partes but about the middest of Os pubis the right begynnyng with the left is vnited and ioyneth together then beyng inflected downward are implanted to the borders of Glans whiche Glans is harder then the other partes of the yard The right Ligament with the left after the length of the yard is vnited But because the substauÌ„ce of the yard did then consist but of a rare and porie ioyning or settyng together and for that it could be litle apt to the necessary erection in coiture since scarse sufficient helpe was purchaced by the onely benefite of the Ligamentes prouident Nature poured forth two Arteries through these aforesayd bodyes which are from the roote of the yard caryed euen to the extreme end of Glans but so as that by the way almost an infinite number of braunches are dispersed When lust therefore styrreth to the generation of a new man she poureth forth great force of spirites throughout those Arteries hearie braunchynges by whose helpe the same substaunce before wrinkled weake and bendyng is now lifted vp erected made stiffe and hardned But the Ligamentes aforesayd do as it were propper and vnderset the same beyng of them selues thicke both for this sayd cause as also least the spirites should ouer hastely vanish away beyng wasted These Arteries and their offices Collumbus boasteth no man before hym to haue rightly knowne by whiche also sayth he nourishment is brought vnto the yard whilest elles in the yard is no Ueyne nor any Nerue notwithstandyng that Uesalius is of cleane contrary opinion Beside these partes hetherto decided which Nature deuised for the framyng of this instrument there are also foure Muscles which in the second booke of this History are sufficiently spoken of There is besides that common way or passage destined both to séede and 〈◊〉 which vnder these two bodyes is conuayed nether is it any thyng els sayth Collumbus if it be rightly wayed saue the substauÌ„ce of the bleddar lengthned out to the end of the yard All these are couered ouer and clothed with Cuticula Cutis and Carnea 〈◊〉 without fatnes altogether which here for motion sake is wantyng lest supernaturally therewith encreasing it might be greuous to the matrice The extreme part of the yard is called Praeputium beyng that skinne wherewith Glans is couered so in the acte of venerie now vpward now downeward to the exceedyng delectation of the Female moueâ—… this is that whiche the Hebrues in tyme of Circumcision lose The lyne vnder the yard marchyng after the length therof is called in Latin Sutura for so it represeuteth the fashion of a seame As the part betwene the inuolucre of the Testicles or purpose of the stones and the fundament is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 That is Interfoeminium But because I am from the begynnyng perswaded that by liftyng vp the vayle of Natures secretes in womens shapes I shall commit more indecencie agaynst the office of Decorum then yeld needefull instruction to the profite of the common sort I do here ordaine the vi rest of these my labours ⧠An ende of the Historie of the Generatiue partes ¶ Of the History of Man the vij Booke of the makyng of the hart and of the Instrumentes ministryng to his function commonly called The Vitall or Spirituall partes BEfore you all whosoeuer you are most attentiue Readers I fréely protest that hetherto my penne hath not wauered in the doubtfull balaunce of ambiguitie but passed the playne pathe of truth guided by the footesteppes of my forerunners till now at length beyng come to a place somewhat ascendyng as they that will attayne to the scope of their desire must not refuse the hill with the dale I finde the steppes of some willingly yeldyng to so tedious a iourney others with senses vnappalled to haue plowed a path directly ouer the mouÌ„taine here I see one willingly walking a contrary way and there an other praysing their endeuours but protestyng him selfe onely to haue light in the nearest way So that here no maruell though I should stand amased and as one plunged in the depth of contrary streames For Galen Vesalius diuers others as touchyng the instrumentes that restore the ayrie substaunce whiche continually waste and refreshe the innated heate are contented to affirme that of the ayre drawen in by the lunges part is receiued by the surcles and braunches of the veniall Arterie and there hence beyng prepared by the elaboration of the lunges is by the same vessell caryed into the left ventricle of the hart where metyng with the bloud lately strayned through the hedge betwene the ij ventricles it doth together by the workyng of the hart ordaine that famous composition the vitall spirite Contrariwise Realdus Collumbus sayth that the bloud sent from the right ventricle of the hart by the arteriall Ueyne into the lunges there takyng the mixture of ayre is drawne by the veniall arterie into the left ventricle of the hart whereas beyng almost made before it is now perfected vitall spirite Albeit I am not ignoraunt how lately both these assertions are denyed Leonardus Botallus prouyng that bloud is brought into the left Uentricle an other way that is by a propper Ueyne that is found somewhat aboue the coronall Ueyne neare adioyning to the right auricle thence with direct tract marchyng to the left which contrarietie notwithstandyng lest I should séeme to confound the History of the vital members I haue thought good to describe the partes after the best approued and that in such wise as there shall appeare therein great perspicuitie and likehode of truth Yet not that I meane to reiect Botallus although he hath neither distinctly set downe the deriuation of that Ueyne neither apertly the insertion therof but because the labour of him shal be lesse that endeuoureth alone to stoppe the runnyng streame accomptyng any duety none right curteous Reader in describing the partes to haue forewarned thée of this late inuention To the which description that I may briefly come I will omit further circuÌ„stauÌ„ces onely to do away obscuritie I meane that the whole be not maymed by wantyng part it behoueth to begyn at the pannicle coueryng the ribbes thence to the other partes conteined within the capacitie of the brest THe coate therefore or Membran to all the ribbes beside the xij on ech side occupyed with the implantation of the midreif and to the whole brest bone vnderreached and coueryng the bodyes of the Vertebres of the brest and the vp per part of the midreif towardes the ampiitude of the brest is named in Latin Succingens and commonly called Pleara In the posteriour part it toucheth along from the first Vertebre of the brest downe to the xj out of which region consisteth that part of the midreif that transmitteth the great arterie but in the forepart it desâ—…udeth from the cannell bone to the lower
obserueth from the seate down to the point No otherwise then as the figure of the hart is made also from his seate narrower The left Uentricle also begynneth with a large seate but by litle and litle becommeth streter towardes the poynt of the hart obtaining as touching the whole Superfice a round cauitie like a Pincapple For the hedge that is betwene the Uentricles of the hart on the left side wherewith it maketh the right of the left Uentricle is hollow contrary to the other side which bouncheth into the right Uentricle and hath equall thickenes and nature with the substaunce of the hart constitutyng the anteriour and posteriour partes of the left Uentricle But the whole substaunce of the hart beside of the hedge of the Uentricles constitutyng the amplitude of the right Uentricle is very thinne But that which effourmeth and compasseth about the left Uentricle surmounteth much in thicknes the substaunce of the right Uentricle and is euery where a like thicke sauyng the seate onely where for the insertion of the vessels so much substaunce must needes wāt as the amplitude of the Orifices do occupy space The Superfice or inside of both the Uentricles is very vnequall and beset as it were with many causes déepely impressed into the fleshy substaunce Neither do these consist onely in the sides where the right ventricle respecteth the left but round about throughout the whole Superfice of the ventricle and that not onely in new dissected bodies but perpetually apparaūt as oft as you lust to behold the hart neither at any tyme not appearyng in a dryed hart besides this inequalitie which in the left ventricle is something greater both of them haue inwardly certaine fleshy explantations or Processes which are round and slender and ceasse into Membranous Fibres continuall or ioyned to the lower seate of the Membrans in their borders reposed These Processes are chiefly discerned fleshy at the poynt or lower part of the Uentricles which make to the strength of the Fibres which they conteyne That through the hedge situated betwene these two Uentricles bloud should passe as it were by resudation from the right into the left Uentricle almost all Anathomistes hetherto haue affirmed And that the same in passage also should be made thinner for the more easie generation of vitall spirites But very wyde they wander sayth Collumbus For the bloud through the arteriall Ueyne is caried to the lunges whence beyng attenuated it is caried by the veniall arterie into the left Uentricle of the hart together with ayre which no man before his tyme noted or at least haue left extant MOreouer about the seate or foundation of the hart foure vessels are apparaunt two to the right Uentricle and two to the left in the right the hollow Ueyne and arteriall Ueyne but in the left the great arterie Aorta and the veniall arterie Notwithstandyng estéeme not as many suppose that the hollow veyne doth spryng from thence for it goeth not into the hart as falsely they imagine but beyng deuided or cleft a sunder in that place cleaueth onely to the Orifice of the right Uentricle The arteriall veyne neither springeth from the hart but from the liuer For note if we behold the same whilest the infant as yet is shrouded within the mothers wombe we shall finde the hollow veyne to be continuall with the arteriall Ueyne In somuch therfore as it is a Ueyne it fetcheth the begynnyng from the liuer but as touchyng that it is arteriall frō the hart For of all artcries the hart is the fountaine It goeth to the lunges to carie bloud for the nourishment of the instrument and to the end that the same may be altered for the hart Sufficient great is this arteriall Ueyne yea much greater then was néedfull if the bloud had bene onely to be caried to the lunges in so small spáce aboue the hart It is deuided into two trunkes or notable braunches both to the right and to the left lunges thence forth into sundry braunches as before is sayd in the lunges The arterie named Aorta which of all other arteries is the mother springeth from the left Uentricle of the hart and riseth vpward But before we prosecute the description of this arterie it séemeth méete to speake of the veniall arterie set to the left ventricle of the hart it is called an arterie in that it serueth to spirites and arteriall bloud but a veyne because it hath the body or substaūce of a veyne It is a vessel sufficient large which also through the lunges is deuided like the arteriall veyne The opinion of other Anathomistes is that the vse of these diuisions of this vessell into the lunges is to cary vnto the lunges the altered ayre which are as a fanwynde to the hart to coole the same they supposing also that then the lunges do receiue certaine I know not what fumes frō the left ventricle And this inuētion doth meruailously delight them because they imagine that in the hart surely the like is accustomed to be done as in chimneyes as though in the hart were gréene stickes which whilest they burne do make a smoke or fume Thus much Collumbus writeth accordyng to the sentence of other Anathomistes But he him selfe iudgeth cleane an other way as thus that this veniall arterie is made to cary from the lunges bloud mixt with ayre into the left Uentricle of the hart Which thyng sayth he is as true as that which is most true not onely beyng apparant to euery inspection of dissected bodyes but manifest also in quicke diffections of creatures how full of bloud this Ueyne is alway founde which could not be so if it had bene made onely for ayre and vapours It is to be noted that in the Orifices of the iiij vessels at the seate of the hart xi Membrās do stand called Trisulcae or iij. edged that is to say iii. to Vena caua 〈◊〉 to the arteriall veyne iij. to the arterie Aorta ii to the veniall arterie which are not all in figure alike For those which are put to the hollow veyne veniall arterie are diuerse in fourme from the Membrans of the great arterie and arteriall veyne For the Membrans of these are like iij. of those letters which the Latins call C but the others are like arrowes The vse of these is meruailous and by their meanes we learne and perceiue many thynges that appertaine to the knowledge of the functions both of the hart and lunges Know therfore that as they are in figure diuers so their vtilitie not all a like The wickettes therfore for so they may not much vnaptly be termed of the hollow veyne and veniall arterie are sited from within forth as seruyng to the emission of bloud but the wickettes of the other ii vessels contrariwise from without forth or inward that so they might séeme vnto vs to be made for the conteining of included bloud This also note that those litle wickets which from within forth
