Magnitudo and in man it 's greater then in other creatures as the brain and the liver in proportion His length is to the breadth of six fingers 6. digit his latitude and depth four In timidis majus In cowardly creatures it is great as in Hares Harts Asses Weesels so that the heat being in too great a receipt is weakned In valiant men it 's little and small for the union of his heat Cael. Rhodig lib. 4. cap. 16. Historia Rhodig says that some thought the heart to grow â„¥ ij in a year till man comes to 50. then so to decrease to an 100. which is the last period of life His parts are either externall or internall Externall as the Pericardium of which we have spoken his proper coat which is so thin that it cannot be separated His Adeps his two sorts of vessels the one which compasses the heart the other that enters the ventricle his Auriculae The internae are his fleshy substance his ventricles and vales Adeps is more in man then in any other creature Adeps which may make some wonderment if you consider his heat which will suffer little on the left ventricle but all on the right to the very Conon Massa will have it from the thicker part of the bloud the thinner evaporated But Achillinus hath invented a pretty one As butter is made by a strong motion so adeps here It is about the Basis where the greater and lesser vessels are seated Nature would have it Adeps non Pinguedo lest molten by the heat of the heart it might prove dangerous Riolanus hath seen the heart all wrapped in fat Women have more and yellower then men Use is to moisten the heart Vsus adipis humectare Cor. lest being heated by his continuall motion it should dry but especially in great fastings and exercises and according to the increase or decrease of the heat doth it augment or diminish so much doth heat feed upon it Bauhinus observed many times certain pieces of fat to be in the ventricles Cordis But the Conus is moistned from the humour contained in Pericardio Coronaria valvula His vessell to nourish the outward part is Vena Coronaria which is single seldome double It hath a valve like a half-moon to hinder the bloud from flowing back into Cavam To nourish the inward part is Vena Cave Of both of these Branches heretofore as likewise de Arteria Coronaria Nervi from the sixt Conjugation Nervi or from the nerves of the Pericardium which are distributed in the Basis of the heart along the Vena Arteriosa This nerve being stopt causeth sudden death De Substantia Ventriculis Auriculis Cordis SUbstance is thick flesh red not musculous Substantia crassa ex sanguine arteriali it 's made of the thicker bloud Ex sanguine arteriali secundum Aponens pag. 49. not so red as muscles yet harder exceeding thick and solid that the spirits and inborn heat which is in the heart should not breath through and be broken with continuall motion It is more solid in the point then in the Basis and here the right fibres are more compacted and thicker then in the head of the muscles or tendons Sedas facultatis vitalis Omnia genera fibrarum This flesh is the seat of vitall faculty and the first cause of functions of the heart It hath all sorts of fibres though not conspicuous as in a muscle to make his motion and defence from injuries Therefore Galen calls it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or carnosum viscus It is not a muscle because it hath all sorts of fibres besides it hath naturall motion not voluntary as muscles have Motus is continuall Motus continuus to prevent his own combustion This is two-fold Diastole Systole which are made by his fibres and between the motion there is Quies duplex Quies duplex Diastole cum Conus ad Basin id est Perisystole Diastole or Amplification is when the point by his right fibres is drawn to the Basis of the heart and so the heart is made shorter but the sides are distended and made sphericall Diastole non fit Cordis parientibus diductis elevatis ut in folle as Erasistratus thought sed when the point Yet Riolanus hath a third opinion that in Diastole the Basis comes to the Conus and in Systole it doth abcedere quia Conus most solid and hard cannot be inverted ut adducatur abducatur Use Vsus sanguinem è Cava haurire in dextrum aerem in sinistrum Systole cum Conus à Basi to draw bloud by the Vena Cava in dextrum and aire per Arteriam venosam in sinistrum ventriculum his valves loosing and yielding to their entrance Systole seu Contractio is when the point goes from the Basis and the heart put to his length and grows narrower the right fibres loosened and the transverse which compasse the heart drawn together and the valves Venae Cavae and Arteriae venosae shut Vsus 1. ad expellendum songuinem è dextro in venam arteriosam 2 Aerem ex arteris venosa in Aorsam Effiâ—itur ligamentis the great artery and Arteria venosa opened giving way to the bloud from the right by Venam arteriosam into the Lungs from the left to vitall spirits into the great artery with a portion of vitall bloud cum suliginibus per Arteriam venosâ—n This motion is called Systole seu contractio depressio dicitur This contraction is made by those strong ligaments which are in the inward ventricles of the heart which in contraction fall and bring with them the coats of the heart But the Motus Cordis originally is seated in the left ventricle Motus originaliter in sinistro Therefore the right needs no ventilation except communicated from the left as appears by those vessels of the left ventricle to which only pulsificall power is communicated So the motion of the right is like that in the ears which is because the neighbouring part moves or from agitation of the bloud not for that there is in it any faculty of moving for when the auricula are dilated the rest of the arteries are shut Quatuor motus duo auricularum duo ventricule rum So therefore in viva sectione Animalis alicujus four motions are observed differing in time and place 2. proper of the eares 2. of the ventricles Neither is this motion from the nerves as Fallopius and Piccolhominy would have it but from the Parechyma of the heart and so is naturall not animal and voluntary It hath 2. cavities which are called ventres Dextra Ventricu lus Dexter Semicircularis is not exactly round but hath his proper circumscription and semicircular and compasseth the bottome of the heart Yet comes nto to his extremity as Vesalius would have it Largior sinistro It 's larger and greater then the
