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A27452 Mikrokosmographia, or, A description of the body of man being a practical anatomy, shevving the manner of anatomizing from part to part, the like hath not been set forth in the English tongue : adorned with many demonstrative figures / long since composed in Latine by that famous J. Berengarius of Carpus, Dr. of A. & P., reader of chirurgery in the University of Bononia ; done into English by H. Jackson, chirurgeon, by whom is also added a fit Etymon to the names of the parts in their proper place. Berengario da Carpi, Jacopo, ca. 1460-ca. 1530. 1664 (1664) Wing B1959; ESTC R31584 129,008 407

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enter into them and you shall see in this Figure how the Mouth of the Matrix is above the Neck which Mouth is that Hole which you see above the Neck of the Matrix The third Figure of the Matrix YOu have in the Belly of this Figure the Matrix opened in which you see some black pricks shewing the Heads of the Veins which are called Cotilidones You have besides the Matrix turned in without the Belly and it is that Figure over which you see the Finger a token of the present Figure and in the bottome of the Matrix is a certain depression as you see which is that that distinguisheth the right side from the left neither may there another division bee found in the Matrix and them black pricks are the Cotilidones and you see how the Neck of the Matrix is without Cotilidones and you see how the Neck is like to a mans Yard The fourth Figure of the Matrix BEcause things ten times repeated are wont to please you have here two other figures of the Matrix whereof one is turned in in which you see how in the Receptacle throughout are many black prints betokening so many Cotilidones which nevertheless are not in the Neck in the other you see the natural Matrix with the Testicles and Spermatical vessels and the horny Ligaments with which it is fastned to the Anchae you see also the Neck and Mouth through which the Menstrues and the young one go forth and the seed of man entreth in Of the Anatomy of the Middle Belly THe aforesaid things being seen dissect the Middle belly in which are the Vital members with which also for the better orders sake you shall see some members of the former part of the Neck and some parts of the Face within and without before the upper Belly be Anatomized The Parts first to bee seen are the Members of the Breast which is called Cassus Clibanum and of some Thorax for in that are parts containing and contained And of the parts containing as in the Lower belly some are common some proper and some more proper The parts common are all the parts compassing the emptiness of the Breast whereof some are bcfore some on the sides and some behinde But in that Belly neither is it so in the Belly of the Natural members are placed the upper parts neither are the lower determined by them as in the Upper belly because the parts before on the sides and behind in the Belly of the Natural members are united and do make the lower part of that and in like manner make the upper part of this Belly for this is terminated in its upper part but that in its lower part as in a point and this is compassed about of the aforesaid parts above and that below But the Septum transversum or Diafragma doth mediate between them and maketh the uppermost part of the lower Belly and the lowermost of the upper but because the Septum transversum is common to both Bellies therefore it is not properly and determinately put for any containing part of the aforesaid Bellies but Authours do place it among the parts contained nevertheless it is a part contained and containing and it is called contained in as much as it is within the hollowness of the body and it is containing because on the upper part it containeth the Natural members and on the lower the Vital I say therefore that the co●mon part of the Middle belly before and on the sides is cal●●d Pectus but the hinder part is called Summum dorsi the top of the Back and they that place the Neck with the Back do name this middle part of the Belly the middle of the Back But the parts proper some also are before some on the sides and some behinde those which are before are commonly appointed three to wit an upper a lower and a middle The upper is a place where immediately under the Neck are joyned together two Bones both of them reaching side-waies toward the Shoulders called the two Lateral Furculaes and this part is named the upper Furcula taking its name from its figure and place taking up a little room especially in the length of the Breast and this place of some is called Jugulum and Clavis Immediately under that is the middle Isido vi Rider de pectore part properly called Pectus so called Quia pexa est inter Eminentes Mamillarum partes because it is hairy between the Eminent parts of the Teats and this part is downward from the first aforesaid part almost as far as the Septum transversum in length but in breadth as much as is the breadth of the bones of the Breast the Ribs excepted But the lower part is the place where the aforesaid bones of the Breast are terminated about the Region of the Septum transversum and because those bones reach on the Sides making likewise a Fork therefore this place is called the lower Furcula in the middle of which is Cartilago scutalis called Pomum granatum because it is like to a part of the Balaustium that is of the flower of the Pomgranate But the lateral parts are termed the Ribs and the Sides and the Region of the Teats But the posteriour parts some are in the middle and some on the Sides those in the middle are called Interscapilium Metaphrenon Noton those on the sides are called Scapulae Spatulae Scapilium but some do call the lateral parts with those in the middle Metaphrenon Noton But the parts more proper some are also before some on the sides and some behinde Those which are before are first the Skin the Fat some muscles the bones and Cartilages and the Pannicle Pleura But the lateral parts are the Skin the Fat the substance of the Teats many Muscles Ribs and also the Pannicle Pleura Last of all are the parts behinde to wit the Skin some fat flesh musculous and some simple not musculous filling up certain Vacuities of the bones twelve Spondiles of the Ribs or of the Breast and the Pannicle Pleura The parts contained are the muscle Diafragma called Septum transversum which according to some is to be numbred among the parts contained of the Breast in as much as its principal operation is to serve the Heart by reason of its motion by which it moveth the Lungs there is after that the Pannicle Mediastinus Capsula Cordis the Heart with his Artery Aorta and the Lungs with their Vessels the Vena Chilis ascending the Nerves descendent and the ascendent which are called Reversivi the Glandule called Timum Morum the Gula that is the passage for the meat from the mouth to the Ventricle with the Pannicles covering the aforesaid Members The substance of this Belly is pellicular fat bony cartilagineous musculous and pannicular The Bones of it are not united as in the Head but divided that the Breast might bee obedient to the motion of breathing and therefore for
in the middle Ventricle But the right Sinus hath two Veins one whereof whose Tunicle is simple is bigger than the other Veins coming from the Liver it is called Chilis and Concava and Audax ascendens and this is very great because it giveth blood to all the other Veins within and without the Heart taking nothing from them and therefore it bringeth more blood into the Heart than it can carry back it is also very great that it may contain much blood oftentimes flowing and flowing back and th●● it may bring it to the Heart in a short space that it may the more commodiously be con●●cted by it Thls blood so concocted is divided into three parts one part of the subtile cholerick beingless than the rest goeth to the nourishing of the Lungs The other more and subtiler than the aforesaid reacheth through the perforations of the Diafragma unto the left Sinus where it is made Spirit But the rest of it not so subtile and which is also far more than the rest passeth through the same Chilis to all the parts of a living creature and nourisheth them oftentimes going in and out in the right Sinus that it might be perfectly concocted and might receive life Nevertheless Avicen placeth a fourth part in the middle Ventricle which he saith is temperate but this is unknown to my eies perhaps because in the middle wall of the Heart there pierceth blood nourishing it but it turneth into the substance of the thing nourished because there in my judgement there is not blood without the ●●ins unless in the right and left Ventricle The upper Orifice of this Vein is terminated at the Heart whilst the Heart is dilated and draweth the blood it is opened and whilst it is restrained it is shut expelling the blood but it is not shut whol●y because in part it remaineth open therefore nature alwaies reteineth in it as a treasure and mine of heat some portion of servent blood which at length changeth the Blood that cometh in into its own nature by uniting it self with it And this Orifice is opened and shut of three Sinnowy or Ligamental Pellicles whose colour is white being fastned with their upper extremities to the walls of the aforesaid Sinus by white and solid Ligaments Those Pellicles named Ostiola are wholly opened at the inside of the Sinus giving way to the blood entring in and are shut at the outside but not wholly and those Pellicles are solid and hard and in like manner are the Pellicles of the arterious Vein left in the great and continual motions of the Heart there might happen to them disruption because they are fastned in the top of them to Ligaments continually extending them But the Pellicles of the Artery Aorta and of the Arterial vein are less hard than they because they are not any thing extended by Ligaments and therefore they are without fear of breaking Another Vein goeth to the Lungs the name of this is Vena non pulsans or quieta it is also called Vena Arterialis and it is called a Vein because it carrieth blood for the nourishing of the Lungs and it is called Arterialis because it hath two Coats that it might be strong and compact because of the Cholerick and subtile blood flowing in it and lest it should bee broke by reason of its continual motion in whose Orif●ce are three Pellicles or doors shutting themselves wholly within the Sinus and opening themselves without giving way to the blood going out In the Dilatation of the Heart they are altogether shut lest the blood should flow back unto the Lungs but in the constriction they are opened and the Veins cleave to the walls neither are they any where else united by Ligaments as the most are The substance of these is pannicular their shape is like to the vacuity which is within the letter C They are therefore called Ostifola C formia they have also that Circular form which a mans nail hath which Pellicles are with their Circular part fastned to the body of the Vein But the left Sinus more noble than the rest because the middle and the right do service first to it it also excelleth the rest by reason of the Spirit contained in it hath in the top or it two Veins one not much less than the aforesaid great Chilis which is as the stock of a Tree distributed through the whole body and this is pulsant and double-coated whose thickness witness Erosilus is six-fold to a Vein and this is called Arteria Aorta and the great Artery whose inner Coat is harder than the outer because it meeteth with percussion and