of the Purple Liquor The lower Mesenterick Artery being dispersed in numerous Branches into the Intestinum rectum make the Internal Haemorrhoidal Arteries The Haemorhoidal Arteries are accompanied with Veins and are accompanied in the same Gut with fruitful devarications of Veins which being opened by the application of Leeches to the margent of the Anus the Spleen Kidneys and Mesentery are very much freed from gross Humours embodied with the Blood The Fluxes of the Haemorrhoides is very beneficial to nature because the internal Haemorrhoidal Vessels do arise out of the Trunk of Blood-vessels a little below the Splenick and emulgent Branches and so may divert the Blood in its course down the Descendent Trunk into the lower Mesenterick and Haemorrhoidal Vessels whose terminations being opened by Nature and the Blood being freely evacuated by Stool doth cure many Diseases which do proceed from the suppression of its wonted evacuation of which case Hypocrates giveth an account in his Sixth Section and Twelfth Aphorisme 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 If a long flux of Blood by the Haemorrhoides be cured An inveterate Flux of the Haemorrhoids is not to be Cured without Blood-letting unless one vein be kept open there is danger of an ensuing Dropsie or Consumption that is if the noisom humours be suppressed which nature is accustomed to discharge by the lower Mesenterick Artery called the internal Haemorrhoidal then the ill mass of Blood being transmitted by the Porta into the Liver doth pervert its Crasis and beget an Ascitis Or if a natural evacuation of ill Blood be stopped by Astringent Medicines in the external Haemorrhoidal Artery arising out of the Hypogastrick Branch the Blood hath a recourse by the external Haemorrhoidal Vein and by the Ascendent Trunk of the Cava and right Ventricle of the Heart into the Pulmonary Artery and Parenchyma of the Lungs whereupon the Blood consisting of saline and acid Particles doth easily Corrode the tender Compage of the Lungs and produce an Ulcer often determining in Death The Guts are not only endued with Arteries and Veins The Nerves of the Guts sprouting out of the Par Vagum but Nerves too as they are fine Contextures of most acute Sense integrated of numerous Filaments curiously interwoven which are derived from the eight pair of Nerves anciently called the Sixt and Par Vagum and from the intercostal Branch of Nerves constituting the middle Mesenterick Plex which Doctor Willis resembleth to the Sun sending forth various Fibrils as so many Rays into all regions of the Intestines The Guts do all claim a share in the origens of the Lacteal Vessels The origen of the Lacteal Vessels out of various Guts of which some are rooted in the Duodenum and very many in the Jejunum Ileon Colon and some few in the Rectum all which Guts are perforated by the Lacteae into their Cavities through which they receive the Alimentary Liquor when it is extracted and separated from the Faeces and first convey it to the Glands of the Mesentery and afterward to the common Receptacle Great variety of Glands may be discovered in the Intestines The Guts are beset with numerous Glands as Learned Doctor Grew hath well observed and after him industrious Pejerus some few small Glands are seated in the Duodenum and Jejunum and many more and greater toward the Extreamity of the Ileon near the
correspondence with the Venous Duct and its numerous Branches in reference they have a manifest aperture into them The Spleen is accommodated with many small Glands The Glands of the Spleen as so many Colatories of the Blood and every Gland is a collective body of Arteries Veins Nerves and Lymphaeducts all which are encircled with a proper Membrane instituted by Nature for the greater security of the small and tender Vessels these Glands adorned with an Oval Figure are appendant to the Divarications of the Capsula and Fibres as also the terminations of Arteries and Nerves and twine about them after the manner of Ivy and beset them in clusters emulating Bunches of Grapes CHAP. II. The Spleen of Fish A Porpess hath a large Body The Spleen of a Porpess and a Spleen proportionable to it which is composed of many Globules encircled with a common Membrane and every Globule is a Systeme of many Minute Glands of different Magnitudes and Figures of which every one is invested with a proper Membrane and are so many distinct Colatories of the Blood wherein it is separated from its watry and saline Recrements The Spleen in this Animal is not affixed unto the Stomach upon which it confineth but to the Caul by the interposition of a Ligament or Membrane The Spleen of a Cod The Spleen of a Cod. is endued with a livid or blackish Colour and is largest in its Origen and terminates into a less Extreamity and somewhat resembleth a Leech in Figure only the Order is inverted by reason in a Leech its beginning is smallest and its Termination is greatest but in a Cod the Spleen is largest in its Origination and its end is least The Spleen in this Animal is seated near the Guts to which it is affixed by the mediation of a Membrane which I conceive is the Caul The Spleen in a Salmon The Spleen of a Salmon is adorned with a Pyramidal Figure resembling a small Streamer of a Pleasure Boat having its Base toward the Stomach and its point downward toward the Guts and is fastned to the bottom of the Stomach by the interposition of the Caul or some other Membrane This Bowel in a Sturgeon is lodged under the Stomach The Spleen of a Sturgeon and is integrated of many Globules differing in Dimensions as well as forms all hued with a Red Colour of which two or three are most eminent equalling a Walnut in bigness from which the Vasa Brevia do tend to the Stomach The Spleen of a Cramp-Fish The Spleen of a Cramp Fish is beautified with a Triangular Figure as Severinus hath it and is conjoined to the Stomach near its left Orifice by the mediation of a strong Ligament And in a Tortoise it is adorned with a round shape The Spleen of a Tortoise somewhat resembling the Heart of Birds and is tied to the Duodenum The Spleen of a Pike is hued with a deep Red The Spleen of a Pike and is fastned to the Termination of the Stomach and Origen of the Guts where they make their first Circumvolution and is beautified with a kind of Triangular Figure whose Base is seated toward the Stomach and its Termination in a kind of Point bendeth toward the Guts The Sword-Fish hath a Spleen beautified with a round Figure The Spleen of a Sword-Fish and is very small in reference to the proportion of its Body The Spleen in a Dory is adorned with Oval Figure †T. 26. m. The Spleen of a Dory and hued with a deep blackish Colour and is affixed to the Left Side by a strong Ligament near the bottom of the Stomach This Bowel in a Kingston is coated with a Red Colour The Speen of a Kingston and beset with various Minute Glands which may be distinguished as being parted by the different colour of their Interstices it beginneth and endeth in small Extreamities and surroundeth the bottom of the Stomach in form of an Arch †T. 27. o o. The Spleen in a Fire-Flaire or Sting-Ray The Spleen of a Fire-Flair is decked with a Semilunary Figure as suiting it self to the Arch of the Stomach about which it is lodged †T. 28. q. it is smaller in its Origen and broader in its Termination and is seated under the lower Region of the Stomach and hath a Prominency or Ridg †T. 28. r. running all along from the beginning or point of the Spleen down the middle of it and endeth the other Extreamity of it its surface is tinged with a Red colour and is interspersed with many Minute Glandulous bodies encircled with various Vessels The Spleen of a Skait The Spleen of a Skait of which a part is expressed †Tab. 29. p. out of Situation is coated with a much brighter Red colour then that of a Cod and beginneth with a slender Process seated in the middle of its Origen and hath a Semicircular Figure in its Circumference in which it holdeth a conformity with the shape of the Stomach to which it adjoyneth And this Bowel being opened I discovered its substance to be composed of numerous small Glands of different shapes and sizes you may discern a greater part †Tab. 30. of it out of Situation in another Table in which it seemeth to be endued with a Triangular Figure The Spleen of a Prill and Turbat The Spleen of a Prill seem to be Coated with a dark Colour and beautified with a Circular Figure as lodged in some part within the Gyre of the Stomach and within the Circumvolution of the Guts The Spleen of a Plaice seemeth to be endued with a dark Purple The Spleen of a Plaice or rather Blackish Colour like Coagulated Blood and is adorned with a kind of Semicircular Figure as imbracing some part of the Gulet and Left Side of the Stomach which are of the same shape This Bowel in a Base The Spleen of a Base is endued with a narrow Oblong Figure †Tab. 31. t. and hath its Origination †Tab. 31. u. somewhat larger in Dimensions then the Termination which is made in an obtuse Cone †Tab. 31. s. and is affixed all along to the surface of the Stomach The Spleen of a Gudgeon The Spleen of a Gudgeon is hued with a dark Red colour and endued with a Pyramidal Figure †T. 35. F 4. m. its Base being placed in its beginning and its Cone in the Termination This Intral in a Fish The Spleen of an Asellus Virefeens called by the Latines Asellus Virescens is coated with a deep Red inclining to a Purple Colour and is adorned with a Conick Figure as beginning and ending in Cones †Tab. 40. n. The Spleen in a Crocodile The Spleen of a Crocodile as Learned Borrichius hath observed is coated with Sables as being hued with a black aray and is adorned with a Pear-like Figure having its situation near the
turn the Blood into Pus whence issueth an Abscess which being broken is productive of an Ulcer the happy termination of an Aposteme evacuating an exuberant ill affected Blood and thereby giveth Health and ease Another kind of Tumour of the Spleen being soft and oedematous or serous is derived from a quantity of Blood mixed with indigested Chyme or serous Humours spued out of the Extreamities of the Caeliack Capillary Arteries implanted into the Membranous Cells of the Spleen whereby the whole Compage of it is endued with greater Dimensions An ordinary Person long complained of a Swelling and pain in the Left Hypocondre which rendred his Life very troublesome and after a tedious Sickness gave up his Soul into the Hands of his most Gracious God and Merciful Redeemer Not long after his Death The preternatural greatness of the Spleen an Incision being made into his Belly and a recourse being had to the Left Side to see the cause of his Disease his Spleen was discovered to be of an extraordinary greatness as passing down beyond the Ribs into the lower Apartiment and was furnished with a large Splenick Artery which impelled a great quantity of Serous Blood into the Membranous Cavities interwoven with a great number of Fibres in whose Bosome was lodged a large proportion of Watry Liquor distending the whole body of the Spleen This noble part is first Tumefied by a great quantity of Serous Blood An Inflammation of the Spleen degenerating into an Abscess transmitted by the numerous Ramulets of the Caeliack Arteries inserted into the Glands of the Spleen and is afterward inflamed by stagnant Blood lodged in their substance which in a short time loseth its Nature and its serous parts are turned into a corrupt Matter corroding the Vessels and Coats of the Spleen through which it maketh its way into the Cavity of the Belly whereupon Watry Humours have a free access unto it and do generate a great distention of the Rim and Muscles of the Abdomen commonly called an Ascitis A Frier being of a cold and most Constitution was oppressed with a load of Serous Humours which passed out the Left Ventricle of the Heart through the Common and then through the Descendent Trunk of the Aorta into the Caeliack Artery inserted into the Glands of the Spleen highly distending them which produced great pains in his Left Side and a high disaffection of the Spleen which at last concluded in the exit of Life And his Body being opened the Liver appeared to be sound An Instance of a putrefied Spleen and the Spleen half Putrefied and Ulcered whereupon the Putrid Matter and a source of Watry Humours had a recourse to the Cavity of the Belly enlarging it to a great degree A Dropsie also may arise from the broken Lymphaeducts of the Spleen A Dropsie arising from the broken Lymphaeducts of the Spleen which is produced after this manner by rivulets of Watry Recrements associated with the Mass of Blood and carried by the Terminations of the Capillary Splenick Arteries into the substance of the Glands wherein a great quantity of Lymphatick Liquor being secerned from the purer parts of the Vital and Nervous Juice is transmitted into the Lymphaeducts seated between the Coats of the Spleen which being encircled with fine and tender Tunicles are easily broken by the freer streams of the Lympha overflowing their thin Banks into the Lake of the Belly and raising it sometimes to monstrous Dimensions The Spleen also is liable to another Disease The Hydatides of the Spleen which hath some affinity with the former in reference to its Cause Lymphatick Liquor severed from the Blood in the Parenchyma of the Glands and received into the Extreamities of the Lymphaeducts and carried through them to the Ambient parts of the Spleen So that the thin Transparent Liquor having not a free passage doth extend the Coat of the Lymphaeducts whence arise many Vesicles in the surface of the Spleen commonly called Hydatides which are nothing else but the Tunicles of the Lymphaeducts swelled with too large a quantity of Lympha The Spleen is not only Obnoxious to Inflammations Oedematous A Scirrhus Tumour of the Spleen coming from concreted pituitous Matter and Serous Tumours of which we have already Discoursed but Scirrhous too which are indolent hard Tumours proceeding from an earthy gross Mass of Blood dispensed by the numerous Caeliack Capillary Arteries into the substance of the Glands where it stagnates by reason of faeculency rendring it unfit to be received into the Minute Roots of the Splenick Veins so that the Spleen acquireth a hard Tumour by the gross Blood lodged in the Interstices of the Vessels belonging to the Glands and having lost its Motion groweth more and more black and thick and is at last concreted by Acid Particles into a hard substance producing a Scirrhus The subject matter and the efficient cause rendring the Spleen Faeculent and Scirrhous doth only differ in degrees by reason I conceive the Active Principle that maketh the Blood gross and concreted is Acidity which is produced by Saline Particles brought to a Fluor which as it is more or less exalted is the efficient of greater or less alterations in the Blood stagnated in the body of the Glands appertaining to the Spleen whereupon it groweth sometimes more gross and other times more Coagulated as it is acted with higher Saline Particles brought to a greater Fluor The material cause as I apprehend productive of greater or less Induration Divers material causes of the induration of the Spleen and Coagulation of the Blood may proceed from its more or less earthy Clamminess as associated with crude indigested Chyme not assimilated into Purple Liquor whereby it loseth its due Fermentation and groweth gross and dispirited and apt to stagnate in the Membranous Cells and Glands of the Spleen as being unable to be percolated through their substance herein it being stagnated by reason the Lympha being too thick cannot be received into the Lymphaeducts and the Blood being too Faeculent cannot be admitted into the Minute Orifices of the Splenick Veins Whereupon the extravasated Purple Juice debased with Saline Particles put into a Fluor by the loss of its Motion doth gain a greater Acidity as it is more and more stagnant in the Parenchyma of the Glands So that sometimes when they are long acted with this disaffected Blood a Fever ariseth and maketh a great Ebullition A Scirthus proceeding from acid Recrements whence its more moist Particles are consumed and the Spleen becometh Indurated and Scirrhous proceeding chiefly from Blood concreted by its Acid Recrements This Hypothesis hath been made good by the injection of Acid Liquors into the Blood Vessels of Animals which are killed sooner or later as the injected Liquors participate of greater or less Acidity And the bodies of Bruits being opened presently after they were killed to see the cause of their Death the Blood was found concreted in the Ascendent and
Descendent Trunk of the Cava and right Ventricle of the Heart The truth of this Assertion An Experiment proving Concretion to be derived from Acid Liquors may be farther evinced by this experiment of putting Verjuice the Juice of unripe Grapes Juice of Limons destilled Vinegar Spirit of Vitriol Spirit of Sulphur Spirit of Salt Spirit of Nitre into a Porringer and then let the Blood stream out of a healthy Mans Arm or any other part into it and the Blood becometh black and of a greater Consistence by reason its fluid parts are presently incrassated somewhat resembling melted Pitch or the Lees of deep Red Wine and as Blood is let out upon more mild or strong Acid Liquors in greater or less proportion you may observe various degrees of Blackness and Consistence In strong Acid Spirits of Vitriol and Nitre the Blood is wholly Coagulated both in its Purple and Serous parts Acids work the same effect in Arterious Blood which is let out of the Temporal Artery a branch of the External Carotides upon Inflammations of the Eyes and great pains in the Head c. which I have often ordered with good Success A farther Experiment may be offered Acid Liquors producing divers sorts of Concretion in the Blood in besprinkling one Porringer with drops of Juice squeesed out of unripe Grapes and another with Vinegar into which Blood being immitted out of a sound young Man by opening a Vein in the first Porringer the Blood was clothed with black and full of dregs like Lees of Wine in the second the Blood was found much blacker and thicker and altogether Grumous wholly Coagulated without any serous parts swimming upon the top of the Red Crassament And that a more clear account may be given of the various incrassating vertues of divers kinds of Acid Liquors the Axillary Arteries of both Trunks may be opened in a Sheep and the hasty streams of Blood may be received into divers Vessels bedewed with different Acids giving variety of Coagulations to the Blood which treat our Eyes with pleasure and delight whereupon we may be induced to believe upon good grounds that the Blood impelled by the Splenick Arteries into the Membranous Cells and Glands of the Spleen may receive greater and greater Blackness and Coagulation as confederated with divers kinds of Acids which sometimes Incrassate and render the Blood black and grumous like melted Pitch and Lees of Red Wine and other times wholly Concrete it without any separation of the Serous from the Purple Liquor whence proceed great indurations of the Spleen and Scirrhous Tumours produced by divers sorts of Acid Recrements endued with higher and higher Incrassating and Coagulating qualities So that we may make this Inference That Indurations and Scirrhous Tumours of the Spleen take their rise from gross Blood associated with Acid Recrements and stagnated in the Membranous Cells and Glands whereby the Extravasated Blood by its longer and longer stay receiveth higher degrees of Acidity inducing greater Induration and Scirrhous Tumours which are often accompanied with an Atrophy and Ascitis proceeding from a vitiated gross Mass of Blood whose watry Particles are not separated in the Glands of the Kidneys and thence conveyed through the Roots of the Urinary Ducts and Papillary Caruncles into the Pelvis A Noble Person being very much Emaciated and having a dark yellowish Countenance was afflicted with a great Swelling in his â—eft Hypocondre and his lean Thighs and Legs did swell a little before his Death and the fore parts of his Legs were vexed with angry Blistered Tumours the attendants of an Erysipelus and fore-runners of his Departure Afterward his Belly being opened streams of clear Water gushed out in which no Omentum was found which is commonly putrid in Dropsies and then the Muscles of the Abdomen being cut in manner of a Cross an indurated Scirrhous Spleen appeared tied to the Left Hypoconder by great variety of Fibres and its substance within was Black and Putrid and the Spleen resembled a Turbat in Figure as being somewhat Quadrangular and equal in length and breadth CHAP. VII Of the Liver HAving Treated of the Spleen and all its variety of parts set together in excellent order speaking the Wisdom of the Grand Architect as an assistant of the Liver in making a Ferment and disposing the Blood in order to a secretion of the Bilious parts of the Liver The description of the Liver I will now handle this noble Intral as it is a Collective Body of several parts Membranes Vessels Glands and Parenchyma which are so many Integrals making one entire body of the Liver which is seated in the upper Region of the lower Apartiment relating to the fine Fabrick of a Humane Body about a Fingers distance from the Midriff in the right Hypocondre which is much filled up by its Bulk and is extended toward the Left Side a little beyond the Ensiform Cartilage to whom it is fastened by one of its Ligaments It is adorned with a Superior and Inferior Surface The convex surface of the Liver the upper being Convex is contiguous by the interposition of the Rim of the Belly to the Bastard Ribs and to a great part of the Diaphragme and to the hinder Region of the right Hypocondre about the right part of the Spine to which it taketh its progress Crossways and giveth way to the Vena Cava perforating the Midriff and doth guard it in its descent between its hinder part and the Spine The Concave part of the Liver The concave surface of the Liver doth cover the Pylorus and the upper and fore Region of the Stomach and some part of the Caul The right part of the Concave Surface of the Liver reacheth to the right Kidney and investeth some part of the Colon seated in that side and covereth the whole Duodenum and some part of Jejunum and Caul The lower Margent of the Liver and its lowest Confines in a sound Body do descend below the Ribs into the Cavity of the Belly and come near the Navil and in unhealthy Persons go beyond it The Liver is seated in the right Hypocondre The Liver is seated in the right Hypocondre by the great Prudence of the Heavenly Agent to be near the Vena Cava from which it borroweth many considerable Branches and hath only a small Artery called the Caeliack sprouting out of the Descendent Trunk of the Aorta seated in the left Side as deriving its Origen from the left Auricle of the Heart And upon this account the Livers of other Animals as well as Man have their greatest part lodged in the right Hypocondre and their Spleens in the left as having great Communion The Liver hath a double Surface The reason of the convex surface of the Liver the one Gibbous the other Concave The first is made Convex that it might be the more conveniently received into the bosome of the hollow Region of the Diaphragme in its relaxation or else there would