other for the great quantity of bloud it receives Sinus sanguineus Ruf. Therefore of Rufus it 's called sinus sanguineus venosus It is a looser and softer flesh and of a thinner wall into this Vena Cava ascends whilest the heart is dilated it pours in his bloud that it might be here concocted and cleansed And of the thicker part the inward substance of the heart is nourished The thinner part with the same contraction per septum is sweat through into the left ventticle for the generation of vitall spirits Natus ad pulmones for for the lungs was this ventricle made as is apparent for they only have it who have lungs In caeteris which respire not but transpire only as fish have not this right ventricle So that this right ventricle and the lungs were made for the left 's sake Sinister is exactly in the middest of the heart Sinister Rotundus it 's narrower then the other for that it containeth lesse matter His cavity is round comes down to the point hath as much flesh as thrice the right for the better keeping of naturall heat and more solid that the vitall spirits vanish not Therefore it 's called Sinus spirituosus Sinus spirituosus arteriosus ventriculus In this cavity are made the vitall spirits which by the arteries with arteriall bloud are communicated to the rest of the body for his nourishment and refection Materies spirituum Aer externus sanguis The materialls are aire and bloud mixed together Aire received in by the mouth and nostrils prepared in the lungs and per arteriam venosam whilst the heat is dilated is carried into the left ventricle Bloud attenuated in the right ventricle partly into the lungs per venam arteriosam for their nutriment and partly per septum is drawn by the ventricle and retained there by his innate property mingled with the aire where by the in born faculty of the heart spirit and continuall motion it 's perfected and becomes vitall spirit and arteriall bloud which in the contraction of the heart is poured into the great artery for the life and nourishment of the whole body Superficies interna ventriculorum inaequalis The inward superficies of both ventricles is unequall and rough least spirits and bloud there entring before they be perfected should glide away And here to this businesse the valves concurre The unevennesse is partly ob foveas plures which in the left are remarkable and partly for fleshy bits Portiunculae which about the point of the heart thin and small in the right five or six in the left two thicker and stronger unto which the nervous fibres of the valve do grow Ligamenta cordis And these by some are called the ligaments of the heart This is the hottest according to Galen howsoever the Peripatetick will have the right Yet is it not so hot as to produce hairs as Pliny reports of Aristomenes Messen lib. 11. Historia Benivenii cap. 37. and Benivenius and Muretus in var. lect which is a sign of wicked man although sometimes of a crarftily wise and a daring man Habens in anima serviles pitos sometimes of an eloquent as Hermogenes in Caelio Rhodig and Leonidas in Plutarcho These ventricles are divided with a partition which is called Interstitium or Paries or Septum to keep the contents of the ventricle from sudden juncture sic Plato de fatuo Septum It is from the right extuberant from the left hollow and of the same thicknesse that the left side of the heart as if the heart had been made for the left ventricle It 's full of cells Cellulatum porosâ—â—n and porous to the right that the bloud in the left might be sweet for the generation of spirit and arteriall bloud These pores cannot be seen in dead men because they fall together These spiracula or for aminula as Riolanus calls them are carried in a doubtfull tract so that no probe can pierce them Ad mucronem pellucidum but toward the point where the Septum is most thin even in dead bodies it is pervious whereby the bloud may the better be strained through as is apparent in an oxes heart well boiled Concerning the translation of bloud into the left ventricle from the right there are diverse opinions De transitu per septum Galen Aver Piccolh Laurent Riolan Bauhin Galen Averroes Piccolhominy Laurentius Riolanus howsoever Bauhinus mistakes him and Bauhinus all these say that the bloud is carried through this Septum from the right into the left Vesalius is not so forward Vesalius dubitat but professeth his ignorance how per Septum in regard it is so thick Columb Platerus per venam arteriosam Columbus and Platerus say positively that the bloud in the right is attenuated and by venam arteriosam carried into the lungs that there prepared per Arteriam venosam in might come into the left ventrucle Botallus Botallus found out a way by himself forsooth from the right ear unto the left Vlmus a Caeliaca in Aortam ad Cor. Vlmus sanguinem arterialem to be prepared attenuated and concocted in the spleen thence into the Trunk of Aorta and so into the right ventricle of the heart where mingled with the aire prepared in the lungs But do not valves hinder this passage Varolus per Intestina Mercatus cum Columbo Varolus denies all passages to the left but only by the trunk from the Intestina Mercatus inclines to Columbus concerning the passage only the finer part to nourish the lungs and the thicker and grosser to come to the heart per Arteriam venosam and there refined for the rest of the body At each side of the Basis of the heart there is an Appendix which neither in regard of profit or action but from similitude is called Auricula Auricula which about the ventricles before the orifices of the vessels are placed to carry stuffe into the heart Dextra Dextra which is set before Vena Cava is greater and makes with Vena Cava as it were one common body It 's greater then the left and his point stands upward The Sinistra is placed ad Arteriam venosam Sinistra It 's much lesse because his orifice is lesser then that of Vena Cava It is likewise sharper longer in his side and more wrinkled in his externall superficies and more crested then the right harder but lesse fleshy and thicker because the ears must answer to their ventricles since they serve for a kind of preparation of matter They are hollow for the inlargement of their Sinus and have a peculiar substance not communicable to any other part they are cuticular Cuticulares least they break by attraction and for the better following the motion of the heart because when the heart is dilated they like skins are contracted and thrust matter to the heart when they are
