this moveable But why doth Quicksilver like a drop of water in powder or dust and also upon a dry substance be globular and round The question is subtil and difficult Cardan renders this reason What things are dry do fly from touching or mixing with their contrary and therefore in hatred thereof is compelled into a globular form This opinion is refuted by Scaliger Exer. 105. 1. This happens not in a dry substance onely but in water which is moist 2. That it will gather it self in the dust of Lead and not fly from it because Lead is like to the nature of Quicksilver and therefore it doth not fly from its nature but rather desire it 3. A drop of water when it falls in the air is globular and round but doth not refuse the air which is moist therefore the flight from dryness will not be the cause of its globular form if it be the same in moistness But the truest reason is taken from the material cause to wit Quicksilver for its exquisite mixture of moist and dry to be forced into one and conglobulated for pure water alone cannot be convolved into a globular form but if there be any thing of earth exquisitely mixed with water then indeed it will be globular as we see in drops falling upon dust with which assoon as any dust is mingled it becomes round for from dryness it received a certain firmness to cause that roundness From which Example the substanâ—…e of Quicksilver may be easily understood because it hath the same form way or station in nature as water gathered in dust therefore Quicksilver according to the definition of Scaliger is nothing else then a watry earth or earthly water not without much air and I shall adde to these another cause of conglobulation both from the form and the end desumed For whatsoever they be they are always one but unity in its kinde is excellently preserved in a globular form because there is nothing different nothing absent no inequality and therefore Quicksilver that it might better conserve its unity it goes into a globular form C It is a Controversie to this day agitated whether Metalls are distinguished amongst themselves in specificall differences which do effect divers and incommunicable forms amongst themselves so that one kinde of metall cannot be changed or converted into another or rather do they differ in the manner of perfection and imperfection This last Tenent is defended by the Chymists to which Cardan and Danaeus subscribe The first the followers of Galen and Julius Scaliger defend Reas. 1. Metals have their divers Definitions divers Colours Strength Seats Weights and many such like differences between them 2. In Species what is imperfect cannot be reposed or exist in any Species for the Essence of every thing is indivisible but the Essence alone is perfection As Scaliger saith Exer. 106. sect 2. 3. Metalls between themselves are not changed therefore they have a proper and compleat Essence and do differ in specificall forms I confirm the proposition for either its nature must change or art But it doth not change its nature because its place is not outward as to operation then much less art which is an imitator of nature 4. Saith Scaliger there are both other Metalls appointed by nature that of them Gold should be made and other Animates that of them man may be made Therefore it is not true that Gold is the perfection of Metalls So Thomas Erastus his second Part of dispute against Paracelsus and Iacobus Albertus and Thomas More D In this place that long controversed Point whether Metalls live or produce vitall action as other Bodies do that are endowed with a vegetable soul Cardan De subtil lib. 5. pag. 150. doth affirm it and these are his reasons 1. Every thing that is nourished or generated doth live Every mingled Body is nourished or at least generated therefore it lives To this Scaliger answers by denying the Proposition The Tophus or Gravel-stone is generated yet it doth not live because it wants a soul therefore the name Generation is common to all things generable and corruptible as also to Inanimate and corporall Simples for this water is generated of the air without a living soul. The second reason which is judged the most valid is this Where there is heat there is a soul where a soul there is life In a Stone there is heat therefore also life and soul. The major is deniable for in fire there is heat which notwithstanding wants a soul the minor also is false for a stone is rather cold then hot 3. Attraction comes from the soul the Loadstone attracts Iron therfore it hath a soul or is animated Scaliger answers That all attraction not to be from the soul as is plain from fire which doth gather and attract its kinde neither is it animated 4. Metalls have Veins and Pores therefore the office and end of Veins the end is the passage of Aliment but Aliment is onely of the soul. Scaliger answers and denies the first That there is no true Veins in Metalls but rather certain Internalls by which the parts are distinguished and grant they were true Veins and necessary then they would be found in all Metalls which are not in the most precious Metalls as in Gold the Adamant and others therefore they are not true 5. Metalls do grow therefore they have a vegetable soul. I answer Metalls do grow and increase not by the benefit of a soul but rather by accretion or apposition of parts extrinsecally adhering no otherwise then as a stone in the bladder therefore a soul cannot rightly be attributed unto them 6. Metalls do suffer Diseases and old Age as Albertus doth attest which must necessarily proceed from life We answer That old Age and Diseases are metaphorically given to them when by much preservation we say they have lost their first goodness and vertue as Scaliger doth instance in the Adamant which never can be said to wax old E These properties are denoted of Gold First that it is of all Metalls the most softest and tenderest and therefore it may be dilated into a thin leaf insomuch that one ounce of Gold will cover eight of Silver 2. It wants fatness and therefore it doth not tincture not defile neither is it conâ—…umed with fire for Gold according to Aristotle of all Metalls loses nothing in the fire the oftner it is burnt the better it is 3. It is heavy considering the thickness of its substance because it is compacted well with heat 4. It hath a pleasant and excellent Sapour and Odour for it is temperately hot and dry whence it is said to exhilarate the heart of man and to corroborate the vitall Spirits Native Gold is found in the mountains about Arabia in Caverns and Ponds in Germany in Rivers at Tago and sometimes in the heads of Fishes it is also generated and mingled with other metalls F There is a great Controversie amongst latter Chymists and followers of
aliment blood into the general mass of the body But here another question will arise how can the spirits flow into the inward and most remote parts but by penetration and dimension Answer Some bodies are crass and solid and some thin and tender through those that are hard they cannot penetrate but the spirits because they are thin do fly all manner of sense and are diffused without impediment in a moment this way and that way with a certain kind of celerity and do pervade the members neither by their presence filling them nor by their absence emptying them E And in this spirit all the causes come to be considered the matter is the natural spirit procreated in the liver thence carried by the vena cava with the arterious blood that is the purest of blood upwards going into the right side of the heart where it is attenuated most accurately by the passages not altogether occult but if a dog be dissected it will be found in the left side the efficient cause is the strong heat of the heart attenuating and making thin the vital spirit it 's form its rarefaction not unlike to the tenuity of a little flame its end is to conserve life diffused from the heart by the arteries into the universal body F The matter of this spirit is that vital which is carried by the crevices of the arteries to the basis of the brain and it doth slide thereinto as into a net which is placed there by nature as a labyrinth for when any matter would exactly elaborate it doth devise a longer stay in the instruments of coction and afterwards by another