brayne neither that in vayne but beyng there holden to moysten those partes whose motions are perpetuall Neither doth it meanly auayle to the vtterauuce of voyce and pronounciatioÌ„ as apparauntly we are taught by the example of such as long haue laboured in the Spanish dissease to the vtter ruine and vastation of this part how afterward I say they speake rather after the maner of crowes then men A thyrd vtilitie also hath this same Gargarion and that is lest the dust which sâ—…yme meeteth vs at vnwares our mouthes beyng open should infeste and trouble the rough arterie whiche this rather incercepteth by the way â—…eynes into the middest therof it reâ—…ueth from those braâ—…ches sent to the coate of the palate but with Nerues doth participate litle It is euident also that to what persons this Gargareon is wantyng to such the cold ayre is much more greâ—…us then to other men as testifieth Gal. Lib. 11. de vs partium ON both sides of the iawes are two Glandules one on the right side of Gargareon and the other on the left and they haue to name Parisâ—…miae tonsillae amigdala fauces these also beyng of Glandulous substaunce were made to the receiuyng of the humiditie of the brayne therfore were they placed thus in the iawes called of the Grecians Pharynx of the Latins Fauces to minister vnto them moysture But the iawe is conteined within these borders the foundation of the head and palate the anteriour bodyes of the Vertebtes of the necke in which place sundry and many organs appeare as the toppe of Tracâ—…ea Arteria called Larinx the bone called Hyoïdes and his Muscles the roote of the touÌ„g his Muscles the vj. payre of sinewes the inner veynes called Iugulares the arteries Carwtides Gargareon the neither iawe and a portion of his Muscleâ—… the Prâ—…cesses Styloïdes and the stomach or Aesophagus Therfore these same Glandules beyng vsed in so strete a place are from the elders called Parisihimiae Enwrapped they are in the same Membran wherewith we haue sayd the mouth and palate to be clothed which further descendyng runneth to Aesophagus constitutyng his interiour coate as also the inner clothyng of the Uentricle and intrels and yet more downward behind the toung inuesteth the Epiglotte Larinx and the rough arterie euen to the extreme partes of his brauÌ„ches dispersed throughout the lunges But the outside of this rough arterie is shrouded vnder the succingent MembraÌ„ called Pleura And thus much beyng exactly wayed is sufficient for these partes THe lunges are sited in the brest wherof the greater part they occupy beyng bound to the bodyes of Vertebres to the hart and to the rough arterie into two partes this agayne is deuided a right and a left wherefore some infer that there be two lunges The figure of it outwardly is round inwardly hollow that necessarily since so it behoâ—…d it to yeld vnto the hart and Pericardion But besides that diuision this instrument the lunges is deuided to the end it might both be more agile and easie to moue as also more aptly to embrace the hart into foure lobes not into fiue as in beastes Galen approued Which diuersitie is thought to happeÌ„ because in them the liuer is much distaunt froÌ„ the hart Wherfore when the hollow Ueyne so long way from the Vertebres is distaunced it required a boulster wherewith to be vnderlayd so that prudent Nature then willed that the lunges in beastes should by one lobe surmount the same instrument in the body of maÌ„ which lobe in those creatures is strewed vnder the hollow Ueyne but it is hollow as Galen most excellently hath sayd because it giueth place to the roundnes of the hollow veyne But since that in man betwene the hart and liuer onely the midreiflyeth there was no néede at all of the v. lobe The substaunce of the lunges is rare light and porie as a sponge in colour somewhat red which kynde of substaunce the elders haue named Parenchyma i. Aâ—…usio It is inuolued of the Membran pleura lately described beyng there very porie Through this instrument the lunges these vessels are disseminated so wit the rough arterie the veniall arterie and the arteriall Ueyne The rough arterie is caried in through the longitude of the necke in the fore part vnder Larinx consisting of gristelly ringes but not perfect ringes as in the History of Cartilages appeareth where the rough arterie is at large described which deuidyng into a right left first and those by litle and litle into many others is wasted in braunches to the extreme partes of the lunges The office seruice which it oweth to nature is to carie ayre both in and out and from the vpper partes procéedyng goeth downe to the lower The veniall arterie from beneath is caryed almost straight vpward beying first also deuided into a right and left part then diuers wayes raâ—…ed and approchyng to the braunches of the rough arterie The same likewise doth the arteriall veyne Thus these thrée vessels are embraced of a substaunce rare light and porie thus beyng the lunges â—…dred Whose vse is as the Anathomistes rightly write for the coolyng and refrigeration of the hart this effect beyng wrought by the bringyng of cold ayre vnto it And who likewise knoweth not that the same both serueth to inspiration expiration and voyce All which offices of right appertainyng to the lunges I caÌ„ proue by the testimony of euery Anathomist since herein as with one coâ—…sent they accord 〈◊〉 together but seuerally Collumbus addeth one of great effect and nothyng touched heretofore of any other For it is sayth he the preparation yea almost the generatioÌ„ of vitall spirites which after are perfected in the hart That is to say the inspired ayre it receiueth through the moâ—…th nostreles it beyng brought by the conueiance of the rough arterie through the substauÌ„ce of the lunges the which instrumeÌ„t ceasseth not to mixe the same ayre with that bloud which is brought vnto it by the arteriall veyne from the right ventricle of the hart For this same arteriall veyne besides that it bringeth bloud for nourishment is so large as that it may serue for other vse also And this bloud by styrring through the continuall mouyng of the lunges is made thinne and together with the ayre mixed which thus by the same refraction and beatyng together is prepared so that the ayre bloud together mixed are receiued by the braunches of the veniall Arterie at length by the trunke of the same veyne sent into the left ventricle of the hart but so wel mixed and attenuated together as that to the hart small labour at all is left after which small elaboratioÌ„ the hart as it were laying to the last haÌ„d to the makyng of the vitall spirites that by meanes of the great arterie they might be distributed to all
the poynt of the hart by the sides of the Ueynes and Arteries sprinckled about the body therof Which fat was for the continuall mouyng of the hart very necessary For to that end we finde fatnes also in very many partes of the body and chiefly about the eyes and â—…eÌ„porall Muscles least they should be dryed by labour BEside fatnes the hart hath litle eares or auricles For so the authors of dissections do call those two AppendauÌ„ces growyng to the seate of the hart They are called by the name of eares not for their vse nor any action but for 〈◊〉 sake which they obtaine in situation like vnto the proper eares The right eare is set to the right side of the seate of the hart coueryng all the fore part of the insertion of Vena caua after his longitude and with his poynt departyng from the body of the Ueyne rayseth it selfe vpwardes somewhat higher then the seate of the hart The figure of this auricle is like a poynted stéeple pillour or other buildyng whose brodest part is the bottome and theÌ„ce the nearer to the top the narrower For so it begynneth but at a loÌ„g fashioned fouÌ„dation goeth forth into a sharpe albeit not very sharpe nor long The exteriour face of the auricle varieth accordyng to the fulnes or emptines therof For wheÌ„ in the constriction of the hart it swelleth being filled then it is Gibbous euery where equall as with a waâ—…rie humor annoynted But beyng fallen and emptied appeareth wrinkled and set with foldes Sometymes also though very seldome it chaunceth that the outside of the distended auricle appeareth vnequall but that is through fatnes then that groweth vpoÌ„ it The inside or interiour Superfice of the eare 〈◊〉 a cauitie is wholly aunswerable to the same side of the Uentricles of the hart For like as that where the vessels are inserted educed is smooth but 〈◊〉 where els rough and full of caues euen so that eare where it groweth to the insertion of the hollow Ueyne is smooth but in all the other rowme beside so full of Fibrous foldynges as that it surmounteth the ventricle of the hart in inequalitie The substauÌ„ce of the auricle is litle but that very hard and skinny flesh wherin it much differeth from the hart but in that it conteineth the thrée sortes of Fibres it is therein aunswerable to the flesh of the hart The settyng to of the auricle is much after this sort The left side of his seate groweth to the extreme part of the substaunce of the hart where the anteriour region of the Orifice of the hollow Ueyne consisteth in the right Uentricle of the hart or more truly the auricle goeth forth from that same extreme part But the right side of his seate groweth to the body of the hollow Ueyne after the longitude of his insertion into the hart and in the anteriour part therof beyng made as it were one body with the veyne The rest of the auricle is frée froÌ„ the knittyng to of any part beyng conteined also within the inuolucre of the hart though with no Fibrous knittyng committed thereto The left auricle of the hart is in very many poyntes like vnto the right For it consisteth in the anteriour seate of the rising of the veniall arterie accordyng to the longitude therof And so from his seate also ceasseth at his poynt as is sayd of the other Which poynt beyng sharper then the poynt of the right auricle but is reached more toward the left side Besides the left in more aged persons giueth place to halfe the largenes of the right auricle like as the Orifice of the veniall arterie is much lesse then the Orifice of the hollow Ueyne As touchyng the inside and outside the auricles are euery where one like an other Although the exteriour Supersice of the left is alway more wrinkled and vnequall In substaunce also they are agreable but the left is much harder and in constriction and distention is lesse obedient And if it be compared to the right auricle it appeareth féeble and dryed and on the outside alway aboundyng more with fat then the right In knitting they agrée altogether For as the right groweth to the right side of the hart Vena caua nigh the insertion therof so in like sort the left in the right side of his seate groweth to the substaunce of the hart where the veniall arterie goeth forth but on the left side to the same body of the veniall arterie In vse notwithstandyng they differ although very litle For when as the 〈◊〉 with great force doth receiue his bloud into the right Uentricle from 〈◊〉 and as it were in snatchyng wise doth swallow it the same Vena caua not consistyng of any strong or arterious body should greatly haue bene daungered I meane for breakyng in that strong attraction of the hart saue onely that therfore nature created the right auricle of the hart which beyng obedient to the mouyng of the hart and full with bloud should poure forth the same bloud which it conteineth into the right ventricle wheÌ„ the hart is dilated and that the same should be after a sort rowled into that ventricle to dispence with the force of attraction and to be to the hart as a ready hand or storehouse Aunswerable to which vse is the cuticular construction of the auricle which is light and to the sufferyng of iniuries resistaunt Hollow it is to conteine the matter and construct with Fibres as a thyng subiect to attraction retention and expulsion Likewise the left auricle of the hart growyng to the veniall arterie beareth altogether the like seruice vnto it and to the left ventricle of the hart as we haue sayd the right eare to be in vse to the right Uentricle And so much the lesse is the cauitie of the right eare by how much the Orifice of the veniall arterie is narrower then the orifice of Uena caua In mouyng also ayre is more ready to folow then bloud so that for this occasioÌ„ also the left auricle is made lesse theÌ„ the right THe hart of maÌ„ obtaineth within two notable and large cauities called of the Latins Ventriculi or Sinus sited after the sides of the hart one on the right the other on the left Wherof the right excéedeth the other in largenes and both of them in fourme varie much one from an other For the right descendyng more downwardes to the poynt of the hart then the left hath his cauitie made like the Moone encreasing As in the right side anteriour and posteriour part like the inside of a halfe circle there aunsweryng to the exteriour Superfice which is Gibbous But on the left side of it it is Gibbous like the outside of a halfe circle by meanes of the hedge betwene the Uentricles which as a thyng halfe round bouncheth into the amplitude of the right Uentricle And this fourme the right Uentricle of the hart