the substance of the Spirit for the keeping of which it is intended That same carrieth the Vital spirit to the whole body of a living creature and keepeth it in life For by that Artery said Galen all the members except the Lungs do inspire and expire lest their liveliness should bee suffocated but the Veins are as the store-houses of meat needing neither to diastolize nor systolize and therefore the body of them is subtile porous and soft but the Lungs do inspire and expire by reason of the motion of the Heart and Breast This Artery or its branches are seldom without the Chilis accompanying them and Aorta ascending a little above the Heart is divided into two parts one part is made oblique below and descends which in the Breast and in the lowest Belly sendeth forth many Fibraes from it even unto the feet and giveth life unto the members of them under that branch being made oblique below they do ascend by the left Nerves of the voice which are called Reversini and this place is called Flexor and Girgilius of which it shall bee spoken in another place Another part ascending about a part of the Lungs and the glandule Timum giveth life unto and filleth with Spitit the upper part of the Breast the Arms the Neck and Head and the parts of them And alwaies those Arteries which are fastned to the Veins by many pores or little Fibraes are united or joyned together and the Vein receiveth into it the Artery and on the contrary the Artery the Vein and from the Vein doth pass blood into the Artery which is likewise made spiritual in necessity and from the Artery into the Vein doth pass the Vital spirit concocting the blood thereof and conserving it in its virtue also the Tunicles are nourished and receive life from that which is contained in them and this Artery is less above the Heart than below Witness Galen 16 de Utili Cap. 11. and it is made so because there are more parts from the Heart of a living creature below than are above it and this Artery is so much greater descending than that which ascendeth by the Back by how much the multitude of the lower parts exceedeth the upper and in this is known not a little justice of nature the Vein Chilis descending must also be bigger than the ascending for the same
cause In the Orifice of this pulsant Vein which is called Auritium are also the three gates C formia opening and shutting themselves at the same time and in the same manner in which the Arterial vein is opened and shut There is in that Ventricle another Vein not pulsant but quiet called Arteria Venalis and it is called an Artery because it carrieth and recarrieth the Spirit or Ayr to the Heart and from the Heart to the Lungs from whence it is sent without the Breast and it is called a Vein because it hath a single Coat In the Orifice of this are onely two Pellicles or doors fastned after the same manner and incompleat and they are opening and shutting themselves in the dilatation and constriction of the Heart with which they make the doors being in the Orifice of the Vein Chilis also this Arterial vein carrieth more Ayr to the Heart than it can bring out because by the blood and Ayr brought in by it is the vital spirit engendred which by the Artery Aorta passeth to all the parts of a living creature By the aforesaid things the Colligancy of the Heart and the complexion and helps of it appear its quantity may be seen in number it is one although it is reported that the Heart of an Ape had two heads but prodigiously it is also reported that the Partridges in Paphlagonia have two Hearts Every kinde of disease may happen to it but it endureth them not if they continue long Of the Lungs THe Heart being seen cometh the Lungs called in Latine * Flabellum dicitur a flando Sic Ventilabrum a ventilando Flabellum and Ventilabrum and in Greek * Grece etiam 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 suffior sufflatur enim ut follis spiritum trahens emittens Pneumon for this is the Artificer of breathing and the work-shop of Ayr this is nourished by Ayr as the body is with Meat this filleth the hollowness of the Breast round about the Heart with its five Coats or Lobes whereof two are on the left side and three more on the right of them three one is less than the rest cleaving to the Back as it were in the middle which hath little pipes but almost no motion and this is the Mat or Pallet to the Chilis ascending and about that Lobe toward the top of it there is also certain glandulous flesh which also with the aforesaid Lobe is a Pallet or Coverlet of the aforesaid Vein and this flesh is of a notable bigness and is called of Authours Morum and Timum and of the Vulgar it is called Animella and Laticinium and it is in usual meats of a rank taste especially that which is found in Claves and in milk Kids The substance of the Lungs is mixed of thin light soft and red flesh inclining to whiteness like to the coagulated froth of blood and it consists of three vessels or pipes entangled as in a net through all the parts thereof in the same manner that the branches of the Vein Chilis are in the Liver and this composition may be like to a hony comb and also to a Sponge therefore it is capable of blood and Ayr for the Lungs is as it were a certain sto●e-house of Ayr to the Heart fit to serve to both motions to wit dilatation and constriction Certainly its flesh is rare that there might be much blood and Ayr continually in it Two vessels in it which contain it do shew the multitude of the blood which are bigger in the Lungs than in any other member like unto it the Heart and Liver excepted in which the vessels containing blood are greater surely not for themselves but because they give Spirit and blood to all the members This blood in the Lungs is much because the abounding plenty of it is dissolved by reason of the continual motion which a great quantity doth continually oppose and it is subtile that it might pass suddenly to all the parts of the Lungs to nourish it and it is also subtile that it might be light lest by its heaviness it should hinder the motion of the Lungs Also the long submersion of a living creature in the water without choaking sheweth that there is alwaies a great quantity of Ayr in it and the sending forth of a long and continual voice and blast hindring from the receiving of new Ayr or when one abhorreth it by reason of stink or other causes yet this Ayr in the aforesaid drownings and stinks is kept in the mouth and in the jaws the Tonsils helping with their Pellicles The help of this Ayr continually drawn is that by that being first altered the Heart might bee cooled and contemperated in necessities and also that the Heart might have vent left it should be choaked The utility of it also is that not out of a little part thereof might be engendred Spirits necessary for the being and wel-being and it is a help of the expulsion of the abounding hot and smoaky matter which is drawn it is for the entring in of the Ayr that is less hot ●eing altered first in the Lungs and then in the members through which it passeth This smoal●y air as it were an adusted superfluity of spirit is driven by the pulsant Vein into the branches of the Trachea in the constriction of the He●●● and afterwards goeth forth ●●nce from aliving Creature by the Trachea and by the nostrils and mouth the systolative motion of the Lungs helping it But the air going into the Heart hath the beginning of alteration in the Nostrils in the mouth in the jawes in the Trachea and in the branches of it dispersed in the Lungs in like order which one feeding on meat and drink hath in the mouth in the Gula and in the Ventricle and Liver For the alteration of the Lungs in the air is compared to the alteration of the Liver in Chi●us for by the Liver is the Bloud made of Chilus which receiveth a perfect concoction in the Heart but the spirit is prepared by the Lungs of air which is made truly vital in the Heart this going to the upper parts in the Rete mirabili or in the least branches of Arteries about the Brain is again altered from whence entring the Ventricles of the Brain the Animal spirit is ma●● perfectly true which is a brig●● light and pure spirit Also the flesh of the Lungs is light lest it should hinder the motion of it it is also soft that it might defend the vessels thereof from breaking and it is reddish clear declining to whiteness because of the dominion of the Air over it with which it is nourished and also because of the coldness thereof A thin Pannicle doth cover this substance of the Lungs being bred of many Membranes proceeding from the Pipes thereof and from the Pannicles of the Brest by means whereof it is sensible The Pipes of the Lungs are three one whereof as also the rest
the Gula the union of these parts is so compacted that one can very hardly bee separated from the other and it is such lest through the grosness of it its nimble motion should bee hindred which serves for every difference of placing and therefore in them there are four proper Muscles and two common to them and to the balls of the face And the proper are little according to the bigness of the Lips which before they are united to the skin are chained together one to another so that their parts are unseparable without the ●ending of them one pair whereof hangeth obliquely under the apples of the face toward the Lips also the other two hang obliquely from the lower Mandible toward the Lips And although there are only four muscles in the Lips nevertheless there are eight motions witness Galen 11 De Utili cap. 16. to wit four Strait and four Oblique for every one of them while it is moved moveth Obliquely because the situation of every one of them is oblique but when two of them are equally moved they move rightly as it is in the opening of them in which there is one right motion but the other right motion in the Lips is when they are shut or pressed together to one another There are also two other right motions in the Lips one is when they are turned outward and the other when they are folded inward and those motions are made of strait Fibers some whereof innermost are within those muscles of the Lips and some are outward and when the outermost are extended then the Lips are turned outward and when the innermost then they are folded under or inward and how the Oblique motions are made of one Muscle only and the right of more it is easie to judge if you look into the shuttings of a Purse which when they are drawn together rightly and uniformly they open the mouth of the Purse and when only one of them is drawn the mouth of the Purse is moved over-thwart Nevertheless Avicen although hee speaketh of the aforesaid situation of the Muscles setteth down but four Motions as there are four Muscles and saith that four Motions is sufficient for them hee saith that every part of them when it is moved moveth to its own part and when two they are moved to two parts and are dilated to two they have therefore a perfection of their motion to four parts neither have they any other motion besides them And as well Galen as Avicen doe speak of the proper motion because the motion common to the Cheeks and Lips is made of two broad Muscles which are in either Mandible and the broad ones are bigger than the aforesaid and those witness Galen are outward from the Cheeks unto the spine of the Neck unto which doe pass Nerves from the Breast and from the Clavicles that is from the upper Furcu●aes of the Breast which are implanted into the Cheeks and into the lower Lip by right Fibers and some other Fibers reaching also from the Clavicies obliquely and some other more oblique than the aforesaid ascending from the Scapulaes to the