which Learned Dr. Walter Needam and I saw at the Dissection of a private Body at Chyrurgeons Hall The Hepatick Artery hath numerous Branches distributed through the Liver having many more Capillaries The Hepatick Branches are encompassed with a Capsula Communis which observe the Divarications of of the Capsula Communis and follow its Minute Ramulets and at last are included within the Coat of this common Integument which you may plainly discover if you sever these Capillary Hepatick Arteries from the Capsula the Ligaments that affix the Arteries to the common Integument The Hepatick Artery is not distributed into the Parenchyma of the Liver which proceed from the Coats of the small Arteries and are not disseminated into the Parenchyma of the Liver as it is very visible in the Excarnation of it wherein you may easily discern the most Minute Capillary Arteries to Terminate into the common Coats of the Vessels to give them Heat and Life The Veins of the Liver are of two sorts The Veins of the Liver are the Cava and Porta the last consisteth of a double Coat as having the use of an Artery in the Liver and hath a single Coat only in the other adjacent parts the Porta and Cava The first consisteth of a double Coat and hath a structure of an Artery in reference to the Liver but of a Vein in relation to the Stomach Spleen Pancreas Caul Mesentery and Intestines in which for the most part it hath many small Branches and Capillaries as the Roots and Origens of the Porta receiving Blood out of those parts and importing it into the Liver as the Center of the other Viscera into which the neighbouring parts discharge the many streams of Blood as into a common Lake whereupon all the Branches sprouting out of the said Bowel do Coalesce into one common Trunk of the Porta entring the concave part of the Liver about the middle and then passing two Inches into it maketh a common Sinus into which the small Sanguiducts do transmit their Channels as into a common Cistern from whence are derived five Branches dispensed through the whole body of the Liver And five Rivulets take their rise from the Coats of the Stomach The Branches of the Vena Porta and three of them do terminate into the Splenick Vein the Vas Venosum Vena Gastrica Gastrepiploica Sinistra which borroweth some small Branches from the Caul whereupon it hath gained the said Appellative and above all the second Rivulet the Gastrick Vein is most eminent imparting a Branch to the left Orifice of the Stomach which encircleth it like a Crown whence it is called Vena Coronaria the fourth Branch of the Porta coming from the Stomach and Caul is named Gastrepiploica Dextra and is inserted into the Mesenterick Branch and the fifth Stomacick Branch is that of the Pylorus implanted into the Trunk of the Porta Two Branches taking their rise from the Spleen The Splenick Branches of the Porta and many other Divarications do enlarge their Splenick Channel to which four other are conjoyned Epiplois Dextra Sinistra and a small Branch derived from the Pancreas and the internal Haemorrhoidal Vein which according to a vulgar apprehension is thought to transmit Faeculent Blood into the Intestinum Rectum which opposeth the laws of Circulation by reason the Blood is carried into the Intestines by Arteries and not by Veins Whereupon this Haemorrhoidal Vein dischargeth it self into the Splenick Branch as some will have it but in truth doth disburden it self into the left Mesenterick Vein that it may be distinguished from the external Haemorrhoidal Vein which doth dispense its Purple Liquor into some Branch of the Vena Cava and so into the common Trunk The Vena Porta entreth the Concave part of the Liver The entrance of the Porta into the middle of the concave part of the Liver about the middle that it might have the advantage of branching it self into all parts The entrance of the Porta is guarded with two Prominencies called by the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 whence this Vein borroweth its Appellative The Porta some little space after it hath made its ingress into the Liver is accommodated with a large Cavity resembling a Cistern to give a reception to the streams of Blood before it is conveyed into the several Channels which take their rise from that Oblong Sinus and are Five in number Four of which do make many Maeanders and Branches through the lower Region of the Liver and the Fifth doth terminate with fruitful Ramulets and Capillaries into the upper Region of the Liver The Oblong Sinus or Systern attended with many Sanguiducts The Sinus of the Liver is very conspicuous in a new born Child or rather Embryo by reason of a large source of Blood moving through the Umbilical Vessels into it and opposite to the entrance of the Umbilical Vein is seated a Venous Channel transmitting Blood into the Cava resembling the common Trunk of the Aorta conjoyned to the left Tunicle of the Heart and entreth into the Cava where it is conjoyned to the Midriff as Doctor Glysson hath observed and thereabout two other Branches of Veins are derived from the Liver and enter into the Cava which may be discovered if the Cava be opened in length whereupon you may see these Vessels perforating the Cava this Venous Channel some time after the Child is Born doth degenerate into a Ligament The Oblong Sinus being somewhat of an Oval Figure The Branches of the Sinus belonging to the Liver hath many Veins transmitting Blood into all Regions of the Liver The first and largest maketh many Divarications into one fourth part toward the left side of this Bowel which it furnisheth with numerous Ramulets and Capillaries of which divers take their progress through the Concave parts of the Liver and terminate into its Coat The second Branch of the Sinus sporteth it self in manifold Branches distributed through a considerable part of the right and anterior Side and is less in Dimensions then the first Branch and greater then the third and fourth which are dispensed into those parts of the Liver which are next to the Back The fifth Branch issuing out of the Sinus taketh its course much different from the other and like a Tree emitteth its Branch into the middle and upper Region of the Liver and hath many Capillaries inserted into the Membrane The various Branches of the Porta do furnish all parts of the Liver with Blood which is refined in its Glands investing the convex parts of this Bowel The four Channels of Veins coming from the Sinus as a common Lake do accommodate the four quarters †T. 9. E E E. appertaining to the lower Region of the Liver with streams of Purple Liquor which is also dispensed to the upper or gibbous part by the fifth Branch and the greatest number of the fruitful Divarications of the Porta are at last implanted into the
by too great a quantity of the Lympha whose tender enclosures are fretted with Saline and Acid Particles or overcharged either by an Obstruction proceeding from an Exuberance of Lympha or by the compression of the adjacent parts intercepting its Current whereupon the Lymphaeducts growing over big with too large a source of Lymphatick Juice are put upon a stretch beyond their natural Dimensions violating their thin Coats which being Lacerated their extravasated streams do change their Current and pour themselves into the Cavity of the Belly one cause of an Ascitis of which I have given a more particular History heretofore The watry and saline Particles of the Blood are not separated for want of a due Ferment by a kind of Precipitation in the glands of the Kidneys which should open the Compage of the Puple Liquor and in some sort loose the tie of mixtion that the potulent part might be secerned from the Blood which being not accomplished the serous and saline Particles unduly associated with the Vital Juice are reconveyed by the Emulgent Veins into the Vena Cava and right Auricle and Cistern of the Heart and pass through the Pulmonary Vessels into the left Ventricle of it and from thence through the common and descendent Trunk of the Aorta and afterwardby the Caeliack Artery arising out of the said Trunk and by the Branches of the Porta into the Glands of the Liver wherein the thin Transparent Liquor being secerned from the Blood and Nervous Juice is transmitted in too great a quantity into the Lymphaeducts seated first in the Glands and afterward creeping out of the Liver are affixed to the Branches of the Porta which are broken as surcharged with too large a proportion of Potulent Matter mixed with the Lympha which often happens in great Drinkers emptied sometimes into the Cavity of the Belly between the Caul and Rim of it and most commonly between it and the Guts by reason the Caul is often Putrefied A Young Maid Dissected in the Hospital of Utrecht An Instance of a Dropsie proceeding from to nâ— Lympâ—aeducts which had an Ascitis Sixteen Years and the Venters being opened no manifest Disease could be discerned in any of the Viscera only the Lymphaeducts appeared to be torn which was the cause of her Dropsie by reason she was severely treated by her Parents in her Minority by receiving great Blows upon her Body and Limbs so that the Lymphaeducts were broken and the Lympha exonerated in great quantity into the Abdomen Another cause of an Ascitis may be assigned to the watry Particles mixed in excessive manner with the Lympha whose course being stopped either by the straightness of the Lymphaeducts lodged in the Glands of the Liver or Mesentery by reason of some Obstruction or Compression whereupon these fine Vessels being broken the Lympha insinuates it self between the Membranes of the Liver or Mesentery and causeth many Protuberancies in the outward Coat of the Viscera The Hydatides of the Liver derived from an exuberant quantity of Lympha producing great Vesicles of Lymphatick Liquor commonly called Hydatides sometimes equalling a Pidgeons Egg and other times a Hen Egg in Magnitude and are for the most part of a less size which Dr. William Straten a Professor of Physick shewed publickly to many Spectators at the Dissection of an Executed Criminal Learned Diemerbroeck giveth this account in his latter end of his 12th Chapter De Vasis Lymphaticis That he often shewed to the Students in Physick in the Hospital at Utrecht Livers Tumefied with divers Vesicles full of clean Liquor and others broken which distilled in a large quantity into the Cavity of the Belly manifestly producing an Ascitis Whereupon I humbly conceive that divers Dropsies seated in the lower Venter do arise Ab aliqua partium inferiorum Abdominis solutione aut a ruptis Hydatitibus hepatis Mesenterii omenti from the Ulcers of some inward parts proceeding as I conceive very commonly from the broken Lymphaeducts lodged in the interior region of the lower Apartiment Wolkerus Coiter Observationibus Anatomicis scribit se in Hydropici cadavere invenisse substantiam viscerum inferioris ventris absumptam intus omni succo exhaustam nihilque aquae in ventris Capicitate at ubique Mesenterio Peritonaeo Intestinis Lieni Hepati omnibus denique visceribus vesiculas Magnitudine adhaerescentes easque omnes aqua limpida refertas I humbly conceive That the Vesicles of fine Crystalline Liquors affixed to the outsides of the Viscera The causes of Hydatides swelling their Coats with various Protuberancies are derived from broken Lymphaeducts discharging their Extravasated Liquor into the Ambient parts of the Bowels immured with Membranes which if broken the Limpide Humours would have showred down into the greater Cavity of the lowest Venter immediately productive of a Dropsie Sometimes in Persons given to Debauchery the Blood is so overcharged with watry Recrements that they have a general recourse to the Glands seated in the Viscera of the whole Body wherein the exuberant Lymphatick Liquor associated with Serous Particles is universally discharged into the Lymphaeducts of all the Bowels and generate Hydatides appendant to their Ambient parts Of which Mauritius Cordaeus hath exhibited a remarkable Instance Com. 5. ad Lib. 1. Hippocr de Morb. Mulier Anno Dom. 1567. Quum forte fortuna Mulier quaedam de Hydrope apud Medicum quendam quereretur ob Hypocartharsin quam ipse procuravit correcti stibii certo granorum numero unde quum fructum Mulier non tulisset ad alium nullis melioribus auspiciis pror fecta tandem è vivis discessit Hujus eviscerrato cadavere nulla capacitas hic nihil cavum in eo deprehensum fuit in quo vesica non penderet secundum Geometriam omnium Dimensionum loco coaequalis ac conformis ei qui suo ambitu contineret locos cavos dicimus non vesicam tantum renes uterum sed Ventriculum Intestinaque Cor pericardium id genus reliqua è quibus prout tam intus quam foris nativum cuique solum contigisset Cystes pendulae conspiciebantur aqua citrina oppletae sine omni faetore etiam post Vigessimum Diem Nullas partes supernas excipimus etiam ad Jugulum usque inferiores quoque nullas ne quidem proximum sedi locum quae hasce suo cavo non caperent Vesiculas Hepar quoque intelligi volumus tectumque laesa oppressumque foris adeoque lienem totum Si quasque vel minutulas in numerum quispiam retulisset octingentas numerus superasset facile CHAP. XII Of the Liver of Beasts HAving Treated of the Liver of Man and its several parts I will speak somewhat of this Bowel as it relateth to other Animals to see what Similitude they have with a Humane Liver The Liver of a Lion much resembleth that of a Cat The Liver of a Lion and is composed of Seven lobes of different shapes and sizes encompassing a great part of the Stomach
bright Red The Liver of a Goose and consisteth of two lobes the right †T. 19. F. 1. r r. is much larger then the other covering some part of the Guts and encloseth the right side of the Gizard and endeth in a manner of a Point †S. The left lobe of the Liver †u u. is much shorter and more thick then the right and investeth the higher region of the Guts in some part and upper end of the Gizard and hath a Fissure near its Termination which is made in a broad thin Expansion This lobe is parted from the right by a broad thin Membrane as by a kind of Mediastine coming from the hinder region of the Abdomen and reacheth to the Anterior Each lobe is hollowed in their upper Region making two Cavities like Sockets to give reception to the Cone of the Heart and parts adjoyning to to its Termination The Liver of an Eagle is beautified with a floride Red The Liver of an Eagle and divided into two lobes of which the right is the longest filling a great part of the right Hypocondre in which it encloseth the right side of the Gizard and the left lobe is somewhat thicker and shorter then the other And these lobes are distinguished from each other by the interposition of a thin Membrane annexed to the Sternon and under it did appear four Membranous Cavities two lateral made for the reception of the Lungs and two intermedial for the lobes of the Liver and these Membranes do not supply the place of a Midriff as some will have it but rather of a Mediastine The Liver of a Turkey The Liver of a Turkey is composed of three lobes of which the right is tied to the Guts The middle is the greatest beginning in thick Dimensions and ending in a broad Expansion and the left lobe is the least both which do cover some part of the upper Surface belonging to the top of the Gizard and have thick Origens and terminate into a kind of Points The Liver is hued with a more deep Red then the Spleen The Liver of a Duck The Liver of a Duck. hath two large Cavities made in the top of the lobes relating to it to entertain the Cone of the Heart in its Motion The Liver doth cover the upper region of the Guts and Gizard with the higher part of its lobes of which the right near its Termination doth invest the right side of the Gizard and the left embraceth the higher end of it This Liver is composed of Two lobes the higher is broadest and thickest in its beginning and groweth narrower and narrower towards its Termination and endeth almost in a Point the left lobe is much shorter then the other and terminates in a broad thin Expansion The Liver of a Teal The Liver of a Teal much resembleth that of a Duck the one encompassing the right and the other the left side of the Gizard they are hollowed with two eminent Cavities seated in the Origens of them to give an entertainment to the Heart in its Pulsation to which the heart is fastned by the mediation of thin Membranes The right lobe is broader and longer then that of the left which embraceth the Echinus or Termination of the Gulet The lobes of the Liver belonging to a Partridg The Liver of a Partridg have their Originations endued with Cavities after the manner of all other Birds which I have Dissected as two allodgments of the Cone of the Heart to confine it as I conceive in its due place by reason the Heart is fastned to these Cavities by the mediation of fine Membranes The Liver hath two lobes as in other Birds the right is thick and broad in its Origination and groweth more narrow and endeth in the manner of a Point the left lobe also is thick in its Dimensions about the Origen where it is single and is divided by a Fissure near its Termination which is thin and broad which seemeth to make it into two lobes these lobes in the Origens of their concave parts do cover the Guts and toward their Termination the higher Extreamity of the Gizard to which they are fastned by thin Membranes The Liver of a Pidgeon The Liver of a Pidgeon is composed of two lobes as in other Birds the right is much larger then the other it beginneth thick and narrow and confineth on the right side of the Heart from its Base to the Cone and afterward groweth large and thinner especially abouts its Termination this lobe covereth some part of the Guts and upper surface of the Gizard so that it cannot be discerned The left lobe is much narrower and shorter and lodged in some part under the Heart as the Pidgeon is placed in a supine Posture and is so to be understood in all our Discourses of Anatomy and is also seated under some part of the Gizard to which it is affixed CHAP. XIV Of the Liver of Fish THe Liver of a Porpess hath large Dimensions The Liver of a Porpess and is adorned with a bright Red and is parted into lobes as some will have it but in this resembleth a Humane Liver as being one entire substance its situation is in the Abdomen as in other Animals under the Diaphragme and most of this Bowel is lodged in the right side and consisteth of many Minute Glands full of Divarications of numerous Blood Vessels The Liver of a Sturgeon is adorned with a more round Figure then that of Man encompassing the Stomach on each side and is hued with a pale Red and is furnished with a large Branch of the Porta and Cava importing and exporting Vital Liquor The Liver of a Pike is one entire body destitute of all lobes The Liver of a Pike and Partitions it is endued with an Ash-colour and is thicker and broader in its Origen and thinner and narrower downward and endeth in a kind of Point It covereth the upper Region of the Stomach and Origen of the Intestines The Liver is very wonderful in a Barbil The Liver of a Barbil and accompanieth the Intestines in the Superior Inferior and lateral Region and maketh a Gyre between the Circumvolution of the Guts to which the Liver is fastned according to variety of Positions with many thin small Membranes which I have not seen in so various and so ample a manner in any other Fish as in this A Dory hath a Liver endued with a pale Ash-colour The Liver of a Dory it covereth a great part of the Stomach which is of an Orbicular Figure in this Table it is taken off from the Stomach and is placed out of its proper place in the left side †T. 26. k k. of the Fish The Liver of a Kingston somewhat resembleth in Figure the Trident The Liver of a Kingston with which Neptune is commonly Painted as consisting of three lobes the middle one is the shortest and broadest and that of