are opened abound here and there with certaine filmentes or threedes dispersed through the ventricles made so to hold and strengthen them By which filmentes peraduenture Aristotle was deluded supposing them to be Nerues so therfore he assigned the hart to be the roote of Nerues and consequently of féelyng and mouyng But to returne to the foure vessels two of them are made to carie into the hart whilest that hart is dilated but the other ii to beare forth in the time of constriction When the hart therfore is dilated it receiueth bloud from the hollow â—…eyne into the right ventricle as also from the veniall arterie prepared bloud and spirite into the left ventricle Therfore those Membrans lye downe and yeld to goyng in For whilest the hart is coarcted these are shut left any thyng they haue receiued should returne or go backe agayne the same wayes and at the same instaunt the Membrans of the great arterie and arteriall veyne are opened and giue way to the goyng forth of the ayerie bloud which throughout the whole body is dispersed and to the naturall bloud caried forth to the lunges The matter therfore is alway so that when the hart is dilated the Membrans first mentioned are opened and the rest shut So that you shall finde the bloud which is now gone into the right ventricle not able any more to go backe agayne into the hollow veyne By which sense we gather that the hart by no meanes is that member wherein bloud is engendred as Aristotle sayth when as the bloud is from Vena caua distributed This moreouer know for a suretie that in the hart of man is no bone to be found although in Oxen Horses and such great creatures it may be shewed but in man no such thyng except it chaunce that in very aged persons the like be inuented as in the History of bones I haue protested my selfe once to haue found Onely a Cartilaginous substaunce at the roote of the great arterie towardes the arteriall veyne is sene whiche a Bone in no wise may be called although Galen him selfe would haue it so whose sentence partly I haue set forth in the place afore cited Suppose this assertioÌ„ most approued in Anathomie that all arteries procéede from the hart euen as all â—…eynes from the liuer all Nerues from the brayne From the left Uentricle of the hart therefore springeth that arterie named Aorta of all other arteries in the body the mother In quantitie it is sufficient large and in substaunce thicke and white The cause of the thicknes is first least the bloud with filled spirite should easely vanishe and wast and secondly least it in mouyng should be broken For the Arterie moueth continually yet not by it selfe but through spirites AFter that Aorta is gone forth from the hart immediately it bringeth forth a small arterie called the coronall because it compasseth about the seate of the hart to quicken and refresh his substaunce in which it is diuersly disseminated albeit you haue to note by the way that in some bodyes this coronall arterie is not onely one but ij and so Vesalius describeth it but further ascendyng it is deuided into ij trunkes or stockes one greater the other lesser the greater desceÌ„deth the lesser ascendeth that trunke is made the greater which I say doth descend for that the great portion of the body was to be reuiued therewith The trunke ascending putteth forth an arterie from the left side which is called the Axillaris arteria which stretcheth forth obliquely towardes the armehole and sendeth braunches to the superiour ribbes and goyng forth to the arme choseth his iourney after the inside to mate himselfe with the inner Basilica but sendyng a braunche vpwardes commaundeth others to all those Muscles which are about the shoulder the scapple bone and his cauitie not faylyng the anteriour partes of the brest nor the Glandules vnder the armehole But the trunke of Arteria axillaris descendeth straight through the inner region of the shoulder downe to the boughte of the cubite and before it passe this part it giueth out a litle Arterie to accompany the fourth Nerue of the arme whiche Arterie is among the Muscles distributed that serue to extend the cubite but so soone as it hath passed the bought of the cubite it is deuided into two sometyme into thrée arteries yet first it leuyeth litle arteries to those Muscâ—…es that are in the shoulder and cubite and one braunche goeth neare to that Ligament that is set betwene Cubitus and Radius and being gone forth marcheth to the externe Muscles The remnant foloweth the longitude of the cubite which after it hath flowed beyond vnder the inner transuerse Ligament of the wrest in the palme of the hand it is diuers wayes deuided and to the extremities of the fingers deuided but an other braunch tendeth towardes Radius after his conductyng and so soone as it is past the midâ—…est of the cubite it ariseth betwene two Muscles and goeth vnder the skinne by the inner part of Radius This is that braunch whose mouyng Phisitions are accustomed to féele when they lay hold of the wrest to take counsell at the pulse By the way notwithstandyng I wish thée this to note that in some persons this braunch is diuersly placed so that to be the same whiche hetherto we haue spoken of thou mayest take occasion to doubt in that it is sometyme caried on that outside So that what Phisition soeuer vnexpert in Anathomie shall in the accustomed place chiefly in a sicke body onely séeke for the pulse and can not finde it he will iudge vntruly death to be neare that person and so prognosticate falsely Albeit no man may deny but that very seldome it is otherwise situated for in déede for the most part it doth occupy the inside This moreouer so soone as it departeth from the wrest it procéedeth through the outside to the extremities of the fingers An other braunch neare to the Ligament is caried This trunke afterwardes ascendyng this Axillaris arteria beyng now dispersed it is cut into ij arteries called Carâ—…tidas or Seporarias which through the laterall partes of the necke are straight caried to the seate of the scull cleauyng to Aspera arteria fixed to the inner veynes called Iugulares But before they enter into the Scull they send ij arteries to the face beyng deuided vnder the neither iawe they impart of the smaller sort to the Muscles of the necke of the head of Larinx of Hyoides and of the toung But the two braunches which are the greater caried to the toung are caried throughout his loÌ„gitude to the extremitie therof which iourney beyng atchieued they ascend vnder the eare and both before beside the same are to the temporall Muscles eleuated so then beyng to the forehead to the skinne of the head and to the Muscles of the face distributed The other arme or bowe therof which to be caried backwardes we haue affirmed is
discoursed among the spirituall members but likewise to the rootes of the ribbes agayne sendyng an other litle Nerue to the right side of the lunges the rest discendeth beyng fastned to Aesophagus downe to the vpper Orifice of the ventricle THe left recurrent Nerue departyng from the place where it begynneth yeldeth litle braunches vnto the same Muscles that the right did and descendeth likewise in the same sort and in the region of the left Canell bone sendeth brauÌ„ches to the pannicle Pleura to the rootes of the ribbes and to the left side of the lunges Then further discendeth till it almost touch the greater braunche of the Arterie Aorta In which place it sendeth forth a Nerue which vnder this Arterie is restâ—…ed and after turneth it selfe agayne vpwardes towardes his originall and fountaine cleauyng as by the right is sayd to Aspera arteria thence forth entryng in betwene the Bone that is not named and that which representeth a shield in the inner part of Larinx and so entreth into the organ of voyce These are the noble Nerues which sayth Galen are endewed with the vertue of fourmyng the speach and are besides therfore called Vocales nerui Whose offices and vses are to much neglected to litle amongest other thyngs knowen for although few in comparison of the rest suppose in them to be conteined the propper power of vocall vertue yet to their great admiration if they willyngly dissect a liuyng dogge they shall proue it playne and very truth for by diuidyng one of them you shall finde him maimed of his voyce but hurt them both in that order and he shal be domme for euer after To this I must néedes subscribe for often haue I of purpose proued it beyng so playne and a part to all that behold it as that no doubtfull question can grow therof Notwithstandyng that some will scarse beleue their owne eyes Galen was the first that inuented these reuersiue nerues albeit he could not satisfie him selfe in the reason wherefore nature did not conuert the left recurrent nerue to the left Axillaris Arteria when as from the left recurrent sinewe an other litle 〈◊〉 spryngeth which followyng the rootes of the great Arterie is distributed through the coate of the hart but pearseth not the substaunce thereof for the litlenes of it And this is sayth Collumbus the true cause why nature reflected the left reuâ—…ue nerue vnder the great Arterie and not vnder the Arterie of the armehole on that side as the right reuersiue nerue is sayd to haue done on the other side Whereat I sayd Galen stode much amased neither could sufficiently satisfie him selfe in the reason therof as appeareth in his vij booke De vsu partium But by this it séemeth that nature aswell as to create these notable partes had care to place them from all easie annoyances as appeareth by this nerue lately recited which is otherwise reflected then the right recurrent least it beyng so very 〈◊〉 in the mouynges of the hart so continually should happen in the tyme of breathyng to be broken What portion that remaineth of this recurrent nerue descendeth along Aesâ—…gus downe to the vpper Orifice of the Uentricle But assoone as the right 〈◊〉 nerue and the leâ—… are come to the same vpper Orifice of the Uentricle they are straight way deuided into many litle Nerues like nettes and thus do imbrace the vpper Orifice aforesayd Which are the cause in griefes paynes of the mouth of the ventricle that the hart it selfe is thought to ake And this disease is called Cardiacus dolor Then agayne the right from this part departyng stretcheth forth to the Membran that inuolueth the liuer and an other part also to the vessicle of choler an other to the left kidney and to the vpper part of OmeÌ„tum Besides all the brauÌ„ches that it committes to Mesenterium After the same maner the left recurrent nerue is braunched to the splene to the neither part of Omentum to the left reyne and to the bladder And in men thus end the recurrent nerues But in women after all these places they passe further vnto the wombe or matrice NOw to describe the vij payre or coniugation of sinewes whose rising is more toward the hinder part of the head but from the brayne not from Cerebellum as Galen would with many small rootes whereto is dedicated a proper hole sited after an oblique maner in the aforesayd part or Occiput through which assoone as this hath made egresse it sheweth it selfe first towardes the Anteriour partes and into many Nerues delated to