sides of the Lips are implanted in the Cheeks and moreover some other do reach from the place behind the ears which sometimes they move unto those Muscles nevertheless those muscles are not manifestly known although they have a multitude of Nerves almost from all the parts of the Neck yet they are known if the Lips and the balls of the face bee moved when the Mandibles are shut to their uttermost power not because the bony parts of the Cheeks may be moved but their aforesaid fleshy musculous part is moved with the skin which is properly for the only motion of the Lips to which part and also to the very Lips the aforesaid Broad Muscles doe goe which move the Lips and the Cheek-balls and this is called the common motion that is of the Lips and of the Cheek-balls Some also would have that the Cheek-balls in their upper part be somewhat moved of the Broad Muscle moving the fore-head and some say that those Broad Muscles moving the Cheeks and the Lips doe also help the chawing And the motion of those muscles are best seen in those which are living especially in them that are lean and therefore I make mention of them omitting the Anatomy of many muscles because they may not bee seen in those that are living neither bee shewn in a common Anatomy I will also declare the Anatomy of the Tongue and Mandibles for the same cause These Lips within themselves and also the whole mouth are covered with a Pannicle covering the Gula or Meri and the Stomach and for this the lower Lip doth tremble when one is ready to Vomit but this Pannicle is harder and thicker in the mouth than any where else and grosser in the Meri than in the Ventricle and always as it descends it is made more soft and subtile because in the mouth it first meeteth with meats somewhat hard which as they descend are alwayes made softer witness Galen 4. De utilit and according to that of Avicen that one feeding receiveth some digestion by chawing The Figure situation quantity and number of the Lips doe appear their complexion is set down hot they have Colligancy with the Brain by Nerves with the Liver by Veins with the Heart by Arteries and therefore sometimes in the compression of them the effects of the mind are known the Lips also are stretched out and restrained voluntarily they have also Colligancy with the Ventricle and Meri and with the whole body by means of the Skin their helps are many they are first for the defence of the Teeth and for the good form of the Face for the expressing of the Speech for the taking of meat and drink and they are to the mouth as a door to a house necessarily opening and shutting themselves they also hinder the Air from entring cold to the Heart by it self and by accident they also retain the Air brought back from the Lungs in necessities They endure passions of all sorts and among others they suffer Ragadias Chaps and oftentimes Cancers and trembling in Crisises and in Feavers by participation from the Brain and from the Ventricle Of the Teeth THe aforesaid things being seen you may first open the Dens quast edens ab ●dendo mouth as much as you can by cutting the Cheeks on each of the sides that you may the better see the Teeth and the Gums first noting the substance of the Teeth which is bony and is harder than a bone witness Celsus nevertheless some say that they are of the nature of flesh and bone both because they feel and because they are renewed again they also doe encrease all the time of their endurance for their ends sake because if they should not encrease they would not last and the chawing would bee nought from whence the life would bee short In number they are thirty two to wit in one rank
and with one other toward the balls of the Face and with another toward the Mandibles yet every angle of the aforesaid muscles is most firmly mixed with a part of the Face in the direct of them that they might move the Mandibles diversly and some would have it witness Gal●n that every one of those muscles should be three muscles and that gibbosity which is in the balls of the Face is of those muscles in part The Tongue also besides those muscles helpeth the chawing by turning about the meat And the muscles lifting up the Mandibles are great because they have a great motion and they are soft because they are next to the Brain And the muscles depressing are small because it is more easie to depress the Mandible than to elevate it and to hold it being elevated But the chawing muscles are mean because the circumduction or turning about of the Mandibles is more easie than the elevation and more hard than the depression Some will wonder that Nature made the Teeth of chawing greater and more than they of incising it is to be said that Nature hath prepared not only teeth to out the meat but she hath ordained Reason and Art which shee useth for the cutting of meats Shee hath also made the chawers greater and more because the chawing action is stronger and more permanent which chawing Art doeth not for the most part unless by accident in sick people as shee doth the cutting of meats The muscles being seen that you may the better see the Os Lambdae and the head of the Meri and the Epiglottis you shall cut the skin transversly from either corner of that Fissure which is called the Mouth and the aforesaid muscles toward the Ears in which Section consider if you can the aforesaid muscles and also the other parts of the Face excepting the Nose the Eye-lids the Eyes and the Ears fleaing the skin with diligence from them which being seen you shall lay bare the bones of the lower Mandibles from their upper junctures unto the middle of the chin in which they are firmly united by one juncture the aforesaid bones are also united on both sides to the Head by one loose juncture about the ears you shall also note their Situation Number Figure Colligancy and quantity their substance complexion and helps lye open they endure passions of all sorts Of the Anatomy of the Throat and of the Gula. THe Mandibles being seen remove Guttur a gutta quia voces sunt quasi gutta fluentes sermonis them with diligence with a crooked Knife Saw or other Instrument wholly from their place that you may the bett●● see the Throat and the Gula yet keep the Tongue unhurt and the bone Lambda that you may see the Colligancy of these members the Mandibles being removed observe the situation of the Throat and of the Gula and of the bone Lambda which is placed near unto the root of the tongue and the top of the throat howbei●●●u may not stirre these memb●●● unless you shall first see the muscles of them but before you may see them you must give way to the Anatomy of the Throat and of the Gula for those members are so fastned to one another by Pannicles and Ligaments that one cannot be shewed without the other The Throat depending under the Jawes even unto the Lungs possesseth the formost situation first that by its hardness it might be a defence to the Gula Secondly because by that situation it is more direct to the Lungs and so doth serve it better and more easily Thirdly it is formost because the Gula is longer than it which if it should bee before the throat it should either bee obliqued from the end of the Throat unto the Stomack and the swallowing had been ill or because there should also have been some inconvenient hollowness from the end of the Throat unto the Stomack toward the back And the Throat is a body very long round hollow as a Cane whose substance is compounded of many annular Cartilages yet they are imperfect circles like those Bracelets called Armilla and they are like the letter C. and therefore they are called Cartilagines C formes C like Cartilages and Semicirculares but they are bigger than a half circle and in the part not Circular they doe meet with the Gula by means of a soft pannicle and somewhat hard being perfectly Sphaerical covering and fastning them within and without and beyond the pannicle on the inside covering the throat from the top to the bottom there are 〈◊〉 Ligaments filling the throat toward the Gula where the Cartilages are uncompleat nevertheless those Cartilages without the ●●●nicle are properly the instrument of voyce The upper part of the throat is commonly called Epiglottis Laringa and Nodus Gutturis and sometimes Gurgulio and it is called 〈◊〉 Bronchii Gutturis but th●●est of it is often called an Arte●● and a Spiritual Organ or Pipe and the Vocal Artery and the sharp Artery and the cane of the Lungs and it is called Faringa à findendis vocihus of cleaving of Voyces or of Fando of speaking and Gargar and Gargarean but Laring a for the most part b● the interpreter of the Books of Galen De utilitate parti●m in the Latine tongue Laringa is taken for the upper part of it but the lower part is commonly called Trachea and Guttur called so Garriendo of chattering because that chattering cometh from thence and Avicen Prima pri●● capitis de musculis gutturis ●●derstandeth by Guttur this member but Nona tertii by Guttur he understandeth that space which is behind the Palate in which the passage of meat and of breat which of the Latines is called Fa●● or Fauces This member is also called Bronchium or Bronchum for the likeness of a certain Fish and also of an Earth-worm called Bronch●●● whose body is long Cartila●●●●ous or scaly and annular as is Viper The lowermost part of this member is divided into two parts one on the right another on the left which entereth into the upper part of the Lungs and from hence it is divided into infinite Fi●ers unto it all growing alwayes lesse through the whole substance of the Lungs through the center of it to the extreams carrying and re-carrying spirit to the Heart in that manner which it appeared in the demonstration of the Lungs This member is not of one Carriage only but of many convex without and hollow within united one near another at a certain ●●nce by Ligaments and Pan●●●●s that by meanes of the Fi●●rs of the Pannicles which are longitudinal and the Nerves of their Muscles it might bee extended and drawn back in its motions and it is moderately hard and light that it might bee shrill and in the deprived of sence that it ●ight resist outward things hurting it and it is round because it is lesse apt to bee hurt and their Cartilages toward the Gula are incompleat that by their hardne●● they