context is intromitted into ventricles of the brain the efficient cause is motion but chiefly the proper force of the solid substance of the brain whereby this spirit doth exactly elaborate and so become animal the form of it is rarefaction made perfect by the degeneration of the vital spirit into the animal its end is to shew a sensitive and moving faculty with great celerity from the middle ventricle of the brain by the nerves into the whole body by which spirit the animal faculty is apprehended in man of reason and memory if its force or motion be not hindred CHAP. 9. Of the similar parts of an Animate body 1. HAving expounded the contained parts the continent do follow which consist of substance by reason of that firmness and solidity they have 2. And they are either homogeneous or heterogeneous similar or dissimilar 3. A similar A part is that which may be divided into similes according to the particles of sense and into the same species 4. Of similar parts some are spermatical others carnous 5. The spermatick parts are those which are generated immediately of the crassament of seed and so coalesced into hard substances 6. Of which sort are Bones Cartilages Ligaments Membranes Nerves Arteries Veins Fibres Fat 's Skin 7. Bones are the hardest parts B of animates dry and cold begotten of the crassament of seed by exustion to the stability of the whole 8. These are endowed with no sense because first no Nerves are disseminated by their substance Secondly if they were sensible they could not endure daily labors without great pain and that sensation would either take away the greatest part of action or render it frustraneous 9. A Cartilage C is a kin to these which is a substance or part a little softer then bones and harder then any other member and flexible after a certain manner made to the keeping of motion in its destinated parts 10. A Ligament D is a simple part of the body hard and begotten of seed yet softer then a Cartilage and yielding to the touch knitting the bones together 11. A certain portion of these is called tendous which is a similar part begotten of Fibres Nerves and Ligaments mixed in a muscle all which are called articles 12. A Membrane is a similar part begotten of seed tender covering several other parts 13. The Nerves are spermatick parts arising from the brain or back-bone the interior part of the marrow the exterior of the membrane carrying the animal spirit to sense and motion 14. They are distinguished into softer or harder 15. They are soft which do arise from the former part of the brain 16. And they are seven conjugations for none of all the Nerves are simple but all conjugated whence they are called paria nervorum 17. The chiefest of these are inserted in the centre of the eye and are called the visive or optick nerves carrying the faculty of seeing unto them 18. The second propagation of moving of the nerves is the eyes 19. The third society is partly scattered into the tunicle of the tongue to propogate to the taste and part dispersed in other parts of the face 20. The fourth conjugation is a certain proportion dispersed in the palate 21. The fifth is carried by the auditory passage to the drum of the ears and they are called the auditory nerves 22. The sixth is a large portion of nerves wandring and running almost through all the bowels 23. The seventh arises from the hinder part of the head and the marrow of the back-bone and inserted into the muscles of the tongue and is said to move the tongue 24. The crasser nerves in which there is a more obtuser faculty and they do come out of the marrow of the back-bone carrying sense and motion to the internal parts 25. And thirty of these are alike and combined seven to the hinder part of the neck twelve to the Thorax five to the Lungs six to the sacred bones all which do disperse themselvs like boughs into the other parts of the body 26. The Arteries F are hollow vessels long having two tunicles and those crass and substantial ordained for the deducing of the vital spirit and for temperating and expurging of the heart and other parts to heat 27. And they do arise out of the heart of which two principal Arteries do spring out of the left side thereof from which two all the other take their original Arteria Aorta et Arteria venosa 28. The great Artery Aorta is the foundation of all other Arteries and doth carry the vital spirit to all the other parts of the body 29. The venous artery is stretched out like a quill from the same side of the heart into the liver from whence it brings air to cool the heart 30. A vein G is a similar part and round and hollow like to a reed arising from the liver consisting of one tunicle contexted of three Fibres carrying blood for nutriment together with the natural spirit to the several parts of the body 31. Veins are distinguished into principal and less principal 32. The Principal are those out of which as out of a trunk or stock others do arise and they are two vena porta and vena cava 33 Vena porta is a great vein coming out of the hollow part of the liver and excepting all the Mesenterian veins
compelling them into one of the ligaments serving the arteries to a voluntary motion the fibres of the tendons growing of the junctures are joyned amongst themselves E They are called spermatick parts because they are generated of seed and not of blood which argues that their colour must be white and cold in substance All nerves do arise from the brain and not from the heart as Aristotle imagined their use is to carry that animal spirit gotten in the brain and the motive and sensitive faculty and to communicate it to the body F The veins and arteries are joyned with a friendly intercourse that the veins may supply them with matter of spirit for the spirit doth cherish the blood with its heat in the arteries and there are mutual orifices that the spirit may take nutriment out of the veins and the veins spirit and heat out of the arteries But the arteries and veins do differ First in their original because they come out of the sinister ventricle of the heart Secondly in their function because they subminister vital spirits to the whole body Thirdâ—…y in their substance for the arâ—…eries so likewise the veins do â—…onsist of a membranous body â—…et more solid harder and conâ—…rmed by more crasser tunicles Now a tunicle is twofold exterior interior that fibre which is knit with many strait and crooked windings hath the like crassitude and firmness with the tunicle of the veins but this hath five times a more harder and grosser substance lest the subtil spirit should exhale and the artery it self be broken with the perpetual motion of the heart Fourthly in motion for the arteries are moved without intermission by dilatation and contraction when dilated they draw the cold air and when contracted cast out hot fumes G This question is moved by Physitians and Philosophers about the veins Whether they have a force or faculty to generate blood Some maintain it that the blood which the veins contain within themselves to elaborate more exquisitely and to be made by an insited force and faculty and therefore in that blood that the chiefest degree of perfection is gotten But the falsity of this opinion is easily known by those who diligently mark the thin tunicle of the veins and its white substance Now it is provided by nature that every part of the body should be converted to the other and transmuted into its colour then how can the veins with their thinness and whiteness change white chyle and gross into red and pure blood Therefore more truer is that opinion that the generation of blood is onely the work of the liver which doth make blood by a certain force and faculty within it self seated all the sanguifick force is given to the veins yet they receive it from the liver as Avicen demonstrates H Aristotle and Hippocrates do prove that fibres do concrete the blood by their frigidity because that blood out of which fibres are taken can never be concreted by any cold for when blood is let out of the veins if it doth not concrete it is a sign of death I Fat is the matter of blood and although it be made of the cream of blood yet notwithstanding it is cold and without blood degenerating into fat by the want of heat and frigidity