Arteria Venosa foras intro spectant Foras intro ne refluat sanguis in Cavam to hold the bloud that in contraction of the heart it run not into the Cavam I wonder how Columbus mistakes himself who will have these valves with those of Arteria Venasa to serve for the emission of bloud as if they were intus foras But Piccolhominy reprehends him Since therefore this branch that enters the heart is lesser then that which ascends and that there are ports and stops in the Auricula dextra and right ventricle since no common passage from the lungs in Cavam whereby these branches might be spread through the whole body I cannot see that all bloud that is for nourishment comes first to the heart there to be perfected Vena arteriosa The other vessel of the right ventricle is Vena Arteriosa a vein by office because it carrieth bloud 2 Because it stirs an artery by substance for it 's like it having two coats It 's fixt with a lesse orifice then Cava hath to the right ventricle from whence as you have heard Vesalius say it ariseth when in respect of his connexion it is better said to be a branch of Aorta which is plain in foetu But in truth it 's begotten with the rest of the spermaticall parts His coates are thick and hard that they be not hurt by respiration neither ought they to be easily dilated which was for two reasons profitable 1. That the whole capacity of spirits might be free from the instruments of spirit 2. That bloud rush not violently into the heart And since the lungs were to be nourished with thin and vaporous bloud only the most thin is elaborated and being filled here by these thick wals is made here thinner for their fitter nourishment Besides to keep this right ventricle from cold aire for the branches of Aspera Arteria which drawing cold aire are carried between the branches Venae Arteriosae Arteriae Venosae whereby the aire drawn per Caeca spiracula is communicated Now if it had but one coat it should draw as much air as Arteria Venosa so at length the right might be extinguished Therefore he draws not more air then is fit for the refreshing of the spirits in the right ventricle Pividitur in duos ramos in dextrum sinistrum pulmonem Vsus Thus resting upon Arteria Magna is divided into two Trunks which are carried to the right and left lungs And these are disseminated into innumerable branches per Pulmones Use is in the contraction of the heart to take and carry a great part of the bloud out of the right ventricle for nourishment into the lungs In the body of this vessell there are three valves which intus foras spectant Valvulae tres intus foras sig moides dictae and every one like a half moon they seem to be so hard that they are like a round cartilage Arteria venosa is a vessel of the left ventricle Arteria venosa whence it was It is an Artery by office because if contains aire and carries it and hath pulsation which by sense cannot be perceived yet it is the more probable because it is continuated to the left ventricle It is a vein by substance his orifice is greater then that of Aorta It hath a thinand simple coat that the aire which comes from Aspera Arteria's branches may the better pierce and the laxe substance give way to the attraction of the aire into the heart for the better tempering of his heat and fuliginous vapours returned into Asperam Arteriam It is a great vessell and in his outlet from the heart divided into two branches as if it had two orifices The right runs under the Basis of the heart into the right lung the left like Vena Arteriosa into the left where it is divided into innumerable branches This and Aorta are joyned in their rise only there goes between them a certain piece which made a channell and was perforated in foetu Botallus observed between these valves of this part another which was alwayes gaping by which the bloud did flow and reflow in Venam Cavam Use is in dilatation of the heart to draw air out of the lungs Vsus corde dilatato trahere aeram è pulmonibus Contractio spiritus in Pulmones and in his contraction to carry a portion of vitall bloud with fuliginous vapours into the lungs And least all the air should goe back into the lungs at the orifice of this vessell there is a membranous circle out of Substantia Cordis which leads inward and is divided into two valves Duae valvulae Foras intus foras intus which are greater then those à Vena Cava and end in an obtuse point and are stronger and have longer filaments and more fleshy of which one respects the right side the other the left which joyned are like an Episcopall miter There are but two valves quia it was fit that it should not exactly shut 1. That since all parts want bloud and spirit the lungs might likewise have a continuall supply 2. Quia they only give a continuall passage to the avoiding of fuliginous vapours out of the heart since nature hath allotted no other part Bauhinus observed in 1611. Observatio Bauhini 1611. that from the Arteria Venosa there went out of the left ventricle a branch up to the left lung and so winding down by the side of the great artery under the midriffe was inserted into the emulgent a fit passage for the avoidance of matter out of the lungs into the Kidneys Riolanus gives three uses of this vessell Vsus 1. Aerem in Cor. 2. Fuligines exportare 3. Sanguinem in pulmones First to carry air into the heart 2. To bring forth the Purgamenta spiritus vitalis 3. To supply the lungs with arteriall bloud And these three are done by the same passage at one time neither doth the artery cease to beat Arteria Magna Venae pulsatiles Audaces Substantia Tunicae 2.1 Exterior tenuis sine sibris transversis Arteria Magna is the other vessell of the left ventricle Some call arteries Venas pulsatiles The Arabian Interpreters Venas audaces Of these there are three sorts Aspera Arteria Arteria Venosa Arteria Magna His Substance is membranous the fitter for distention It hath 2 particular coats The exteriour is thin and soft with many right fibres some oblique none transverse 2. Interior densa Interiour coat is five times as thick as that of the veins First that arteriall bloud and spirit evaporate not 2. That it be not cracked with the continuall motion of the Systole and the Diastole Cum sibris transversis tantum It hath only transverse fibres for the sudden distribution of bloud and spirit Galen puts another coat to it which is in the inward superficies like a cob-web They are without sense as veins are least they should