known It is in Number one Belly yet the number of the parts of it is diverse because some are Contained and some Containing the parts contained are the Liver with its little Gystern containing Choler and the Spleen and the Ventriculus called of many Stomachus although not well also the six Intestines with the Veins dispersed through them and the Reins with their Emulgents and the Bladder with the Uritidian pores which are called the Emunctories of the Reins and the Mesentereon with his glandules and the Vena Porta and Vena Chyli● descending with the Arteria Aorta and also the Umbelical veins and Arteries and the Seminary vessels with the Didimies and Testicles and the Matrix in a Woman and although the Didimies and Testicles with their Scrotum or Oscheon may bee exteriour parts yet they are reckoned within that Belly because they are immediately fastned unto it But of the parts Containing some are Common some Proper and some more proper the Common are all those parts which compass about that Belly to wit the Anteriour the Lateral and the Posteriour parts the Anteriour or Lateral parts are called in Latine Sumen but by antiquity Abdomen in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and of Epigastrion some 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and in Arabick Mirach Etron the Posteriour are called Imum dorsi the bottom or lowest part of the back But the parts Proper some are also before some on the sides and some behind those which are before of the latter Physicians are commonly appointed five the first which is the highest is in the middle of the Body about the lower furcula of the Brest and is called Gladialis scutalis cartilago and also Pomum granatum but this part is common both to the middle and to the lower belly taking up but little room The second immediately under that is called Pars stomachalis the region of the Stomach because the stomack that is the Ventricle hath its former part in that region and this part reacheth unto the Navel The third part is called Umbilicalis and it is that part in which the Navel is enclosed in the middle of the Abdomen which is now frustrate from his principal function in a childe The fourth part is called of Mundinus Sumen because it is the most eminent part of the very Sumen Synecdoche partis and there the part is taken for the whole this region is from the Navel unto the Pecten The fifth part is called Pecten within which is the Os pubis or Pectinis in that region there beginneth the neck of the Bladder in both Sexes and of the Matrix in a woman The Lateral parts as they are equally divided on both sides are of Physicians commonly said to bee two to wit the Superiour and the Inferiour the superiour is called Hypochondrium the Inferiour is called Ilium or Flancus the Ilia are also called Lagones Ceneones 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Laxa significat 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 vacua significat in the right Hypochondrium is the Liver but in the left the Spleen the upper part of the Ilia beginneth from the top of the Os ancharum and endeth about the bottom in the extream part of this Belly their lowest part is called Inguen bubo but the Hypochondria doe begin from the lowest of the false ribs and are terminated below at the Ilia between the Ilia and Hypochondria there appeareth a certain cavity when a man bendeth himself forward which of some is called Colago and of some Intrum The parts properly called the Posteriour some are in the middle and some on the sides those which are in the middle are Spina inferior filum inferius dorsi the lower spine and line of the Black Of the Lateral parts some are Superiour and some Inferiour the Superiour are called Regiones Lumbares or Renales the regions of the Loyns or Reins the Inferiour are called Partes supra clunos the parts above the Buttocks But the parts called more Proper some are also Anteriour some Lateral and some Posteriour the Anteriour and Lateral parts happen together and they are that skin which you first meet withall under which there is Fatness and eight Muscles of which four are oblique two long and two broad all which are dilated and united to the likenesse of a Pannicle which may be called and indeed is called of Avicen Panniculus Carnosus the fleshy pannicle neither is there any other fleshy pannicle there as late Physicians doe suppose Under the Muscles there is a membrane subtile and hard called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Periton●i●● and in Arabick Sifac and all these doe make the Abdomen or Mirach But the Posteriour parts called also more Proper are the Skin sometimes some Fatness and a musculous flesh on both sides of the Spondiles to wit before and behind called of some Lumbaris and a simple flesh not musculous filling the empty places of this part and the spondiles of the Reins or Alkatim and three bones of the Os sacrum or the three Spondiles called in Arabick Alhovius and the three Spondiles called Alhosos or Caudae also their Cartilages with their Pannicles and Nerves Veins and Arteries with the pannicle Peritonion the Anatomy of those parts shall bee spoken of in their place but now I return to the Anatomy of the Abdomen Of the skin of the lower Belly and of Umbilicus quasi umboiliacus quod ibi fit iliorum umbo Grae. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Umbilicus the Navel YOu shall first consider the situation of the Navil which is termed the root of man which hath two veins without the body toward the Matrix and very often one and two Arteries covered with the superfluous skin which in Children new born is tied up and cut near unto the Abdomen and is consolidated and shut up again it self the middle part of it thus consolidated is called Acromphalum and because it is wrinkled it is called Vetula and in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Graica these things being noted cut the skin in the manner of a crosse in length and breadth through the whole Abdomen and excoriate it reserving the Navel unhurt which you shall very often perceive entring into the belly with one notable Vein and two Arteries which are frustrated from their proper work in Children the Vein is ascending penetrating into the concave of the Liver in the Vena porta The Arteries descend by the inward part of the Abdomen almost unto the Pecten and they pass unto the back from the sides of the Bladder and are implanted one on the right side the other on the left into the Arteria aorta which is two-forked about the Os facrum near the Reins From those Vessels the bloud and spirit doth pass to the Liver and Heart of an infant in the Mothers womb but you shall see the Navel better after the Anatomy of the Abdomen
the lower part of it is in the right side that it may give way to the Colon which is in the left taking up a great room but its lower part in the right side towards the Portanarium or gate is less than in the left side toward the Colon because in the right side the Liver taketh up a greater room than the Colon placed in the left also it s lower part is in the right side lest otherwise the Orifices should bee direct both that the meat might bee the better retained and that the Choler from the gall might the more easily enter into the Duodenum continued to the lower part of it It s substance is nervous by predomination its colour appears its shape is round arched after the manner of a * Or Morescan Mores Goard its quantity is apparent It hath Colligancy with the heart by Arteries with the Liver and Spleen by veins with the Brain by the descendent nerves it is fastned to the Anus by the Intestines and to the mouth by means of the Gula it is fastned to the Zirbus toward the former part it hath two Tunicles the innermost is more sinowy by reason of the appetite and more gross rugged and hard because it meeteth with hard meats it is harder in the upper part and also more sensible it hath an outward Tunicle more subtil enclining a little to the nature of flesh the innermost is some way nourished by the Chilus the outermost is nourished by Venaportae the innermost hath towards its inside long fibers serving for attraction and towards its outside it hath oblique fibers for retention the outermost hath broad fibers for expulsion The bottome of it serveth for the digestive faculty by means of the outermost Pannicle and by means of the heat of those parts which are about it yet it hath a proper hidden vertue of digestion as the Matrix of generating and the Liver of making blood the upper part of it serveth for the appetite by the help of melancholy milking it self into its mouth from the Spleen and for this cause it is often found black The Ventricle hath also a common Tunicle involving it and fastning it to the Back arising from the Peritoneon which is grosser than any other member contained in the lower belly except the Mesentereon in that part wherein it is doubled and it is so in the Ventricle because of the extension that it hath in victuals The body of it is fastned with its upper Orifice to the back to wit between the twelve and thirteenth of the Spondiles of the back which Orifice is properly called the Stomach and there are applied Medicines for the comforting of the appetite and this Orifice is in the very lower part of the Gula or Meri which by penetrating the Diafragma is continued upwards to the extream part of the mouth especially with its innermost pannicle and this Orifice is shu● up by the Diafragma lest in the inclination of the body the meat might easily return back it is also fastned to the back by its lower part that is by the Pyluron or otherwise Pyloron or Portanarium in that place where the Duodenum is fastned to the back by the Mesenterion but the rest of it is loose and is easily moved any way this Portanarium is higher than the bottom that contains the food lest the meat might too easily fall downward In number it is one member its complexion by the parts compounding it is cold and dry Its helps are to cause appetite to retain and to concoct the food and to give the gross part to the intestines but the good and digested to other members by means of the Liver It suffereth passions of all sorts and through the great sence of it the heart and brain doe suffer with it Of the Spleen Splen a suppleo dic quia vacuum locum ex contraria parte Jecoris supplet HAving left the Ventricle in its place for the seeing of the Venae portae wee must mind the anatomy of the Spleen or Milt and first you shall see it placed in the left Hypochondrion cleaving to the Ventricle with its little concave part and with its Gibbous part touching the ribs towards the back and sides it is covered with the Peritoneon But you may lift up the Corps as if it sate that you may the better see the situation of it which is under the Diafragma immediately in the Hypochondrion especially in a living body but in a dead body lying along it seemeth to bee under the ribs because its heavinesse doth easily drive the Diafragma to the upper parts for the Lungs are empty and loose easily yeelding you may also break up some of the false ribs that you may the better see the situation of the Spleen you may likewise doe so in the Anatomy of the Liver for the aforesaid cause this manner likewise would bee somewhat convenient in shewing the situation of the Stomach which also in a dead body lying along seemeth through the emptinesse of the Lungs to bee under the bones of the brest with some of its upper part more than it is naturally in a living body It s shape is square somewhat like a half Moon of a loose substance it hath colligancy with the Heart by great arteries which you must mark making thin the gross bloud which being made thin nourisheth the Spleen it is fastned to the Liver by a branch of the Porta to the braine by nerves to the Mesentereon and Omentum by veins and to Siphac by the pannicle covering it to the stomach by many veins some wherof doe nourish the left part of the Ventricle and one doth milk out melancholy unto the mouth thereof its quantity is known its complexion is ordained hot and moyst and is appointed opposite for that which is contained in it in number it is one member it is helpful to the whole body by purging the mass of bloud from the dreggs and for that cause it provoketh laughter sometimes it maketh bloud it stirreth up appetite it helpeth the digestion of the Stomack it suffereth every kind of Disease and there is sometimes in it a special impediment of its course and strong motion and it is held that that part being taken away by a wound Creatures doe sometimes live and there are some that think that through the greatnesse of it laughter hath been quite hindred and that it hath sometimes changed place with the Liver but very strangely Of the Liver HAving seen the aforesaid 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ab 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 id est operari sanguinem parts you must raise up the Corps as it is afore made plain ●hat the Liver may shew its situation which is immediately under the Diafragma in the right Hypochondrion it is great in a man because hee is a hot and moyst Creature it is of a Moon-like shape its concave part is toward the Ventricle but its gibbous part is touching the ribs