of the membrane it consists of coldness and dryness because by heat it is melted and by the humidity of other parts coagulated by cold The efficient cause is the want of heat which is thus proved because you shall finde no fat as to any quantity about the liver or the heart or any other hot part by reason of the heat of those parts K Take this as another definition of the cutis the skin is a thin part membranous porous endowed with blood the tegument or cover of all the parts of the body which as it is easily taken away by accident so it doth easily grow again which denotes thus much that the skin is not altogether endowed with a sensitive faculty but onely so far as it hath the nerves and of the faculty of blood in it and whereas it is defined to be membranous that is smooth simple thin and white and that it hath a middle nature between flesh and nerves for neither is it altogether without blood as the nerves are so neither doth it abound with blood as the flesh doth whence it is adjudged to be the rule of temperaments and indeed the skin about the hands in it there is the most exquisite and perfect faculty of sense but not so in other parts of the body and the skin is porous that it may thereby attract the coldness of the air and expulse the excrementitious vapours of the body Now the excrement which comes out of the pores is sweat sweat is an excrementitious humidity of the third coction breaking out by the skin in the species or form of water the matter of sweat is the whole humidity which is gotten in meat and drink which thing is necessary to all animals because it might make way for other aliment and not longer lie in the vessels it is of the same genus with urine onely differing in this that the urine is carried to the bladder this with blood a longer passage through the body its efficient cause is heat but not so vehement as to have a drying faculty but moist so calefying the nature of sweat by the habit of the body that it becomes thin and so softens the skin by relaxation that it may the better pass through those whose skins are hard and thick are very unapt to sweat L Flesh may be taken either properly or improperly when properly taken then absolutely that which is described by us and it is the chiefest part of the muscles for the substance of them doth truly and properly deserve the name of flesh that which is taken improperly is the flesh of the bowels generated of blood poured out as the liver heart and lungs CHAP. 10. Of External dissimilar Parts 1. HItherto we have spoken of similar parts Now of dissimilar or organical which are diversly compounded of the similar 2. And they are either external or internal 3. The external parts are first the head secondly the trunk of the body thirdly the artus under which we comprehend the arms and feet 4. The head is the highest part of the body globular set upon the neck the seat of the animal faculty 5. Its parts that are external are chiefly the skull and the face 6. The skull is a crafs bone of the head round distinguished into twenty bones and certain futures covering the brain environing it on every side 7. Its bones are thus distinguished there are two in the crown one in the front two in the temples one in the form of a wedge another in the form of a sieve twelve in the superior jaw and one in the hinder part of the head 8. There are three sutures The first is transverse the crown going from towards one ear to the
is a certain partition which divides either side the vulgar call it the seventh medium which at the first sight appears crass but after a more curious inspection it is found to have many holes in it that there may be an easie passage from the left side to the right notwithstanding what the Neotericks exclaim against it and urge to the contrary 13. Furthermore there are certain appendixes membranous and full of windings leaping to each side of the ventricle which are called Auriculae not from its use or action but similitude 14. On the right side it lies open to the door of the vena cava the left is placed in the orifice of the venous artery and it is larger because it is the receptacle of gross blood the latter is the less because it contains air 15. The chief use of those Auriculars are First that they be ready receptacles of blood and air that they do not confusedly pass into the heart and so to suffocate the heart by oppression Secondly lest the vena cava and the venous artery be broken in violent motions for they have great force in drawing of blood and air in to the heart 16. The lungs E are of rare parts light and spungious and as it were concreted of spumous blood like the substance of a Snail seated in the thorax filling its whole cavity the instrument of breath and voice 17. And although it is but one in body yet it is divided into two parts by the membrane called Mediastinus the right and left 18. Either part consists of two Globes or Knots the one superior the other inferior often discernable and sometimes obscure 19. The use of these is that its flesh or substance should not be collaberated or tyred but that it may be more actively moved and that the heart be embraced on every side 20. The air is transmitted into the lungs by the asper-artery whose structure is constituted of Veins Cartilages Membranes and Nerves The Commentary A DIaphragma hath divers appellations for it is sometimes derived from the verb Diaphratto that is to fortifie because Diaphrattei that is it separates out the middle and low belly and also it is called the seventh transverse it is called Diaphragma and by ancient Medicks called Phrenas because as some judge by its inflammation the minde is hurt It s use is noble for it separates between the spiritual and vital bowels and the heart and the lungs from the naturals which separation Aristotle thinks to be made by nature lest the vapours which do exhale from meat offend the heart in which the soul he thinks doth reside But this opinion is false because the fumes do pass by the Oesophagum To conclude the Diaphragma hath two holes placed in organs ascending and descending Again it helps exspiration and inspiration for when the thorax is contracted then the inspiration is dilated but when it is laxed then inspiration is made Again it helps the ejection of the excrements by its motion with the muscles of the Abdomen Again it is the rise of the organs whereby it pleasantly affects the heart and causes laughter D The covering which defends the heart and contains it in its seat and hinders it lest it should be oppressed with its vicine members is called Capsula which contains also a certain watrish humour lest it should 〈◊〉 and dry with too much heat the substance of the heart is hard and dense lest it should be broken by its violent motions Its substance saith Aristotle is thick and spiss into which heat is received strongly and therefore its temperament is the hottest of all the members it is endowed with three kinds of fibres strait crooked and transverse that it may both draw contain and expel Now Aristotle thinks these fibres to be nerves and the principle of the nerves to be in the heart but he is deceived its figure is Pyramidal but not absolutely so in brutes but it is more flat then in a man it is placed in the thorax as the safest place and on the left side thereof C This is the shop of the vital faculty and therefore it is rightly called by Aristotle the first thing that lives and â—…he last that dies by its perpetual motion and heat it begets vital spirits for when it is dilated which motion is called Dyastole it allures unto it and draws blood by the benefit of the strait fibres from the vena cava by the venous artery but when it is constringed which is called Systole it sends blood from the right ventricle into the lungs by which they are nourished and that by the venous artery but the vital spirit out of the left by Aorta into the whole body and both ways it converts into vital spirit by attenuating the pure blood into vapour D There are two remarkable ventricles of the heart the right and the left between these there is a partition which distinguishes the one from the other which whereas it is crass and firm it is not rightly called by Aristotle the third side or belly but lest that the passages may