which being of an Aperient and Diuretick Ingeny do open the Obstructions seated in the Minute Vessels of the Viscera and the Compage of the Blood and give it a power of freely discharging its Recrements with a large proportion of Urine And last of all when the more thin and watry parts of Urine are evaporated in Destillation the Salt and Earthy Particles subside in the bottom of the Alembick and if the Salt be sublimated by a more intense Fire it will quit the company of the Caput Mortuum and leave it alone So that the Fire in Destillation will discover and separate the several Elements of Urine of which the least if any are the Vinous parts The next in small proportion are the Sulphureous and Earthy and the greatest in quantity are the Watry and Saline The Sulphureous parts are few by reason Urine cast upon Fire doth not bring it into a Flame by reducing its Atomes into a violent Motion and eruption as mixing with Air but rather subdues and quencheth it and that Urine hath some rancid oily parts may be proved by its Faetide smell arising chiefly from Putrefaction as long kept wherein the compage of the Urine being highly opened the Sulphureous steams do embody with the Air and give a great disturbance to the Nostrils in their noisome smell Saltness may be discerned in Urine as being somewhat akin to Nitre in taste which is derived from the salt particles of Aliment which are exalteid by Concoction in the Stomach and motion of the Blood in the Vessels and acquire greater degrees of volatility as they more and more associate with the Vital Spirit and heat and as the Blood is more or less laudable in point of temper the Urine participates more volatil or fixed Salt and is endued with colour and consistence Urine hath somewhat of Vinous Spirit though very little which may be evinced because it doth so soon evaporate and leave the Watry parts as affected with Sulphureous obnoxious to Putrefaction and the Vinous parts do appear by reason they render the Urine capable of Intestine Motion by which the thin parts admit a secretion from the more gross which fall down to the bottom after the Urine hath been some time made and setled And after the fixed saline Particles are exalted by the heat and ferments of the Stomach and Circulation of the Blood in the Vessels they are made Volatil and associate with the Spirituous parts of the Urine which as they are more or less abundant and active do produce divers kinds of Hypostasis The watry parts of Urine The watry parts of Urine are manifest in reference to their fluid and moistning quality and do far exceed the Spirituous Sulphureous Saline and Earthy in proportion and cannot be extracted so simple but that they are associated with Volatil Saline and Sulphureous parts And the consistence which Urine hath The consistence of Urine doth denote its gross and earthy parts which upon long Destillation when the moist Particles are totally exhausted and evaporated do fall and rest in the bottom of the Alembick The grossness and earthiness of the Urine is derived from the faeculency of the Chyme which hath divers Heterogeneous parts that cannot be Assimilated into Blood whereupon they embody with the Potulent Matter and are carried into the Kidneys in order to secretion in the Glands and expulsion by the Urinary Ducts The Urine is less in quantity The quantity of Urine then the Liquid substance we entertain into our Mouth and Stomach by reason somewhat of the Potulent Matter is evaporated by the heat of the Stomach and some of it often mixeth with the more solid Excrements and rendreth them moist and some part of the watry Liquor is afterward confaederated with the Purple Liquor to make it thin and fluid which moving through the greater and less Branches of Arteries till it arriveth the Capillaries inserted into the Glands of the Skin wherein it is secerned from the Blood and passeth the Excretory Ducts by Sweat and insensible Transpiration which much lesseneth the Potulent Matter the ground of Urine Drink Drink the Materia Substrata of Urine the Materia Substrata of Urine being received into the Mouth and carried through the Gulet into the Stomach embodies with Serous and Nervous Ferments whereby the Potulent Matter assisted with the heat of the Stomach becomes a fit Menstruum to Colliquate and dissolve the more solid Aliment and extract a Milky Tincture which is attenuated by this watry Liquor accompanying it through the Mesenterick and Thoracick Ducts into the Subclavian Veins where it espouseth the Blood in an intimate union to which it imparteth its more delicate and Alimentary Particles upon which account it looseth somewhat of its Liquor which being associated with the Crystalline part of the Blood and Succus Nutricius is entertained into the Pores of the Vessels and assimilated into their substance and afterward the reliques of the Potulent Matter growing effaete and useless as despoiled of its Alimentary Juice are embodied with the gross Sulphureous Saline and Earthy parts of the Blood as disserviceable to it which then is impelled out of the left Chamber of the Heart by the common and Descendent Trunk of the Aorta and Emulgent Artery into the Glands of the Kidneys wherein the Serous Recrements are secerned from the Vital Liquor by vertue of a Ferment making a kind of Precipitation or rather received by Percolation into the Excretory Vessels and thence carried through the Papillary Caruncles Pelvis and Ureters into the Bladder as a common receptacle of useless Potulent Liquor When the Chyme associated with the Blood in the Subclavian Veins is afterward broken into small Particles by motion in the Vessels and by the repeated Contractions of the Ventricles of the Heart and by the Intestine Motion of the Blood produced by its various Elements and by the different parts of the Chyme whereupon the Chyme is assimilated into Blood and the Heterogeneous Recrements of Sulphur and Salt The Amber colour of Urine not fit for Assimilation are united by Coction with the Potulent Matter giving it an Amber Colour which may be resembled to Salt of Tartar and Sulphur boiled together in Water which do render it of a Yellowish Colour or if Antimony full of Sulphur be boiled in a Menstruum impraegnated with Salt it will give a tincture of yellow to the Liquor not unlike that of Urine as Doctor Willis hath observed The Alimentary Liquor extracted out of Meat in the Stomach by vertue of its heat and Serous and Nervous Ferments hath different Elements of Salt and Sulphur some of which being so fixed and gross that they cannot be made constituent principles of the Blood are thereupon incorporated by heat and motion with the Vehicle of it to which they being united by Coction do give watry Recrements a Yellow hue If the Alimentary Liquor be not duly extracted out of the Contents of the Stomach caused by
Liquor fenced in with a circle which is not yet obliterated whose ambient parts are interspersed with Rivulets confined within Minute Vessels tending toward the Amnion When the Hen hath sate a day and night When the Hen hath sate a day and night many Globules appear the Rough-draught of the Vertebres of the Spine the Cicatricula is very much enlarged in the obtuse part of the Egg and the draught of the Chicken groweth more conspicuous and is lodged in the Colliquament endued with a long Head and many Globular rudiments of the Vertebres making up the Spine which now beginneth to be made hollowed and fit for the entertainment of the Spinal Marrow and the Wings do seem to discover themselves in the manner of a Cross and three larger Vesicles may be discerned to be seated in the extremity of the Spine which are the first lineaments of the Brain and also two Globules the rudiments of the Eyes as Learned Malpighius hath observed About thirty and thirty six hours About thirty six hours the Vesicles seated on the top of the Spine are become more fair the Vesicles seated in the top of the Spine and the Globules the ruder draught of the Vertebres of it appear more evident and the Umbilical Area is shaded with Varicose Vessels which are first Coated with a yellowish and afterward with reddish hue In the Head furnished with two Appendages the Eyes discover themselves and many Circles immuring other several Areae do contain within them five Vesicles the uppermost is filled with a dark and crystalline Liquor the rudiments of the Brain After the Hen hath sate fourty hours upon an Egg After fourty hours sitting of the Hen the Cicatricula is painted with variety of colours the circles immuring the Seminal Liquor in the Cicatricula make a greater and more clear shew at which time they are elegantly painted with variety of colours somewhat resembling the Rain-bow and the figure of the Eye as having a protuberance not unlike that of Cornea this Prominence encircleth a most transparent Colliquated Liquor somewhat akin in colour to that of the watry humour of the Eye This fine sight of the Cicatricula is very elegantly described by great Harvey Secunda ovi inspectione Exercitatione decima sexta Ait ille Praeterito die secundo dicti Cicatriculae circuli conspectiores atque ampliores fiunt ad magnitudinem unguis digiti annularis interdum medii quibus tota macula in duas regiones aliquando tres easque diversis sane coloribus obscure distinctis dividitur oculi figuram plane referens tum protuberantia aliqua qualis in Cornea tunica visitur tum magnitudine tum etiam humore transparente lucidissimo intus contento Cujus centrum pupillam repraesentat sed puncto quodam albo in centro existente tanquam aviculae alicujus ocellus suffusionem sive Cataractam ut vocant in medio pupillae pateretur ob quam similitudinem oculum ovi nominavimus Now the fine compage of the little Foetus beginneth more clearly to sport it self in the pure Crystalline Liquor The little Foetus groweth more completed in which the Spine cometh to larger dimensions and the Orbicular Globules relating to the Vertebres are more completed and the Vesicles of the Brain approach nearer to the substance of it and the lineaments of the Eyes consisting in two little Orbs arrive greater perfection and the Beating-point the first draught of the Heart now beginneth to discover it self in manifest different motions The outward Margent of the Umbilical Area is walled in with a Venous Circle The Margent of the Umbilical Area is walled in with a Venous Circle having an Aperture toward the Heart which hath an Aperture bending toward the Heart or Dancing-point which in its contraction doth impell the whitish liquor into the right Auricle and Ventricle of the Heart and from thence into the left and is then transmitted into the Aorta from whence one Trunk is propagated into the Head and another all along to the extremity of the Spine transmitting many Ramulets into the Umbilical region wherein they often associate and part again in the manner of a reticular plexe which is also very eminent in the numerous branches of other Blood-vessels The Beating-point being endued with successive motions of Constriction and Dilatation The Beating-point hath alternate motions of Constriction and Dilatation which doth plainly evince it to be the Heart whose ambient parts are enclosed within thin Muscular walls not as yet clothed in Red which is its best and native aray when brought to due perfection The Vital Liquor first arayed in whitish and afterward in a darker and reddish colour appeareth first in the terminations of the Umbilical Vessels before it is transmitted into the right auricle and ventricle of the Heart not formed The Blood first appeareth White and is afterward made Red. whence it may be inferred with great probability that the Blood receiveth its first rudiment in the ambient parts of the White The Blood is first generated in the ambient parts of the Colliquated Liquor and is afterward imparted to the Heart lodged in the center of the Body and I humbly conceive That the first draught of the Vital Juice is a kind of the Colliquated Seminal Liquor which after some Fermentation is endued with a yellowish and afterward with a reddish hue before it is transmitted from the Circumference toward the center of the transparent Liquor in which the Beating-point playeth up and down as sporting it self in successive motions So that Vital Liquor is by divers steps clothed with Purple before the Heart beginneth its Pulsation And like as in the production of Seeds the Eggs of Plants The Plants have their first production out of different Elements a Sap or transparent Seminal Liquor is first conveyed out of the Earth as out of a fruitful Womb impregnating the Seed out of whose bosom the Germina the first Shoots Trunks Leaves and Flowers are formed by variety of Sap and Air-vessels big with several fermentative concreting Elements which produces the different Integrals making the curious compage of Plants in like manner the Foetus of other more perfect Animals and Birds too is generated of many Juices consisting of different principles producing several Intestine motions The Foetus of Birds is generated of many Juices as out of different principles by which the various parts of Animals receive their first draughts and afterward their more admirable finishings wherein we may see and adore the great works of God and Nature in the divers processes of Generation whereupon we may plainly perceive the Foetus of Birds to have its parts gradually sprouting out of the Seminal Colliquated Liquor made up of many fermentative Elements by whose opposite motions the Blood arriveth greater and greater degrees of perfection at last putting on its purple robe before it maketh its perambulation in several gesses through all the parts of the
Body After the Hen hath sate three days the Chicken acquireth greater dimensions and its parts grow more distinct and is lodged in the Genital Liquor with a crooked Head and prone position of body and the Vesicles of the Brain enameled with Blood-vessels are attended with the small orbs of the Eyes adjoyning to the ambient parts of the rudiments of the Brain and the Spinal Marrow is lodged in the hollowed Vertebres of the Spine and the external parts of the Colliquament begin to grow Opace encompassing the ambient parts of the Seminal Liquor as with a Rayment and the Vessels taking their rise from the left Ventricle of the Heart begin their course toward the middle of the Abdomen and emit many branches of Arteries The Vesicles which before were discovered to be five After three days the Chicken acquireth greater perfections in reference to all parts are in after-days divided only as it were into two in the Occiput seemed to appear a Vesicle beautified with a triangular figure and the lower region of the Synciput is endued with a kind of oval shape near this Vesicle doe appear two other which I conceive are the rudiments of the Eyes whose parts now become more distinguishable in which the Pupil hued with Black may be discerned and the Crystalline humor is encircled with the Vitreous and now the Auricles Ventricles of the Heart are more matured and the distinct motions of the Ventricles are rendred more conspicuous The fourth day being past the Chicken becometh more mature and the Vesicles of the Brain are more enlarged approaching nearer each other and the Globules of the Eyes receive greater dimensions not changing their shape and the Spine and its Vertebres appear more fair and the Wings and Thighs grow more in length and the Spine receiveth the addition of the Rump and the whole Body is clothed with a mucous Matter as an imperfect flesh interspersed with great divarications of Vessels and the Cord of Umbilical Vessels begins to creep out of confines of the Belly and the Blood is clothed with a deeper Scarlet as impelled through the Arteries and returning by the Veins is hued with a paler red and the Stomach is formed in some part and the Intestines are made up of a kind of mucous Matter as their first rudiment and in Eggs arriving greater maturity the Heart is immured within the confines of the Thorax by reason of a thin Membrane enclosing it The fifth day being past the Vesicles of the Brain The fourth and fifth day the Vesicles of the Brain and the Globules the rudiments of the Vertebres and other parts of the Body come to greater maturity the Globules being the Vertebres constituting the Spine receive greater distinction the Heart admitteth more rivulets of Blood clothed with a deeper red and the ambient parts of the Umbilical Vessels encircling the Yolk do make frequent inosculations with each other the Brain now beginneth to be curdled and filled with a Filamentous substance to which the Cerebellum is adjoyned and the Viscera become more conspicuous and the Lungs may be discerned as arayed with a pale Red. After the sixth day After the sixth day the Bill is partly formed and the Spinal Marrow is divided into equal parts and the Intestines and other Viscera are clothed with Integuments and the Umbilical Vessels are branched through the White and Yolk the Bill begins its formation and the Spinal Marrow is divided into two equal parts and the Wings are enlarged and the lower Limbs lengthened by the addition of Feet and the Intestines and other Viscera being enwrapped in Integuments are so protuberant as if the Abdomen was disordered by a rupture of the Navil and the Umbilical Vessels do insinuate themselves through the White and Yolk and the ambient Amnion and the Arteries appear less than the Veins their associates The fabrick of the Liver also becometh conspicuous as consisting of variety of Vessels to which the miliary Glands are appendant and the empty spaces of the Vessels are filled up with a kind of Parenchyma which is some part of the Vital Liquor adhering to the Vessels in its passage from the Arteries to the Veins The Liver is not yet tinged with Red but with a kind of brown colour and the ambient parts of the Body are clothed with Skin enduced with many ramulets of Vessels often joyned and divided again after the manner of Network After the Hen hath sate seven days After seven days the Foetus is more perfectly delineated in all its parts and the Brain becometh Filamentous or Fibrous and the Cerebellum app areth and the Heart is covered with a thin Tuniâ—le and furnished with two Ventricles the Chicken hath its parts more perfectly Delineated and is lodged in the Amnion encircled with the Chorion connected to the Membrane encompassing the Yolk near the margent of the Umbilical region The Head and Eyes receive larger dimensions and the Vesicles of the Brain are covered with a Fibrous substance as the rudiment of a Membrane enwrapping the more tender compage of the Brain which beginneth to be Filamentous or Fibrous and now the Cerebellum and the origen of the Spinal Marrow do appear The Heart is covered with a thin Tunicle which I conceive to be the Pericardium and is furnished with two Ventricles of which the left exceedeth the right in dimensions and redness and both Ventricles are immured with Muscular Spiral Fibres which constitute the fleshy part of the Heart and the Auricles of it are rendred rough and unequal by the plexes of Carnous Fibres which do as it were form another Heart made up of two Cavities as small Ventricles The Thorax is encircled with white lines the rudiments of Ribs The Viscera of the lowest Apartiment grow more perfect The Gizard and Intestines are well configured and the Liver appeareth hard sometimes with a yellowish Coat and other times with ash colour with the appendant miliary Glands besetting the terminations of the Vessels endued not with a perfect round but somewhat oblong figure The Kidneys are invested with an ash coloured hue The first lineaments of the rim of the Belly may be descerned to be mucous and the whole body may be seen to be vailed with a thin Skin The eighth and ninth day of sitting being accomplished the compage of the Brain groweth more solid as the fibrous parts of it arrive to greater maturity and the many vesicles of the Head seem to Coalesce into two protuberancies as the Hemisphaeres of the Brain which are hollowed into two Ventricles and the Thalami or Origens of the Optick Nerves begin to shew themselves with the appendant Cerebellum and the beginning of the Spinal Marrow The ambient parts of the Body are made unequal by many little protuberancies through which the Feathers are emitted which are most eminent about the Back and Rump The Liver is hued with a kind of brown colour and divided into Lobes And the tenth and eleventh