through which the Sperm entreth which are two one on the right side another on the left not much distant from the hollowness of the Bladder you shall also see the body of the Yard hollow or pory to the likeness of a Spunge not very hollow but somewhat compact Of the Rectum THe aforesaid things being noted you must bee mindful of the place of the Intestine Rectum left before for the Anatomy of the Anus which you shall observe to bee in the hollowness of the little Trough and is terminated within the Buttocks in the place called Anus from whence by the order of Nature those excrements of the first digestion goe forth the higher part of it reacheth to the left side where it is fastned to the Intestine Colon You shall also consider its quantity which is apparent and it● Shape situation and number you have seen afore it hath Colligancy with the Heart with the Liver and the Brain with the Bladder in a man and with the Matrix in a woman Consider also its Complexion which is cold therefore it is between the Buttocks lest it shoul● be offended by cold After this divide it according to the length and having very well washed it you shall observe its inversion which is ascendi●● from the outermost part to the i●side the space of four fingers or thereabouts for oftentimes you shall see the end of its inversion and sometimes you may not see it this inversion cleanseth it from the Excrements because in the avoyding the excrements the Rectum doth somewhat descend and this is best seen in Horses avoyding their excrements 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 stringo est musculus The lower extremity of it is called Anus and Podex and Sphincter and it hath many other names recited by mee in my Commentaries upon the Anatomy of Mundinus It s substance is fleshy and Pannicular which is made more fleshy with its Muscles there is in it some fatnesse toward the outside in it there are many broad and long Fibers few Oblique the long are without and within helping the expulsion by drawing downward In it there are Four Muscles one is in its extream Orifice being mixed with the Cutis and dispersed throughout with it which constringeth the Anus on every side by which means it cometh to passe that the dung may bee wholly cleansed from it there is another Muscle more within being raised toward a mans head which Muscle hath two heads and is here continued with the root of the Yard the benefit of it is strictly to bind the extream part of the Anus after them there is one pair of Muscles reaching over-thwart above the others whose help is to raise the Rectum upward which being mollified there is caused the falling down of the Rectum without between the Buttocks for a certain distance In the extreamity of this Inrestine there appear many Veins in some notable in some hidden which are called Hemorroidales flowing by fits which consider Those Veins have their beginnings from the branches of the Vein Chilis descending nourishing the muscles of the Anus many do use the Flux of them instead of Purgation neither are they made very weak by it The helps of the Anus are to bring forth the Dung in due time its muscles help the Parastata in the sending forth of Sperm in Copulation whereof it is a sign because some are at once copulating and avoiding excrements They also help the Bladder in the sending forth the Urine The Anus suffereth passions of all sorts all which are hard to bee cured and amongst the rest the extreamity of the Rectum falleth down and in like manner the Matrix which wee bring back by Stiptick means there are also bred coudylomata or certain little swellings The ficus and also fungi likewise Marisca and Ragadas or Ragadiae which are wont to proceed of Inflammation yet sometimes a lascivious wantonness of Luxury and Burning Lust doth cause these Diseases in both Sexes seeking by-ways nature being neglected not without the injury of it and the Divine Majesty Of the Matrix not praegnant Matrix a matre quae a materia dic quod ibi materia speciem conservans inseritur THe Members contained in the Lower belly of a man being seen I pass unto the Anatomising of a woman in which the Anatomy of the Matrix is to bee seen and of their Testicles with the Seminary vessels and their Bladder The Matrix which is also called Vulva hath two parts to wit a Receptacle or Sinus or hollowness and Cervix or Collum a Neck and it is a Member created of Nature for increase the substance of its Receptacle is Sinnowy mixed of the Chords of a Ligament and confused flesh therfore it is a little sensible and it is compounded of one onely Tunicle circumvolved with the Peritoneon and it is Sinnowy that it might bee extended in Copulations and that it might bee gathered together to a little quantity in the Birth also all its hollowness is moved to the Center in the receiving of the Sperm and embraceth and toucheth it with its sides But the substance of its Neck is of Lacertous flesh as it were Cartilagineous having wr●●ckle upon wrinckle which do give delight by Friction in Copulations this part is sensible enough It s hollowness is called Uterus and Venter and Receptaculum faetus It s fastning which is the Orifice of the Neck is called Pudendum Muliebre and Vulva and Natura and Os Genitale In this N●ck is the Yard placed in Copulations Between the Neck and the Receptacle within is a certain pellicular substance fleshy sensible enough perforated in the middle that may be dilated and constringed called Os Matricis the Mouth of the Matrix having the form of a Mullets head otherwise of Cephalus or of the Tench fish or of a new bred Puppy which in Copulations and Births and Menstrues is opened by the order of nature but at other times especially when it is pregnant it is so shut that a small needle cannot enter into it unless with violence The Shape of its Neck is very long round hollow it is as much unviolated as is the Yard of him that doth copulate therewith but in a Virgin it is less This hath about the middle of it the Virginal pannicle like a Net woven together of small Ligaments and very many Veins which one violated is without because it is broke in the first copulation with a man this Pannicle is called Eugion and Cento and Imen To the extream part of the Neck on the sides are added Skins which are called Praeputia Within the Neck a little towards Os Pectinis doth enter a short Neck of the Bladder whose Orifice is shut up of certain small fleshy and pannicular Additaments of which and of the aforesaid Praeputia by reason of the Ayr there is caused some noise in making water The Shape of the Receptacle is Quadrangular with some roundness hollow below as the
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 intersepire itaque latine dicitur Septum transver sum inter spiritualia naturalia dividens perfectly unless inc●sing the Ribs you open the Breast in that manner which shall bee spoken of below Of the Septum transversum or Diafragma the Midriff THe parts containing being seen the contained do follow and first is to be seen a Pannicular muscle called Diafragma Secondly the Pannicle Mediastinus Thirdly the Pannicle called Capsula and Receptaculum Cordis the Receptacle of the Heart after those Members shall be seen the Heart and the residue of the parts contained in the Breast I say that within the body between the upper and the middle belly is a certain substance pannicular and fleshy fastned to the Back about the twelfth Spondile which is fastned to the Back toward the fore-part alwaies by the extremities of the false Ribs untill it is terminated and bound to the end of the lower Furcula of the Breast and so it divideth the natural members from the vital and this member is called Septum transversum and Paries and Phrenes and Diafragma and Galen in his Book de Voce Anhclitu calleth it Percordium which is a Muscle and not a Pannicle yet it executeth the office of a Pannicle in defending the Heart and the upper members from the stinking vapours fuming up from the members of nutrition its fleshy part is at the extream parts of it and its Chord is in the center of it united to the Lungs because by that Situation it serveth to move it To this is the Pannicle Pleura fastned throughout toward the upper part and in the same manner the Sifac is fastned to it below it is perforated toward the Back by the Vein Chilis ascending from which there do remain in it two Veins nourishing it one on the right the other on the left the Artery Aorta descending doth also perforate it toward rhe Back and the Gula or Merum which is immediately fastned to the Ventricle toward the Lower Belly It s shape and quantity appear its Substance Colligancy and Situation are spoken of yet it is fastned to the Heart by small Arteries and to the Brain by three pair of Nerves whereof two come from the Nuca and one from the Brain and those appear sometimes notable It s complexion is hot and moist its helps are in part spoken of yet Galen said that in it is the beginning of respiration and of all the strength of the body and these helps hee first found out it helpeth also in expelling from the Stomach and from the Intestines and from the Matrix some matters contained in them it also provoketh laughter according to some by moving the minde in ticklings beside the will It suffereth passions of all sorts its solution is deadly Of the Mediastinus Mediastinus eo quod hunc ventrem medi● dividit AFter the Anatomy of the Diafragma cometh the Pannicle Mediastinus so called because it divideth the void places of the Breast in the middle according to the length it hath also other names for the seeing of which first separate the bones of the Breast from the Ribs on the right side and on the left in like manner lest you should hurt the parts contained in the Breast separate also the Diafragma before from the bones of the Breast and you shall observe that Pannicle to divide the Breast from the bottome to the top and from before backward its substance is pannicular its figure and quantity appear its Situation is spoken of in number they are two Pannicles notably distant toward the fore-part having in them a notable hollowness but toward the Back it appeareth one onely it hath Colligancy with the Pleura from which according to some it hath its Original it hath also Colligancy with the Diafragma and with the Back and with the Lungs by means of a Pannicle risen from the Pleura it hath also Colligancy with the Meri witness Avicen and also with the bones of the Breast it hath Colligancy also with the Brain by Nerves with the Heart by Arteries with the Liver by Veins its complexion is cold and dry its helps are to divide the Breast and the Lungs through the middle that if hurt should happen to one part it might not happen to the other it also defendeth the upper Furculaes from it there is also a conservation of the heat of the Heart it endureth passions of all sorts Of the Capsula Cordis In qua ut in capsula Cor includitur THe aforesaid things being seen you must put away the formost bones of the Breast separating them from the former part of the Pannicle Mediastinus which leave in its place untill you have seen the Anatomy of the Lungs take away also the tops of the Ribs on both sides that yee may have large room for the seeing of the other parts and in that Section you shall well consider the bones of the Breast and also the Pleura but leave the Diafragma whole where you can fastned