seem to be made by this it sends out blood into another ventricle by narrow pores E The lung is called by the Greeks pneumon a pneo which is to breath because it is the organ of breathing therefore the lung ought to consist of such a substance that it may be filled and distended with air like a pair of bellows The primary Cause of which action is its proper substance which helps the motion thereof for when it is dilated it draws air and by the venal artery carries it to the heart by which the heat of the heart is allayed and the vital spirit as with food thereby cherished The figure of the Lung resembles the hoof of an ox which is divided by the Mediastinum into two parts it is the organ of voice which I prove because no animal hath a voice that hath not a lung there are some that say that there are two lungs but truly it is but one divided into two parts the right and the left And again both the parts consist of two Globes the one superior the other inferior sometimes seen open and sometimes shut the use thereof is that it may be moved more nimbly and so amplex the heart more easily CHAP. 13. Of the parts of the Animal faculty 1. VVE have spoken sufficiently of the parts of the middle belly Now we proceed to the organs of the supream region serving the animal faculty and they are such as are â—…ontained in the brain 2. The brain A is a soft part white and medullous fabricated of pure seed and spirit involved as it were in folds compassed about with a thin skin and contained in the cavity of the brain the principle of the animal faculty c. 3. And this is the highest of all the bowels and the next to heaven this is the tower of the senses the highest pinnacle the regiment of the minde 4. For the
and nourished with humidity and new always substituted in the place of that which is absumed for I do not see why if radical humidity be wanting that death should follow but answer may be made that the privation or defect of the radical humor depends upon the impotency of heat for whatsoever suffices in the place of its native humour that is necessary to be changed by the help of heat which as Scaliger thinks is altered and grows feeble by use and diuturnity of time therefore what accedes of aliment is more worse and impure then that which decedes therefore heat destitute of idoneous aliment is dissipated And hence it is that man necessarily must dye CHAP. 8. Of Spirits 1. HItherto of humors so called Now we shall handle the doctrine of spirits they are called A spirits because they fly away by their subtil and aereal tenuity which after a certain manner responds to the Nature of Spirits indeed 2. But here the word spirit is taken B for a very small or thin substance aereal and vaporous the first instrument of life as to the performance of action 3. Here its essence is not to be understood ethereal and celestial but in a manner elementary First because such like spirits are what like their matter is but their matter is elementary Secondly they can accend refrigerate increase diminish and extinguish but the celestial on the contrary want these neither can they be changed by natural cause Thirdly because to their preservation the inspiration of the air is necessary Fourthly and lastly the spirits do restore again an elementary body in a swounding fit 4. A spirit is either insited or fixed or influent 5. Insited which is ordinarily C complanatus is an aereal and tender substance lying within several solid members and procreated of the genital seed from the governess faculty of the principal parts the first and proximate seat of native heat and a certain faculty as it were the band of unition of the soul with the body 6. Of this there seems to be so many differences as there are natures and temperaments of parts if it may be accommodated to these and attemperated to the nature of every part 7. The influent is that which is implanted and lest it should dissolve and vanish it remains fixed 8. And here it is threefold natural vital and animal 9. And as in mans body First there are three Vertues Natural Vital and Animal Secondly so also there are three principal bowels if I may so call them the Liver Heart and Brain Thirdly three Organs also administring to these the Veins Arteries and Nerves so there are so many spirits distinct in species and form which are as it were the chariots of strength 10. The natural is D a thin vapour procreated in the liver of the purer part of blood and thence diffused by the veins into the habit of the body to absolve all natural actions 11. Concerning this many great questions are made some do expunge it from the catalogue of spirits First because it takes its natural faculty from the Liver Secondly that it doth renew the same faculty insited from every part Thirdly and by this Spirit or Captain the gross blood is carried to distant parts 12. The vital spirit E is a thin halite vapour or breath begotten of inspirated air and natural spirit carried to the left side of the heart and so runs by the artery over the whole body and so supplies the vivifical strength unto them 13. All the ancient Neotericks do conclude this to be coacted when it is chiefly necessary to life for as Plato doth affirm if the sun should quiesce one moment the whole world would perish because it excites spirit and heat by its motion so here if the spirits be prohibited forthwith the Animal perishes 14. The animal spirit is F a pure halite begotten of a portion of vital spirit carried to the brain and insited in its faculty diffused by the nerves into the body that it may incite it to motion sense and all animal actions 15. This as it pleases some doth not differ from the vital in kinde and nature because they maintain that there is but one universal spirit but as aliment doth take a new form by a new coction and thence a new denomination So that first there are divers Organs Secondly divers faculties Thirdly divers manner of generations so also this spirit is diverse from the rest in species The Commentary A BY spirit here we understand not an incorporeal substance or the intellect of man which is rightly called by the Philosophers a spirit which Scaliger otherwise a man very learned dothseem to dissent from for he speaks Theologically and is to be understood as speaking of an incorporate substance but by spirit we mean a thin and subtil body B Because nature is not wont to copulate one contrary to another unless it be with some medium not unlike a band for mortal and immortal do differ more then in kinde and therefore an incorporate being is not consentaneous to a brittle body and immortality cannot be united to the intellect of man without the concurrence of a medium and this is no other then a spirit which doth bring mortality to the body having a thin and tender substance as it were acceding to the intellect The medium between both is nature and this spirit is not void of a body but begotten of the elements which were in the seed and it is most elaborate nearly acceding to the nature of celestial spirits and most thin that it may fly all sense very apt to pass by an incredible celerity for it passes over the whole body with a great celerity that it may give motion sense and strength to its parts and perform other functions of the soul. D Concerning this spirit many great questions are agitated some do-banish it from the catalogue of spirits moved thereto by these Arguments First because there is no use nor necessity for it We answer Its use is great for first of all it is the chariot of aliment for the humours gotten in the liver can scarce penetrate of themselves through the narrow passages by reason of their crassitude nor can they well be carried to the other parts of the body by reason of the slowness of their motion Furthermore this spirit takes its natural faculty from the liver whose work is to attract retain and concoct familiar aliment to all the parts of the body and by a certain force doth expel the excrements Secondly they will have no place to be given by nature proper for this spirit We answer the liver is its fountain and principle as the heart of life and the brain of the soul. Thirdly they alledge that this spirit doth not lead any thing to any part or carry any thing thereunto But we say that as the animal spirit is carried by the Nerves the Vital by the Arteries so the natural spirit is carried by the veins together with the