The situation of the Thymus in the highest region of the middle apartiment between the Arteries and Subclavian Veins and most commonly under the Clavicle climbing up to the lower part of the Neck but in Calves Lambs and many other young Animals The rise of the Thymus in Calves c. it taketh its rise above the left Auricle of the Heart and is fastned to the Pericardium where its lower region is extended from the Heart to the highest Rib and then is contracted into a slender Neck which creepeth out of the Thorax between the Spine and greater Thoracick Vessels and then is enlarged again and after a little space above the uppermost Rib is divided into two branches climbing up the sides of the Aspera Arteria and passing by the Glandule Thyroeideae is terminated near the Maxillary Glands The Thymus is covered with a double Membrane The outward Membrane of the Thymus the outward is more thick and the inward of a more fine consistence so closely covering the Interstices of the Glands that at the first sight the Thymus seemeth to be one Gland but upon a stricter search in Dissection it may be discovered a system of many Glands whereof every one is invested with a proper Coat and peculiar Vessels This rare Compage made up of innumerable minute Glands The Compage of the Thymus is a System of many minute Glands is divided in the Middle and consisteth of an upper and lower Apartiment each of which is garnished with two rows of small Glands and every one is enwrapped in a proper Tunicle parting them one from another and are all at last encircled with two common Integuments conserving them in due order and situation from starting out of their proper sphaeres These numerous Glands are adorned with various Surfaces some are plain other Convex and a third Concave by which they are so finely lodged one within another and so closely conjoyned by the interposition of Vessels and Membranes that they seem to make up but one entire Gland but indeed are many and may be separated from each other without the violation of their proper substance and Coats as I have often experienced in Dissection These fruitful Glands are beautified with variety of Figures The variety of Figures belonging to the Glands of the Thymus some are oblong flat roundish pyramidal and others orbicular triangular quadrangular rarely equal in their sides The substance of these Glands constituting the Thymus is soft and white as having great affinity with the Pancreas and is endued with a more delicate taste and consisteth principally of Membranes and somewhat of a Parenchyma The Membranes are integrated of numerous Fibrils so closely united The Fibrils of the Thymus that they seem to be one entire substance but being streined by a violent extension the small Membranes holding the Fibrils together are broken and so they start and part from each other and then the Fibrils are plainly discovered And as the Membranes are composed of many Fibrils The Fibrils are made of many Filaments so again every little Fibre is made up of many Filaments finely tied together by the mediation of little Tunicles These Glands are furnished with variety of Vessels The Vessels of the Thymus Arteries Veins Nerves Lymphaeducts which are divaricated through their substance The Arteries take their origen from the ascendent Trunk of the Aorta and the Veins from the Jugular Branches Nerves from the par vagum and Subclavian Plex and the Lymphaeducts having an obscure origen do terminate into the Subclavian Veins Between these numerous Vessels is a soft The Parenchyma of the Thymus tender white substance which may be called the Parenchyma of these Glands and is produced by a Liquor destilling out of the Nerves and the Albuminous part of the Blood the reliques of the Nutricious Particles which by reason of their grosness cannot be received into the Pores of the Vessels or if this Hypothesis doth not please you I humbly conceive the Parenchyma may proceed from the Seminal Matter adhering to the sides of the Fibrils in their first Rudiment filling up the Interstices of the Vessels and Nervous Fibrils And if any Person should deny these Assertions as affirming the substance of the Glands to consist of Vessels curiously interwoven in variety of Postures to which it may be replied That some part of the Albuminous matter of the Blood in its Circulation or Seminal Liquor in the first Formation of the Fibrils may accresce to their Coats which groweth again Colliquated by immoderate preternatural heat in Fevers and other diseases and being again rendred fluid as embodied with Vital Liquor are received into the neighbouring Veins whereupon the Glands become flabby being lessened in their plumpness and dimensions as being in part despoiled of the soft substance or parenchyma interlining the Vessels The use of the Thymus commonly assigned to it The first use of the Thymus is to support the divarications of the Aorta and Vena Cava whereof some branches are lodged in the body of the Glands and others transmitted into the arms and muscles relating to the Scapula Another use some Anatomists do conceive is to defend the Subclavian Vessels from Compression The second use of the Thymus which else might be produced as they imagine by the motion of the Clavicles in Respiration But these uses if any are of less moment and I believe the Thymus being a system of many Glands consisting of variety of Vessels is ordained by Nature for nobler ends One may probably be to transmit a thin Spirituous Liquor by the Nervous Fibres A third use of the Thymus into the body of the Glands to attenuate and exalt the Milky Liquor of which some part is carried by branches of the Thoracick Ducts inserted into the substance of the Thymus Deusingius reporteth he saw a quantity of Milk flow out of the Thymus of a Dissected Puppy And other Authors of great Name and Worth Learned Harvey Sneider and Hostius relate upon Autopsy That they have discovered the Thymus of Infants to be turgent with Milk Bartholine giveth this reason of it Sine dubio ait ille ex Lacteo Thoracico illuc divertit Chylus ne copia oneretur Vena subclavia And I humbly conceive the Milk bedewing the substance of these Glands to be impregnated with the Volatil Saline Particles of a select Liquor destilling out of the Nerves whereupon the Chyle being enobled with Spirituous parts is afterward conveyed into the Subclavian Veins and Cava from whence it is entertained with the Blood into the right Chamber of the Heart Another use may be more clearly evinced from the Mechanism or structure of the part for the Thymus being chiefly The fourth use of the Thymus if not wholly a Contexture consisting of variety of different Vessels doth receive and transmit several Liquors some importing Vital and others Nervous Liquor as the Arteries and Nerves and other Vessels as the
in the Apertion of the Breast their Appendants is turned into a Pus making first an Aposteme and afterward an Ulcer through which some Corrupt Matter is received into the Bronchia and Expectorated and some of the other part of the Pus was lodged in the Cavity of the Thorax and other parts may be evacuated downward by Stool and upward by Vomiting as also by Urine by reason Nature is very sollicitous by all ways possible to preserve it self by various Evacuations of ill Matter Of this admirable case I shall take the boldness to give an Instance An Instance of this case in Mr. Echins a Gentleman of Northamptonshire in Mr. Echins a Gentleman of Northampton-shire related to a Person of Honour Colonel Stroade Governor of Dover-Castle who was oppressed with a great Cough a high difficulty of Breathing accompanied with a slow putrid Fever and many other Diagnosticks which follow an Ulcer of the Lungs and an Empyema flowing from a source of Purulent Matter entertained from the confines of the Lungs into the capacity of the Breast falling down upon the Diaphragm In order to evacuate the Matter of this Disease and to relieve the aggrieved Lungs and Midriff an Apertion was made in the Intercostal Muscles between the Ribs by Mr. Pierce a Skilful Chyrurgeon relating to the Hospital of St. Thomas whereupon the Thorax being opened a quantity of Sanious and Purulent Matter was discharged through the wound and he also freely Excerned it by Coughing Vomiting by Stool and by Urine All these Evacuations were plain to sense but the great difficulty remaineth how Nature could expel the Peccant Matter by these several ways which I humbly conceive may be accomplished after this manner Some part of the Pus was transmitted into the Bronchia and thrown up by Coughing and some other portion of it was entertained out of the substance of the Bronchia and Sinus only Apostemated and not Ulcered into the Extremities of of the Pulmonary Veins and carried through the left Ventricle of the Heart causing great faintness and dejection of Spirit attended with a Fever and Descendent Trunk of the Aorta into the Caeliack Artery and its Terminations into the Cavity of the Stomach whence it was expelled by Vomiting and afterward some part of the Pus was conveyed farther by the Descendent Trunk into the Branches and Extremities of the upper and lower Mesenterick Arteries into the Cavity of the Intestines and thrown off by Stool and the reliques of the Purulent Excrements not carried off by the Caeliack and Mesenterick Arteries did descend lower by the said Arterial Trunk into the Emulgent Arteries and their Capillaries implanted into the Glands of the Kidneys in which a Secretion was made of the Purulent Matter from the Blood and embodied with the Serous Recrements whereupon they were received into the Urinary Ducts and carried through the Pelvis and Ureters into the Cavity of the Bladder and thence Excerned with the Urine through the Urethra In order to the Cure of these many Complicated Diseases The Cure of an Empyema by an Apertion of the Thorax Pectorals Diureticks and Healing and Consolidating Medicines and Restoratives in reference to the Hectick Fever I advised Hydromels made of Pectorals to help the Expectoration of Purulent Matter and of Diureticks to carry it off by Urine and in reference to the Ulcer I prescribed cleansing drying and Consolidating Medicines and in point of the Hectick Fever I ordered attemperating and restorative Applications made of Chyna Sarsa Parilla Ground-Ivy Maiden-Hair Shavings of Ivory and Harts-horn boiled in Water and Honey as also destilled Milks made with Pectorals Diureticks Vulneraries Restoratives which were given with new Milk as also in this case Balsomick Pills and Syrups may be administred with good success and in point of Diet the Patient did eat and drink Milk all manner of ways Milk boiled with Bread and Water boiled sometimes with Barley and other times with Oatmeal to which Milk was added to make a Pottage which is proper in this Disease as being cleansing and restorative By this method of Physick and Diet the Patient was perfectly restored to his health and strength many years ago and is yet alive and healthy as a Monument of God's wonderful Mercy And I hope will live long to speak his great Praise and Glory in the land of the Living CHAP. XI Of the Pericardium or Capsula of the Heart THe Capsula or Membrane encompassing the Heart The Compage of the Pericardium is a strong firm Enclosure made up of minute Fibrils curiously Enterwoven and is Contiguous to the Heart at some distance to give it a free play in its various Alternate motions of Systole and Diastole or rather Contraction and Relaxation It deriveth its Origen near the Base of the Heart from the external Coat of the Pleura or Mediastine The Origen of the Pericardium which encircleth the Vessels divaricated through the outward surface of the Heart Most Anatomists do assign but one Membrane to the Pericardium and Learned Riolan two and I humbly conceive it to be furnished with three The first and outward proceeding from the Mediastine The outward Coat of the Pericardium is fastned to the Middle Coat by the interposition of many thin Tunicles which I discovered in parting it from the second Membrane The outward is accommodated with many Cells or Membranous Vesicles the repositories of Fat which in a well stalled Ox doth very much shade and immure this first Integument The middle Coat being closely conjoyned to the outward The middle Coat is somewhat thinner than it and is composed of a great company of Fibres finely interwoven and close stuck and interspersed with a white Parenchyma The third Tunicle whose inside maketh the inward surface of the Pericardium is the most fine of all the Coverings The third Coat which I severed from the middle Coat and discovered it to be beset with many minute Glands the Fontinels as I apprehend of the Serous Liquor contained in the Pericardium As to its Connexion The Connexion of the Pericardium it is fastned in its outward surface to the Mediastine by the interposition of many Fibrils and conjoyned to it about the Base of the Heart where a passage is made to the Blood-vessels and in its lower Region to the Center of the Diaphragm The Contexture of this Membrane hath much affinity with that of other Membranes relating to the Body of Man The Structure of the Pericardium as it is a strong Compage made up of a great store of Membranous Filaments or Nervous Fibrils curiously spun and interwoven and interspersed with a Succus Nutricius or Seminal Matter adhering to the sides of the Coats of the Fibrils in their first Generation This Membrane is furnished with small Vessels of different kinds The Vessels of the Pericardium Veins from the Phrenick and Axillary branches and Arteries though very small from the Coronary branches of the Heart and
the Cavities of the Arteries which is rather a cause of Retention rather then Motion of the Blood which ought to be made in a direct and not a lateral progression which giveth somewhat of check to the flowing of the vital streams Furthermore by reason the Rivulets of Blood are impelled out of greater Trunks into smaller branches and at last into most minute capillary Ramulets of Arteries the divided streams do lose much of their impulse imparted to them from the Systole of the Heart and also because the extremity of the capillary Arteries are very narrow and do not easily admit the expulsion of Blood into the substance of various parts relating to the Body Therefore Nature hath most wisely contrived some other Machines of Motion seated in the Blood-Vessels as Auxiliaries to the Fibres of the Heart to assist the impulse of the Blood derived from the Systole of the Heart It is most evident that the Arteries being soft membranous Tubes are apt to be expanded as acquiring greater Dimensions in breadth caused by the immission of some Ounces of Blood into their bosom in every Systole of the Heart which cannot be discharged by the innate motive power of the Blood Therefore the All-Wise Protoplast hath made External Agents to give an impulse to the Blood first communicated by the Fibres of the Heart Fleshy Fibres are seated in the Sanguiducts and afterward aided by little fine Organs of Motion seated in the Coats of the Sanguiducts which are long and circular fleshy Fibres contracting and narrowing the Cavities of the Arteries by bringing their insides closer to each other whereby the current of Blood is quickned by the Compression of the Vessels by causing one part of the fluid Compage of Blood to press another forward and so make good its Flux and Reflux from and to the great Blood-work of the Heart by various pipes of Arteries and Veins I humbly conceive the contraction of the Blood-vessels The Motion of the Blood first made the Heart is assisted by the Motion of the Arteries The manner how the Blood is impelled through the Arteries in order to promote the Flux and Reflux of Blood is celebrated after this manner The Arteries being dilated by the transmission of Blood into their Cavities their distended Coats made up of nervous and fleshy Fibres are irritated as having their tender Compage enlarged by a quantity of Blood so that the fleshy Fibres finding themselves aggrieved do contract and lessen the bore of the Arterial Cylinders and by compression do hasten the current of Blood by making one part of this fluid Body crowde another forward The Heart after the manner of a Pump The Heart resembleth a Pump in throwing Blood into the adjacent Sanguiducts throweth out of the Left Cistern a quantity of Blood every pulsation into the Cavity of the Arteries whence they grow dilated and thereupon the Motion of the Blood would be intercepted or much retarded at least did not the Heart and Arteries by a joynt constrictive power of their Fibres countermand the resistance of the Blood made in the expanded Arteries especially in the ascendent Trunk of the Aorta and Carotide Arteries where the weight of the incumbent Blood maketh a high opposition to the impulse of the Blood immitted every Systole first into the common Trunk and afterward into the ascendent Trunk of the great Artery Whereupon it is very requisite that the Arteries should have their Coats furnished with circular Fibres that by their Contractions they might assist the Constrictive power made in the Left Ventricle of the Heart whereby a quantity of Blood is first thrown into the common Trunk and afterward carried upward and contrary to the inclination of the Blood as a heavy Body by the contracted circular Fibres of the ascendent Trunk of the Aorta and Carotide Arteries into the membranes and substance of the Brain Furthermore it is very needful that the Blood transmitted into the common Trunk of the Aorta by the power of the Heart should be seconded with another new force carrying the Blood through greater and less branches and capillaries of the Arteries wherein the impulse of the Blood given by the Heart groweth Languid through whose minute terminations the small and faint vital streams cannot pass through the Interstices of the Vessels unless their passages much compressed in the Muscles The Motion of the blood would grow faint in Arteries distant from the Heart were it not helped by the constrictive power of the Arteries and Parenchyma of the Viscera be dilated by a new impulse of Blood imparted to it by the contraction of the circular Fibres relating to the Arteries And the narrowness of the bore of the capillary Arteries and their Terminations and the straitness of the passages between the Interstices of the Vessels do make a great resistance to the impulse of Blood opening the Passages and Pores of the solid part which are not only small but have divers Figures like a Sive through which every particle of Blood insinuating it self receiveth a like Configuration as Homogeneous ut simile a simili nutriatur so that the Pores being prepossessed by the impelled nutricious parts of the Blood do exclude the Excrementitious Atomes from being admitted into the Pores of the solid parts And farthemore the impulse of the Blood coming originally from the Systole is promoted by the contracted circular Fibres seated all along in the Coats of the Arteries that the Motion of the Blood may be continued through the small capillary Arteries and their terminations inserted into the cutaneous Glands wherein a secretion is made of the Recrements from the pure parts which are carried off through the Excretory Ducts of the Skin by Sweat and insensible transpiration And I most humbly conceive The Veins have a constrictive power as well as the Arteries that there is not only a constrictive Power seated in the Arteries but in Veins too which are accommodated with circular Fibres plainly discernable in the Trunk of the Vena Cava by whose Contractions the Blood received into the extremities of the Veins of the lower Limbs and Muscles and Viscera of the lowest Apartiment and afterward transmitted by their greater and greater Branches and the Trunk of the Vena Cava into the Right Ventricle of the Heart so that the new current of Blood passing out of the Terminations of the Arteries First into the Interstices of the Vessels and afterwards received into the Veins could not over-power the resistance of the weight of the incumbent Blood The Motion of the Blood upward toward and into the Head is assisted by the constrictive power of the Veins seated in the ascending Veins by virtue of a former Impulse given to the Blood by the Systole of the Heart and Arteries unless it were acted with a new impulse made by the constrictive power of the circular Fibres forcing the Blood upward contrary to its innate disposition to move downward as a weighty