in its place especially to the Back that the Nerves coming to it from above may bee seen and that the Colligancy of the Gula or Meri with it might bee seen Those things being taken away you shall see the Lungs in the middle whereof is one Pannicle fastned to the Mediastinus which is hard and gross that it might the better defend the Heart from outward things the shape whereof is even as the Bowel contained of it called the Heart which is hollow and like a Pouch and therefore it is called Capsula a little Coffer in which there is the Heart it self and water in a notable quantity bedewing it and hindring lest it should bee dried up by its strong heat which if it be exhaust there is caused Morbus Cardiacus or the passion of the Heart whereby a living creature is brought to a consumption as it hapned to Galens Ape this Capsula is very sensible and perhaps was perfectly bred at the first with the Heart It s substance situation shape and helps have been spoken of in number it is one its quantity appeareth it is fastned to the pannicular roots of the Heart and to the Pleurs and Mediastinus and Diafragma by their Pellicles to the Liver by Veins to the Heart by Arteries to the Brain by Nerves its native complexion is cold and dry but influent hot because it is next the Heart it suffereth pa●sions of all sorts Leave in their place the aforesaid Capsula and Mediastinus and Diafragma untill you have seen the Anatomy of the descending Nerves which as they descend to the lower belly do send branches to the aforesaid Members as it shall be spoken hereafter Of the Heart Cor a Cura quia in eo omnis sollicitude scienti●●ausa manet AFter the Capsula the Heart doth occur in the Anatomy of which and also of the Lungs and of some parts of the Head and Neck I will proceed more largely by
reason of their artificial composition and operation For the dignity of the Heart is of more value than other parts for of al the members it is the most principal and is called Sol Microcosmi the Sun of the little world for it illuminateth the other members by its Spirit for this hath a special heat it doth certainly pant and hath motion as a living creature therefore it is reported to bee the first thing formed in young ones in the womb after that the Brain and Liver the eies as it pleaseth some but very slowly but that these do dye first but the Heart last this member onely is not putrified by hurts neither is it free from the punishments of life but being notably hurt it presently bringeth death and the life remaineth in that though the other parts be corrupt and for this cause that creature liveth not in whose Heart there may be found a hurt as it is in other parts And creatures which have a little Heart are bold but they are fearful which have a great one as by the proportion to Mice to the Hare to the Asse to the Stagg and to all fearful creatures or through fear hurtfull but a great Heart endued with much Spirit doth make them more bold than others It is reported that some men have been born with a hairy Heart and these are more bold and stronger than others as for Example Aristomenes Messanius which slew three hundred Lacedemonians and hee when he was wounded and taken at length escaped getting away through a Cave of Foxes being taken the second time hee being adventurous escaped the third time being ensnared the Lacedemonians cut open his Breast for the cause of seeing his man-hood and his Heart was found hairy All creatures also have a Heart that have a Midriff and blood Witness Aristotle 2 de Histor cap. 15. but in some it cannot bee discerned by reason of its smalness The Situation of the Heart is in the middle of the Breast within the Lungs in man onely it declineth to the left Papp with its lower part lest it should meet with the bones of the Breast which are not carinated as in Beasts but compressed into breadth It hath the shape of a Pyramidis but the gibbous part is not chiefly such because it is hot following the form of fire but because it is a perfect mixt body having life it possesseth a shape competent to its work It s upper part wherewith it reacheth to the upper members and is fastned to the Back is broad and this part is the more noble of the parts of the Heart because the life of a living creature is conserved by the means of two Orifices of Arteries of the left side coming from that part but the bottom doth gather it self into a sharp figure and goeth out almost into a swords point and in the former part it is eminent Also its gibbous part is toward the upper parts of the Breast and it is of such a shape that its upper and lower building might bee good and that there might not be a superfluity in it apt to hinder its continual motion and that in the end of it it might be gathered into one point that that which is hurt with the touching of the bones might be the least of the parts of it that it might take the less hurt It s substance is of simple flesh every where solid but it hath part of its point and the left side of it of grosser flesh that it might conserve the Spirit placed there and that it might equal the weightiness of the blood contained in the right Ventricle with its weight whose walls are lighter than of the left Ventricle In its hollow places are very many white Ligaments there being many Caruncles and Pellicles or doors of the Vein Chilis and they are fastned to the Vena Arteriosa Also the Heart is involved in a subtile and firm membrane with some fatness which do keep and strengthen the substance and heat of it and being dried they hinder it In the top of it where it cleaveth to the Back are two tugged and hollow Pellicles called Auriculares which are united to the houses or Ventricles of it to wit to the right and left taking and keeping the superfluent Spirit and blood like a good S●eward and restoring it in necessities Nature hath ordained those Auriculae that they filling up places of the Hearts greatness might receive the Blood and Spirit sometimes over-flowing in the Heart by which it might have had filled up the places of other members near unto it Also by its greatness it had been heavy unfit for motion and likewise if it should bee very great it would often be empty by reason of the want of Spirit and Blood and consequently weak as ● fearful creatures having a great Heart to wit wanting Blood and Spirit in the proportion Its roots are fastned to the top of it which are solid and hard and as it were cartilagincous that its continual motion upon these might be nimble In the Heart also are Fibers of many shapes and placed after a diverse manner that it might sustain continual and strong motions which are natural and not voluntary and therefore there is not any lacert in it In the upper part of it about the outside is one Vein proceeding from Chilis obliquely branching it self to the least parts towards the Mucro which nourisheth it There also are two pulsant Veins proceeding from Aort● spreading abroad toward the outside one is in the same place wherein is the aforesaid Vein not pulsant which giveth life to i● another is spread in the right Ventricle and bringeth the vital virtue to it it also concocteth and giveth life to the blood continually entting in there and by means of that the Liver is vented by the Chilis in its gibbous part and conserveth its own vitality It hath a three-fold Sinus or hollow place or little house or V●●tricle the right is bigger than 〈◊〉 left and the left cometh unto the extreamity of its point but the right is ended a little below that place Between them is a wall gross and thick called of Galen Diafragma in which are many small holes going from the right Sinus into the left being broader from the right than to the left those holes are dilated whilest that the Heart is abbreviated and opened and they are shut up whilest it is lengthened and shut by this means the blood being rarified and prepared goeth from the right unto the left where it is compleatly turned into the vital Spirit These Orifices are counted of Physicians for the middle Sinus Galen witness Avicen calleth that Sinus a ditch and passage and not a Ventricle that it might be the Receptacle of the nutriment wherewith the Heart is nourished which nutriment is thick and strong like to the substance of it ●●d it is the mine of the Spirit begotten in it of subtile blood and it prevaileth that the more temperate blood is
growing alwayes less descendeth to all the parts of it even unto the Pannicle inclusively envolving it from the Faringa or Epiglottis through the foremost part of the Neck united to the Gula this is hard and alwayes open and also bigger than the rest and it is compounded of very many Cartilagea each whereof is united one near to the other by pannicular ligaments and this is called Trachea and Aspera arteria and Laringa and Bronchium its Cartilages in the Lungs are entire and also annilar but in the Neck they are incompleat and in the manner of a C. From their Magnitude and Figure it is judged in the Hawkings of them whether there bee Ulcers in the extream parts of the Lungs or in the middle or in the neck Between these Cartilages and in all the Trachea within and without there is a Pannicle of a mean substance perfectly circular fastned to the jawes and mouth in which are Vills lengthning and ●●ortning the Trachea in the motions of the Lungs The helps of this Pannicle is also to defend those Cartilages from the going in of extraneal things it is also a pacifier of the voyce in the going out This Pipe doth not carry bloud as others but only Air also by this alone the unnatural things contained in the brest are purged out having entred into it in the time of the dilatation of the Lungs by the thin Pannicle involving it therefore is there caused an expulsion of Sanies and other unnatural things to the mouth and without the Heart not being troubled This Pipe also possesseth a middle situation among the rest on the right side of it is the quiet Vein but on the left side the Pulsant Vein but the Pulsant Vein toward the former parts without the Heart doth immediately enter into the substance of the Lungs lest by reason of the motion of it because it is subtile it should receive solution but the Vein not pulsant because it is double-coated and strong doth not immediately enter the Lungs but first compassing about the Trachea it also entreth the Lungs reaching toward the hinder parts In this Bowel onely the pulsant Vein hath not without cause changed substance with the not pulsant for the Vein not pulsant called Arterial in other members is single in the Lungs double-coated first lest it should bee broken by the continual motion thereof secon●ly that it might also contain subtile blood nourishing the flesh of the Lungs and also the Trachea But the pulsant Vein called the venal Artery is of a single coat nimble in motion that it might obey dilatation and constriction in a short space this bringeth Ayr to the Heart and carrieth it out in it also there is spiritual blood nourishing the Lungs as some would have it but it is rather giving it life its branches are united or joyned together with the branches of the Trachea through which the Lungs giveth Ayr to the Heart but the Heart not being unthankfull giveth life and nutrition unto that The branches of this Vein are so narrow that the blood cannot pierce through them to the Trachea and therefore they are passable to the Ayr but impassable to the blood but if they be notably opened the blood floweth from them to the Trachea and perhaps as some would have it from the branche ●f the Vein not pulsant blood also floweth into the Trachea whereby is caused spitting of blood without the solution