the Muscles of the toung Hioides and Larinx is deuided Of which the greater runneth vnder the nether iawe and so vnder the toung to the extreme end thereof to make it partaker of sense and mouyng vniuersally But the fourth payre as we haue sayd before is it that bringes the sense of tastyng to the toung and the toung therfore is sayd amongest other giftes to haue the discreÌ„tion of tastyng These vij payre or coniugation of Nerues are all that are remeÌ„bred either of the auncient or later Anathomistes as touchyng the sinewes coniugated froÌ„ the brayne yet Vesalius séemed to smell an other sayth Collumbus but whether it were for that he would not go aside from auncient authorities or otherwise it is not knowne he coÌ„cluded at length that it was in his iudgement the roote of the fift coniugation But Collumbus doubteth not that vnder the seate or foundation of the brayne towardes the fore partes goeth an viij payre which through a proper hole in the bone Sphenoides passeth to the temporall Muscles to the Muscle lurkyng in the mouth called therfore of Galen Latitans and to the thyrd Muscle also of the nether iawe called Masseteres the originall of this beyng distant froÌ„ the fift payre of sinewes sufficient inough BEsides all which we haue hitherto yet sayd in declaryng the originall and distribution of the vij payre of sinewes procéedyng from the brayne and besides also the viij and last spoken of you shall heare the opinion of Realdus who by his often search and diligence doubteth not to proue a ix payre or coniugation of nerues which no man before his tyme euer write or inuented And this is sayth he a slender payre begynnyng at those two foldes or two together Processes of the brayne called Nates Penes Testes These beyng thinne and small walke towardes the face and passe also to the secoÌ„d payre and are scattered into the thyrd Muscle of the eye liddes fitly also braunchyng out to the fift Muscle of the eye In déede as he doubteth lest some or most will not admit his late inuention of these two last payre of Nerues but holdyng them selues more stedfast to the fame of authorities will rather accompt them as the rootes of others so he professeth not to contende therein neither will we pretermit any tyme in
as a stabiliment vnto the ribbes which Orbicularly effourme fashion the amplitude largenes of the brest But Mucronata Cartilago sayth Realdus is principally a propugnacle vnto Septum transuersum which in that place is much of sinewye or tendinous substaunce whereby it commeth to passe that by the vicinitie it hath with Septum transuersum and the same Diaphragma with Pericardon whiche is the Inuolucre of the hart and so consequently with the hart a wound that penetrateth the same Cartilage and hurteth the midrefe induceth death most commonly as more at large we haue declared other where AS touchyng the Ossicle or litle bone conteined within the hart although it pleaseth Collumbus vtterly to disdayne the description therof and lesse to beleue any such matter deridyng the authoritie of Galen somuch in that behalfe yet as tract of tyme the naturall nourse experiēce teacheth the paynfull Artiste y ready way out of the doores of darknes euē so truth like vnto the flames of fire beyng neuer so couered damped for a space findeth yssue at length on one side or other so is clearely apparaunt to all beholders I meane not hereby to repugne altogether the doctrine of so worthy a man whose knowledge rare experiēce as I ought so I honour but rather with such cōiecture as standeth both with experiēce sufficiēt probabilitie to stand forth in the middest Galen sayth in his vij De Vsu partium that in the foundation of the hart about the rootes of Arteria aorta the Arteriall Veines of their Membrans is found a certaine Ossicle which is not playnly a bone but like a Cartilage but the greater that the creature is the more also doth that Cartilage degenerate into Ossie substaunce Hereby is signified that Galen meant not in the hart onely of Man that a bone might be founde who is nothyng neare the quantitie of such creatures as he dissected for that purpose after the inuention therof as at Rome he foūd it in an Elephāt he forbiddeth vs to call it simply a bone or an Ossie Cartilage but a Cartilaginous bone And notwitstandyng that he sought the same in other creatures then man yet I cannot thinke that he simply ascribed the same vnto the body of Man onely of imagination But as he sayd as touchyng beastes the greater they be of bodyes the more also c. so I vnderstand his meanyng as touchyng men not so much as their bodyes differ in quantitie but rather thus the elder that the body is especially after the ripenes of yeares the more manifestly also doth the same Cartilage become harder of substaūce so that in men full of dayes such decrepittes as old age hath long arrested we may finde as Galen sayth this Cartilaginous bone at the rootes and Membrans of the sayd Arteries and Arteriall Veyne as it were a staffe or stay vnto them and a stabiliment to the whole body of the hart in the debilitie of yeares and that with great perspicuitie Doth not Collumbus himselfe in his vij booke entreatyng of the hart and Arteries confesse that in the place before mentioned doth grow a Cartilaginous substaunce Whiche by his wordes in his xxj chapiter of bones he graunteth to be a firmament and ground to the rootes of the same Arterie and Arteriall Veyne And who doubteth but as age taketh away Appendances driueth out Seames hydeth Commissures and in diuers places of the body transformeth Gristels vnto bones soft substaunce into harder so likewise this in the hart degenerateth from the nature of a simple Cartilage into a Cartilaginous bone And that I séeme not to runne altogether headlōg vpon coniecture I make it knowne vnto you that the sight of myne owne eyes haue testified in dissectyng the body of an old Gentleman of great worshyp and famous autiquitie in Lincolneshyre Anno Do. 1574. Whilest imitatyng the mynde of Galen I opened the least Vētricle of the hart searched to the roote of Aorta I easely discouered the thyng wherfore I sought findyng there the Cartilage fastened to the Mēbrans of the aforesayd vessels become vpwardes playnly of Ossie substaunce the length of iij. Barley cornes at the neither end gristelly the lēgth of one whereto was fastened the rootes of the great Arterie named Aorta the Arteriall Veyne with their Membrās And this Cartilaginous bone I willyngly separated frō the body of the hart in opē sight of the worshipfull the old Gentleman his aliaūce frendes who I suppose haue as yet reserued it Thus gentle Reader thou hast to determine of the bone in the hart not that I will haue it found as generally as other bones in euery age but that I would not neglect the description therof for thy easier vnderstanding wheresoeuer thou shalt happen to inuent the like NOw it followeth to speake of the shoulder blades which the Gréekes call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and somewhiles simple 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 but the Latins most commonly Scapulae are two in nūber that is to say on ech side one and are sited towardes the toppe and posteriour region of the brest being bound also by the interuenture of Muscles to Occiput to the Vertebres of the necke and brest and to the bone Hyoides so likewise cleauyng to the vppermost ribbes behynd do serue as propper propugnacles to defend the backe and giue strong repulse to all outward iniuries offred therto the whiche part in déede of the backe is more in the way of outward damages and stroakes then any other wherefore the shoulder blades are made after a defensiue fourme beyng inwardly towardes the ribbes concaued and hollow but outwardly prominent and puttyng forth a strong ridge like the rising of a hill or rocke vnto the súperiour part not a litle to the augmenting of their validitie And besides those partes before named who seeth not how the shoulder blades are most firmely Articulated to the Canell bones and shoulders to the Vertebres of the brest necke Hyoides Occiput ribbes their Muscles wherby in déede appeareth how necessary is their cōstruction since not onely they defend the hinder partes but also admitte the insertion due growyng and rising of Muscles Their fashiō is after a Triangular maner although not equally sided or squared For the vpper part is a great deale shorter then the other two which goyng downwardes do end at an obtused and blunt corner And this obtused corner is that part which Collumbus supposeth most worthy to be called the seate or foundation of the shoulder blade Albeit Vesalius iudgeth it to be that side of Scapula that reacheth down after the longitude of the backe next to the Spinall Processes of the pectorall Vertebres But briefly these bones are endewed with thrée notable productions or Processes whereof the first beyng likewise shortest hath a broad
instant might inferre THe brest bone called also Sternon in the neither part therof hath a Cartilage of a trianguler forme although sometimes foure square and in others clouen in two Some therfore haue called it a litle sword others the shieldlyke Cartilage others Mucronatum that is to say sharpe pointed or edged the Arabians Malum Granatum the Grecians 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 But what soeuer name it meriteth yet nature made it not to that end as it is commonly iudged that is to say for a defence propugnacle to y mouth of the Tlentricle which farre distant froÌ„ this lyeth in the left side But more rightly they might iudge that it gardeth the hart defendeth Septum transuersum whose tendon is knit thereto Wherfore it hapneth that a wounde in this place is daungerous and deadly for bicause nature placed there this Cartilage as a shield vnto it Whiche groweth so fast vnto the lower part of the brest bone that without great force it may not be plucked away Wherfore they are worthy derisioÌ„ that suppose it to slyppe froÌ„ the seate sometyme IN the head of thé shoulder blade or scaple bone is an hollow or coÌ„caued place whereto is annexed a Cartilage for the augmentation therof for in that part els the compasse of the shoulder blade could not haue suffred so déepe a hollow as might haue bene sufficient to the receiuyng of the head of the shoulder Nature therfore for the augmentation therof deuised a Cartilage wherewith to contriue a déeper profunditie which also so artificially is wrought as that the same ioynt by the mobilitie of this Cartilage is made more agile casie and actiue and by the altitude and depth of the same cauitie at no tyme is easely displaced Which when it hapneth is not without great diligence repayred THe like Cartilage we finde in the cauitie of the hippe which admitteth the long and rounde head of the thighe bone But that is not made there any thyng moueable but onely to that end prepared that the borders of the same coÌ„cauitie might more highly be augmented and so the profunditie be made greater bicause the huckle bone els might not be so déepely excaued as should séeme sufficient to admit the longitude of the head of the thighe FUrther more from the lower heades of the thigh to the vpper regioÌ„ of the legge are two Cartilages like halfe circles the one on the inside the other on the out side I can easely compare their figure to the fashion of a sickle thicker on the out side and thinner on the inside and inwardly endyng at that tubercle which in the middle vpper face or end of the legge riseth where they are ioyned together And they are made to encrease the cauities there in the toppe of the legge exculped wherein more fitly are inserted the lower heades of the thighe neither that the mouing of the ioynt should be hindred TO come vnto the wrest of the hand neare to the poynted Processe extended from the extreme head of the cubite whiche Galen in vayne beleued to be knit to the fourth bone of the wrest is a Cartilage put which fulfilleth the same place beyng otherwise voyde and empty preuentyng likewise lest that part of the hand whilest it is bowed to that sive should strike vpon that sharpe Processe to the great greuaunce and hurt therof MOreouer betwenethe bones of Pubis cleaueth strongly a notable Cartilage whiche in the superiour part is broad and thicke but goyng downewardes decayeth by litle and litle endyng at a sharpe in that place committyng together those bones like most hard and cleauyng glew so fast in déede holdyng them together as that more rightly growyng then ioynyng together they may be termed And for that cause in the former treatise we haue reproued the opinions of such as are not ashamed