begin with Broth new laid Eggs poched and afterward to eat Fish easie of digestion before the free eating of Flesh A Malignant Fever proceedeth from Air infected with poysonous steams whereupon the mixtion of the Blood is dissolved and the various Elements severed from their intimate union and the Purple Liquor Concreted and the more serous Precipitated and the Animal Juice vitiated which is accompanied with a great difficulty of breathing a Delirium Convulsive Motions Vomitings universal Horrors tremblings of the whole Body Syncopes Lipothymies vid. greater or less fainting Fits c. This Fever is called Malignant or Pestilential by reason of its venenate nature in which it resembleth the operation of Poyson taken into the body which produceth the same symptoms and is akin to this Fever in the types and periods of its Paroxysms Of this case I will give you a most remarkable instance of a Patient of mine basely poysoned by a Servants Mother contrary to all duty and gratitude putting a quantity of Powder of Arsenick into Coffee-water A Knight of the Bath An instance of a Gentleman Poysoned which had the same types and periods with a Malignant Fever a Person of great Fortune Vertue and Honour about eleven a Clock the Third day of October 1676. drunk two dishes of Coffee and immediately Vomited with great violence and so continued about ten hours in which he conceived he vomited thirty times which was accompanied many hours inwardly with a great heat and thirst with an universal horror or coldness affecting the whole surface of the body which was acted with general Convulsive motions of the Muscles and trembling of the Nerves and Tendons whereupon his strength was so dejected in a very few hours that his Legs could not support him and his Pulse grew quick weak and sometimes intermitting he laboured also with a great difficulty of breathing which was now and then for some short time intercepted and then returned again he was also afflicted with a high Flatus distending his Stomach and Guts productive of great tensive pains These symptoms or some of them at least affected him from the taking of the Coffee till Wednesday at noon and then had some alleviation till about two on Thursday morning and then many of the former accidents returned much aping a Malignant Fever and afflicted him till about eleven a Clock on the same day and then had ease all the afternoon and fore part of the night till two the next morning and then the Fever and symptoms were renewed and held him till about eleven the same day so that this Malignant Disease and symptoms lasted at first for two days and nights and afterward lasted but nine or ten hours in Four and twenty for six or seven days more and upon the application of proper Cordials and great Doses of Oriental Bezoar he had free Sweats for five or six days together which brought out an innumerous company of Pimples full of Serous Liquor besetting the whole surface of the Skin which spake a period to the Disease to the Glory of God and the Joy of his Physician and Friends CHAP. XXVII Of the Diseases of the Heart and their Cures HAving done with the various kinds of Fevers I will now with your permission Treat of other Diseases relating to the Heart The cause of an inflammation of the Heart beginning with an Inflamation which proceedeth from a quantity or from thickness of Blood impelled out of the beginning of the Aorta into the Coronary Artery and out of the terminations of its Capillaries is transmitted into the empty spaces of the Vessels appertaining to the fleshy Fibres of the Heart where it groweth Stagnated as not being in a capacity to be received into the minute Origens of the Coronary Veins whereupon it being some time extravasated in the carnous Fibres of the Heart doth gain an unnatural Effervescence highly discomposing the Motion of the Fibres in order to make good a due Systole of the Heart whereupon ensueth an Intermittent Pulse flowing from an exuberant quantity of Blood lodged in the Ventricles as not able to be discharged by the contraction of the weakned inflamed and tumefied carnous Fibres which produce Lypothymies Syncopes and palpitations of the Heart If the Blood be long extravasated in the fleshy Fibres of the Heart it loseth its Native bounty as wanting intestine and local Motions and degenerates into a corrupted condition whence ariseth an Abscess An abscess of the Heart derived from a collection of Matter lodged in the empty spaces of the Vessels belonging to the carnous Fibres of the Heart which being Corroded by the Acrimonious Particles of the Pus do discharge it into the more enlarged Cavity of either Ventricle whereupon an Abscess becometh an Ulcer An Ulcer of the Heart which is a Flux of Pus or sanious Matter out of the substance into some Cavity of the inward parts or thrown out of the Confines of the Body by the corruption and perforation of the Cutis and Cuticula An instance may be given of an Ulcer of the Heart flowing from an Inflammation and Abscess in a Citizen An Instance of the Ulcer of the Heart afflicted with the deadly symptomes of a Fever Lypothymies Syncopes c. and the Thorax and Ventricles of his Heart being opened were found to be filled with thin stinking sanious Matter To prevent this fatal stroke The Cure of an Inflammation caused by Abscesses and Ulcers of the Heart the only way is timely to take off the Inflammation before the Disease getteth too great a Head which is done by free and repeated Bleeding in a plethorick Constitution which emptieth the Coronary Vein into the Vena Cava and Right Ventricle whereby the Coronary Blood-Vessels may be in some degree emptied and the Stagnancy of the Blood in the Interstices of the Vessels taken away by the reception of it into the extremities of the Vein As to the Fever cooling and opening Apozemes The Cure of a Fever relating to an Inflammation of the Heart mixed with gentle Diureticks are very proper which do cool and attenuate the hot and gross Blood and take off its aptness to Stagnate by promoting it s more dull Motion As to Syncopes and Lypothymies attending Inflammations of the Heart Pearl Emulsions are very advantageous adding to each Dose many drops of Spirit of Hartshorn of Salt Armoniack succinated Compound Spirit of Lavender Spirit of Saffron c. The Ventricles of the Heart are liable to many Obstructions The obstructions of the Ventricles of the Heart proceeding from divers causes proceeding from variety of Matter sometimes with Stones produced by a Lapidescent quality of the Blood turning the Tartar of it composed of many Saline and some earthy Particles into a hard stony substance lodged in the Chamber of the Heart whereupon the contracted Fibres cannot perfectly close with each other to squeeze the Blood out of the Right Ventricle into the pulmonary Artery and
whereas in truth it supposeth more And in like manner the Blood is carried out of the left Ventricle of the Heart into the common Trunk of the Aorta wherein it meeteth with a continued stream of Blood which by degrees is moved by divers Channels into all parts of the Body which cannot be effected any other way than by undulating Motion by pressing one part of the Blood forward after another from the beginning to the Terminations of the Arteries So that these Sanguiducts being propagated in many Flexures by reason of their numerous Divarications must necessarily give such a check to the over-hasty current of the Blood that it cannot be impelled from the Heart at one moment through all the Arteries which are seated at a great distance from the Center Whereupon I conceive that the motion of the Blood out of the left Chamber of the Heart making the Diastole vulgarly thought first in the common Trunk and afterward in the ascendent and descendent Trunk of the Aorta and divers crooked branches of the lesser Arteries is not the cause of the pulsation of the Artery which is performed in a moment in one brisk continued motion and not successively by way of Undulation which supposeth many Instants in which one part of the Artery is elevated after another as it groweth distended by a great stream of Blood The manner of the Pulsation of Arteries So that I imagine the pulsation of the Arteries doth proceed from the vigorous contraction of the right and left Ventricle of the Heart to which the Trunks of the Pulmonary and great Artery are affixed whereupon their Trunks being briskly strook by the pulsation of the Heart their continued Coats being ever distended with Vital Liquor have the Vibration immediately imparted to them in all parts after the manner of an Impulse made upon one part of an extended Musical string the same stroke is immediately transmitted to every part of it as the whole string is made up of one continued substance of a twisted Gut So that I conceive the Diastole of the Artery taken in a strict notion is not made by the successive motion of the Blood first produced in the Heart and then carried out of it into the common Trunk and afterward into the Arteries furnishing all parts of the Body but by the Systole of the Heart first making a Vibration in it which I have seen in a Dog dissected alive in the Colledg Theater imparted in the same moment to all parts of the Arteries which is the Pulse commonly felt in the Wrist and is at the same instant in all parts of the Body The Systole of the Arteries is their proper motion The Systole of the Arteries made by circular fleshy Fibres as made solely in them by their peculiar power without the assistance of the Heart causing the Diastole flowing from the vigorous motion tension and contraction of the numerous strong fleshy Fibres of the Heart but the Systole of the Arteries is a motion distinct from their Diastole formed by the transverse or rather annular fleshy Fibres of the Arteries whereby their cavity is narrowed and the Blood pressed through their Channels with a greater quickness The contraction of these circular Fibres causing the Systole of the Arteries doth very much contribute to the motion of the Blood flowing primarily from the Impulse made in the Ventricles of the Heart by strong contracted fleshy Fibres lessening their Cavities whereupon the Blood is squirted as by a Syringe out of the Right Chamber of the Heart into the Trunk of the Pulmonary Artery and out of the Left into the Aorta The current of the Blood is hastned upward especially in the Capillary Arteries of the Brain and then into all other parts of the Body which is very much promoted by the motion of Carnous Fibres encircling Artery else the Blood would have but a slow current upward through the ascendent Trunk of the Aorta and Carotide Arteries and especially in the small Capillary Arteries of the Brain in which the Blood would become stagnant if its motion were not quickned by the Systole of the Arteries produced by the Contraction of the fleshy circular Fibres CHAP. XXXIII The Pathology of the Arteries THe Arteries The obstruction of Arteries coming from a grosness of Blood being so many Cylinders as oblong round concave Bodies consisting of many Coats are liable to many Diseases some of which relate to their Cavities and others to their Tunicles As to the Cavities of Arteries their disaffections proceed chiefly either from Obstruction or Compression the first may be derived from the grossness of the Blood stagnant in small Branches or capillary Arterys intercepting the current of the vital Liquor in these obstructed Channels The obstruction of greater Arteries may be produced by some carnous substance The obstruction of the Arteries proceeding from a carnous Increscence adhering to some parts of their inward Coats and so clogging their Cavities that they are rendred dis-serviceable in order to the transmission of Blood from part to part Sometimes the course of Blood is wholly hindred by gross concreted Chyme The obstruction of the Arteries derived from concreted Chyme mixed with Blood lodged in the pulmonary Artery which I have often seen in Dissections of the heart and Lungs labouring with a Polypus proceeding from a White gross coagulated Matter stuffing up the Ventricles of the Heart and pulmonary Vessels Dr. Timothy Clark a Fellow of the Colledge of Physicians in London and one of His Majesties Physicians in Ordinary was afflicted with a high continued Fever attended with a great Thirst and difficulty of Breathing and a small quick Pulse the forerunner of a fatal stroke After which his Body being opened the Viscera of the lower Venter were ill affected with great Obstructions and the Ventricles of the Heart being opened were found filled with a thick White concreted Substance which also stuffed up the pulmonary Artery the immediate cause of his death The Cure of these Diseases Bleeding is good in obstruction of the Arteries propagated from obstruction of Arteries caused by gross concreted Blood and Chyme may be effected by Blood-letting and by aperient Diuretick Medicines mixed with well prepared Chalybeats which do correct the gross clammyness of the depauperated Blood and Chyme by rendring it Flud Volatil and Spirituous which hindreth its coagulation by making it thin and apt for Motion as readily complying with the impulse of the Heart made by the fleshy Fibres contracting its Chambers Another Disease to which the Arteries are incident in reference to their Cavities The lessening the Cavity of the Arteries by Compression may be deduced from Compression whereby the bores of the Arteries are so much lessened that they cannot freely or not at all make good the circulation of the Blood through the disaffected vessels so that the neighbouring Arteries sprouting out of the same Branch do supply their defect as having their Cavities free and
Linseed-Oil and Sugar and oxymel of Squills mixed with simple oxymel Syrup of Maiden Strong Purgatives are dangerous in a Peripneumonia Liquorice and strong Purgatives are not proper in this disease lest they should enrage the boiling Blood and carry it more freely into the offended noble parts In this case Opiates may not be advised in great watchfulness Opiates are disadvantageous in this case by reason they incrassate the Blood and increase the difficulty of breathing in hindring Expectoration and render the stagnated Blood more impacted in the small Air-pipes and their appendant Sinus in the Lungs Testaceous Powders of Crabs Eies Pearl Sugar of Pearl Salt of Prunel Diaphoreticks and Diureticks are safe and mild Diureticks are very beneficial in this Disease And some drops of tincture of Saffron or Spirit of Saffron Spirit of Tartar Spirit of Niter often rectified with Spirit of Wine may be given in a draught of the Pectoral Decoction often in a day to which may be added in the preparing of it some Flowers of Red or Field Poppy If the pain of the Breast be urgent Topicks may be applied to the Breast in this disease and in reference to help Expectoration Ointments made with Oil of Mace Ointment of Marshmallows Oil of Linseed mixed with Orange-flower Butter may be applied to the Breast with Lawn Paper Some Cases may be given of this Disease As First a Person of Quality An instance of a Peripneumonia a Knight of the Bath was highly afflicted with a violent pain in his Foot whereupon a Pultice was imprudently applyed without the advice of a Physician which repelled the Goutish humor was afterward transmitted into the small Arterial Branches of the Bronchia and their appendant Cells wherein the gross clammy Blood setling in the Vessels or their empty spaces caused an Inflammation of the Lungs accompanied with a great Fever and Thirst and pricking pain and much spitting of Blood and a most difficult Breathing even almost to Suffocation In order to the Cure I advised Blood-letting with a large Orifice of the pierced Vein and a free Hand whereupon he found some alleviation I also advised proper pectoral Apozemes made up of inciding and attenuating Ingredients and various Lambitives in great difficulty of breathing I gave him Elixir Proprietatis and Spirit of Harts-horn and Spirit of Saffron are good either given of themselves or best in a draught of Pectoral Decoction whereupon he expectorated a great quantity of gross clammy Matter mixed with Blood I also prescribed often Blood-letting to the Patient as having a very strong Pulse and a very large mass of Blood which succeeded very well it being accompanied with variety of Pectoral Medicines whereupon the Patient was perfectly recovered to his former health to the Glory of God and the great joy of his Physician and Friends A worthy Knights Lady was highly afflicted with a Fever Another instance of an Inflammatiof the Lungs great difficulty of Breathing and a large quantity of Blood expectorated with thin spittle plainly shewing this distemper to be an Inflammation of the Lungs and to appease it I often advised a Vein to be freely opened in the beginning of the Disease but she was inexorable after great sollicitations and being struck with a great dread upon the motion of Bleeding would not submit to the Lancet so that the generous remedy of Bleeding being not administred she paid dear for its neglect even to the loss of her Life which could not be purchased by the application of many excellent pectoral Medicines CHAP. LV. Of the Abscess of the Lungs IN an Inflammation of the Lungs The cause of an Abscess of the Lungs the substance of the Bronchia and Sinus are distended with a quantity of gross Blood either setled in the small Ramulets of the bronchial and pulmonary Arteries or extravasated in the Interstices of the Vessels so that the Blood cannot be received into the Origens of the Veins and carried into the Left Ventricle of the Heart which chiefly happens when Blood-letting is omitted which if celebrated would have lessened the quantity of Blood and diverted its current from the Lungs and sollicited the stagnated Blood in order to motion into the extremities of the capillary pulmonary Veins which Nature being not able to make good the stagnated Blood loseth its tone and groweth corrupted and its Albuminous part is separated from the Purple Liquor and turned into a Pus whence ensueth an Aposteme which is a collection of purulent Matter in the substance of the Bronchia and membranous Cells annexed to them which became putride by the sharp indisposition of the Pus received into their Cavities which being very sensible of their burden as composed of nervous and carnous Fibres contracting themselves to expel the corrupt matter of the Abscess through the greater and less Air-pipes of the Lungs into the Mouth An Aposteme of them An Aposteme called Vomica Pulmonum called Vomica Pulmonum is much akin to that produced in a Peripneumonia only it is mere Pus generated without a Fever Inflammation Cough and spitting secretly and of a suddain and worketh so inwardly without the notice of any symptome that it cutteth off the Patient in a moment by suffocation before the Disease can be discovered Learned Tulpius giveth an account of this disaffection lib. 2. cap. 10. Vitium hoc Pulmonis Vomicam innuens latet inter initia ita clanculum ut vix ulla sui proferat indicia praeter Tussiculam primo siccam mox humidam qui aliquandiu continuante trahitur difficulter spiritus deficit anima emarcescit paulatim corpus licet interim nec Pus nec Sanguinem prae se ferunt sputa sed si rumpatur inopinato vomica occiditur dictum ac factum homo But I humbly conceive that this kind of Abscess is not always mortal A Vomica Pulmonum not always deadly and no way proceedeth from a Peripneumonia or Pthisis but a weak disposition of the Lungs inclining them to putrefaction and doth not always come of a suddain but insensibly and by degrees whereby the Pus having its first Origen from some depraved humor groweth more and more matured and by its caustick quality corrodeth the Bronchia and Sinus appendant to them and streameth in the Cavities of the Wind-pipe and is at last ejected the confines of the Body This Disease if its nature be inspected according to its continent cause may be styled a true Abscess produced in the Lungs from some impure Recrements or Heterogeneous parts of the Blood apt to be turned into Pus which being secerned from the more refined are lodged in some or many Cells appendant to the Bronchia and are there confined within some proper Membrane These impure parts of the Blood are not endued with any great Acrimony productive of a Cough neither have any great Effervescence proper to a Fever which is very small if any in a Vomica Pulmonum these vitious humors
most pure Oil of Turpentine made into an Electuary of a thin consistence with Honey of Roses strained and Syrup of dried Roses In this case Conserve of Roses Powder of Fox Lungs mixed with some few drops of Tincture of Sulphur and Syrup of Jujube may be advised with good success Trochisces may be prepared with Powder of Bugles Sanicle Ground Ivy Flower of Brimstone penidiate Sugar juyce of Liquorice diluted with Snail water Tablets may be made of Powders of Prunel Flowers of Red Roses Flower of Brimstone Ladies-mantle into Tablets with dissolved Sugar boiled to a due consistence Pills may be formed of Powder of Liquorice Red Roses Gum Arabick Tragacanth Olibanum with Balsome of Tolu Peru c. Die t-drinks made of China Sarza-parilla and some Lignum Sanctum if there be no Hectick Fever Saunders shavings of Ivory and Harts-Horn Raisons of the Sun let them be infused and boiled according to Art and strained and a little sweetned with Sugar-Candy Balsome waters may be made with Turpentine dissolved with Oil of Tartar Roots of Iris Enula-Campane the Leaves of Ground-Ivy Hysop White Horehound distilled in Balneo Marix with Coltsfoot-water and Malaga Sack which may be taken in a few spoonfuls with any pectoral Decoction or Syrup of Hysop or Ground-Ivy Suffumigations may be also administred in the beginning of a Consumption by reason the Fumes are received into the Lungs with the Air to dry open strengthen and preserve them from putrefaction And to this effect take the Leaves of Hysop Ground-Ivy Sanicle Bugles Enula-Campane Red Roses Red Saunders and boil them in Water and receive them into the Mouth by a Funnel And dry Suffumigations made of Balsamicks and sometimes of sulphureous Medicines as Olibanum Benioin White Amber Gum Guaicum Flowers of Red Roses Red Saunders Balsom of Tolu As also of Gum of Ivy Mastick Frankincense Flower of Brimstone the Leaves of Sanicle Ladies-Mantle Ground-Ivy c. which are good to dry up the Recrements discharged into the Cavities of the Bronchia and Sinus and to strengthen the loose Compage of the Lungs Sometimes in great Cases Fumes of the Flower of Brimstone Olibanum Frachincense Styrax White Amber and a little of prepared Arsenick may be received into the Lungs with great benefit to dry and heal them in point of a Consumption Empyricks do advise parts of prepared Arsenick to be put into a Pipe and the Fume to be received into the Tabide Lungs after the manner of Tobacco which hath been done with good success But in a deplorable and desperate Consumption these Fumes cannot be advised as much intending the Hectick Fever the sad companion of an Ulcer of the Lungs wherefore its best in such cases to advise Emulsions Asses Milk and Milk distilled with Pectorals and Snails and a slender Diet of White Possets as made of a small quantity of Beer whereby the Milk is not wholly turned into Curd and Water-gruel Barley-gruel Barley-Creme and thin Panada c. and also Syrups of Maidenhair Liquorice Coltsfoot and the like which contemperate the Phlogosis of the Lungs and help Expectoration Draughts of Black Cherry water and of Coltsfoot and Red Poppy and Cowslips may be given often to procure Rest which giveth ease and refreshment to the decayed Patient Distilled Water made of Green Blades or Ears of Corn mixed with Snail-water and Syrup e Meconio are beneficial in Hectick Fevers Barley-water boiled with the parings of Pippins Pearmains and condited Eringo Roots Raisons of the Sun adding a little Liquorice at last and some double refined Sugar may be used instead of common Drink CHAP. LVIII Of the Spitting of Blood HAving discoursed of a Cough and Consumption Spitting of Blood it may not be improper now to speak of Spitting of Blood as a disease near akin and often terminating into it The fine Compage of the Lungs made up of many greater and lesser Tubes and Sinus into which the Air hath a free play to and fro is shaded with variety of Arteries and Veins as so many Channels importing and exporting Rivulets of Blood in various Maeanders whereupon this Fermenting Liquor as hurried with an unkindly Torrent when it is rendred disordered by a great Effervescence flowing from highly Fermentative Heterogeneous Principles endeavouring to subue each other by hot disputes so that the Blood is not regularly received by the extremities of the Veins The cause of Spitting of Blood in order to be conveyed into the Heart but is transmitted through the terminations of the pulmonary and Bronchial Arteries into the substance and afterward by secret pores into Cavities of the Bronchia and adjacent Sinus thereby irritating their nervous and fleshy Fibres by contracting the spaces of the Air-vessels to eject the troublesome Blood by an impetuous motion of expired Breath commonly called a Cough into the Mouth whence it is thrown out of the folding doors of the Lips by Spitting About this troublesome and sometimes fatal disease as a fore-runner of a Hectick Fever and a Consumption three considerables are worthy our remark The First is by what Vessels this unnatural Fluxe of Blood is transmitted into the inward recesses of the Lungs The Second is into what place it is conveyed The Third is the manner how it is expelled out of the Lungs The Blood is enraged by a tumultuary agitation Various Fermentative Recrements vitiating the bounty of the Blood and hindring its Motion and great Effervescence as clogged with various Fermentative Recrements whereby it is despoiled of its natural mild intestine Motion and not to be carried according to the rules of circulation into the Origens of the pulmonary Veins to be conveyed into the Left Chamber of the Heart Hence the Blood being disordered by an unkindly Ebullition quitteth its wonted Channels of the Veins and is imparted by the Extremities of the Arteries First into the extremity and body of the Bronchia and their membranous vessels and from thence by small Ducts opened by Heat and fierce Motion into the spaces of the Air-Vessels The Spitting of Blood is sometimes caused by Laceration and other times by the corrosion of the Blood-Vessels of the Lungs the Blood also may have an eruption into the cavities of the Lungs when the Sanguiducts are lacerated by any contusion or corroded by acide vitriolick Recrements confederated with the Blood whereupon it floweth in a greater stream then ordinary into the Cylinders and Cells of Air and is thence protruded by the motion of the circular Fibres lessening the Cavity of the Aspera Arteria into the larger apartiment of the Mouth The various indisposition of the Blood concurreth most chiefly to the Spitting of it The thin and sharp indisposition of the Blood is a cause of Spitting it either when it is very thin and sharp as affected with acide saline Particles so that when it is carried out of the confines of the Arteries into the Interstices of the Vessels it opens the secret passages or corrodes the tender