conveying away of excrements and like as there are three concoctions in our bodies so there are three excrements and three kinds of vessels instituted for these In the second species of concoction these excrements are generated one somewhat heavy answering to secies to wit melancholy juice another somewhat light and more of air like to flour to wit yellow choler the third watry and serous now every one of these hath distinct receptacles and because choler is expurged first of all therefore its receptacle is nigh to the liver And concerning these vessels we have before treated the use of this vessel the gall gathered therein doth shew and the cause is expounded why there is no branch carried into the ventricle from this vessel the figure of this vessel is long and round after the form of a Pear its substance is membranous that it may accordingly be filled or emptied contracted or dilated it hath one thick and proper tunicle yet notwithstanding contexted of a treble kind of fibres within it the fibres are strait whereby it allures choler into it and they are somewhat crooked by which it retains it but without they are transverse by which it protrudes it The use of this vessel of the gall is to receive choler and if it be carried over the whole body it offends because it is endowed with a fiery vertue for it hinders nutrition and inflames the body much Why gall is gathered into this vessel is upon a double necessity First that it may heat the liver and hinder putrefaction it calefies the liver because its humour is more hot and sharp then blood it hinders putrefaction because it takes away the abundant humidity of the sharp humour Secondly that it may drive out of the ventricle the chyle into the intestines together with its superfluities N The spleen is a terrestrial member because it attracts by a certain symbole to it self the terrestrial part of blood in man its flesh is obscure but in hogs it hath a white colour but in dogs a more splendid redness then the liver It is lax and spungeous that it may the better receive the feculent and gross humour into it self and that it may not quickly delabe out of it but continue longer in it that it may be made more apt for its nature and so be nourished by its better part O The substance of the reins are hard and dense like to the substance of the heart the humour thereof is thin and therefore with more difficulty attracted When the humour here is very watrish it cannot be expurged with a convenient celerity from one rein and therefore there are two which are placed near the spina dorsi at the beginning of the loyns the right part thereof in a man is under the liver the left under the spleen the emulgent veins and ureteres serve to evacuate the serous humidity to the reins P The substance of the bladder is nervous and membranous that it may more commodiously be extended corrugated when it is full or empty and it ought to be extended lest the water flow out at unseasonable times but contain a moderate quantity thereof it hath two tunicles the one proper and internal whose substance is densē and firm lest it should be eroded by the homour of the air and this is interwoven with fibres within strait and without transverse which are for the attraction retention and expulsion of urine the other is an exterior tunicle improperly so called and hath its rise from the Peritoneum it hath a fleshy neck having a muscle whereby it is constringed that it may hinder an involuntary flux of the urine Q The stones in both sexes are made for the ingendering of seed therefore the substance of them are glandulous white and soft that such a seed may be produced by reason of the required similitude between the generating and that which is generated but it is made crass and in colour white by reason of the exquisite coction made by the interior heat of the vessels and stones as the menstruum of the dugs is converted into milk and dealbated so the stones do make blood prepared in the spermatick vessels by coction perfect seed which becomes idoneous for generation R They are called Parastatae for their similitude for Parastatae signifies certain folds gathered within themselves S The substance of the yard of a man is spungious and rare that it may be both erected and flank stiff and soft but in other animals it is bony as in a wolf dog or sea-fox but if it were bony in a man it would be an impediment in the main business CHAP. 12. Of the parts of the middle belly serving the vital faculty 1. HAving expounded the natural members of the lowest region we proceed to the parts of the middle cavity which are called vitals and they are placed in the thorax and they are the heart and the lungs 2. But these organs are distinguished from naturals by a certain partition-wall which they call Diaphragma 3. And the A Diaphragma is a round pannicle consisting of flesh nerves and membranes going cross to the sides and tyed to the back the twelfth joynt dividing the natural members from the vitals 4. A certain thin membrane called Pleura doth succinge and embrace all the parts contained in the thorax 5. Now the heart is B a principal part of the middle belly consisting of hard dense and solid flesh woven with a treble kind of strings of a Pyramidal form not unlike to a Pine-nut and it is the house of the vital faculty 6. For it is the principle of C life the fountain of heat and nectar of life the Rhisoma or the spring head of the arteries the Primum mobile of the pulse and respiration which being ◅ively the whole body is lively ◅f faint all the parts are faint and if it perish the rest of the ◅ody perishes 7. And although the heart is ◅ut one in all animals yet it may ◅e divided D into two parts the ◅ight and the left 8. The right resembles the form of the moon increasing and it receives blood from the vena cava flowing into it and prepares it and makes it more perfect and so distributes it partly into the lungs for their nutrition and partly into the left side of the heart by passages not altogether occult and as it is with the matter of vital matters 9. The left hath the form of the Crest of an Helmet and is more overwhelmed into the substance of the heart containing the vital spirit begotten of pure blood distributed by the artery Aorta into the body and again receives the air out of the lungs by the venous artery 10. And both these sides have their vessels two whereof appear in the right side and so many in the left 11. In the right indeed there are two veins the vena cava and the vena arteriosa in the left there are two arteries the great artery and the venous artery 12. There
nourished and it is called exerementitious blood to difference it from the seminal excrement and it is an excrement of the second concoction which is made in the liver and veins and therefore it is that it hath a red colour furthermore that matter which is contained in the veins and expurged by the veins of the womb is this superfluous blood and excrement of the second coction for whereas the Bodies of women are more colder then mens they cannot make perfect their last aliment nor convert it into the substance of the body to be nourished whereupon that which is above and cannot be converted by little and little is thence conveyed to the veins of the womb where it gathers together into one place and what of it cannot be sustained by nature is expelled It s use is necessary for as it helps conception so it nourishes the yong But here a question will arise how the yong whilst it is conceived and framed in 〈◊〉 â—…omb is gotten nourished by this same blood when it is endowed with a bad quality and puts forth many ill affections I answer This blood is not always so bad as is imagined for those women whose bodies are temperate their blood also must needs be temperate and when the body is vitious the blood also must needs be infected But again this pravity in women is purged away every moneth and in them it is otherwise then in those who keep their tearms beyond their accustomed time the former hath no noxious quality in it as to hurt what is generated of it which need not seem strange but if the same blood be not evacuated at its