to affirme these bones to open in the tyme of child bearyng whilest with a knife without great labour as oft hath bene assayed they vtterly refuse to be separated ALso there are Cartilages bestowed on euery ioint whether the 〈◊〉 therof be obscure or manifest For in the ioyntes it behoued the bones to be cucrusted with such Cartilages as be light and slippery sor the easie prouekyng of motion and that by mutuall construction they be not worne Wherfore you finde alway added vnto them a certaine moyst matter wherewith as with a certaine fatnes the ioyntes are continually noynted ANd this I hold fully sufficient for the declaratioÌ„ of Cartilages through out the body Notwithstanding it is best determined in this place to speake somewhat of the nayles before I make an end Whiche although it be truly sayd that their substaunce is meane betwixt bones and Cartilages being neither so hard as bones nor so soft as Cartilages from which in colour also they differ much yet we haue ioyned them vnto the treatise of Cartilages as more appropriate to the nature of them They of right defend the most soft partes the endes of the fingers lâ—…st they be lightly hurt by euery outward occasioÌ„ Wherfore their hardnes establisheth firmely the endes of the fingers and to the apprehendyng of harder thynges are approued most necessary so made to bow and giue place but not to breake Likewise nature sayth Galen was circumspect that in makyng them hard they should neither lose the vtilitie for which they were made nor they them selues suffer any thyng easely accordyng to her custome in makyng in ech creature euery prominent particle of such substaunce as that neither for softnes they may be crushed nor yet for drines broken Likewise for securitie sake the nayles are of rounde figure For of all other figures the rounde offreth lest aduauntage whereby to be hurt bicause it hath no corner standyng forth of power to be broken But bicause by stretchyng and euery other action of the nayles their extremities must néedes be worne to their growyng was annexed perpetuitie although the whole body els be driuen to the defect of grouthe But how Sayth Fuchsius they grow not as other meÌ„bers together both in breadth length and thickenes but onely in length the new sayeth Galen cuer driuyng forwardes and thrustyng out the old So that euer in place of that whiche in the extremities of the nayles is dayly worne new commeth forward and supplieth the rowme Realdus Collumbus proueth the originall begynnyng of the nayles to come srom the skinne and the tendons extending the Muscles of the fingers although vnder the nayles the tendons are caryed to the extremities of the fingers for heare they are afterwardes dilated as shall séeme likely to ech sounde iudgement sithens vnder the nayles lurketh such exquisite sense ¶ An end of the Hystory of Cartilages ⧠Of the History of Man the third Booke of Ligamentes HAd not the ioyntes of the bones and Cartilages by
vppermost dilated Of the Muscles of the brest the first two that come to hand that is on ech side one are produced in the begynnyng from the inferiour part of the Cannell bone and with a long end are inserted to the superiour part of the first ribbe whiche they serue to dilate The secend Muscle is great broad and all fleshy beginnyng at the seate of the scapple bone and goyng betwene it and the ribbes is inserted in the first second thyrd fourth fift sixt seuenth and eight ribbe and somewhat to the ix neare vnto the borders of the Cartilages The endes of this Muscle are lyke vnto fingers and was made to dilate these viij ribbes The thyrd is a small one commyng from the Spine partes of the thrée last Vertebres of the neck and first of the brest in the begynnyng broad and Membraneous but endeth at the first ribbe of the brest and sometyme in the posteriour part of the fourth And thus was it made of nature to dilate those ribbes The iiij Muscle is also small and iiij square brought from the Spine of the ij last Vertebres of the brest And sometyme froÌ„ the first of the loynes In the beginning it is broad sinewy Membraneous but after becommeth fleshy endeth in the iij. last ribbes after the maner of fingers so can they dilate those ribbes The fift carneous riseth from the hynder and vpper part of Os sacrum and from the inner part of Ilium cleaning so fast to the second Muscle of the backe as it may be thought a portion therof Neuerthelesse when it commeth to the ribbes it sheweth playnly it selfe to be diuerse from the Muscle of the backe The higher it ascendeth the slender it waxeth beyng at length inserted by the stay of sinewy holdes to all the ribbes in the posteriour part not far from the transuerse Processes of the Vertebres where the ribbes haue their eminent asperittes These partes constraine and bynde together the hinder partes of the brest The sixt is put within the hollow of the brest all after Sternon and the viij Cartilages of the true ribbes it is fleshy long and but small to this vse ordayned that is to straiten the anterionr partes of the brest AFter followe the intercostall Muscles so called because they occupy and possesse the space places betwene the ribbes and are one ech side foure and thirtie For the spaces be xi vj. of the true ribbes and fiue of the false ribbes ij in the spaces of these and foure in euery one of those This differeÌ„ce makes that the Cartilages may be turned towardes the brest In these Muscles the course of the Fibres is turned For the outer and inner haue obligue Fibres but in contrary sort for the outer and inner make together the figure of this letter X. The begynning of the exteriour Muscles is from the lower part of the ribbes and end in the vpper partes of the next followyng so that begynnyng towardes the backe they end at length in the brest bone But the inner begyn from the vpper part of the lower ribbes and end at the nether part of the superiour ribbes The Fibres of the exteriour Muscles procéede froÌ„ the backe slopwise towardes the brest as it were from aboue descendyng but in contrary maner be the Fibres of the interiour Muscles so that they ioyne and méete together like crosses Uesalius hath written that Nature made these xxxiiij Intercostall muscles on ether side and all to one end and straitnyng of the brest But for that he goeth not vntouched of Collumbus who proueth how also they can dilâ—… the brest that is when ether the interiour or exteriour separately worke alone But in déede when all moue at once then they coact and make straite the brest strongly For the exteriour pull vpwardes and the interiour downewardes so drawyng and constrainyng them very hard together For so ought the force of constriction to be strong beyng oft forcebly put in vre by sodaine efflation spéech and vociferation The same Authour inferreth also by what meanes Uesalius was deceiued For sayth he he supposed in this motion that the first ribbe remaineth not moued But the matter is playnly otherwise For it is styrred by the first Muscle of the brest which springeth from the Cannell bone so that when it is lifted vp it draweth the ribbes after in order whereto the Intercostall muscles are assistaunt and so they are outward extended the exteriour Muscles helpyng them but downeward contrarily by the helpe of the inferiours For because the last ribbe is drawne downward by the oblique ascendent Muscle of Abdomen And after this order aforesayd they are dilated Notwithstandyng when that both do worke together that is the outer and inner then followeth construction of theÌ„ brest generally as somewhat before is written THere is yet an other Muscle common to both sides which the Grecians call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Latines Septum transuersum This deuideth the vitall from the naturall partes Aristotle beleued this diuision to be made of nature to the end that the vapors of meates and substaunce receiued might not ascend vp by fumes to the hart and annoy the same But that opinion is altogether ouerthrowne by Collumbus For as touchyng that matter if Septum transuersum were away it forceth not since the meate hath a close entraunce and passage into the Uentricle neither may it by any meanes send or let passe vapors to the hart for the substaunce of the stomacke is not so light and Spongy Agayne if it might it appeareth the hart should not be offended at all thereby seyng for proofe in byrdes and diuers creatures it is naturally wantyng But to the purpose This Muscle differeth from all other in the body both in situation forme and noblenes In situatioÌ„ as lying ouerthwarte the lower part of the brest In figure beyng round compassed hauyng in the middest a sinewy tendon compassed about with fleshy partes and dispersed with Fibres from the middest round about as a thyng most comely to behold the noblenes thereof is such as beyng wounded the partie seldome or hardly escapeth And it is sayd that the auncient Anathomistes and Grecians called it ' Phrenes whiche is by interpretation the mynde Plinie and others after him named it 〈◊〉 But besides the sinewy tendon which before we haue spoken of and whereby it is partaker of much sense it possesseth also both Ueynes and Arteries those not small but large No lesse moreouer obtaineth it the sortes of diuers Nerues whiche betwene the spaces of the ribbes do come vnto it from the Spinall marey Among y which are 〈◊〉 coÌ„myng downe from betwene the fourth and fift Spondill of the necke are sowen aboue Perâ—…rdium where the fleshy part of Septum doth degenerate into a Teâ—…on or rather where the tendon endeth at a fleshy nature â—…uchsius not in vayne as it séemeth
in Omentum makyng so the image of a nette are onely the brauÌ„ches of Vena porta but none from Caua commeth to Omentum They are scattered out from that braunche of Porta whose principall portion is drawne out vnto the splene So thence innumerable braunches of Ueynes runne abroad in the Membran of Omentum not straight forth or with direct trases but with aboundaunt oblique courses and wandryng walkes like as in the maner of weauyng of nettes is to be sene The Arteries of Omentum breake of from those which to the Uentricle liuer splene vessicle of Choler are distributed These all together with the Ueynes Oment is safely leadeth and to his Ueynes from them obtaineth fellowly mates so that there are fewe surcles of Ueynes to be found not associated with like portion of Arteries Agayne Omentum is thyrdly enterwouen with those Nerues which from the portions of the vj. payre of the brayne reached after the ribbes are emplanted to the liuer splene and Uentricle But the fat wherewith Omentum floweth in dull and fat ment is aboundant but in leane litle and scant Beside that which is common to both the Membrans the inferiour Membran therof where it is strewed vnder the posteriour seate of the Uentricle hath specially a certaine great and notable Glandulous body which because that in dogges it is red and after a certaine maner like simple flesh the Grecians therfore call it Calicreas and Panchreas But in man it appeareth more white then red situated there to Vena porta and to the braunches of Arteries and Nerues for their secure deriuation onely boulstred by the inferiour Membran of Omentum and layd vnder the Uentricle to enritch the same with ease For all the vessels eueÌ„ where they begyn to deuide ramifie there also do they easely incurre damage as if any euill be incident vnto them through violent mouyng that part which was lately deuided doth immediately incurre the same Nature therfore not rashly where of Ueynes such distribution diuarication ought to be made placeth this Glandulous body to enwrappe theÌ„ and fulfill their diuisions that none of them for lacke of defense should be soyled but restyng in a body soft and meanely yeldyng although they happen to be prouoked with a more vehement mouyng yet because they are not shielded with hard and stubburne partes but such as by lightly receiuyng them do gently exolue the violence of euery motioÌ„ they are from hurt breakyng or strayning perpetually conserued This body is called Panchreas that is all carnous or fleshy for that it is made and contexed of Glandulous flesh But Calicreas because it is swéete and pleasaunt in eatyng To declare briefly therfore the vses of Omentum it enfoldeth the braunches of Porta and them enfolded leadeth to the splene Uentricle Duodenum and Colon And not onely those braunches but also the Arteries and Nerues which to the sayd places were also to be inserted And this Vesalius iudged the greatest and most excellent vse therof Agayne this is not the least that by it the Uentricle is bound to the backe