sides doth resemble a Globe or rather two Globes clapt together and not endued with one plain entire Figure but many divisions and unevennesses in which Nature seemeth to sport it self with great variety of Ridges and Furrows The unevennesses of the Cerebellum Rises and Falls Hills and Dales in which the numerous Plexes of Arteries and Veins lye intrenched to fortify themselves against outward Assaults of Strokes and Falls to prevent the ill accidents of Contusions and Lacerations The Brain is variegated with irregular Anfractus The Lamellae of the Cerebellum but the Cerebellum is ranged with more uniform ranks of Lamellae †T. 50. F. â— g g g g g g. adorning its surface in parallel lines It s former and latter region is determined into the Processus Vermiformis T. 50. F. 1. â— â— and the little Circles and as they approach these terms The Processâ—â— Vermiformis of the â—erebellum as in the two Poles are most short and from thence as they approach the top as to the Aequator the parallel Lines grow longer in the Sphaere The colour of the Lamellâ— These Lamellae as they confine on the Surface are Cortical and of a cineritious colour but the more inward are Medullary being of a Whiter hue And these Cortical and Medullary little Circles are so variegated and intermingled with each other that it is very difficult if not impossible to part them These Medullary Veins resolve themselves on both sides of the Cerebellum into two large Meditullia which are of the same colour but somewhat of a more solid substance then the Corpus callosum of the Brain The Cerebellum in some Animals is composed of an orderly Fabrick The orderly progress of the Lamella in some Animals and 〈◊〉 regular in others one part exactly answering another in uniformity and all the Lamellae running about the Surface of the Cerebellum in a parallel manner observe the same distance and proportion But in other Animals there be Globuli as it were Episphaeres adorned with lesser Circles which are fastened to a prime Sphaere beautified with greater Circles within and the smaller Circles may be called Excentrick as the Lamellae are disposed in a different Series from those great ones of the Cerebellum The Cerebellum is a Compage finely made up of a great number of Arteries springing from the Vertebral and Veins from the Jugular The vessels of the Cerebellum these vessels are seated for their better security in the Interstices of the Lamellae and being curiously branched through the Pia Mater do oftentimes acost each other being interwovenlike Net-work and at last do terminate into the Fourth Sinus This rare structure is not only composed of Arteries and Veins but also of innumerable company of nervous Fibrils as so many Laminae or Layings placed in excellent order one by another ending toward the confines of the Cerebellum The nervous Fibrils of the Cerebellum resembleth a Tree in which they are more eminent then in the Brain and present us with a pleasant prospect representing a fine Landscip consisting of many different Divarications resembling a Tree having several Ramifications and Expansions of Frondage and Foliage one sprouting out of another the smaller out of greater Fibres out of Stalks Stalks out of Twigs Twigs out of Boughs Boughs out of Arms and Arms out of Trunks The Trunks and Bodies of Nerves belonging to the Cerebellum are planted in the Processus annularis and Medulla Spinalis These Trunks being composed of numerous Fibrils divaricated through the substance of the Medulla of the Cerebellum do derive themselves from the Cortex as so many Roots out of which the innumerable Branches of nervous Filaments do spring The structure of the Cerebellum is framed of two lateral parts The lateral part of it resembling two Globes somewhat resembling two Globes joyned together and confining on the Processus Vermiformis which consisting of diverse transverse and winding Particles united with a thin Membrane do in some sort represent Worms frequenting rotten Wood from whence they borrow their denomination of Processus Vermiformis The Anterior of these being protuberant in the Fourth Ventricle adjoyneth to the Processus Natiformis of the Brain but the Posterior part of the Processus Vermiformis by reason of its blunt point doth terminate into the substance of the Cerebellum Some Physicians are of an Opinion The Distention and Contraction of the Processus Vermiformis but upon what account I cannot conjecture that this Process is distended and contracted upon the elevation and depression of the Cerebellum The Cerebellum hath no Ventricles no Plexus Choroeides passing the length of their Cavities but hath somewhat resembling that Plex The Cerebellum is beset with many Glands made up of many vertebral Arteries and Jugular Veins beset with diverse Glands somewhat larger then those of the Plexus Choroeides so that these Vessels accompanied with numerous minute Glands are rendred conspicuous when the Cerebellum is divested of the Pia Mater and then on either side of the Processus Vermiformis may be discovered Branches creeping upward and springing from the vertebral Artery lodged under the lower Region of the Medulla oblongata and the jugular Veins transmitted from each lateral Sinus The use of these Arteries and Veins seated in the whole Compage The uses of the Arteries and Veins of the Cerebellum but principally in the hinder part of the Cerebellum I conjecture to be this that the more serous part of the Blood might be protruded through the extremities of the Capillary Arteries into the substance of the Glands and the more watry Recrements might be received into the Veins and pass toward the Heart in the circulation But if there be so great a quantity of serous Liquor separated in the substance of the Glands that it cannot be re-conveyed into the small extremities of the Jugulars it exudeth as I conceive and distilleth into the Fourth Ventricle lying under the Processes of the Cerebellum and Caudex of the Medulla oblongata and is from thence conveyed through the Cerebellum The Neck of the Cerebellum which is very much smaller near its union with the Brain and may be styled the Neck of it where it hath its Origens †T. 50. F. 1. h h. and is there more protuberant then in its Posterior Regions which grow more and more enlarged as they approach the terminations †ii of it where the Lamellae are greatest and are more and more lessened as they tend to the Origens of it The Cerebellum consisteth of Two great Provinces †T. 50. F. 1 b b b b. seated on each side of the middle protuberance and each of these Provinces may be divided into Three lesser Circuits or Stories the greatest of them †e e e e. is next thetermination and the middle †d d d d. is smaller then the Posterior and greater then the Anterior
Fibrils as so many Sets placed in excellent order one by another ending toward the Cerebellum in which they are more eminent then in the Brain and present us with a pleasant prospect representing a fine Landscip consisting of many Divarications resembling a Tree The Divarications of Vessels resemble a Tree having several Ramifications and Expansions of Frondage and Foliage one sprouting out of another the smaller out of the greater Fibres which shoot out of Stalks Stalks of Twiggs Twiggs out of Boughs Boughs out of Arms and Arms out of Trunks The Trunks and bodies of Nerves belonging to the Cerebellum The Nerves of the Cerebellum are planted in the Processus Annularis and Medulla Spinalis these Trunks being composed of numerous Fibrils divaricated through the substance of the Cerebellum and do derive themselves from the Cortex as so many Roots out of which the innumerable Branches of nervous Filaments do spring Some Physicians are of an opinion Some imagine the Processes are distended and contracted upon the elevation and depression of the Cerebellum but upon what account I cannot conjecture that those Processes are distended and contracted upon the elevation and depression of the Cerebellum which hath no Ventricles no Plexus Choroeides but hath something resembling that Plex made up of many vertebral Arteries and jugular Veins beset with diverse Glands somewhat larger then those of the Plexus Choroeides so that these Vessels accompanied with numerous Glands are rendred conspicuous when the Pia Mater is stripped from the Cerebellum and then on either side of the Processus Vermiformis may be discerned Branches creeping upward and springing from the vertebral Artery lodged under the lower Region of the Medulla oblongata and the jugular Veins transmitted from each lateral Sinus The use of these Arteries and Veins seated in the whole Compage The use of the Arteries and Veins of the Cerebellum but principally in the hinder part of the Cerebellum I conjecture to be this That the more serous Blood might be protruded through the Extremities of the Capillary Arteries into the substance of the Glands that the more watry Recrements might be received into the Veins and pass toward the Heart in circulation But if there be so great a quantity of serous Liquor severed in the substance of the Glands that it cannot be reconveyed into the small Extremities of the Jugulars it exudeth and as I conceive distilleth into the Fourth Ventricle lying under the Processes of the Cerebellum and Candex of the Medulla oblongata and is from thence conveyed through the Infundibulum into the jugular Veins confining on the Glandula pituitaria The Cerebellum though it be a distinct Body within it self The Cerebellum is like the Brain in many Respects and separate from the Brain enwrapped within the Coats of the Dura and Pia mater proper to it yet it holdeth an alliance in similitude of Colour Substance Disposition and Correspondence in its converse both with the Brain and Medulla Spinalis The Connexion of the Cerebellum to whose lower region it is fastned by the interposition of the Pia Mater and entertaineth an entercourse with the Medulla oblongata by the mediation of Two Processes called by Dr. Willis Pedunculi each of which saith he is formed of Three Processes The Pedunâ—â—lus Cerebelli is made up of Three Processes In utroque Pedunculo cerebrum sustentante tres distincti Medullares Processus reperiuntur horum Primus e protuberantiis orbicularibus emissus oblique ascendit Secundus recte e cerebello descendens per priorem decussatim transiens Medullam oblongatam circundat Tertius Processus e postica cerebelli regione descendens Medullae oblongatae inseritur ejusque truncum velut Chorda ascititia exauget And the Pons Varolii like a Bridge The Pons Varolii passeth transversly over the Base of the Medulla oblongata closely twining about it like a wreath and encircling it like a ring is therefore styled the annular Process and as I conceive is framed after this manner as soon as the middle Process of the Cerebellum creeping down in a straight course landeth at the sides of the Medulla oblongata doth not seem to embody immediately with it but enlarging it self into greater Dimensions courteth the Surface of the Medulla with the embraces of many circular Fibres whereupon the Processes of the Cerebellum issuing from either side and brought down from the top of the Medulla oblongata toward its Base do meet and embody themselves constituting that circular Prominence commonly called the Processus Annularis Thus having given a rough draught of the several Anfractus Lamellae or Circles Processes Plexes of Arteries and Veins attended with many minute Glands as also the numerous ranks of nervous Fibres branched in excellent order through the Cortical and Medullary Compage of the Cerebellum I conceive it not amiss to finish this rougher draugth in giving you Natures design in framing this great variety by speaking the several uses of it The use of the various parts of the Cerebellum the chiefest being that of the Cerebellum common to it and the Brain consisting in the procreation of the Animal Spirits made of the more active and spirituous parts of the Animal Liquor the vital Liquor being impelled out of the ascendent Trunk of the Aorta into the vertebral Arteries is conveyed out of their terminations into the substance of the Glands besetting the ambient parts of the Cerebellum where the delicate part of the Blood is percolated from its more gross and fiery Particles which are separated and returned by the Jugular Veins toward the Heart while the more mild nutricious parts impregnated with volatil Saline and spirituous Particles commonly named the Animal Spirits are transmitted into the roots of the Fibres implanted into the Cortex and thence propagated by the same continued Fibres into the Medulla of the Cerebellum by whose Processes it is conveyed into the Nerves derived from the Processus annularis and also by other Fibres communicated from the Cerebellum to the Nerves of the Medulla Spinalis which is lodged within the Skull Learned Dr. Willis assigneth a peculiar Office The Nerves of the Cerebellum assigned by Dr. Willis to be instruments of involuntary Motion distinct from that of the Brain to the Cerebellum to preside and influence with Animal Spirits the Nerves consigned to all involuntary Motions and natural Actions which he discourseth in the Fifteenth Chapter of his Book De Cerebri Anatome Quod nempe Cerebellum sit Spirituum Animalium in quadam opera designatorum peculiaris scaturigo penus abipso cerebro distinctus Et Cerebelli officium esse videtur Spiritus Animales novos suppeditare quibus actiones involuntariae cujusmodi sunt Cordis pulsatio respiratio ratio 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 alimenti concoctio Chyli protrusio multae aliae quae nobis insciis aut invitis constanti ritu fiunt peraguntur These
involuntary Functions he apprehended to be accomplished by Nerves acted by Animal Spirits springing from the Cerebellum by the intercession of the Processus annularis Nervi quidam saith he immediate a protuberantia annulari aliique in vicinia oriundi qui functioni involuntariae designati a Cerebello Spirituum Animalium influentias suscipiunt This Opinion is in volved as I humbly conceive with great difficulties if not improbabilities which I shall endeavour to discover not out of any opposition to this Learned Author whose memory I highly honour but out of a love of Truth by proving First that the Cerebellum hath not altogether a Province distinct from that of the Brain in that the Cerebellum is an Author of voluntary motion as well as the Brain And Secondly the Brain and not the Cerebellum is the greater fountain of involuntary actions Diverse pair of Nerves in the Cerebellum may be called the Organs of voluntary Motion As to the First it may be probably evinced that the Cerebellum is the principle of voluntary Actions in some degree as well as the Brain For the Fifth Sixth and Seventh pair of Nerves called by the former Anatomists the Third Fourth and Fifth pair do proceed from the sides and Base of the Processus annularis a part appendant to the Cerebellum The Fifth pair perforating the Dura Mater is divided into two eminent Trunks the First of which passing in a straight course furnisheth the small Muscles of the Face with many considerable Fibres which being variously contracted and relaxed do cause those pathetick configurations produced by the soft undulating motions of the Elevators Adductors Abductors of the Lips and other minute Muscles of the Face The motions of these Muscles invigorated by Animal Spirits conveyed by Nerves springing from the Processus annularis the offsping of the Cerebellum do wholly comply with the dictates of the understanding and commands of the Will it being in our power by the assistance of these pathetick Nerves according to the impression of our phantasy to change our Features into Smiles or Frowns the pleasant or serene expresses of Love and Anger From the Fifth and Seventh pair of Nerves are also imparted diverse Branches to the temporal Muscles Lips and Tongue which being rendred Tense with Animal Spirits emitted from the Cerebellum can be diversly contracted at our pleasure in free acts of Mastication and Speaking Thus having given an account of my first Hypothesis The involuntary motion of the Heart proceedeth from Nerves of the Brain that the Cerebellum hath not altogether a Province distinct from that of the Brain in that the Cerebellum is an Author of voluntary Motion though in a less degree then that of the Brain Now it may not be unfit to speak somewhat of the Second Hypothesis that the Brain and not the Cerebellum alone is the principle of involuntary actions which I shall endeavour to make good by shewing how the Pulsation of the Heart Respiration and the like involuntary actions do proceed from the Brain And First as to the pulsation of the Heart it is meerly an involuntary Motion and the most noble and necessary of all upon which our Life doth immediately depend and therefore it is most wisely ordered by our Maker That the Pulsation of the Heart should not be controuled by our Will lest when we meet with severe accidents we should at once put a period to them and our Lives and therefore the pulsation of the Heart is put out of our power and derived from a set and constant influx of the Animal Spirits conveyed for the most part if not wholly from the Brain by the Par vagum into the Fibres seated in the Right and Left Chambers of the Heart But this assertion meeteth with great opposition from Dr. Willis who referreth all unvoluntary Motion not to the Brain but Cerebellum alone as he most plainly affirmeth in his Fifteenth Chapter De Cerebri Anatome Imprimis adverti nervorum paria quae functionibus naturae instinctu aut passionum impetu potius quam arbitrii nutu obiri solitis inserviunt it a immediate a Cerebello dependere ut solummodo hinc in illarum origines Spirituum Animalium influxus derivari posse videatur I conceive this Hypothesis is involved with great difficulties because the motion of the Heart is not arbitrary being celebrated by an instinct of Nature and yet doth not depend upon the Cerebellum as the only Origen but upon the Brain as the greater source of the Animal Spirits because the Systole in both chambers of the Heart is produced principally by the Animal Spirits communicated through a multiplicity of Fibres springing from the Par vagum and inserted into the greatest part of the Heart wherefore if the Systole should be caused by the Animal Spirits flowing from the Cerebellum it should then be derived to the Heart by the Fifth Sixth or Seventh pair of Nerves which take their Origen from the Protuberantia annularis a Process of the Cerebellum and not from the Eighth pair of Nerves vid. The Par vagum which ariseth out of the sides of the Medulla oblangata a process of the Brain as Dr. Willis confesseth in his Twenty third Chapter De Cerebri Anatome Octava nervorum conjugatio ab antiquis pro sexta habita Par vagum appellatur itaque infra nervos auditorios octava nervorum conjugatioe lateribus Medullae oblongatae radice ejus Fibris numerosis constante exoritur And farther addeth That a great Plex is seated in the Trunk of the Par vagum from which many Branches and Fibres are transmitted into the Heart E regione Primae aut Secundae Costae plexus alius insignis in trunco paris vagi consistit quo plures surculi aut Fibrae versus Cor appendicem ejus demittuntur And as to Respiration Respiration is a natural action derived from the Nerves of the Medulla oblongata and Spinalis I conceive it for the most part a natural action seldom receiving a stop from the Will which if done at any time is quickly remitted and is celebrated by the motion of the Lungs acted by the contractions of the intercostal Muscles and the Diaphragme The intercostal Muscles are influenced by Animal Spirits imparted by Nerves not derived from the Cerebellum but Medulla Spinalis being a continuation of the Medulla oblongata of the Brain communicating Nerves to the intercostal Muscles and the motion of the Diaphragme is not produced by the influx of Animal Spirits propagated from the Cerebellum but conveyed from the brachial Nerves taking their pedigree from the lower Vertebers springing out of the Medulla Spinalis the Medulla cerebri elongata But it may be replied in favour of this great Author That the Par vagum springing from the Brain is not the great fountain of these involuntary actions of Pulsation of the Heart and Respiration because the intercostal Nerve hath a great share with the Par vagum in the production of