would move his hair to his face and throw it back again and some that could move their eares at pleasure either one or both and could sweat when they would I believe the Father The rest in the face sticks most close In other Creatures it's moveable in the Horse the Buck the Hedgehog and the Elephant kills flies with moving his skin It hath six veines 2 from the jugulars Venas habet 6. two from the Axillaryes two from the Groyne id est from Epigastrica and Mammaria and it hath so many arteries it hath no proper and definite number of Nerves Nervi Majores in Papillis but the two greatest are about the Teats so many in the palmes of the hands the roots of the Nails and the Extremity of the Yard All the Ancients deny any action to belong to it either Common or Private except Concoction Laurentius gives it animalem Actionem if you consider it the immediate instrument tactus Vsus 1 By this outward injuries are declined as the inward membranes give inward sense 2. To cloath the whole habit of the Body and to maintain the seat of the inwards and defend them from cold 3. To receive the supervacuities of the inward parts Hence it is called Emunctorium Vniversale De Adipe THe third Common covering is the Fat Situs which in men lies immediately under the skin in beasts under the fleshy membrane Galen error Galen in the 4. de usu part puts the fleshy membrane next the skin and therefore your late Anatomists say he never cut any but Monkeys But fat cannot gather without the help of this fleshy membrane Infants new born want fat but not membrana carnosa It 's called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Pinguedo But 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 properly is Pinguedo It is no latine word as Servius sayes though Pliny uses it It is soft and moist by heat quickly melted but hardly congealed In norned Beasts it 's called Axungia in porcis Lardum Axungia Lardum 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i.e. Adeps Sevum But 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Adeps Sevum Suit is not easily molten and being melted it hardens quickly This is found in Omento the Reins the Heart the Eyes the joynts between the Fingers But this here next the skin is properly Pinguedo it is Caenosus Subflavus besprinkled with many glandules to serve for a Common Emunctuary or avoidance of the whole Body when nature is able to cast nociva in habitum Corporis Generation Aristotle 3. De Part. Generatio Exsanguine cocto see Arist a calore Animal cap. 9. would have it to be exsanguine cocto aut finis probae coitionis So Vega Argenterius and Iobertus Picolhominy à sextuplo calore from the warm oyly vapours of bloud 2. from the inborn heat of the membranes 3. from the heat of the neighbouring parts 4. the Heart 5. the Liver 6. the muscles and therefore hot as it 's proved 1. because it is aeriall 2. it floats above the water 3. it is the proper nourishment of fire 4. it resolves it discusseth And howsoever Aristotle saith in the 4. of his Meteors that Quae à frigido concrescant à calido solvuntur frigida sunt as pinguedo doth Yet it is the mind of Aristotle that Quae frigore concreverunt facili calore resolvuntur non multum caloris amiserint Besides frigus non ingreditur opus naturae Exsanguine oleose We therefore say it is begotten of the oyly and aeriall part of the Bloud that 's pure and elaborate and sweats like dew by the help of moderate heat out of the smaller veins and thickened by the respective cold of the membranes The Brayne the Eyelid the Yard the Scrotum have not any that it hinder not their bending and naturall distentions Venae tres There are three veins disseminated through the Fat of this Venter The first is from Externa Mammaria The second from Epigastrica externa The third à Lumbaribus and these are many Use 1. Vsus 1 To defend the Parts Vsus 2 2. to preserve naturall heat Vsus 3 3. To moisten hot an dry Parts as the Heart and the Kidneys 4. Vsus 4 to be a Bed to the vessels which come to the skin Vsus 5 5. to facilitate motion 6. to fill up for ornament sake empty places Vsus 7 to be aliment in great famines De Panniculo Carnoso THe fourth Common Covering is this fleshy Membrane Galeno notae which Curtius will needs thrust upon us was unknown to Galen but if it please you to see lib. 3. de Administratione Anatomica his 5. and 7. cap. You shall find the description of it A Graecis 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Membrana carnosa Panniculus carnosus Musculus membraneut Generat ex semine the Arabick translatours call it membranam carnosam Panniculus carnosus nervosus Fallopius Bauhinus musculus membraneus because in those Creatures that move the skin it is so interweaved with fleshy fibres that it seems to be a Muscle but in men it 's tota nervea Generation Of seed as all other membranes are yet in new born Infants it 's like flesh in colour in elder Bodies membranous Connexus Connexus It is tyed to the skin by veins arteries and nerves and is interlaced with fat yet so as it sticks to the membrane of the Muscles by fibres towards the loyns and Back it grows more fleshy by fibres to the fore-part of the neck the forehead the broad muscle of the cheek that it can hardly be separated So in those that are starved it 's nothing but a membrane in those that are fat it may be called membrana adiposa as Riolanus doth Membrana adiposa Riolan In Man it is immoveable all Anatomists say except the forehead But for his Motion you have heard the curiosity of Septalius In Beasts it moves the skin so the Horse the Rider It hath exquisite sense so that sharp humours or vapours biting it causeth Rigour or shiverings and concussive motions and that pestiferous Pandiculation in Gregory the greats time is famous Pandiculatiō temporibus Gregorii and hence those Christians took up the crossing their Mouths whensoever they yawned Vse 1. Vse 1 to strengthen the branches of veins nerves and arteries which come to the skin Vse 2 2. to hold and thicken those oyly and aeriall vapours of bloud which are for the generation of fat Vse 3 3. to defend the inward muscles Vse 4 4. to hinder the fat from melting which would be by the continuall motion of the Muscles 5. Vse 5 to help to consolidate skin which without flesh cannot grow up For as Aristotle saith Vbicunque cutis per se ac fine carne est vulnerata non coit De Membrana Musculorum propria THe fifth common Covering is not observed by Galen Ante Cabrollium ignota