and agayne the liuer and splene knit vnto the Uentricle together with the interuenture of vessels and sinewes And beyng to the intrels accidentally made an inuoluâ—…re doth cherish and continue that hart like a cloth or stomacher Wherfore such as haue Omentum or any part therof cut away they féele the Uentricle or stomach as most the common sort terme it colder they digest lesse and stand in néede of outward helpes chiefly if the part that is taken away be in great quantitie Wherfore the Kell is not to be robbed of this benefite it yeldeth to the furtheryng of concoction THe instrument of which operation is the Uentricle which is that part of the body into which liuyng creatures receiue their meate ordained by nature to make of the same susteinyng by concoctyng makyng the first mutation Under the brest and Septum transuersum next betwene the liuer and splene it is seated obtaining a passage which reacheth in the meates froÌ„ the mouth called by all these names as Aesophagus Stomachus Gula and after the Arabians Meri THe begynnyng of the stomache is at the roote of the toung in the lower part of the iawes behynd Larinx to which it is knit and not to it onely but also to the Anteriour body of the Vertebres of the necke This receiuyng the meate compelled thereunto by agitation of the toung driueth it downe to the dilated partes thereof The substaunce hereof is sinewy and Membraneous made therfore to dilate readely gather together agayne enterwouen with Fibres ministryng vnto his office The rest of this body is very rouÌ„d and within excellent smooth slippery It consisteth of two propper coates one specially differyng from an other in substaunce hardnes thickenes and kyndes of Fibres The first of these or inner coate is more sinewy hard somewhat thinner with the conte of the mouth palate continuall endewed with straight Fibres to the attraction of meate as handes But the outer coate is thicker softer more fleshy almost participatyng with the Nature of Muscles and with transuerse or circular Fibres aboundant And thus nature intended onely to place two kindes of Fibres in the stomach as the straight to attract and draw the substaunce and the transuerse to driue it down neither had any moe bene commodious For had there bene any of oblique race the meate must néedes with ouer long delay haue taried in the stomach to the no small greuaunce of the body for asmuch as the stomach filled with meate if very long it should be distended must néedes ouer long also be a let whilest they are dilated vnto the lunges roughe Arterie and also great Arterie Nature therfore so prouidently contriued the seate of the stomach reachyng through the â—…cke and brest vnto the Uentricle exactely vpon the middest of the Vertebres of the necke and the foure first of the brest inclinyng to nether side but so 〈◊〉 vnder the rough Arterie placed as by no meanes to molest the organs before named Agayne at the begynnyng of the fift 〈◊〉 of the brest the stomach that it might giue place to the greater truncke of the great 〈◊〉 marchyng after the Vertebres of the backe to the lower partes of the body somwhat declineth to the right side from the middle region of the Vertebres créepyng neare to the same Arterie downe to the ninth Vertebre of the brest from the body of which Vertebre it is immediately eleuated and departyng further of the same Arterie lest in swallowyng the meate it might fortune to be compressed penetrateth at length the sinewy part of Septum transuersum towardes the left side but neuerthelesse is altogether estranged from that hole which the great Arterie in fallyng downe to the inferiour members occupyeth for
it hath one peculiar to it selfe and to the Nerues therewith descendyng prepared After all this at the begynnyng of the ix Vertebre of the brest the stomach by the interuenture of MembraÌ„s produced from the Ligamentes of the Spondils is to the bodies of the Vertebres committed and possesseth from those MembraÌ„s a thyrd coate as it were of his second an inuoluere mingled with no Fibres at all But that neare to the fift Vertebre of the brest the stomach sheweth it selfe rather on the right then on the left side of the Arterie the Arterie it selfe is the cause not as a tyran occupying the middle seat of the backe but whilest it taketh his begynnyng from the left Uentricle of the hart and by the rest of his way is subiected vnder Vena caua towardes the left side of necessitie in greater part to the left side bendyng and therfore somewhat giuyng place to the stomach admitteth the same a fellow or companion of the seate of the Vertebres so that the stomach might be lesse obliquate or crooked and obteyne also firmer seate then in the left side might be found Furthermore the stomach doth not perforate the right side of Septum transuersum neither is stretched straight into the UeÌ„tricle from the right side of the backe but beyng caried aboue the Arterie and obliquate or crooked with an obtuse or blunt corner séeketh the left side lest the stomach in going to the UeÌ„tricle should haue bene compelled to perforate the liuer which occupyeth all the right side of the inferiour region of Septum but fréely findeth out that part in Septum whereas lesse of liuer beyng yeldeth easie passage thereto Such is the thinner portion of the whole liuer stretched to the left side of Septum as that in the posteriour region therof where the stomach goeth through Septum it hath a cauitie like a halfe circle engrawen for the stomach whose Anteriour part it ampleâ—…eth ther to in proportion agréeing But it sufficed not nature to giue vnto the stomach so obliquate those sayd Fibres for the spéedy passage of meates but also to the end his concauitie might alway be with moysture annoynted she hath placed Glandules both in the iawes stomach and Larinx Which perpetually left those organs should be dryed prepareth them humor and spettle The Latins terme them Tonsillae Also in the middle space of the stomach where the same is subiect to Aspera Arteria in that place as it is deuided into two trunkes to the lunges two others are put not onely before the stomach but also cleauyng to the sides and posteriour part therof playnly aunswerable to those wherewith nature hath compassed the begynnyng of the necke of the bleddar in men For euen as these do irrigate and moysten the way of 〈◊〉 and seede so the Glandules fastened to the stomach humeâ—… his amplitude and lest by drines the meate should with difficultie fall into the Uentricle do imbrue washe it with a certaine spettelly humor The stomach immediately as it hath penetrated Septum in the left side of his sinewy part is made coÌ„tinuall with the body of the Uentricle which touchyng a great part in the left side of Septum vseth the whole region or space betwene the liuer and splene But in the right side the UeÌ„tricle no where toucheth SeptuÌ„ but all the right side whole superiour part therof is hiddeÌ„ of the liuer being somuch therfore distauÌ„t from the midrief as the thicknes therof commeth to on that side THe figure therof is round somewhat therewith long from the right stretchyng to the left side assimulated of ColluÌ„bus to a gourd long round fashioned round because all round thynges are more capable and lesse subiect to iniuries but long because so both the place wherein it is conteined and also the two Orifices therof one whereby it receiueth meat the other whereby the same confected is thrust downe vnto the intrels do require In the left side also it is much more ample and round a litle puttyng forth toward the inferiour partes and thence forthwith turnyng to the right side is by litle litle gathered together to a strete in the vpper part descendeth but in the nether asceÌ„deth so that in the right side it becommeth much more slender then in the left Also in the superiour part therof which pertaineth froÌ„ one Orifice to an other it is more strete and narrow as in the inferiour larger and broader In the Anteriour part it is equally euery where Gibbous and no where defourmed In the posteriour region it sheweth after a certaine maner two Gibbous partes one on the left side and the same greater and longer put forth an other on the left side lesse and more depressed And those bounched partes make a certaine cauitie or impression after the longitude of the body to the posteriour seat of the Uentricle impressed For in what place the Uentricle respecteth the Vertebres of the backe and the descendent trunkes of the hollow Ueyne great Arterie to them stretched that it might fit it selfe euery where to the place thereto assigned the posteriour region therof is inwardly as into his owne amplitude somewhat impressed although the Uentricle beyng drawne from the body and blowne vp sheweth not the same TWo Orifices hath the Uentricle one whereby the meate and drinke is receiued which consisteth in the highest seate of the left part of the Uentricle because the stomach there fitly perforatyng Septum might first grow vnto the Uentricle and be made one common body therewith The auncient Gréekes do call this 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 but we after the Latins name it the vpper mouth of the Uentricle And although it be in the left side notwithstandyng it commeth nearer to the middle seate therof then to the left side Wherfore Galen sayth it is sited vnder Mucronata Cartilago as vnder a certaine propugnacle and defence The other Orifice of the Uentricle transmitteth the meates chaunged into the intrels Whence the Grecians call it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Latins Ianitor but commoÌ„ly the nether Orifice or mouth of the Uentricle This Orifice is in the right side and constituteth the begynnyng of the intrels Hence it hapneth that the first intrell called Duodenum many haue named the begynnyng Moreouer the Orifices of the Uentricle not onely in situation do vary but besides the nethermost is more strete then the vppermost because sometyme are swallowed hard great and vnbroken lumpes for whose ingresse it behoued the way of the UeÌ„tricle to be large and ample But beneath contrariwise since nothyng passeth that is raw hard great are not turned into iuyce it is streter although neither so strete as that it onely traÌ„smitteth the thicke iuyce since not a fewe that without hurt or damage do oft tymes auoyde great swallowed bones But in diuers creatures Galen affirmeth a
the office to conuert any thyng doth transmute chaunge it into his owne colour as is to be noted by the testicles and womens brestes Also the Uentricle sheweth it playne for whether the meates that we eate be white red yellow gréene or other colours all those notwithstandyng it conuerteth to white the colour of his owne substaunce Here also the testicles c. BUt now in the Gibbous part of the liuer where the substaunce thereof séemeth greater and thicker springeth a veyne called Concaua Chilis or Magna beyng the mother of all other veynes in our body To this are diuers thicke and great rootes which are inserted in the substaunce therof from the toppe to the bottome and do all at length constitute that large veyne which is extended and ramified both vp to the head and downe to the foote This veyne is rightly compared vnto a great riuer For from thence as there be many dikes issuyng so very many braunches are deriued from this veyne like litle brookes and runnyng dikes which are spreâ—… abroad throughout the whole body transposing bloud to euery Membran of late made and laboured in the liuer This Vena Concaua in ascending vpward from the liuer toward the head perforateth the midrief in what place it is distaunt from the bodyes of the Vertebres and in that place putteth forth two veynes whiche agayne deuided into braunches are distributed throughout the same Diaphragma Which done this Uena Caua runnyng almost immediately to the right care of the hart is set vpon the Orifice of the right ventricle of the hart connect and knit therewith complectyng it euery where on the outside not beyng caryed into it IN this place it bringeth forth a veyne whiche compasseth and embraceth the hart like vnto a crowne wherfore accordyngly it is called Coronalis Vena FUrthermore this hollow veyne ascendyng vp towardes the head is caried vp aboue the lunges there distaunt from the Vertebres And aboue the hart no small space thrusteth forth the veyne without a mate called by the Gréekes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 whiche although it be in the right side yet hath his begynnyng from the middest or as it were the centre of the hollow veyne which is reflected neare the bodyes of the Vertebres and downe to the extreme