creepeth down without any eminent ramification till it arrive over against the first or second Rib A Plex of the Par Vagum out of which many Fibres are propagated to the Heart The rise and progress of the recurrent Nerve where it formeth another Plex out of which numerous Fibres are dispensed toward the Body Auricles and Pericardium of the Heart making different divarications in both sides of it Where the Par Vagum entereth into the Cavity of the Thorax it riseth higher in the right side and is reflected like a Pully upon the Axillary Artery But the recurrent Nerve in the left side taking its rise lower is reflected about the Trunk of the Aorta So that these Nerves from their progress up and down are styled Recurrent first from their descending near the Arteries into the Cavity of the Thorax and afterward ascending have recourse into the Muscles of the Larynx into whose Origens they are implanted with fruitful Ramulets The Par Vagum in its passage up and down The Par Vagum dispenseth many Fibres into the Base Cone and anterior and posterior region of the Heart imparteth divers Fibres to the Aspera Arteria And more especially a little below the left Recurrent Nerve an eminent Branch springeth out of the Trunk of the Par Vagum dispensing divers Branches toward the hinder region as also the anterior region of the Base of the Heart enameling the whole surface of it with Fibres worked to a wonder in great divarications And there are two Plexes from which divers Branches are dispensed into the Heart The upper and larger is seated between the Aorta and the Pulmonary Artery and the Nerves composing this Plex are eminent Branches derived from the Trunk of the Par Vagum and the Intercostal Nerves Out of this Plex two or three Nerves creeping under the Aorta do pass into the left Chamber of the Heart The Branch of the Par Vagum encircleth the Pulmonary Artery And another Branch encompasseth the Pulmonary Artery as with a little handle and out of its anterior part a Branch descending about the right Trunk of the Par Vagum and another out of the Nerve destined to the hinder region of the Base of the Heart do at last all meet together and constitute the lesser Plex out of which divers Fibres are transmitted into the forepart of the right Chamber of the Heart The lesser Cardiack Plex of the Par Vagum Out of the same Trunk of the Par vagum from whence the Cardiack Nerves are derived are propagated many Branches The Branches of the Par Vagum implanted into the Stomach The cause of the Sympathy between the Heart Larynx and Stomach implanted into the Stomach whence ariseth the great sympathy between the Heart and Stomach as Learned Doctor Willis hath well observed whereupon in violent Vomitings the Stomach being highly convulsed the Patient falleth into Lypothymies Syncopes The Nerves coming from the Trunk are chiefly distributed into the upper part and Mouth of the Stomach the chief seat of Hunger as also into the Coats of the Gulet and into the Bronchia and their appendant Vesicles of Air whereupon a Cough of the Lungs often causeth Vomiting and again Vomiting often produceth a Cough as the Lungs Gulet and Stomach are endued with many Nerves propagated from the same Trunk of the Par Vagum And after many Branches are communicated to the Heart Lungs c. The rise of the upper and lower Stomacick Branch the Par Vagum from a Trunk seated below the Lungs doth emit an exterior and interior Branch which being conjoyned afterward do constitute the upper and lower Branches of Stomacick Nerves which do furnish all parts of the Stomach with numerous Fibres The Intercostal Nerve is made of many Fibres The Intercostal Nerve and its union with the Par Vagum The Ganglioform Plex. coming from the Brain and Medulla Spinalis which do associate with the Par Vagum The Intercostal Nerve not far after its egress out of the Brain doth make the Glangloiform Plex near that of the Par Vagum into which some nervous Processes are inserted which are derived from the first Verteber from this Plex one Branch is implanted into the Sphincter of the Gulet and another into the Ganglioform Plex of the Par Vagum The Intercostal Nerve descending near the Vertebres The Cervical Plex from which are derived Fibres into the Diaphragm Recurrent Nerve Wind-pipe Gulet Cardiack Plex c. maketh another greater Plex seated in the middle of the Neck into which a large Nerve coming from a near Vertebral pair is inserted From this Branch are Fibres derived which confederate with the Nerves of the Diaphragm and recurrent Nerves and toward the Aspera Arteria many Fibres of this Plex are inserted into the Coats of the Windepipe and Gulet and into the Cardiack Plex as also into the Axillary Artery and about the Roots of the first and second Rib there are four Branches coming from the Vertebral Nerves which do constitute an eminent Plex called the Intercostal The Intercostal pair The Intercostal Nerve furnisheth all the parts of the lowest Apartiment with nervous Branches passing out of the second into the third Apartiment over against the bottom of the Stomach doth send out on each side a Branch the upper maketh the Mesenterick Plexes being seven in number as Dr. Willis will have it wherein divers Fibrils every way display themselves like so many Rays and are implanted into the Stomach Spleen Liver Vesicula fellea Ductus Cholidochus Pylorus Kidneys Capsula Atrabilaria Intestines and into the Testicles in Men and Ovaries and Uterus in Women as also into the Ureters Bladder Seminal Vesicles Prostrats Penis and into all parts of the middle and lowest Venter Having given a short History of the Par Vagum The Spinal Nerve is assistant to the Par Vagum Intercostal Nerve and their progress through various parts it may not be improper to give some account of the Spinal Nerve as contributing to the operation of the Par Vagum which having its Origen composed of many Fibres The Spinal Nerve confederates with the Par Vagum with which another eminent Nerve coming out of the Medulla Spinalis espouseth an union and passeth out of the same hole of the Skull with the Par Vagum with which it Inosculates and maketh one Trunk as having one joynt office This Spinal Nerve after it hath associated some time with the Par Vagum it quitteth its converse and is reflected outward and imparteth divers Fibres to the Muscles of the Neck and bestows many Fibres to the Tenth pair of Nerves with which it is in conjunction both in Trunk and Office and is not only found in Man but in Beasts Birds and Fish As to the use Nature hath consigned this accessory Nerve it is reasonable it should take its Origen from the Spinal Marrow because it is subservient to the
terminates into Comb-like Processes fringing their Extremities e e. Divers ranks of white Comb-like Processes resembling the Branches of Trees θ θ Many irregular minute Protuberancies or Comb-like Processes placed in the beginning of the Palate f f. The first rank of white Comb-like Processes running after the manner of an Arch. g g. Divers irregular Comb-like Process seated between the first and lowest rank h h. The lower rows of the Processes passing after the manner of Arches i. The first rank of transverse Comb-like Processes placed near the lower Arches k k. The second rowe of transverse Comb-like Processes running in a right Line l. The termination of the Cavity of the Nostrils fringed with Comb-like Processes m m. The minute irregular Processes n n. Divers little Glands besetting the inferior part of the Palate fringed in their Origen with Comb-like Processes o o. Three straight rows of Comb-like Processes Fig. 4. The Tongue of a Turkey a a. The Margents of the lower Beak b. The Origen of the Tongue made into an acute Cone c. The body of the Tongue consisting of many minute Glands d. A round glandlous Protuberance seated near the root of the Tongue e e. The Arched rows of white Comb-like Processes fringing the Root of the Tongue f f. Two Cartilages enclosing the glandulous substance adjoyning to the Aspera arteria g g. The glandulous Compage seated on each side of the entrance into the Larynx h h. The plain white glandulous Margents immuring the entrance of the Aspera arteria fringed in the bottom with Comb-like Processes i. The entrance into the Aspera arteria k k. Two white ranks of transverse Comb-like Processes fringing the termination of the glandulous substance encompassing the entrance of the Windpipe l l. The Aspera arteria consisting of many annular Cartilages interspersed with many thin Membranes Tab. 6. Tab. VII Fig. 1. Of the Mesentery A A. THE Mesenterick Blood-vessels being branches of the Porta b b b b. The Milky-vessels passing through the Mesentery towards the common receptacle c c c c. The Nerves distributed through the body of the Mesentery d. The Blood-vessels of the Duodenum e e. The Blood-vessels of the Jejunum f f. The Sanguiducts propagated from the bottom of the Stomach g. An eminent Gland seated in the Origen of the Mesentery called the Pancreas by Asellius h. The Milky-vessels of the Guts swelling upon a Ligature ii The Milky-vessels of the Mesentery made turgent by a Ligature k k. The Valves in the Milky-vessels Fig. 2. Of the Stomach and Guts of a Humane Body a. The bottom of the Stomach turned upward to give us the advantage of discerning the Pancreas b b. The Left Orifice of the Stomach through which the Meat and Drink is immediately transmitted into the bosom of the Stomach c c. The Right Orifice of the Stomach through which the Chyle and gross Excrements are conveyed into the Origen of the Guts d d. The second Coat of the Stomach garnished with long Fibres making their progress the length of the Ventricle e e. The third Coat of the Stomach is adorned with transverse Fibres of which a small prospect is only given in the Left side of the Stomach encircling the body of the Stomach f f. The fourth Coat of the Stomach is furnished with oblique Fibres of which a small sight may be taken in the Right side of the Ventricle g g. The Pancreas seated behind the Stomach and is a kind of Pillow for it to lean upon and to impart heat unto it h h. The Blood-vessels branched on the surface of the second Coat of the Stomach after the manner of Network ii The Pancreas is an aggregate Body composed of many minute Globules which are distinct Glands of various shapes and sizes encircled with proper Membranes k k. The Ileon composed of many circumvolutions is encompassed by the Colon. l l l l. Part of the Colon creeping cross-ways under the Stomach maketh five Anfractus m m. Part of the Colon seated in the Right side in which it immureth some part of the Ileon n n. Part of the Colon guarding the Left side of the Ileon o o o o. The Ligament passing all along the middle of the Caecum and Colon contracting them into many Cells p p p p. The Cells of the Colon are nothing but so many peculiar or distinct Cavities or Corrugations of the Gut made by a Ligament straightning it q q q q q. The Valvulae Conniventes of the Ileon Colon are Semi-circular Valves affixed to the inside of the Guts straightning them but half way and having the other free for the passage of Excrements r r. The Intestinum Caecum is appendant to the Colon and resembleth a Worm in Figure s s s s. The divaricarions of Blood-vessels variously enamelling the Intestines T T. The Colon tending toward the Spleen and Left Kidney is formed into short circumflexures resembling the Letter S. Tab 7. Tab. VIII Fig. 1. The Viscera of a Fish a. THE Heart turned upward out of its natural situation b. Part of the Liver c. The body of the Stomach d. The bottom of the Stomach e e. The Intestinnla Coeca affixed to the Origen of the Guts f. The great Bowel g. The Intestinum rectum Fig. 2. The Thymus of a Calfe a a. The beginning of the Thymus of a Calfe is different from that of the Jugular Glands and is more narrow then its terminations which may be clearly seen when they are divested of their common Coat b b b b. The body of the Thymus is composed of many Globules of unequal Magnitude and Figure some orbicular others oval and others quadrangular of unequal sides and most of them are endued with irregular shapes Fig. 3. Of the Pancreas of a Man a. The Origen of the Pancreas in a Man is much less then the termination and adjoyneth to the Spleen b b b. The common Trunk into which all the excretory vessels are insetted c c c c. †d d d The lateral branches of the excretory vessels whose roots are seated in the numerous minute Glands †which may be easily seen when the Coat is stripped off and are endued with diverse shapes and sizes e e. The termination of the Pancreas is much greater in dimensions then its Origen and is attended with a Perforation into the Duodenum by which the Pancreatick Liquor is discharged into its Cavity f. The Pancreatick Duct which is implanted into the first Gut g g. Part of the Duodenum cut off which confineth on the Pancreas Fig. 4. The Pancreas of a Calfe A A. The body of the Pancreas of a Calfe b. The Trunk of the Artery cut off c c c. The Glands of the Pancreas endued with various shapes and sizes Tab 8. Tab. IX Fig. 1. In which is represented the Concave part of the excarnated Liver of Man A. THE part of the Liver next the Back B. The right side of the Liver C. The fore-part of it D. The Left Side E. The Vena Cava where
the Pancreas which I conceive is its origination iii. The body of the Pancreas which seemeth to be endued with an oblong flattish crooked Figure k. The termination of the Pancreas as it hath a dust inserted into the Duodenum l l l l l. The larger or greater circumvolution of the Guts which is adjacent to the Duodenum m m m m. The smaller Maeanders of the Guts which belong to the Ilia N. The Caecum which is very large in this small Animal and hath many n n n n. Valvulae Conniventes o. The origen of the Bond in the Caecum which contracteth it into Cells p p p p p p. The Valvulae Conniventes of the Colon. q q q q q q. The Bond that contracteth the Colon into Cells and passeth all along through the Coat of it r r r. The Intestinum Rectum s s s. The Bond passing through the Intestinum doth contract it into Cells as not being of the same length with the Gut Fig. 2. a. The neck of the Bladder of Urine c c. The body of the Bladder d. The bottom of the Bladder b b. The Ureters inserted into the backside of the Bladder e e. The Vesiculae Seminales the repositories of Seminal Liquor seated about the neck of the Bladder Fig. 3. a a. The Root of the Penis which is larger then the rest b b. The body of the Penis c. The Glans of the Penis Tab 18 Tab. XIX Fig. 1. Of the Bowels of a Goose a. THE body of the Heart being of a round Figure b. The Base of the Heart c. The Cone of the Heart looking upward out of situation β κ κ The Auricle of the Heart lying under the Heart d d. The entrance of the bulbous Body being divided from the rest of the Gulet e e. The body of the Echinus being of a kind of Oval Figure and encircled with Oval Glands f. The short Neck of the Gulet passing between the Echinus and the entrance of the Gizard g g g g g. The Semi-lunary Muscles fringing the Margents of the Gizard with Red. iiii The fleshy Fibres of the Semi-circular Muscles making their progress in Flexures long-ways k k k k. The tendinous Fibres sprouting out of the Semi-lunary Muscles in the manner of Rays l l. The upper Tendons of the Muscles being a union of tendinous Fibres intersecting each other and uniting in the middle of the Gizard as in a Center m m. The first transverse Muscle affixed to the entrance of the Stomach n n. The long Fibres of this transverse Muscle running from one extremity of the Muscle to the other and being contracted gently do protrude the Aliment into the Cavity of the Gizard and being strongly contracted do close the entrance of the Stomach intercepting the passage of the Corn into the Gulet in time of its grinding o o. The Second transverse Muscle seated opposite to the other p p. The long Semicircular Fibres of this Muscle which being gently moved do force the ground Aliment into the Origen of the Intestines and being more briskly contracted shut up the Pylorus and keep the Aliment from passing out of the Stomach till it is perfectly ground and concocted q q. The Tendons consisting of united Fibres propagated from the transverse Muscles do creep under the first Tendons and intersect them in oblique lines r r. The Concave part of the Liver turned up s. The termination of the Right Lobe of the Liver t t. The Bladder of Gall is of a Greenish colour seated in the Concave part of the Liver u u. The Left Lobe of the Liver being much shorter then the other w. The termination of the Left Lobe of the Liver x. The Spleen being of a triangular Figure is fastned to the Gizard and Guts by the mediation of diverse Membranes y y. The beginning of the Intestines wherein a short circumvolution is made z. The Pancreas lodged in a Flexure belonging to the Origen of the Intestines Fig. 2. Of the Gizard of a Goose a a a a. The Laminae or fleshy Expansions of the lateral Muscle opened b b b b. The numerous Laminae of the lateral Muscle as they are in their natural situation without any division by Art c c. The Fibres running variously cross the Laminae which being contracted put the Laminae closer to each other and move the Cartilages to which the Laminae are fastned by tendinous Fibres up and down in several Positions d d. The first transverse Muscle encircling the entrance into the Stomach e e. The Fibres passing obliquely long-ways from the beginning to the end of the Muscle f f. The Second transverse Muscle of an Oval Figure placed opposite to the other and is befet with many Fibres of a Semi-circular Figure g g. The lower Tendon appearing as the other is taken off in the form of a St. Andrews Cross and is made up of fruitful tendinous Fibres coming from the lateral and transverse Muscles uniting in a great broad common Tendon γ γ γ γ. The Origens of the lower Tendon derived from the lateral and transverse Muscles having Semi-circular tendinous Fibres b. Part of the Bulbous Body i. The Neck passing between the Echinus and entrance into the Gizard k. The Pylorus or termination of the Stomach Fig. 3. Belonging to the Gizard of a Goose a a a a. The Cartilaginous Plates of a kind of circular Figure b b. The Fissures of the Scute or cartilaginous Plates c c. The tendinous Fibres of the lateral Muscles fastned to the outward surface of the cartilaginous enclosures seated in the inside of the Gizard d d d. The Cavities of the Scuta of Cartilaginous Plates e e e e. The Semi-circular ridge or prominence of the Scutum seated in the upper region of the right side of the Gizard f f f f. The Semi-circular ridges of the Seutum placed in the lower region of the left side of the Gizard g g g g. The Cavities of the Cartilaginous Plates Tab 19. Tab. XX. Fig. 1. The Body of a Brand Goose opened a a. THE Wind-pipe b b. The annular Cartilages perfectly encircling the Wind-pipe c c. The Gulet d d. The Trunks of the Aorta arising out of the Ventricle of the Heart e e. The carotide Branches arising out of the Trunk of the Aorta into the Left side f f. The Base of the Heart lodged near the entrance of the Thorax g g. The Cone of the Heart adjoyning to the Intersepiment parting the middle and lower Apartiments and inclineth toward the Right Side h h. The right broader and thicker Lobe of the Liver I I. Part of the left Lobe of the Liver k k. Part of the Membranes lacerated and turned to each side of the Thorax l l. The lower region of the Gizard m m. The oblong Muscles fringing the Gizard on each side n n. The transverse Muscle intersecting the oblong Muscles o o. The numerous nervous Fibres or Tendons passing the length of the transverse Muscle of the Left side †p p.