accustomed time but retained it will stir up and cause many bad affections as the suffocation of the matrix 〈◊〉 and the like But now if it be considered in a woman that hath milk in her brests it is otherwise for then blood is conflated of a treble substance for then the alimentary or pure portion of it goes to the nourishment of the yong and part somewhat impurer goes to the brests and converts to milk and the worst of all is contained as excrements in the tunicles where the yong is enrolled which is evacuated at the womans delivery E After the seed of both Sexes together with the menstruous blood is received into the womb it closes up and the seed therein contained is cherished by its heat and begins to act the spiritual part of the seed passes to the bottom and begins the formation and of the crass part of the seed the spermatick parts are engendred and of the menstruous the sanguineous parts F The Notes of conception are these The close shutting up of the womb A kinde of trembling and tickling over the whole body And after that an exceeding refrigeration Loss of stomach Nauseating of victuals Vomitings c. G Generation is made by the mutation of the power into the act and an artificial composition of many existents in the act the Soul is the act of an organical body but the seed is not the organ therefore not the animate then the power above will be the animate for as the Sun not hot doth calefie the Whetstone not sharp yet doth sharpen so also the seed may animate that is the yong is animated by the seed although there be no soul or life in it I It is a great and difficult dispute among Physitians and Philosophers in what order the parts of the yong are framed some think the liver first to be generated others the heart which they say is the first that lives and the last that dies In this Controversie we are to observe that neither the Liver nor the Heart nor any other principal member nor umbilical vessels are generated first as divers have judged â—…everal manner of ways but that all are inchoated in one and the same moment and that for this subsequent reason The vital spirit which is the efficient cause of the generation and the internal natural agent not the external voluntary hath the whole formatrix faculty in every part where it is joyned to the matter fitly disposited it must necessarily act secundum potentias and therefore all the parts of the body are produced by it at once this experience confirms by those who have miscarried in ten twenty or thirty days after conception when the whole substance hath not exceeded the bigness a grain of Barley a Bee or the figure of a Bean yet all its bowels are formed as some late Anatomists have observed CHAP. 16. De Zoophytis or of things that are partly Animals and partly Plants 1. HItherto we have illustrated the first Species of Nature Aisthetices to wit an animal the other which remains to be explained is part Plant and part Animal 2. And these Zoophyta's are corporeal Natures endowed onely with certain senses contracting and dilating themselves by motion 3. Whence Hermolaus Barbarus calls them Plantanimalia Budaeus tearms them Plantanimes because they have a middle and as it were a third Nature between Plants and Animals 4. Whereas they have a certain sense with Animals Hence they dilate themselves pleasantly to such things as they attract and affect but contract themselves if pricked or offended 5. But in the effigies of the Body they come nearest to the Nature of Plants 6. Their formes differ according to their greater or lesser vertue of feeling all of them adhere to Rocks Sand or Mud of which sort are these Holothuria Stella marina Pulmo marinus Uâ—…tica spongiae 7. To these may be added that Tree which grows in the Province of Pudifetanea to which if a man draws nigh it will gather in its boughes as though it were ashamed and when he is gone spread them abroad for which cause the inhabitants thereabouts have nominated it the Chaste tree Scaliger Exer. 181. Sect. 28. FINIS An Advertisement to the Reader THere is now in the Press that excellent Piece intituled Natural Magick in twenty Books by John Baptist Porta a Neopolitane Enlarged by the Author himself and cleared from divers errors wherewith the former Editions were tainted In which all the riches and delights of the natural Sciences are set forth Carefully Translated from the Latine and rendred into English by a worthy hand The Books of Natural Magick are these 1 OF the causes of wonderful things 2 Of the Generation of divers Animals 3 Of the production of new Plants 4 Of increasing Houshold-stuff 5 Of Changing Metals 6 Of Counterfeiting precious Stones 7 Of the wonders of the Load-stone 8 Of strange Cures 9 Of Beautifying of women 10 Of extracting Essences 11 Of Perfuming 12 Of Artificial Fires 13 Of the most rare Tempering of Steel 14 Of Cookery 15 Of Hunting 16 Of invisible Writing 17 Of strange Glasses 18 Of Staticks Experiments 19 Of Pneumatick Experiments 20. Chaos
other and doth knit the bone of the forehead to the rest of the body 9. The second is called Sagittalis which goes along the head and doth knit the two bones of the crown 10. The third doth ascend from the posterior part of one ear to the end of the sagittal suture and again deflects to the other ear in the form of the letter A and doth knit the bone of the hinder part of the head with the rest of the body 11. Thus much for the skull Now for the face which is called that whole in a man which is under the forehead or as Aristotle saith That interior part which is under the skull 12. This doth comprehend the eyes ears nose cheekes and mouth 13. The eye is no other thing then the organ of sight consisting of tunicles and humors 14. And because it ought to receive the several species of light and colours therefore it is formed of pellucid matter 15. The tunicles of the eyes besides the white which arising from the Peritoneum doth joyn the eye to the head whence it is called conjunctiva and adnata are four First the horny tunicle which is clear shining like to a horn Secondly the Uvea which is like to the husk of a grape and it adheres to the horny tunicle embracing the apple of the eye Thirdly the Retina or tunicle resembling a net which is of the substance it self of the visive nerves bringing an animal spirit to the eye and again the Idea of the object to the brain Fourthly the Aranea or like to sand containing the chrystalline humor and separating it from the white 16. The humors of the eyes are three First the watry humour which serves for the gathering of resemblances Secondly the glassy humour for the forming of those idea's 17. The ear is an organical part of the body and the instrument of hearing 18. It s nature is compounded of divers parts very artificiously of nerves membranes bones cartilage which gathereth sounds and so accordingly altereth them 19. Its bones are first Malleus Secondly Incus Thirdly Stapes of whose colision sound is said to be made 20. The nose is an organical part placed in the middle of the face the instrument of respiration and smelling 21. It s part is either superior or inferior 22. The superior is the bony part which is immoveable and this the inferior part the exteor is the back of the nose 23. The inferior part is moveable which is the end being round divided into parts consisting of muscles 24. A cheek is nothing else then the superior part of the jaw and the inferior 25. The superior cheek is that part of the face next to the front from both the ears to the lowest part of the jaws 26. The inferior is the moveable part of the face containing the teeth 27. The whole mouth is called that space which is between the lips and the jaws in which is contained the teeth the tongue the palate and throat-pipe 28. The teeth are A the hardest of all bones hollow within endowed with veins arteries and nerves ordained for to soften and prepare meat for the stomach 29. Those are in number thirty twenty whereof are accounted cheek-teeth eight cutting which are the foremost and four eye-teeth in either jaw two 30. The tongue is B a carneous part rare and lax the organ of taste and speech 31. The palate is the superior part of the mouth a little concavated bored through with many holes by which flegme doth ascend from