part of the brest descendeth sendyng brauÌ„ches both on the right and left side to the spaces betwene the ribbes for the nourishmeÌ„t of those partes And although this stocke lye in the right side yet neuerthelesse vnder the lunges Aesophagus and great Arterie are brauÌ„ches thence scattered to cherish and feede the left side FRom the same right trunke or stocke whilest it begynneth to be reflected breaketh of an other braunch which ascendyng vpwardes dedicateth braunches to the superiour spaces of the vpper ribbes and not onely in the right side but in the left also except in some and those very few in which a litle braunch is deriued on the left side from Vena Axillaris and caryed now to two now to thrée and sometyme to one of the spaces betwene the ribbes onely FRom all these veynes nourishyng the spaces of the ribbes as is sayd there spryng yet other veines which go in betwene the Vertebres where the holes be for the production of Nerues These veynes nourish the sayd Vertebres and Spinall marey and enter in at the holes sited behynd the bodyes of the Vertebres From these further before they enter in the Spinall marey to nourishe it veynes are also sent to the Muscles of the skinne and backe MOreouer aboue the veyne without a fellow the hollow veyne asceÌ„deth lyeng a loft the rough Arterie straight vp the height of the Cannell bone there putting forth ij great veynes called Axillaris because they go vnder the armehole which betwene the Cannell bone first ribbe do passe by the cauitie of the brest THen after from him stretcheth the humerall veyne called also Capitalis or Cephalica which neuerthelesse ascendeth not to the toppe of the shoulder but rather is caried after the inner region and passing forth betwene the first and second Muscle of the shoulder stretcheth to the outer partes and there lyeth euident aloft For when it is passed through the fleshy Membran it goeth betwene it and the skinne to the cubite and is caried outwardly neare to the first Muscle that boweth the cubit at which bought it deuideth in two braunches wherof one goeth to the inside of the cubite and in departyng from the bought therof it is vnited with an other like braunch of Basilica of which two is made the true common veyne But the other bow of the aforesayd veyne in the outside of the cubit both aboue outward produceth many brauÌ„ches but at length the chief braunch stretcheth aboue the wrest and extreme part of the hand betwene the litle finger and the ryng finger and this diuision is caryed to the extremities of either of those fingers And this is the veyne commonly called of ech Practisioner Saluatella the opening of which they beleue to profit much in the effectes of the splene To which of truth me séemeth no reason can consent After that this Vena Axillaris is gone from out of the hollow of the brest and hath committed from him this veyne lately described it plungeth it selfe déepely vnder the Cannell bone at the Processe of the scaple called Anchiroïdes in which place it obtaineth very many braunches whiche nourish the first Muscle of the arme and not onely it but also the second of the scapple bone and the second of the brest and the fourth and seuenth of the shoulder and the scapple it selfe and all the space euen to Abdomen Besides these in women you must vnderstand that other braunches are conuenient to the nourishyng of the brestes FUrthermore this Axillaris Vena beyng caryed to the shoulder vnder the first Muscle bowing the cubite is deuided into iij. and those notable great veynes Wherof one is called Basilica or Hepatica the inner veynes after Hypocrates of the cubitte This veyne which we haue said to pearse so déepe coÌ„meth alost by litle litle to the extreme end of the shoulder bone where the cubite boweth like to Cephalica it is deuided in two wherof the one is vnited in the inside of the cubite with a braunch of Cephalica in whiche place is made the common veyne That is to say coÌ„mon because it is partaker of both the veynes Which braunches constitutyng the same are called Medianae most coÌ„monly opened of euery Practitioner But here is to be noted that neare to Cephalica his Mediana lyeth no nerue so as there doth to Basilica An other braunch is poured forth by the exteriour part and diuersly conioyned for now with a braunch of Cephalica now with the common veyne Per Anastomosin at length it sendeth braunches aboue the wrest and backe of the hand as also
the partes of the body it was most requisite The which â—…w assertion or late inuention of Collumbus because it was like to be much spurned at and by all meanes possible especially of those that had sworne them selues to the decrées of Galen and Vesalius confuted and reiected the same Authâ—…ur hath as it were entreated vs willyngly to contemplate first the magnitude and largenes of the lunges which without vitall bloud could not endure when as there is not the least particle in all the body that is destitute therof But if this vitall bloud be not begotten in the lunges from what part might it thether haue bene seut but from the great arterie and thence sayth he not one braunch great nor litle is conuayed to the lunges For to this purpose as touching the veniall arterie or arteriall veyne he demaundeth how by them vitall bloud should be brought vnto the luÌ„ges whilest nether of them doth beate but serue for other speciall offices as shortly more largely shall appeare There are litle small Nerues which touch onely the coate of the lunges but pearse not within which maketh that the lunges are with very small sense endewed notwithstandyng that it is a member greatly néedefull and so necessary The coate wherof since it is porie no maruel that in time of the Pleurisie inflamation of the lunges it receiue bloud into it which spettle outwardly declareth In conclude the lunges so needefull to the refreshyng of the hart nature did not onely deuise as also lest it should be serued at any tyme with vnprepared ayre but many creatures she would haue breth for the cause of voyce also so requisite to their life and naturall beyng That therfore which is giuen out from the lunges in the tyme of expiration is the excellent notable matter of voyce THe Membran enuoluyng the whole hart with his auricles begynnynges of the vessels like a certaine casket or case thereto is called of the Greekes Pericardion in Latin Cordis inuolucrum some Casula cordis for that it is as a certaine house vnto the hart the barbarous number by the addition of one letter pronounce it Capsula But we will vse here to say the inuolucre of the hart The image or portraiture wherof is very like vnto the fourme of a Pine nut hauyng a round orbiculer foundation and a blunt poynt But the foundation of the hart is not continuall with the inuolucre therof but at least pearsed through with v. holcs whereof two yeld way to the hollow Ueyne That is to say one where the same doth perforate the midreif But the second hole is that where the same Ueyne rising vpwardes from the foundation of the hart goeth to the Cannell bone The thyrd letteth in the veniall arterie The fourth is prepared for the great arterie And the fift yeldeth way to the arteriall Ueyne To the partes of these vessels distaunt a notable space from the vpper face of the hart this inuolucre groweth after a sort fetchyng his begynnyng from them The rest of the inuolucre transmittyng no vessell is whole and côtinuall and euery where alike saue that from the foundation downwardes as is sayd it stretcheth into a blunt poynt after the fashion of the hart The foundation or scate is meant to be the toppe and highest part therof which in man is placed somewhat higher then the body of the fift Vertebre of the brest yet lyeng not close thereto but ouer agaynst it Besides this inuolucre in the progresse or desceÌ„se therof varieth as touchyng situatioÌ„ For in maÌ„ whose fore part of the brest nature hath made shorter is 〈◊〉 so crooked towardes the left side agayne forwardes as that the poynt after a certaine maner reacheth more downward theÌ„ that part of the brest bone wherâ—… to the vpper part of SeptuÌ„ traÌ„suersum groweth And againe so much appertaineth to the left side as that the right part of his poynt scarse attaineth to the middest of the brest Also to the fore partes the poynt so procéedeth as that it may touch the left side of the brest bone and Cartilages coarticulated or knit thereto It consisteth of Membranous substaunce and with the other Membrans ther fore numbred amoÌ„gest the similar partes of the body For it is enterwouen with no Fibres but is a simple Membran euery where thicke very hard and constitutyng a concauitie wherein the hart may both vse his dilatation and constriction casely For the hart in it selfe containeth no portion growyng thereto but is distaunt euery where equally from it This cauitie is altogether smooth wette with a certaine thinne humor and destitute of all fatnes And so is the outer face of this inuoluere although Aristotle farre otherwise supposed affirmyng the inuolucre of the hart to be fat deluded peraduenture with the intersepient Membrans which growyng to this inuolucre are very fat especially in man But the exteriour face of this inuolucre for the Fibrous knittyngs as MeÌ„brans growing together is rough To the anteriour part of the inuolucre of the hart whereto those Membrans are not knit MeÌ„branous Fibres fulfillyng or supplyeng the roome of these Membrans do grow But to the whole posteriour part the intersepient MembraÌ„s are fréely growyng All the poynt and egregious portion of the right side of this inuolucre groweth very strongly and in most ample space to the sinewy circle of Septum transuersum whiche thyng in déede is peculiar to man since in Dogges Apes and Swine it is much distaunt from the midreif Also in man onely the anteriour part of the poynt cleaueth to Pleura with Fibrous knittynges in that part I meane on the left side where the Cartilages of the vj. and vij ribbes are bound vnto the brest But that knittyng of the inuolucre is brought to passe among the Membrans that deuide the brest in the middest for no where the inuolucre of the hart excéedeth the middest of them nether in any part toucheth the lunges but by their interuenture Moreouer there are no arteries dispersed in this inuolucre neither veines vnlesse it be some small ones springyng from those whiche are deriued to the intersepient Membrans as others to Omentum For when it transmitteth Vena 〈◊〉 it boroweth of it scarse any thing but where it groweth to the midreif it chalengeth to it the vessels coÌ„monto the midreif Nerues also it purchaceth though very obscure procéedyng from those out of which there current nerues do brauÌ„ch Thus this Membranous inuolucre beyng as a fine boxe or case vnto the hart susteineth the same by the ayde and benefite of the intersepient Membrans In the space or distaunce conteined betwene this inuolucre Pericardion and the hart a certaine watrie humor is conteined lest the hart by perpetuall mouynges might be dryed whiche although Matheus Curtius doubted to be true the truth notwithstandyng both