of the Veins of the Breast nevertheless the pulsant Vein is more apt to this Every one of the aforesaid vessels in their first entrance of the Lungs is divided into five branches always growing less throughout all the parts thereof and multiplying their branches two are in the left side and three on the right whereof one less than the rest goeth to the little Lobe on the right side cleaving more to the Back which as wee said before is a Coverlet to the Chilis ascending The shape of the Lungs is like unto an Oxes hoof in number some think that they are two members united into one in such wise that it appeareth one Lung with five Lobes divided into two like parts that one being hurt the other might remain firm in the hinder part it is longer than before following the situation of the Midriff in number it is one the quantity of it the situation and colligancy appear its complexion is hot from the part of its contents and place but by accident because of the Flegms remaining i● it it is cold its helps are to serve the Heart by preparation and carrying it serveth also to the breathing and to the voice and in like manner to speech and its little Lobe serveth to the Chilis ascending it suffereth passions of all sorts Of the Anatomy of some parts of Collum ex 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 membrum ● secundum eminentiam quia capitis basis aut fulcrum alii a colle quia ascendit ab humeris collis more the Neck and of the pulsant and quiet Veins inclusively ascending from the Liver and the Heart even unto the Head and Hands THe aforesaid things being seen in the Section of parts the Trachea should first occurre and the Epiglottis and also the Gula nevertheless these for the present cannot well be seen unless the Anatomy of the Neck and some parts of the Face be set before which being seen wee will speak of the parts aforesaid the Lungs therefore being dispatched reserve some of the upper fleshy part of it for the seeing of the Trunck of the Trachea Arteria laying aside the rest except the fifth Lobe of it which cleaveth to the Back keep also a certain glandule neer unto it which is called morum and timum that the situation of the Chilis and the ascendent Artery upon these may be seen to which these two members are a coverlet you shall also keep the Heart and its Capsula and the Pannicle Mediastinus and the Stomach and also the Midriff for the enquiring of other things of them Those things being kept for better orders sake I come first unto the speech of the Neck and I term the Neck to be an Organical member noble and very necessary to a man for the members contained in it which witness Aristotle 3 de partibus Cap. 3. is made for the Trachea serving to the Lungs and for the Gula But Galen in his eighth book de juvamentis Cap. 1. saith that it is principally for the Lungs because creatures wanting a Neck want Lungs as Fishes but he addeth that the Neck is the way of those members which descend from above downward of ●hem which ascend from below upward those which descend are the Nerves the Gula some muscles and the Nuca but the ascending are the pulsant Veins and the quiet and the Nuca is contained of the Spondiles that it may bee safe from outward hurts and that hollowness which is between the parts of the Veins and Arteries is filled by glandules remaining
of flebotomizing these Veins is thus first let the lower Belly of the Patient be bound between the Ilia and Hypochondria with a girdle decently binding let him also hold his mouth shut in expelling the air from the Breast then let the Patient decline his head to the contrary side that is to bee let bloud because by doing so the Vein swelleth as a Chord extended and with a fit instrument holding the Vein firm with the hand or other device the Vein must be peirced in the more eminent place Authors commend such a Section to bee made according to the breadth nevertheless I would doe it obliquely and let not the quantity of bloud bee superfluous neither let it bee done the second time and let the Work-man have with him powders constringent for stopping of Bloud as Bole-Armonick Sanguis Draconis the hairs of a Hare Mummy the barks of Frankinsence Aloes and the like and among all let him have Vitriol or Colcotar also Soot is praised and burnt Beans and Paper burnt Skins and the likc to these the white of an Egge well beaten being always laid over and with decent Ligature and the Patient lying with his head lifted up for eight days with light sleep and decent diet as farre as it shall seem good to the lawful Physician Of the Anatomy of the descending and the Reversive Nerves THe Anatomy of the Veins ascending Nervus ex 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quod ex 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 nuto flecto quia Nervi instrumenta voluntarii motus Gal from the Liver upward being dispatched in which also many things have been spoken of the Arteries ascending I return to the descendent Nerves from which the Reversives doe arise and I say that in the lateral parts of the Neck a little under the Ears between or under some Muscles are notable Veins and Arteries as it was manifested before to which on both sides there doth adhere one notable Nerve called Descendent these Nerves the Ancients did call Apoplecticos and not well because they did not know the operations of them witness Galen in his Book De Voce anhelitu And these Nerves doe arise principally from the sixth pair of the Nerves of the Brain and they rise also from the third and descend perpendicularly because in such sort they must move the members These Nerves are compounded of many branches whereof some by descending witness Galen are spread abroad to the Heart and to its Capsula to the Mediastinus and likewise to the Breast in the roots of the Ribs and some notable enough to the mouth of the Stomach and to the Diafragma and some lesser to the Liver to the Spleen to the Kidnies and to other sensible members of the lower Bellies to which also doe goe certain Nerves obliquely descending from the Nuke and from those Nerves descending some notable branches are again turned back upward which are called Reversivi and Retro Redeuntes which are commonly called the Nerves of the Voyce and they reach toward the Epiglottis binding themselves with certain of its muscles whose heads are placed at the lower parts of its body Some branches also of the aforesaid descendent Nerves besides those Reversives doe goe likewise by descending to some of the Muscles of the Epiglottis the heads whereof are turned upward and they are Reversives as it pleaseth some with their muscles they shut the cartilage Cymbalaris and Glotida but the muscles of the descending Nerves doe move other Cartilages and also they open the Cymbalaris From the seventh pair also and from the Nuca doe come Nerves to the muscles of the Epiglottis which doe move it obliquely witnesse Galen Those Nerves are two one right the other left nevertheless they are divided into very many Fibers or branches as it appears because of the many members to which they goe Their quantity and colour is apparent their complexion and substance is such as of other Nerves yet the Reversives are drier and harder because they are to bear notable and as it were continual motions especially when they shut the Epiglottis to which shutting there is required a stronger motion than to the opening of it because there are more muscles opening than shutting it also the motion of the Heart of the Lungs and of the Breast doth open it and therefore that such Nerves should bee strong Nature hath set them afarre off from the moyst Brain from which by how much the more they are distant by so much the more drier are they and they pass near unto the Heart about the Artery where perhaps by reason of its heat they doe obtain driness and hardness and they are turned back upward that by drawing downward they might shut the Epiglottis which when they are relaxed many other muscles helping the Epiglottis is opened Their situation is on the sides of the Neck descending to the aforesaid members but the Nerves which are called Reversivi in the left side begin to bee turned back to the upper parts when they meet with the great Artery Aorta in the place a little above the Heart where that Artery is first forked and beginneth to bee turned back through the Breast to the lower members about which great branch descending is made the motion of the attraction and relaxation of those Nerves and that bifurcation of the Artery is to those Nerves as a wheel upon which water is drawn from a Well with a cord and this place as well on the left as on the right about which these reversive Nerves are moved or to which they are joyned in their motion is called of Galen Diablum and Flexor it is also called of some Girgilus and Bachan and Galen in his eighth Book De juvamentis cap. 2. doth resemble that reversion of the Nerves to those that with Horses in a Camp are turned back to the way from which they first came and saith that it is as it were a turning back of a thing upon a small wheel and in the seventh De Utilitate cap. 14. hee saith that he first of all found out those Nerves placed in that manner and their Muscles having the heads of them downward He saith also that that reversion of those Nerves sheweth that the Nerves have their original from the Brain and not from the Heart as Aristotle did think for if the Nerves should have their beginning from the Heart those Reversives should come from it and not from the Brain as it appeareth to sence And to those Reversive Nerves of the right side Nature hath also made the Girgilus or that wheel which shee made in the left side of one sufficiently noted branch of the Artery ascending being obliqued toward the right Arm-pit about the upper Furcula of the Breast of the right side which Artery goeth to the right Arm to which branch it hath joyned other Pellicles remaining there that it might bee strong because this branch is not so great as is that about which the reversive Nerves of the