receive examination when we shall have time or when it please my Reader in Pathologicall Anatomy Cur duo But we say that nature hath made two Kidneys for more strong and more equall attraction from the liver Ob aequalem attractionem as two eyes for equall aspect So then she hath made two for one little one had been too little for so great a businesse and one great one had not poysed the body and therefore two Historiae Vesalii Eustachii Vesalius saw one in habente ventrem impense prominentem So Botallus observed one great one and Eustaâ—hius two on the left side and one on the right Situs Situs Behind the guts and stomach under the liver and spleen close to the Ridge-bone and the sides of Cava and Aortae but not equally distant the better to draw water 〈◊〉 Cava which was of necessary use whilest it was in the small veins bepatis mesenterii but now come into larger passages and thickened by the heat of the liver and heart there is no use of it Non aequâ—lis Their seat is not one against the other that they hinder not traction They are lodged upon the muscles which bend the thigh a little beneath the edges of the short ribs in the hollow between the Ribs and the huckle-bone wrapped between two Coats of the Peritonâ—um Inter duplicaturam Peritonaei and therefore the Kidney may be wounded the Cavity of the belly untoucht and wherefore in the stone not out Hence stupor craris by the compression of the muscles and nerves descending Concerning Bauhinus's Question de Nephrotomia Avicen in 3. Can. 18. Nephrotomia Avicen sen doth discommend the Practice Est enim operaetio ejus qui rationem non habet Iâ—â— de part follows this text Serap Serap tract 4. cap. 22. sayes that some of the ancients command to cut the back super latus duoram Iliorum in loco Renum But his judgement concurres with Avicen that Audacia est diffiâ—ilis vehementer This is the judgement of the Arabians The right is lower then the left Ren dexter inferior sinistro Conâ—rar secundum Rufum Piccolhom because it gives place to the liver it reacheth to the third vertebrae of the loynes Rafas sayes the right is higher and greater Piccolhominy sayes it 's commonly higher quia all parts of the right are higher then the left And both Rufus and Piccolhominy have this opinion from Aristotle 3. Piccolh de Part. An. cap. 9. Quia motus ex parte dextra provenit natura dextra validior est supercilium dextrum majus arcuatum magis quam sinistrum habetur And Averroes puts to it Averroes Quia officium ejus validius est habetque suum situm modo quo melius attrahat But we find the contrary for it 's only then equall or lower then the lest when that part of the liver comes shorter and hollower They are seldome even in regard of the position of the liver and spleen Yet Riolanus hath seen them equall The left is under the thinner piece of the spleen Sinister higher then the right that sometimes it reacheth to the second vertebra of the Chest The right for the Emulgent veins shortnesse is seated close to the Trunk of vena Cava the left for double length of his Emulgent is not so near the Cava they are four or five fingers distant one from the other and seldome nearer Yet neither is half higher then the other In beasts the left is higher Some have observed certain Rami or vessels which run from the left Kidney into the right Testicle but in women to the right part of the uterus Conneâ—us Lumbis Connexus is by the benefit of the externall Coat of the Peritonaeum to the loyns Riolanus sayes better inter duplicaturam Peritonaei which is membrana adiposa Membrana adiposa ab Aristotele 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which is subject to be dislocated and thrust out of place even to Os sacrum and hath been taken pro schirroso mesenteriâ— Well they are tyed to the loyns the Diaphragma Diaphragma Dexter Caeco Hepati Sinister Colo Lieni venae Cave Aorta vesica the right to Caecum and sometimes to the Liver the left to Colon whereby many times the Collick and Nephritick pains are not distinguished yet both eased by Clysters To the spleen to vena Cava and Aorta by the Emulgent vessels to the Bladder by the ureters to the liver heart and Brain by the veins Arteries and Nerves hence that diversity of passions Figure is long and broad broader upwards Figurae eminent flat backwards to the Ilia long bossy answerable to the bent of the HypochoÌ„dria forwards like a bean so that their faces to the Vena Cava are hollow for the more fit receit of the vessels Their Magnitude is answerable to the Quantity of the serum which is avoided Magnitudo But the left is lesser and shorter then the right Yet they are of the length of 4. vertebrae and the breadth of 3. fingers at most Their bignesse is much different in men Before we come to the substance of the Kidney it is fit that we take view of the two membranes with which each Kidney is invested The externall membrane hath Externa membrana as the inner his beginning from Peâ—itonaeo But the externall shuts it in as in a purse and therefore it 's called Renum Fascia Renum Fascia This sticks not close to it but is easily separated it receiveth into it venaâ— adiposam and sometimes a branch from the Emulgent It is wrapped about with a great deal of fat Adepâ— which is made of the surplusage of the nourishment of the vessels but the right is not so fat as the left says Aristotle which Eustachius denies Aristotle lib. 3. de part Animal cap. 9. because the right side is dryer and subject to more motion now all motion doth consume fat which Eustachius denies and brings the example of the motion of the heart and the eyes Yet Averroes Quia membrorum dextrum validius calidius motus autem pinguedinem liquet in sicco it's true in hunâ—â—dâ— false Adeps of the Kidney Adeps Piccolhominy would have their matter to be oyly aeriall and lentoris cususdam particeps vapours of the bloud Their efficient cause not being the frigidity of the membranes but their thicknesse so that the vapours arising and struck into these thick membranes quasi suo lentore viscati membranis adhaerescuntâ— and there concocted and made thicker tandem in adipem concrescunt so that a great part of oyly and excellently elaborated bloud runs with the water into the Kidneys by whose heat it 's turned to vapour and so breathing forth per Caeca Renumspiracula strike into the thick membrane of the Kidneys where sticking and there further concocted is thickened and comes to be