in dead and liuing bodies doth testifie it selfe THe hart within this inuolucre closed beyng the fountaine of vitall heate and perfector of vitall spirites after they are laboured in the lunges as before is touched is also the originall roote of all Arteries but not of Nerues neither Ueynes as fondly some haue fabled THe figure of the hart is not much vnlike the pine nutte but somewhat depressed that is to say hauyng a broader foundation but endyng by litle and litle at a poynt somewhat sharper then the pine nutte is much more long then thicke All the exteriour face therof from the foundation or seate to the extreme part of the poynt is very euen and smooth growyng to no part at all Notwithstandyng the braunches of the coronall Ueyne runnyng from the seate to the poynt of the hart with the fellowshyp of their Arteries which swellyng with bloud do cause a litle inequalitie but not much because the greatest portioÌ„ of their bodyes is impressed within the substaunce of the hart so likewise doth the fat wherewith mans hart aboundeth enduce some inequalitie but the foundation of the hart for the goyng forth of the vessels is euery where vnequall For to the right side therof the right auricle together with Vena caua the arteriall veyne is committed But it hath on the left side the left auricle and besides the veniall arterie the begynnyng of the great arterie Of which more at large hereafter THe hart although it was of sapient nature situated in the brest yet not in the middest of the body for the centre is onely occupyed of the nauell nor in the middest of the brest as Aristotle supposed and the common people at this day do thinke For onely the seate of the hart which since it is the originall of the vessels is supposed the most noble part exactly obtaineth the middest of the right and left side of the brest both beholdyng the anteriour posteriour partes For so farre it is distaunt from the brest bone as it is in space from the bodyes of the Vertebres Of the longitude of the brest which is constituted of xij ribbes it respecteth the body of the fift Vertebâ—…e But in the anteriour region of the brest which is ended by the longitude of the brest Bone it obtaineth truly the middest beyng so much remoued from the Cannell bone as distaunt from that part of the brest bone whereto the midreif is inserted And thus in his seate this noble part is safely situated beyng much remoued froÌ„ the iniuries which outwardly might happen From which part the rest of the body of the hart by litle and litle is so reached forth towardes the anteriour partes and into the left side as that the posteriour part of his point bendeth more to the brest and forwardes then the centre or â—…ddest of the fouÌ„dation and the right part of the poynt beyng more to the left side theÌ„ the middest of the same seate excéedeth the middest of the brest bone into the left side and the centre or pricke of the poynt respecteth the Cartilages of the vj. or vij ribbes on the lest side where they are bound vnto the brest bone Furthermore it lyeth so apt for the embracing of the lobes of the lungâ—…s as most readely the vessels might from the one to the other be conuayed THe chief substaunce of the hart doth consist of flesh not altogether so red as the flesh of the Muscles but in hardnes thicknes interwearyng of Fibres much varyeng from it For the flesh of the hart is much harder and thicker to beare out iniuries farre more able for so it was expedient consideryng his motion and finally with diuers kyndes of most stroÌ„g Fibres endewed whereas the flesh of Museles is not so firme but contented with foure Fibres that is for the most part one kynde and those more strewyngly set accordyng to their required actioÌ„ as in the history of Muscles whence the errour of those is detected who soeuer they are that affirme the hart to be of Musculous substaunce THrée sortes therfore of Fibres are coÌ„teined in the flesh of the hart that is to say straight oblique and transuerse The straight we call those which from the foundation are caried to the poynt of the hart Those transuerse which in crosse or compassing wise goe about the hart and those oblique that choose their course more slopewise then the others The flesh of the hart auayleth to the principall functions therof which especially consist in the makyng of vitall spirite or in makyng perfect the same after the labour of the lunges as Collumbus assureth vs. The Fibres serue to an other function for by them the hart whilest the creature liueth is dilated and contrahed and somewhiles resteth betwene contractioÌ„ and dilation Moreouer they serue to the mouyng of the hart which is naturall and nothyng subiect to our will as thus the straight for attraction the trásuerse for expulsion and the oblique for retention And these motioÌ„s of the hart are called Diastole and Sistole and Diastole when the hart in his dilatation receiueth in of spirite like as Sistole is when the hart by constriction putteth forth the same THe seate of the hart is compassed round about which the Ueyne called Coronalis that so the hart might be nourished by his bloud to the which Ueyne also is ioyned in felowship the arterie called Coronalis which is yet to describe and which sometyme are ij to the end that by meanes and helpe therof the substauÌ„ce of vitall heat might be quickned Wherefore sayth Collumbus some man may doubt yea by the premisses frame a sufficient argument to proue that the vitall spirites are not begotteÌ„ in the hart but in the lunges Albeit he referreth the case to the more sapient Philosophers to discufse And so it shal be sufficient here truly to describe the partes of the body how they are to what vse created least I meddle ouer farre in such misteries To the seate moreouer of the hart is offred a litle Nerue procéedyng from the left sinew of the vâ—… payre from the brayne whereas it constituteth the left recurrent Nerue For this pearsing through the seate of the hart his inuolucre and reached forth to the left side and posteriour part of the arteriall Ueyne créepeth very obscurely into the foundation of the hart and that onely for the féelyng of annoyaunces THe coate that groweth closse vnto the substauÌ„ce of the hart is altogether aunswerable to that Membran whiche fo firmely groweth to the bellyes of the Muscles I meane that most thinne Membran which from the substaunce of the Muscles may not be plucked Upon which coate in maÌ„ chiefly groweth plenty of hard fat but that most commoÌ„ly about the seate of the hart though sometyme it be effused euen downe to
Why there groweth no fatte vndeâ—… the samne of the yard What is 〈◊〉 The Hebrewes â—…acke praeputium vesal. 1. oc cit 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Why the partes of women are not here spoken of The opinion of Galen and Vesalius how bloud commeth into the left Uentricle of the hart The opinion of Collumbus Leonardus Botallus vesal. lib. 6. cap. 8. Of the Panicle called Pleura The â—…ure of 〈◊〉 â—…atte The tying of the lunâ—… and 〈◊〉 to Pleura The peâ—…tions of 〈◊〉 Col. â—…ib 2. cap. 21. The great aâ—…rie doth not 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 6. cap. 2. The substaâ—…ce of Plâ—… The beginning of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 â—…ib 6 Aâ—…ho com 33. Where hapneth the 〈◊〉 Why 〈◊〉 consisteth of ij The 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Plâ—…ura 〈◊〉 called a coate 〈◊〉 how a membran Col. Lib. 11. cap. 3. The progresâ—… of Plâ—…ura Why the lunges are deâ—…ded into ij partes Mediâ—…stinum In Mediastino â—…atter 〈◊〉 be gathered and also drawne forth Thimus The vse of the 〈◊〉 of Aesophagus Col. Lib. 11. Cap. 1. The coate to the nostreles palate and tongue Vuula and the office thereof The defect of Vuula what enâ—… eth â—…eynes to 〈◊〉 Vâ—…l â—…ib 6. cap. 6. To whom the drawing of cold ayre much 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Loc. 〈◊〉 The Glandules 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The 〈◊〉 of the Glaâ—…uies 〈◊〉 The situation of the lunges and â—…itting Diuision Figure Why the lunges aâ—…e inwardly hollow Why the lunges is deuided into lobes Col. Ibid. Why the lunges is dâ—…ided into moc lobes in beastes then in men The substance of the lunges The substance of the lunges The vessâ—…ls in the lunges The descriptioÌ„ of A 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The vse of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Arteriall veyne The vse of the 〈◊〉 A 〈◊〉 vse of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 â—…ow vitall 〈◊〉 are 〈◊〉 By the largâ—…nes of the Arteriall veyne the vse 〈◊〉 fâ—…d out The vitall spirits pâ—…rtected in the hart are caried by the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to all the partes of the 〈◊〉 How Collumbus saâ—…eth his opiâ—…ion as touching the generation of vitall spirites in the lunges The Neâ—…es of the lunges touch his coate but pearse net How hapâ—…eth bloudy spâ—…trie in the 〈◊〉 Vâ—…l â—…ib 6. cap. 7. The matter of voyce Gal. Lib. 6. vs part 〈◊〉 lâ—…b 6. cap. 8. The inâ—…cre of the hate 〈◊〉 Figuâ—…e The perforatioÌ„s of 〈◊〉 Which is the scate or foundation of the hart The situation of pencardium The substance of pericardium The concauâ—…tie of peâ—…cardium Pericardium beareth no fâ—…tte Intersepient membrans are those whiche grow about those vessels betwene the lunges and the hart Where pericardium groweth to Septum transuerâ—… Deynâ—…s and 〈◊〉 to 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The watrie hâ—…mor 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and the vse of it Col. lâ—…b 7. The hart Vâ—…sal Lâ—…b 6. cap. 9. The figure of the hart The cirâ—…scription of the haâ—…t Col. Ibid. Vâ—…sal lâ—…b 6. cap. 9. The 〈◊〉 of the haâ—…t The substanÌ„ce of the hart Gal. quoque â—…ib 2. de 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Cap. 4. Fibres Col. Ibid. The substaunce of the hart is not musculous Vâ—…sal Ibid. Which are the strayght Fibres of the hart The transuerse The oblique The vse of the flesh of the hart The vses of the Fibres Cordis motus a 〈◊〉 Gâ—…l lib. 7. vs part Gâ—…l Ibid. What is Diastole What is Diastole Col. Loc. 〈◊〉 The 〈◊〉 beyne The Coronall Arâ—…erye 〈◊〉 Ibid. The vse of the â—…etue to the hart The coate next the substance of the hart The fatte of the hart 〈◊〉 Ibid. The vse of the 〈◊〉 to the hart The 〈◊〉 of the right care 〈◊〉 the hart 〈◊〉 Substauncâ—… Fibres Situation The descriptioÌ„ of the 〈◊〉 eare of the hart â—…se Col. Loc. cit â—…essels of the haâ—… There are both Internae Externâ—… 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 7. The beginning of the left is higher then the riâ—…ht Col. Ibid. Col. 〈◊〉 cit Pâ—…te 〈◊〉 This glandule in the brayne beareth the shape of pâ—…us Torcular is the forth cauiâ—…e of Dura mater quabruplified betwene Cerebrum and Cerebellum Col. Loc. ciâ—… The Arteryes called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The cuneal bone is the bone Spheâ—â—â—â—◠〈◊〉 menâ—â—oâ—…ed Glandula Pâ—â—â—â—ls called also 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Vâ—… Lib. 7. cap. 1. 〈◊〉 spirite Naturall Animall spirite â—…se of the Animall spirite The Merâ—…es 〈◊〉 the messengers of the brayne The 〈◊〉 of the brayne Aristotle in 〈◊〉 The brayne was not made to the cooling of the hart The 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉 Animall spirite Col. Lib. 8. cap. 1. The first reason of the 〈◊〉 of the brayne The secoÌ„d reason The third reason Which ate the 〈◊〉 of the brayne The hart is more easely hurt then the brayne The fourth reason Cicero â—…ib 1. offic Wherein man most differeth from beastes 〈◊〉 Lib. 1. The fift reason Col. â—…n tract de 〈◊〉 What most adourneth man. The thicke and thinne Membrâ—… 〈◊〉 the brayne â—…uchsius cap. 2. de Cerebro Dura mâ—…ter couereth the brayne as 〈◊〉 the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 â—…ib 〈◊〉 cap. 8. 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 in the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is ij Membrans a 〈◊〉 not known to euery 〈◊〉 Why the exteriour 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is not so sensible as the interiour Where 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is 〈◊〉 Where is the fiâ—…ure of a 〈◊〉 Where 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is 〈◊〉 double and why The 〈◊〉 felled with bloud betwene the foure doubtenes of Dura mater The 〈◊〉 of the veynes called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is lede to an 〈◊〉 Where are the ij 〈◊〉 cauities of Dura mater foure doubled aâ—…e The third cauitâ—…e The figure of the third cauitie The rising of the veynes dispersed through y thinne Membran By what veynes the brayne is 〈◊〉 By what veynes the bones of the head are nourished The fourth cauitie of Dura 〈◊〉 doubled Where is the presse The leading of the â—…eynes from the preâ—…e Veâ—…l â—…ib 7. cap. 2. Now Dura 〈◊〉 is tyed to the brayne â—…ow Dura mater â—…howeth the â—…yne The vse of the Fibres sent through the seames Now pericranium is begotten Periosteon to the â—…cull Col. â—…oc Cit. Where is Piâ—… mâ—…r Choâ—…on Secundina Where lyeth the substaunce of the brayne The substâ—… of the brayne â—…nd â—…rey â—…o not 〈◊〉 The figure of the brame Piâ—… mater taken away The reason of the 〈◊〉 and turninges in the brayne The brayne hath not that Figure for 〈◊〉 â—…alie as some doâ—… say Collumb alloweth not this iudgement of Vâ—…lius but 〈◊〉 that by veynes that 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉 brayne it is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 sayd Colluâ—… câ—…p cit The â—…inder part of the head is noâ—… without brayne contrary to Aristotle Two Ventricles of the brayne Those which are called the 〈◊〉 should more rightly be called the 〈◊〉 ventricles Plexus Corisoâ—… The vse The inuention oâ—… Realdus Collumbuâ—… how the Animâ—… spirites are begotten Gal. Lib. 9. vs part The vitall spirite the propper matter of the Animall Col. Loc. cit The vse of the Animall spirites The third 〈◊〉 tricle of y brasue The beginning of the neruess of the spinall marey The fourth ventricle of the brayne where The way of the 〈◊〉 spirites from the third to the