about the Diafragma but higher and toward the sides and the back It s substance is the flesh of it and the net woven of the Veines dispersed in it and its flesh is coagulated bloud it hath five Loabes sometimes four and three and sometime two In the hollow part of it is one Veine called Porta which entreth into it with five branches which toward its gibbous part are dispersed throughout the whole body even to the least members that the Chylus divided in them to the least members might the better be transformed into bloud Also in the hollow part is a little Cistis or bladder cleansing the bloud from Choler before it pass unto the gibbous part also in the hollow part the Vena Umbelicalis entreth into the Vena Portae to nourish the young one in the Mothers wombe In the gibbous part is one Vein called Chilis dispersed also with five branches through the whole body of it unto the least members the least branches of this Chilis are joyned or united with the branches of Porta and they suck from them bloud purified from Choler and Melancholy but mixed with wateriness which requireth a farther decoction in the gibbous part The Liver hath vent in its gibbous part of the Septum transversum and of the Vena Chilis ascending by it to the heart by which it is fastned unto it it hath also small Arteries in the hollow part of it by which it is vented These Arteries come from Aorta which is neer there and are difficult to bee seen it is fastned to the Metaphraenum by its pannicle suspending and to the Abdomen by the Vena Vmbelicalis to the braine by a Nerve but by the means of a pannicle risen from the Peritoneon of which it is circumvolved it hath also colligancy with every member that hath a vein its complexion is hot and moyst in number it is one its parts are proper flesh the Vena Porta Vena Chilis and Arteries a Nerve with a pannicle and the Cistis of choler its operation is the making of Bloud its proper passion is the Dropsie yet it suffereth every kind of disease Of the Vena Portae WIthout the substance of the Porta quia per totum corpus portat sanguinem Liver is Vena Portae so called of a witty man according to its nature Galen being witnesse and from him hath the name remained untill now which Hippocrates and all the company of Asclepias have commended because its branches doe carry the food before laboured in the belly unto that place of the digestion for the whole Creature which we call the Liver This vein without the Liver hath eight parts two are small six greater one of the lesser hath two branches one nourisheth the Duodenum and the other the Mesenterion close to the Duodenum The other lesser vein nourisheth the Ventricle about the Portanarium The first of the six greater nourisheth the outermost broad part of the Ventricle The second with some branches goeth towards the Spleen from which first branch goeth to nourish the Mesenterion forthwith one other great branch goeth to the Spleen which in the way is divided into more branches of which one great one doth nourish the left lower part of the Ventricle This same branch goeth on entring into the Spleen and ●t sendeth from ●t two branches one of which ascendeth the other descendeth of the ascending there are three parts one part nourisheth the Spl●e● another nouri heth the upper part of the Ventricle the other part passeth to the mouth of the Ventricle milking into it Melancholy for the stirring up of the appetite which for the most part goeth forth with the excrements thorough the ●ntestines The aforesaid descending Vein is divided into two parts one branch nourisheth the Spleen the other goeth to the Omentum in the left side and nourisheth that The third branch of the six aforesaid goeth on the left side for the succouring of the Intestine Rectum Also the fourth branch of the six greater is spread into capillary branches whereof some go to nourish the right side of the Ventricle and some to nourish the right side of the Omentum The fifth goeth to the Mesenterion in that place where it is fastned to the Colon. But the sixth goeth to the Mesenterion in that part where it is fastned with its branches to the Jejunum and Ileon which are called the Meseraick veins and this is very large The substance of these veins is such as of others their quantity and their principal number and situation and shape and Colligancy are manifest their complexion is cold and dry but by reason of that which is contained it is hot and moist their help is to bring the afore-laboured meat to the Liver it also with its branches beginneth the second digestion it also carrieth nutriment to the Ventricle to the Spleen and Omentum and it nourisheth the Intestines it suffereth passions of all sorts and especially opilations and also the opening of his Meseraicks and sometime scissures and it suffereth with the Liver in all the diseases of it Of the Cistis containing Choler which is called Fel the Gall. THe Cistis of Choler called the Fel quod folliculu● gestans bilem Gall is a purse or sack in the hollow part of the Liver cleaving to a loab in the middle it is compounded of a pannicular substance which is thin solid and without blood having onely one Tunicle covered with the Pannicle which covereth the Liver in it there are fibers of all sorts in the inside it hath long and oblique fibers on the outside broad It s substance is thin because it digesteth not any thing and it is hard that it may resist the sharpness of the Choler it hath one Pore entring immediately into its purse which is called communis being greater than others which according to the opinions of some is divided into three parts One goeth to the Liver continued with the Vena Portae from which it draweth Choler by narrow passages in that Pore there are onely long fibers One other Pore goeth towards the Intestines which is double at a certain distance whereof one part goeth to the Duodenum towards the Jejunum that it may cleanse the Intestines from flegm and excrements by the sharpness of the Choler sent thorow it and that Pore entreth in the Duodenum * A Diagone is a line in Geometry drawn from one corner to another Diagonally between two Tunicles of it lest that Choler and those things which are contained in the Intestine should go back and stop it Another according to some goeth to the Pyloron of the Ventricle to comfort the digestion with its Choler which if it bee much maketh a man miserable by the continual vomiting of Choler but some do deny this Pore by the common neck is caused its attraction and expulsion It s quantity and shape appear in number it is one member and it is fastned to the heart by a small Artery which it
hath and to the Brain by a small nerve its native complexion is cold and dry Its helps are to purge the blood from Choler and to make hot the digestion of the Liver and to keep it from putrefaction it doth also comfort the Ventricle and cleanseth it from flegm and helpeth the expulsive vertue of the Intestines sometimes a man is without a gall but this man is of a feeble health and of a shorter life It suffereth passions of all sorts its proper passion is opilation by which is caused Morbus regius or * Yellow Jaundice Icteritiae and if there is opilation in the common Pore and the body bee not purged of Choler then are caused cholerical diseases of divers sorts yet the excrements may bee coloured But if there bee an opilation in the neck reaching to the Intestines and unto the Portanarium then the excrements are discoloured and also the Choler is not purged from the Cistis but doth flow back to the Liver and doth cause many cholerical diseases And if there bee opilation in the neck towards the Liver the excrements may bee coloured for some time and it will also cause cholerical diseases of divers sorts but the opilation continuing the excrements will bee discoloured Wee have spoke of other things in the Comments upon Mundinus Of the great Vein Chilis and Aorta descending and emulgent THe aforesaid parts being seen you may put away the Mesenterion the Spleen and the Liver 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 pasco quia partes sanguine ut mater venarum pascit 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quod vas signific ab 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 tollo qu●a ut vas sanguinem vitalem per totum tollit of whose gibbous part reserve that from which the great chanel of Vena Chilis doth immediately go forth that you may see the beginning of it but leaving the Ventricle in its place unpuffed up that some other parts of it may also bee seen In the first place you shall see a great vein go forth of the gibbous part of the Liver which is called Parigiba and Chilis and Concava and Mater venarum from which the blood is dispensed to all the parts of a living creature by means of its branches which are the receptacles of it this vein is subtile full of pores and gentle not double-coated as the Arteria Aorta lest it should too long time contain the blood which is gross but that it should quickly nourish the members it is also such because it is without motion but an Artery carrieth subtile blood which of some is called the vital spirit this doth continually systolize and diastolize therefore it is hard gross and compact lest it should bee broken and it is such that it may a long time contain the subtile blood contained in it which by reason of its motion is disposed to solution The upper part of this Vein ascendeth to the heart and further perforating the Diafragma which is called Chilis ascendens of which it shall bee spoken in its place This same Vein directly descendeth cleaving to the back and is called Chilis descendens which the great Artery descending doth accompany called Aorta which observe with diligence together with the Vein but the Vein is above the Artery and they are both envolved in the Peritoneon In the descent of both of them their branches are first divided which go to the swadling-bands or pannicles of the Kidneis but when they are in the direct of the Reins the Vein and likewise the Artery send from them one notable branch on the right side another on the left which are continued in the Reins These branches are called Emulgents for the most part the right branch is higher than the left because it must be neer to the Liver that it may quickly cleanse it from the Wateriness contained in the Chilis And the left is lower that its Kidney might give place to the Spleen which is lower than the Liver Those Orifices are not direct that by the first might be drawn from members at hand by the second from members afa● off and lest their attraction should bee hindring to one another In like manner from that Vein and from the great Artery under the Kidneis are many other Veins and Arteries separated which nourish the Rectum the Bladder the Matrix and the parts neer unto them In like manner in the direct of every Spondile one branch from each of them enter into it and is dispersed in the muscles neer unto them also of the aforesaid branches between every Spondile do enter very small branches which do feed the Nuca and the Pannicles Ligaments and Spondiles which envolve and fasten the same Nuca as you shall see in the dissection of them of the aforesaid branches some also go to the muscles and to the membrane of the Abdomen This Vein and likewise the Artery about Os sacrum beneath the Spondiles of the Reins is forked into two equal parts to the form of a greek letter which is called Lambda λ Some call those two-forked Arteries Sempiternal in which do enter two Umbelical Arteries one whereof is on the right side the other on the left which descend in them to the sides of the Bladder Those two-forked Veins and Arteries one on the right side the other on the left descending toward the Hippes according to some are in each side divided into ten parts whereof one nourisheth the lower part of the Back being dispersed through the Loins toward the Kidneis within and without And one other part being divided into capillary branches nourisheth the Peritoneon And one nourisheth the profound muscles of the Hippe And one nourisheth the musdes of the Anus and from it spring the Hoemoroidal Veins And one nourisheth the neck and mouth of the Matrix from which also two branches go to the Bladder one to the bottom the other to the neck of it and that which goeth to the neck in women is small but in men great because of the yard And one other of the ten goeth to the parts of the Pecten And one other extendeth to the long muscles of the Abdomen whose branches ascending are continued with the veins of the Breast which descend toward them and they united together extend to the Mamillas and from that branch in a woman there do likewise go notable parts to the Matrix from whence two Veins not accompanied with Arteries ascend by the Abdomen unto the Mamillas by which they are fastned to the Matrix and therefore in women with childe and in the time of praeternatural retention of the Menstrues for the most part the Mamillas swell or Tea●s And one other of the ten doth also go to the Matrix in a woman but in a man it goeth to the yard and to the cod But another goeth to the Universal muscles of the Hipp. And another part which is the tenth doth also extend to the Hipp and that is notable and