It 's perforated in his Basis for the inlet and outlet of Venae Cavae Venae Arteriosae Arteriae Venosae Magnae Arteriae Vasa from the Mediastinum Vasa and partly veins from Phrenicae where it is joyned to the Diaphragma And you know Laurentius did create a new vein here called Capsularis Sine Arteriis It hath no arteries for it wants them not in regard of his near seat to the heart It hath nerves from the recurrent Vsus 1. ad Cordis tutelam 2. ad serosum humorem 3. ut sit vinculum Use 1. To defend the heart and keep him from pressure 2. To contain the serous humour 3. As a ligament to tie him in his proper seat De Humore in Pericardio contento IN this purse is contained a serous humour like urine Humor but free from acrimony and saltnesse Negatur á Curtio dubitat Vesalius Extincto nascitur secundum Vegam Semper adest secundum Piccolhomineum 1. à semin Matthias Curtius denies there is any in living bodies and Vesalius doubts it Thomas à Vega 5. de loc affect Extincto animali enasci scribit Fallopius and all since him positively conclude it But how it comes hither they agree not Piccolhominy sets down six opinions 1. from the watery part of seed in the first Generation as from the flatulent part of seed aire is begotten in the ears 2. from the fat of the heart which by agitation is turned into water 3. Ab adipe agitato from the thicker part of aire breathed in which is turned into water 4. A denso aere from the watery excrements of the third concoction which is made in the veins and arteries of the heart And this hath some probabilitie A serosis excrementis because the palpitation of the heart which is caused by too much moisture here is cured by letting of bloud according to Galen and Aegineta 5. from the moisture of the Glandules of the tongue A glandulis linguae which slide by the arteries into the heart and so into the Pericardium 6. from the part of drink A Potu which like dew comes down the aspera Arteria and so into Arteriam venosam And this is seen in a dog licking milk died with saffron It 's not denied but that it 's most in dead bodies since the spirits that were about the heart are now cold and resolved into water for this cause it 's most plentifull in women Copiosior in senibus foeminis In becticis biliosior and in old men In Hecticks there is but little and that yellowish where there is too much beside Palpitation there is fear of sudden death and suffocation Use Vsus 1. ad incendio tueri is first to keep the heart from burning that it grows not dry as in feavers fastings 2. ad facilitandum motum and watchings 2. To facilitate the motion of the heart which dissipates and spends sensim but once stayed it brings forth haires in the chest but held within this purse if the water be thick and glewy some will have it turn into hairs 3. Vt innatet Cor. 3. That the heart might swim in it so that it weigh it not down Bauhinus observes in the cavity of the chest there is a water mingled cruore Observatio Bauhini de cruore with the which the parts of the chest are moistned and cooled and besmeared which per Diapedesin sweats like dew from the vessels Carpus de cruore miraculoso Carpus speaks of the miraculous cruor which came out of the right side Laurentius out of Pericardium But we with all reverence will forbear this discourse De Corde WE are now come to the heart the Prince of the vitall faculty the fountain of all naturall heat the root of the Arteries and secundum Averroem the Principium perfectivum sanguinis Cor à currendo 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quasi 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 It 's called Cor à currendo from his perpetuall motion of the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quasi 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because it hath the principality over all parts Never was any creature without a heart nor any with two hearts As for Pliny's Partridges they are toyes and the bini vertices and the Mucrones duo in corde are fit stories for Monsieur du Cledat to believe Situs in the medio of the hollow of the chest that is his Basis id est saith Riolanus Situs in medio pectoris in the midst between the clavicles and the midriffe and Sternum and Vertebras both for security and the better to poise the body at the fift rib and compassed with the lobes of the Lungs as with fingers His Mucro is forward on the left hand and under the left pappe towards the cartilages of the sixt and seventh ribs on the left side for the better entrance of Vena Cava Aristotle would have it for the warming of the left which is colder then the right which is made hot by the seat of the Liver Vena Cava vena sine pari So that both parts in strength heat and weight are equall But from what part this motion Pectus ferire basin cordis cum Aorta ibi eminente quae cietur cumipso Corde eodem momento provide Cor cono suo oblique feriens centrum nerveum Diaphragmatis basi sua vel potius per Aortam pectus tangit molliter percutit Riolanus pag. 372. His motion is felt more on the left Motus ad sinistram 1. propter ventrieulum 1. for that the left ventricle the receipt of vitall spirit is here more perceived 2. In regard of the great artery which is on that side 2. Propter arteriam magnam from whence principally comes his motion In dead bodies his weight and great artery makes him bend on one side Connexus is by the help of Pericardium to the Mediastinum Connexus Pericardio Vasis Figura Pyramidalis to the Diaphragma per vasa aliis partibus Figure is peculiar and not communicable to any other part as being Pyramidall or like a Pine-nut And this figure is most usefull since length is fittest for attraction and expulsion roundnesse for amplitude strength and defence It was fit the Basis to be upward for the better receipt of bloud into the right ventricle for if the Conus had been uppermost it had sent many vapours to the brain It is not equally thick in his dilating it's round in his contraction oblique and almost Pyramidall The upper part which is called Basis Caput Radix Basis is broader for the receipt of his vessels The lower part is called Vertex Mucro Mucro c. Conus Cuspis Apex Extremum Cauda His superficies is smooth and polite Superficies lavis except it be made unequall by the fat and by the swelling of the coronary vessels Magnitudo is not all alike