the brain into the mouth 32. The throat-pipe C is fungous flesh long hanging from the palate to the mouth conducing to the moduling of voice in a man 33. Truncus is the whole body with head arms or legs 34. Some part of it is anterior and some posterior 35. The anterior again is either superior and that is called the thorax or inferior that is the belly 36. The thorax D or brest is the anterior part of the trunk which is subject to the neck and it is the seat of the vital members 37. It s proper parts are either soft and fleshy or bony and cartilaginous 38. The carnous parts are those many muscles placed in the thorax of which sort are all the muscles of aspiration and scapulation some of them moving the arms 39. To these carnous parts belong the paps which are parts sited or placed on each side in the middle region of the brest glandulous and woven with veins and arteries serving for the generation of milk in women 40. For these parts for their rare and cavernous substance which they have do receive into them menstruous blood which is the matter of milk which afterwards is levigated cocted and converted into a white liquor both by a specifical vertue of the flesh of the paps as also from the heat of the heart whereunto it is near 41. Hence Aristotle rightly concluded that milk was nothing else then superfluous blood changed and made white 42. The bony parts thereof are threefold the first bone is called Sternon and Sethos and it is on the anterior part in which the ribs do meet and under which the mouth of the ventricle doth lie hid 43. The cartilaginous extremity of this is after the form of a spear or buckler and it is called malum granatum 44. Secondly the two neck-bones which are called cleides and these bones are twins subject to the neck declining to the tops of the shoulders 45. The thorax F consists of twenty four ribs twelve on either side and they are either true or counterfeit 46. They are true which are coarticulated and they are the seven superior 47. The spurious or imperfect are those that are not coarticulated and they are the five inferior 48. The inferior part of the thorax is portended from the brest where the true ribs end backwards to the hips or pubes 49. The exterior part of this above the belly is portended to the going down of the spurious ribs and is called Spigastrion the inferior proceeds from the belly even to the hairy parts of the genitals and it is called Hypogastrion 50. The posterior part of the trunk is called the back and it is all that part which descends from the neck to the buttocks 51. It s substance is constituted 1. of the shoulderblade 2. Spina dorsi 3. hip bones 52. The shoulderblades are two bones placed after the thorax in the back inarticulated in the arms to strengthen the ribs and for the implantation of the muscles 53. Spina dorsi is no other thing then that series or structure of joynts extended even from the first joynts of the hinder part of the neck to the lowest called â—…cygs 34. There are in number of these joynts thirty four seven whereof are of the neck twelve of the thorax five of the loyns six of the sacred bone four of the ossis Coccygos twenty four of the formost are rightly named joynts because by them the body is turned divers ways the rest
are called rather by similitude then reality 55. The hip-bones are two strong bones placed within the os sacrum and ending in the buttocks 56. But os sacrum H is conflated of many bones to wit five or six sited almost in the middle of the body other bones both superior and inferior resting upon them are moved thereby 57. The Artus are two the hands and feet 58. The whole hand I is that which is portended from the shoulderblade to the end of the fingers 59. It is divided by Hippocrates into three parts into the arm the wrist and the hand it self 60. That is named the arm which extends from the shoulder to the elbow and doth consist of one great bone and many muscles seven whereof do govern the motion of the arm and four govern the motion of the wrists and it doth consist also of three chief veins the humerary axillary and median 61. The wrist is that part from the elbow to the hand and consists of two bones the greater and lesser whereof are both called Ulna which consists also of thirty three muscles prepared for the motion of the arms and hands 62. The hand reaches from the wrist to the end of the fingers the organ of apprehension 63. The parts of this again are brachial postbrachial and the fingers 64. The brachial or wrist is part of the hand it consists of eight bones the ligament being â—…ransverse 65. Postbrachial is that part of the hand placed between the wrist and the fingers whose posterior is articulated with the wrist the anterior with the fingers 66. The fingers are in number five every one consisting of three little bones the first is that which is the greatest in strength and magnitude and is called Pollex the second is called the Index and Demonstrator the third the middle fourthly the Ring-finger fifthly the least 67. The foot K is part of the body which is inserted into the hip the organ of walking and standing 68. Its parts are three the thigh the shank and the foot 69. The thigh doth reach from the hip even to the knee consisting of a bone the greatest of all with muscles and glandulous flesh 70. The knee is a knitting or dearticulation of the thigh and leg whose anterior part is called Patella and Posterior Poples 71. The shank is a part reaching from the knee to the foot the anterior part is called Anticnemion and the posterior Gastrocnemion 72. The shank doth consist of two long bones the interior and greater is called Tibia the exterior or less Fibula 73. The foot doth begin at the end thereof and reach to the extremity of the toe and doth consist of thirty eight bones and two musces whereby the toes are moved bended and extended The Commentary A TEeth are said to have sense by the communication of those soft little nerves proceeding from the third rank of nerves because those teeth that are â—…ormost or extant without the jaws are not capable of sense but those that are covered as it were with flesh in the jaws are very sensitive because the nerves and their vertues are extended to their region But now that part of the tooth which appears naked is insensible This I prove if it be cut filed broken or burned with a hot iron it is not sensible of any of these Therefore in this very thing do teeth differ from other bones because the teeth are perpetually nourished and increased which cannot be except there were instruments to convey this unto them But other bones onely take their determined increment B The substance of the tongue is laxe and therefore fit to be moved in every part and because it ought to judge of sapors therefore it ought to be rare that it may be easily imbued with the humour of sapours and that it may perfectly feel and distinguish of all kind of sapours it hath certain nerves implanted in it from the fourth rank C This Particle alone is proper to man for it avails much to the tuning of the voice and therefore it is called by some Plectron D By ancient writers that part of the body which reaches from the neck to the Genitals is called the Thorax so that according thereunto the belly is contained under the name of Thorax But Later Medicks with Galen do account that part onely the Thorax which is included between the sides or the region of the paps It is called Thorax apo to thoro for the continued motion of the heart its use is to be dilated and compressed to the motion of the vital members which contains in it self the benefit of respiration the substance of the Thorax doth consist of muscles paps and grisles or bones E They are called Cleides because they shut up the coarticulated humour with the shoulderblade lest it should slip into the brest thorax or arm F The ribs are numbred to be twenty four each side containing twelve where observe that this number is not always found for in some are found thirteen and in some but eleven which happens by reason of the matter either abounding or deficient Therefore Aristotle doth erre in asserting that there are but onely eight bones in the side of a man and in some nations onely seven And as many ribs as there are in a man so many