The Origen of the Intestines creeping out of the lower region of the Gizard †inclining toward the left side q q q. The first Gut wheeling immediately after its Origen for a little space and then goeth in a kind of a straight course r r r. The short Gyres of the Intestines lodged within the great circumvolutions r r. The oblong circumvolutions are three or four s s s. The most inmost oblong circumvolution T T T. The next Circumvolution seated in the middle u u u. The third circumvolution w w. The fourth and outmost x x. The Intestina Coeca arising out of each side of the Intestinum notum Tab 20. Tab. XXI Fig. 1. The first Figure of a Curlue relating to the Middle and lower Apartiment A. THe Aspera Arteria B. The branching of the Aspera Arteria under which the Gulet passeth C. The Gulet D. The Vena Cava E. The Arteria Magna F. The body of the Heart G. The Cone of the Heart H. The two Ligaments by which the Heart is fastned to the Stomach I. The right and longer Lobe of the Liver out of its situation K. The left and shorter Lobe of the Liver L. The origen of the Gizard or Stomach M. The upper Region of the Stomach N. The thin Membrane investing the Heart and inside of the Thorax o. Part of the Call p. The Guts running in five Arches Fig. 2. A. The smaller and upper part of the Gulet B. The part of the Gulet near its insertion into the Gizard C. The origen of the first Gut arising on the beginning toward the left side of the Gizard passing over the Gulet in the form of an Arch. D. The body of the Gizard E. The Protuberance seated near the termination of the Gizard F. The first Intestine where it appeareth again after it hath passeth under the Gizard Fig. 3. G. The Colon. H. The Intestinulum Caecum arising out of the left side of the Colon about its termination or rather the beginning of the Intestinum Rectum I. The Intestinulum Caecum ascending on the right side K. The beginning of the Intestinum Rectum where it is smaller L. The broader part or termination of the Intestinum Rectum Fig. 4. The Kidneys and Testicles of a Turkey c. a a. The Testicles seated between the originations of the Kidneys fastned to the Spine of which the left is the largest b b. The renal Glands placed above the Testicles and affixed to the Spine c c. The Glands adjoyning to the termination of the Testicles d. The right origen of the Kidneys being single and of a Conick figure e. The left origen of the Kidneys consisting of two Lobules of divers figures f f f f. The middle Lobules of the Kidneys being different in shape and size g g g g. The terminations of the Kidneys made of two Lobules G G. The outward is Semicircular and much longer then the other h h. The inward is much less and of a Pear-like figure iiii The Spine of the Back passing between the Kidneys Tab 21. Tab. XXII Fig. 1. The Body of a Heron opened by Dr. Edward Tyson A. †a a. THe Larynx or top of the Wind-pipe which had no Epiglottis but a large Glottis or Rima encompassed with two large Muscles †B B. The Aspera Arteria or Wind-pipe was long consisting of an abundance of annular Cartilages seated above the Branches C C. The Cartilages are almost Semicircular where the Wind-pipe was divided first into two Branches and afterward into many D. The Lungs which were full of holes both in the outward Surface and more inwardly E. The Heart of this Fowl is very long and large f f. The great Artery arising out of the Heart G G G. The Gulet which is inserted into the origen of the Stomach H. The Stomach being curiously enameled with Blood-vessels is outwardly Membranous and lined inwardly with a white hard Pellicle resembling that of a Gizard of other Fowls the Stomach of this Fowl being opened was found to be crammed with Water Scarabaei or Beetles and it was curious to observe toward the upper Orifice between the Coats that many small Glands were beset with Excretory Vessels spuing out a white Juice as a Ferment to open the body of the Aliment lodged in the Stomach which is the better imparted by the strong Muscles of the Gizard squeesing out a fermentative Juice into its Cavity J. The Pylorus or termination of the Stomach K K K. The Intestines are long and of one bigness and full of many Maeanders L. The Mesentery M. The Intestinum Caecum which is single and small in this Fowl and double in most others N. The Cloaca is a large bag filled with a whitish clammy mucous Matter which may be conceived to be muted on the Wings of a Hawk by a Heron soaring above her to hinder her pursuit O O. The Liver divided into two Lobes P. The Bladder or Gall. q q. Two Ductus Bilarii R. The Spleen as I conceive is of a very florid Red Colour S S. The Pancreas is very large t t t. This Bowel hath three fair Excretory Ducts of which two were seated in the Intestine near the Ductus Bilarii and the third more remote from thence U U. The Testicles W W W. The Kidneys are large in this Fowl X X. The Ureters Y. †Z. A Bladder or Bag containing a transparent Liquor which I conceive to be Urine emptied by an Orifice †into the Cloaca N. as above Tab 22. Tab. XXIII Fig. 1. Of a Parrot opened a. THE Tongue which is flat and soft b b. Some Foramina which lead into a Cavity Analogous possibly to to the Tonsils c. The Glottis or Rima into the Windpipe d d. The Os Hyoides D D. The Aspera arteria or Windpipe E. The Larynx seated at the lower extremity of the Windpipe e e. Two small Cartilages of the Larynx f f. Two Muscles which arising from the sides of the Larynx do run into the two Branches of the Bronchia The flat Tongue and contrivance of the Larynx seem particularly to be designed for the advantage of the Birds speaking seem Gastriloqui when they speak g g. The two Branches of the Bronchia or Windpipe within the Lungs H. The Lungs I. The Ovarium full of small Eggs. K K. The Kidneys L L. The Ureters M. The Choaca N. The Oviduct O O. Two Membranes that fasten the Oviduct P. The Heart Q. The Liver which had no Vesicula fellis r r. Two small Ductus Biliarii S. The Gula or Gulet T. The Ingluvies or Crop V. The Proventriculus W. The Spleen X. The Gizard Y Y. The Guts Z. The Pancreas Tab 23. Tab. XXIV Fig. 1. The Body of a Snipe opened a. THE Aspera Arteria or Wind-pipe b b. The annular Cartilages c c. The Gulet lying under the Wind-pipe d d The Branches of the Aorta e e. The Base of the Heart adjoyning to the upper part of the Thorax f f. The
of Air beginning in a point and ending more large dimensions u u. The lowest and longest Vesicle of Air beginneth large and endeth in a Cone Tab 34. Tab. XXXV Fig. 1. Of a Pope opened a. THE great Trunk of the Artery b. The body of the Heart c. The Cone of the Heart which may be resembled to one part of the cloven Foot of a Deer d. The entrance into the Gulet e. The Gulet or Neck of the Stomach f. The body of the Stomach g. The bottom of the Stomach i. The termination of the Stomach k. The beginning of the Guts where it immediately maketh a Maeander and goeth down for some short space and then maketh a Circumvolution l. The first Circumvolution and then ascendeth for an Inch and maketh another Circumvolution m. The Second Circumvolution and passeth down in a straight course between the Ovaries to the Vent n n. The two Ovaries which discharge themselves into the Intestinum rectum near the Vent o o. Part of the Liver turned up Fig. 2. The Body of a Perch opened a. The entrance of the Gulet which is large b. The Gulet or Neck of the Stomach c. The Body of the Stomach d. The beginning of the Intestines e e. Two Intestinula Caeca seated on each side of the Origen of the Guts f. The first Circumvolution of the Guts beginning immediately after the Pylorus and goeth in a straight course for an Inch or more and then maketh a Circumvolution g. The Second Maeander of the Intestines mounting up for some space and then maketh a third Circumvolution and afterward passeth in a straight course between the Milt h h. The Milt placed on each side of the Intestines ii Part of the Liver seated in the Left Side k. The Bladder of Gall placed in the Right Side Fig. 3. The Body of a Smelt opend a. The Heart being as in other Fish of a triangular Figure b b. The Liver being of an Ash-colour hath its Origen broad and is a little parted toward the Right Side where it hath a small pointed Process c. The Origen which is broader then the rest of the Liver d. The small pointed Process on the top of the Liver e e. The Gulet or Neck of the Stomach seated in the Left Side and the Process climbing up the Right Side maketh an Arch with the body of the Stomach and is like a Pike larger above and endeth in an obtuse Cone f f. The Process sprouting out of the Right side of the Body of the Stomach which determineth near the Pylorus g. The Pylorus or termination of the Stomach where the Gut begins h. The Origen of the Guts makes a short Circumvolution and then goes down between the Sides of the Arch for some space and afterward creepeth under the Process of the Stomach and then maketh its progress almost in a straight line ii The straight course of the Guts from their turning above to the Anus below k k. The Bladder of Gall being of a Brownish colour and very large considering the smallness of the Fish is affixed to the Concave part of the Liver as in other Animals Fig. 4. The Body of a Gudgeon opened a a. The Heart of a Triangular Figure b. The Auricle of the Heart lying under it in a supine posture runneth cross the Thorax c. The Gills d d. Part of the Liver put out of its proper situation e e. The Stomach seated in the Right Side is larger and narrower toward its termination where it is conjoyned to the beginning of the Guts f f. †g g. The Guts begin in a short Maeander and then climb up toward the beginning of the Stomach where the Second begins making a short Maeander and then passeth in a straight line †h. The termination of the Guts near the Lef◠Side i. The vesicle of Gall being of a Black colour is seated in the right Side in the concave part of the Liver k k. The hard Rowes or Ovaries seated on each side of the Guts l l. The Swimmer or Bladder of Air. m. The Spleen of a Red colour and pyramidal Figure Tab 35. Tab. XXXVI Fig. 1. The Bowels of a Grey Mullet a. THE Heart endued with a triangular Figure b. The Auricle of the Heart out of its situation c. The common Trunk of the great Artery d d. Part of the Liver out of its situation e. Part of the Gulet adorned with a round Figure f. The Body of the Stomach beautified with a circular Figure in its outward circumference containing within it another Circle and both are beautified with many transverse Fibres g. A round Cavity lodged in the center of the Stomach encircled with transverse carnous Fibrils h. The Fundus or bottom of the Stomach terminating into an acute Cone ii The Intestinula Caeca affixed to the Origen of the Guts k. The beginning of the Intestines K K. The Spleen hued with a dark Red and endued with a conick Figure l l l l. The Guts making many Maeanders m. The long neck of the first Milte implanted into the Gulet n. The neck of the Second Milte implanted into the Poke or Process of the Stomach below the Body of it o. The excretory Ducts of the First Milte inserted into the Intestinum rectum near the Anus p. The excretory Duct of the Second Milte ending as the First q. The Body of the Milte lodged near the Left side r. The Body of the Second Milte seated near the Chine beginning and ending in a Cone s. The Anus Fig. 2. The Bowels of a Red Mullet a. The Heart adorned with a triangular Figure b. The great Trunk of the Aorta c. The Auricle of the Heart d. Part of the Liver seated in the Left side e e. The Gulet placed in the Left side f. The Body of the Stomach seated in the Left side G. The Body of the Stomach placed in the Right side g. The bottom of the Stomach terminating into a Cone h. The Pylorus i The Origen of the Guts making a Circumvolution k k. The Intestinula Caeca affixed to the Duodenum l. The Second Maeander of the Intestines which is very short m m. The great Gut ending into a double Branch n. The First or upper Spleen is seated near the Stomach and endued with an oblong round Figure and hued with a Purple colour o. The Second and lower Spleen is somewhat more large and dressed with a conick Figure p p. The hard Rowes or Ovaries consisting of many Eggs. Fig. 3. An Eel opened a. The Heart of an Eel beautified with a Conick Figure beginning in an acute and terminating into a more obtuse Cone b b. The Liver is adorned with a bright Yellow colour and taketh its rise in two little Processes or Heads and terminates into a kind of Cone C. The Bladder is endued with a deep Blue colour and with a Pear-like Figure d d d d. The Guts have but one Circumvolution and seem to be two in number E. The upper Spleen being of a dark colour
structure and various Coates 224 And of its Fibrils consigned to Tasting 225 The Tongue is endued with Cartilaginous Processes inserted into the Glandulous Coat 232 The Tongue is furnished with diverse Muscles and many ranks of Fibres 226 227 Diseases of the Tongue Apthae Inflammations and Vlcers 249 Transparent Bodies 13 14 15 16 Of Transparency 308 Tumors are to be opened when they cannot be discussed 146 Tumors of an Erysipelas Oedema Scirrhus Cancer c. 147 148 149 into Tumors when hollow cleansing and drying Medicines are to be injected 147 Tympanitis 171 A Bastard Tympanitis proceeding from a Flatus lodged in the Stomach and Guts 171 Tympanitis arising from watry vapours is of a gentle emollient Nature without great pain 175 A true Tympanitis caused by a meer Flatus lodged in the Belly is veryrare 177 An instance of a Tympanitis commonly derived from wind and watry Humors 178 A strang History of a Tympanitis taken out of Smetius 177 U. VAcuum improbable 7 8 Vapours of a Malignant Nature are dispelled by saline Steems 34 Vapours the Materia Substrata of a Flatus 336 Vapours differ according to several subjects 137 Vegetables are a fine composition of Bark Wood and Pith 31 Vegetables have a thin Coate made up of many minute filaments interspersed with numerous Perforations 31 Vegetable Juices are inspired with Air 32 The Veins relating to the Heart the Veins implanted into the Cava the Annular fleshy Fibres of the Cava 787 The first production of the Veins their substance Coats and frame 788 The fleshy Fibres of the Cava the Valves and their use their Figure and Number and how the motion of the Blood is first performed in the Veins 787 The Pathology of the Veins and its Cures The Obstruction of the Veins 790. Their Compression various Tumors 791 The right Ventricle of the Heart and tricuspidal Valves 721 The left Ventricle and its Figure 722. Its furrows and mitral and semilunary Valves 723. The Fibres of the Semilunary Valves 724 Ventricles of the Brain which seem to be four but in truth are two and their seat and how they are equal to each other and how they are severed by the Speculum Lucidum 1009 The Third and Fourth Ventricle and of a sinus called Calamus Scriptorius and the round process to which the Cerebellum is affixed 1010 Salt Water found in the right Ventricle 1011 Of a Vertigo or Meagrum often a fore-runner of Sleepy Diseases and how it proceeds and of its Paroxysme and evident Causes 1135. Of the inward Causes making an irritation of the Nervous Fibrils 1136. And of the essence and of its seat and continent Cause of a Vertigo and of its manner how it is produced and as it is inveterate 1137 The Indications and Cure of this Disease 1133 The Viscera and Muscles are Systemes of Vessels 201 Voice is Organized by the Wind-pipe Larynx Arch of the Palate Gooms Teeth Uvula and Nose 236 Vomiting and Purging are performed by the various Motion of Fibres in the Stomach and Guts 329 In Vomiting the Fibres of the Stomach begin their Motion about the right Orifice and then move toward the left 330 Vomiting a kind of Convulsive motion of the Stomach 331 Vomitings are derived from Inflammations Abscesses Vlcers proceeding from ill Humors troubling the Nervous and Carnous Fibres of the Stomach 338 Vomiting coming from Poysonous Medicines 339 Vomiting coming from Colick pains and from Gravel and Stone 339 Vomiting proceeding from the Abscesses of the Intestines Mesentery Liver Caul c. 339 Vomiting and Purging Medicines Cure belchings coming from a foul stomach 344 Vreters 494 to 495 Vreters of other Animals 496 Vreters and their Pathology 497 498 The Vreters their Description Number Origen and Progress Connexion Figure Membranes and use 494 495 The Vreters and their Diseases Obstructions Ischury c. 495 The unnatural expansion of the Vreters 498 The Vrethra and its seat spungy and Membranous substance and Fibres 535 Vrine its Origen and parts 505 Vrine 505 to 509 The watry parts the Consistence Quantity and Quality of Vrine 506 The Colour and cause of Crude and gross Vrine 507 The Hypostasis and Contents of Vrine 508 The Vterus and its Vagina according to its seat magnitude substance inward surface and Carnous expansions Contracting the Orifice of the Vagina 563 564 with the Vessels and Action of the Vagina 565 566 The inward parts of the Vterus and its situation Connexion Figure 566 567 The Vterus of Women is void of Hornes and hath a simple Cavity without Cells 567 The Neck Orifice and inward Cavity of the Vterus 568 The substance of the Vterus groweth more thick in the time of the Foetus 568 The Coates and Glands of the Vterus 569 The Fibrous and Carnous Compage of the Vterus 570 The Vessels vid. Arterys Veins Nerves and Lymphaeducts of the Vterus 570 Diseases of the Vterus or Womb and their Causes 608 Inflammations Carnous Tumors Abscesses Vlcers of the Womb 608 609 Gangreens Cancers Dropsies of the Vterus or Womb 610 611 Vterus of Beasts and its Vagina Orifice Cavity Connexion Glands Coats Cornua and Body 640 641 642 Vterus of Birds and of its situation Coats Glands c. 644 645 The Coats of the Vterus of Fish the Chorion and Amnios 658 The Figure of the Vterus or Womb in little Worms 660 The Vmbilical Vessels of Plants 672 The Vvula is Composed of a Glandulous substance of its use according to D. Holder 222 W. THe Weight of the Body is equally received on both Limbs in an erected posture by the Muscles put into a Tonick motion 113 Whispering 237 Wind and its Causes 177 Winds have their Origen from various Exhalations 34 Wind receiveth its different sort from variety of Vapours 173 Wind how it is produced 174 Wind proceeding from exalted Vapours caused by an intrinsick heat 174 The Wind-pipe 810 811 812 Of the Larynx or Head of the Wind-pipe and of its Figure Composition the Buckler Cartilage and its four processes 813 and the Muscles of the Larynx and the several Cartilages 814 The Wind-pipe of other Animals 816 The Wind-pipe of Birds 817 818 The Wind-pipe of Fish 819 The Wind-pipe of less perfect Animals 820 Wine contributes to the Concoction of Aliment 310 Wine turneth acide in the Stomach when its parts are brought to a Fluor Ibid. Wine is kept sweet by its united saline and sulphureous parts 310 Wine resembleth the Heterogeneous parts of Blood when extraneous Ingredients are cast into it 1204 Wine and Blood are debased when their active and spirituous principles are overpowred by gross ferments 1204 Wine and Blood are dispirited by too great an Effervescense caused by exalted Oily Particles and Wine and Blood turn Acid when the saline parts overact the sulphureous Ibid. Wine and Blood grow Mucilagenous as over fermented 1205 The Wing of Birds is extended and expanded by Muscles called Tensors and the various Motions of the Wings 948 Woman and the end of her making and manner of Production 510 The first Woman full of Beauty and perfection Ib. A Woman Created to propagate Mankind 559 Woman is Created after Gods Image and full of Beauty and Vertue Ibid. Wombs seated about the Seeds of Plants 668 Wombs of Plants are furnished with variety of Vessels 671 Cells of the Womb in Plants are filled with Congulated Liquor 671 The Motion of the Womb upward is improbable 575 The Diseases of the Womb are Inflammations Abscesses Vlcers Gangreens Cancers Dropsies c. and their Cures The Womb is not carried upwards in Hysterick Fits 612 Diseases of the Womb or Hystorick Fits attributed by Sylvius to the Pancreas 613 Wood is a Compage made of many small Tubes 31 Words 236 Y. YArd or Penis its Situation Figure Structure Nervous Bodies and their Fibres Progress and dimensions 534 The Yards spungy substance 535 The Arterys of the Yard lacerated by strong Compression 535 The Glans of the Yard and its spungy substance 536 The Prepuce of the Yard and its Fraenum and Connexion 537 The Muscles of the Yard called Erectores and Acceleratores Urinae 537 Erection of the Yard and its cause and manner how it is performed 538 Diseases of the Yard Distortion Priapisme Inflammation Vlcer Gangreen and Mortification and their Cures 557 558 The End of the Second Volume