drawn together the valves are dilated because they are moved in a distinct time The reason saith Galen is because when the heart is distended it 's filled the ears when they are filled are distented Extended they are smooth and equall contracted they wrinkle within they answer to the unequall superficies of the ventricles They are thin the fitter for contraction Tenues they are soft and nervous for strengths sake for that is strongest that is most nervous Hippocrates in lib. de Corde in sectione vivorum observed the motion of the heart ceased yet these to move Galen in 7. Administrat cap. 11. Historia Galent reports the heart boyled not to grow soft nisi demptis auriculis neither the Pike can be boyled nisi dempto Corde Give me leave to thrust in the story of Pliny lib. 11. Pliny cap. 37. that those men who have been poyson'd or Cardiaco morbo periere those hearts cannot be burnt So Vitellius endeavoured to prove that Piso poysoned Germanicus because his heart would not burn But he was saved Quia Germanicus morbo Cardiaco decesserat To this give me leave to adde the story of of that most excellent Historian Monsieur du Thou Cor Zuinglii who reported that the heart of Zuinglius could not be burnt although the rest of his body was In a Harts heart the left ventricle is greater then the right and the bone in the orifice of Aorta is here placed to keep up the valves Riolani Historia Riolanus reports a story of President Nicholaus of 80. years who had a bone ad radicem Aortae as Harts and stagges have fit stuffe for a Lawyers heart Use 1. Vsus 1. Sanguinis impetum probibere To keep the heart from sudden choaking that might happen by any irruption of bloud and aire as if they were Diverticula into which is received the materia regurgitans in Cordis ventriculis 2. 2. Ad iutelam vasorum Cor refrigerare To defend the vessels in the motions of the heart Hippocrates addes a fourth to be like fans or bellows to cool the heats Vesalius denyes these Uses but gives us no better Varolus thinks they were made for the conservation of aire Vessels are 4. Vasa 4. and so may orifices in the most eminent part of the ventricle about the Basis of the heart Vesalius and Varolus say that their originall comes from the heart These are likened to the four great rivers of the great world Nilus Tagus Tigris Euphrates In the right Vena Cava Vena Arteriosa In the left Arteria Magna Arteria Venosa These are disposed as in the rest of the body where a vein is not joyned to a vein but to an Artery so that of these two although they be of the same nature and office and come out of the same ventricle yet they are placed alternatim and as a vein lyes between an artery so the great vein lyes by the side of the great Artery and Vena Arteriosa on the other side of the great Artery and then Arteria Venosa next to Vena Cava on the other side Turn up the heart and you shall see their place and seat within these are 11. valves or portals Valvulae 11. tres singulas trium vasorum orificiis duae arteriae venâ—sae which Hippocrates calls Pelliculae Cordis latitantes Galen 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 membranarum Epiphyses And they arise from these orifices whereof some are Tricuspides others Semilunares Some from without inward to the ventricles of the heart to which with strong ligaments they are tied to Septum especially towards the point with which in dilataon of the heart the ligaments stretched they draw themselves and to the body of the heart as if they turned up the valves Some from within are turned outward and those that serve for dilation and bringing in are greater then those that carry out because the heart draws with a greter force dilated then expells contracted Yet all are stretched in dilatation of th heart in which the trisulcae make clefts by which stuffe is brough in The sigmoides shut close the extremities of their vessels Sigmoides and hinder the egress of matter but in contraction all are contracted and then the trisulcae shut up the empty places which by their dilatation they had made and so keep back the reflux of bloud The Sigmoides flagging make clefts so that bloud an spirit may freely passe forth but if throught stretcht they stop the whole orifice Use Vsus Communis vallarum refluxum proh bere Quae intus foras efferunt Quae foras intro ferunt â—rabunt Communis of all valves to keep back the matter from reflux But the proper use of these quae intus foras efferunt and bring out matter from the heart that it flow not back again But those which are made to bring in as quae foras intro ferunt least it flow not out whereby the heart might be wearied with diversity of labour But why three valves Because no other number could exactly shut and open these orifices as you may see by the orifice of Arteria Venosa which shuts not close and therefore there are but two there Vena Cava having pierced the Diaphragma Venae Cava pars in auriculam dex tram ingreditur and come to the heart with a short branch but with an ample and large orifice thrice bigger then that of Aorta a small part is received into the right ear but the greater part runs streight to the jugulum as Galen observed in his 6. de usu part cap. 4. From the right ear it is inserted into the right ventricle from whence it cannot be separated The use of this piece of brance for so I must call it is to carry bloud from the liver up to the right ventricle Vsus bujus partis sanguinem efferre into which in his dilatation it is poured neither can there any great quantity passe this way into the right ventricle when assoon as it comes to the mouth of the Auricula there is a membrane full of admiration which stops halfe the fore-part of this Auricula as Eustachius observes Eustachii valvula and then going forward to the orifice of Vena Cava in this ventricle there grows a membranous circle which gives strength to the heart which looks inward and a little more in divides it self into 3 strong valves which from a broad base ends in an obtuse point and being shut falls together into the form of a spears point and are called Trisulcae or Tricuspides In dextr Trisulcae with which many filaments and fibres joyned together grow and appear with fleshy explantations that by these tanquam ligamentis in compressions of the heart they might be stretched and so the orifice almost shut This circle opened with his fibres is like a Crown which the Kings anciently were wont to wear These valves in Vena Cava and