there are in a woman and therefore altogether ridiculous is that Comment that there is one less in a man then in a woman or one abounding more in a woman then in a man G The belly is a part of the body which reacheth from the brest where the ribs end even to the privities and it is divided into three regions the first above about and below the navel above the navel from the midriff to the navel Epigastrion and Hypochondrion the middle which is as it were the center of the navel which is formed of two veins and so many arteries which carries blood and spirit for the nutriment of the yong and conveys back again the excrements about this are the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 both viâ—…ine parts to the navel so called because they are empty below the belly is containted the Hypogastrion which is that part of the belly which reaches from the navel even to the genitals H This bone is called Sacred because it is great broad and ample Hieron with the ancient is great this doth consist of many bones coagmented together which notwithstanding in tender age may be separated yet in old age with much coction so much coalesced that it is almost incredible to believe it conâ—…ts of many bones I Galen and Hippâ—…ates do call that the hand which is from the shoulder to the fingers that which Aristotle calls brachium we call manus and the Germans Ein hand K It consists of a superficies and substance tâ—… superficies is distinguished into five regions which are these Calcaneus and that is the posterior part the mouâ—…t of the foot by the Greeks called Tharsos and by the Arabians Rascheta and it
they cannot breath longer they cease to live But insects do live though they cannot breath for when they are cut in two parts they will live in each part whereas it is not possible that all the parts of an animal should breath Observe this last Argument to impugne all the Ancients opinion Fishes do therefore breath because the life of animals consists not without breath These are the reasons of Arist. denying fish to breath But because there is a heart in them therefore they have need to have their heat temperated and that it may be so temperated they draw in by their gills water for air and let it out by the same For as in man the lungs and the thorax are lifted up and down in breathing so the gills of fish are dilated and contracted in drawing in of water to temper the heat of the heart for when the gills are dilated they draw in some small portion of water which is conveyed by certain passages to the heart which cools the heat thereof and when their gills are contracted the water again is expelled Some do stifly oppugne these opinions whose reasons we shall now consider of First a Fish is an animal therefore breathing is necessary because it hath need of air I answer If by breathing or respiration they understand refrigeration then the consequence is to be received but if they mean the attraction of air I deny it for the spiration of air is onely competent to those animals endowed with lungs but Fish may be refrigerated by that water which both they draw in by the mouth and gills Secondly Air is contained under the earth therefore under the water and by consequence fish do attract it and so breath Ans. I deny the consequence though air may easily pierce into the earth which is porous cavernous and dry yet into the water it cannot pierce because of the fluidness of its body being so easily reduced to unity and so closely gathering it self together that there can be no vacuity for air for if a Staff be thrust into the water and drawn out again there will be no holâ—… left or resemblance where it was but will forthwith rise up and swim at top But if it be fixed into the earth the hole whereinto it was put will remain which is immediately filled with air and therefore it is that the breathing faculty of Moles under the earth is not taken away because they always make a hole whereby they receive breath But now in water no pores or passages can be apprehended whereby air may be attracted therefore it is impossible that fish should breath therein Thirdly Fishes do breathe by their gills therefore breath is drawn by them though not in the usuall manner I answer that some spiration iâ—… manifest or perfect some obscure and imperfect 'T is manifest in those animals that are endowed with the organs of spiration and then it is properly called respiration but that â—…tion of the fishes gills is more rightly tearmed transpiration and onely answers by Analogy to the true spiration for as their parts viz. lungs and gills differ in species so also their functions differ for as the wings oâ—… birds and fins of fishes do agree analogically in themselves as to the efficient cause viz. of motion yet they are not of the same Genus because fish by their fins do not fly as birds by their wings but swim so those gills that are given to fish in stead of lungs are not of the same species with the lungs of animals The fourth is taken from Experience if fish be put into a vessel with a narrow orifice filled half full of water and so the mouth of the vessel stopped there is so great a desire in them of the injoying of the air that they strive who shall be uppermost swimming one upon another for no other cause then a desire to be next the air Scaliger answers the reason of their so much strugling is not for the injoyment of air but the avoiding of their close imprisonment endeavouring to finde a way out of the vessel to free themselves from that scarcity of water into a place of more plenty and liberty Fifthly if a vessel full of water and with a row orifice be closely covered the fish that are encloistered within are suddenly suffocated because no air can come unto them therefore 't is absolute necessary for fish to breathe under the water for the preservation of their lives This if it be true I thus answer If so then it may be judged to happen rather from the defect of the celestial light then air for thereby force and heat is added by the influence of light for all animate things stand in need of this celestial spirit for the preservation of their lives Again if it be so that fish included in a vessel are suffocated it must happen that the water being deprived of air loses it nature Scaliger Exer. 275 for it is preserved from corruption by the air as from a superiour form therefore it kills the fish But to conclude If fish should die for want of air how come they to live where the waters are frozen all over many thousands of paces together or can they receive air through the ice therefore the Objections of our Antagonists are frothy and vain L Insects are called by the Greeks Entoma because they have Bodies distinguished some into two three and some more incisures and they have in stead of blood a certain vital juiâ—…e or humour which is Analogous to blood which assoon as it is exhausted they perish And because those Insects want blood their natures are cold and therefore it is that they breathe not for breath is given to animals by nature to â—…ool the blood and because those insects saith Aristotle want bowels therefore they leave no respiration because they have no convenient organs for that use But against this received opinion of Aristotle Pliny objects that Insects do breathe which he maintains by two Arguments First That many kinds of Insects do put forth a certain noise as Bees and those that want wings others to sing as Grashoppers so also Gnats Flies make a certain buzzing noise which cannot be except they received air I answer When Bees and Flies make a noise it happens by the agitation of the interior spirit and not the exterior for those Insects that seem to sing as Grashoppers do make a noiâ—…e from the agitation of the included spirits fretting as it were against that membrane with which their bodies are wrapped for they do not make a noise by the attracting of spirit at the mouth for they alone in the Universal Genus of animals by the observation of Aristotle want mouths Secondly Insects are endowed with smelling but smelling cannot be effected but with the attraction of air by respiration therefore they breathe I answer The Sense of smelling is far different in these Insects from that in other sanguineous animals for they have this