Mediastinum into Dextrum Sinistrum Dividuntur in dextrum sinistrum So that one side either hurt or lost the other may be of use as we see in consumed bodies where one side is quite gone yet they live by the benefit of the vessels that come from Aspera Arteria the heart Each Lung is divided by a line obliquely drawn transverse over against the fourth vertebra of the chest into two lobes In duos iobos the upper and the lower lobe yet so as they are tied by membranous fibres This is rather a note of section then division They are so divided the better to embrace the heart and lest in stooping they should be pressed Besides if they were continuated the length of the chest Ne dilatatio impediretur it would hinder the fit disatation and constriction These are sometimes called the Alae Alae because they are sometimes spread like wings They are three sometimes more often two and in those who have short chests quintus lobus is seldome found Substance is thin rare laxe spongy Substantia rara spongiosa In fâ—tu rubra and as it were made of the froth of bloud all for lightnesse and motion it 's woven with three sort of vessels and covered with a thin membrane which according to our years in softness colour and substance differ and the variety of our aliment for in faetu whilst the heart and lungs move not their substance is red but after having aereum alimentum they turn to a pale yellow In long sicknesses they grow spotted with dusky and black spots Membrana which invests it is from Pleura Membrana a Pleura Communis cum vasis and where the vessels enter the lungs ther their coats is common This is thin and light soft that it might be dilated and shut with more ease It is porous for the excretion of purulent matter in Pleurisies and Peripneumonia per anacatharsin tussiendo Superficies laevis His Superficies is smooth and as it were drawn over with a slipperie humour Nervi are but small Nervi exiles because the lungs need but little sense they are form the sixt pair and enter not the flesh of the lungs lest their continuall motion might breed pain Hence it appears that all the lungs are without pain Vasa Vasa three sorts which no other part hath It hath Asperas Arterias veins from Vena Arteriosa and smooth arteries from Arteria Venosa and all three have their peculiar action The Bronchia Asperae Arteriae are placed between the veins and the arteries which are a-crosse into the lobes on both sides and so end in capillares The first vessell is proper to the lungs of which we will speak next The other comes from the heart of which we have already spoken Yet some considerations we will adde as that the Vena Arteriosa serves the naturall faculty the Arteria Venosa the vitall and Aspera Arteria the Animall The two vessels are farre greater then the lungs bignesse may seem to require if we proportion them with other parts Yet in respect of the continuall motion of the lungs they quickly consume much nourishment Besides they not only carry naturall bloud and vitall with vitall spirit but also by their own extremities and the extremities Asperae Arteriae they are a receipt for air and bring it into the ventricles If but a small branch of this is broken the lungs grow purulent We will here adde a rule of Fernelius Fernelii consilium that in passions of the lungs we should open the liver-veine of the left arm quia the veins of the lungs come from the right ventricle of the heart and this is derived from the left side of Vena Cava which runs by the left lobe into the armes For the best evacuation is secundum rectitudinem fibrarum But the lungs receive not bloud from Cava but from Vena Arteriosa yet emptying Vena Cava ad fugam vacui says Riolanus you empty the lungs Concerning their nourishment it is different from that of other parts as their substance is different for as their substance is the thinnest so is their nourishment the most pure and thin In other parts their coats are thin and fine whereby the thick bloud may be distributed to their parts that are about them For the body is nourished with the bloud it draws through the coats of the vessels The arteries are thick and dense whereby a small quantity of thin and vaporous bloud may be drawn for the maintenance of life But in the lungs the coats of the veins are thick that only the finest may come through that the aliment might answer his part and the arteries thinto effuse and breath plenty of fine and thin vitall bloud So that here the artery hath the coat of a vein to give plentifully sanguinem spirituosum So that what the vein by his thickness keeps back the artery with his thinnesse may recompense Concernign the motion of the arteries of the lungs it is the same with that of Magna Arteria Use First to refresh the heart whilest the air passeth per Asperam Arteriam Vsâ—â—d Cord s refrigeriâ—m and so by his common Anastomoses with Arteria Venosa into the heart at his dilatation So that they prepare it that it come not foule or impure or cold to the heart 2. To be instruments of voice and respiration And unto these you may reduce the six uses propounded by â—d vocem respirationem Piccolhominy De Aspera Arteria THe third vessell proper to the lungs is Aspera Arteria a name from his unequall substance and to distinguish it from the smooth arteries Canna pulmonis It 's commonly called Canna Pulmonis It 's a hollow pipe and greatest in all that have lungs Situs Before the Gullet Situs ante Oesophagum ad laryngem in the lower part of the fauces and so open it 's carried into the lungs His lower part is divided into many pipes the larynx is head which is to be spoken of in the history of the mouth Connexus Connexus faucibus above by the help of the inward coat to the jaws by the externall before and at the sides to the muscles and vessels behind with certain fibrous ties Oesophago that his descent might be the safer Substance is partly membranous Substantia partim membranes partim cartilaginia Duaetunicae Interna partly cartilagineous It hath two coats from Pleura and annexed strongly by the membranous ties of the cartilage and like a hard pipe and by this coat is tied to the neighbour parts and joyns and separates the recurrents Interna is stronger and comes from the coat which invests the Palate to defend it from all sharp vapours distillations or purulent matter His length is woven with right fibres soft and smooth and lined as it were with an unctuous humour that it be not dried with great heats and